1.
Norwich
–
Norwich is a city on the River Wensum in East Anglia and lies about 100 miles north-east of London. It is the administrative centre for East Anglia and county town of Norfolk. During the 11th century, Norwich was the largest city in England after London and it remained the capital of the most populous English county until the Industrial Revolution. The urban area of Norwich had a population of 213,166 according to the 2011 Census, the parliamentary seats cross over into adjacent local-government districts. A total of 132,512 people live in the City of Norwich, Norwich is the fourth most densely populated local-government district in the East of England, with 3,480 people per square kilometre. In May 2012, Norwich was designated Englands first UNESCO City of Literature, the capital of the Iceni tribe was a settlement located near to the village of Caistor St. Edmund on the River Tas approximately 8 kilometres to the south of modern-day Norwich. Following an uprising led by Boudica around AD60 the Caistor area became the Roman capital of East Anglia named Venta Icenorum, literally the market place of the Iceni. According to a rhyme, the demise of Venta Icenorum led to the development of Norwich, Caistor was a city when Norwich was none. There are two suggested models of development for Norwich, the ancient city was a thriving centre for trade and commerce in East Anglia in 1004 AD when it was raided and burnt by Swein Forkbeard the Viking king of Denmark. Mercian coins and shards of pottery from the Rhineland dating from the 8th century suggest that trade was happening long before this. Between 924 and 939, Norwich became fully established as a town, the word Norvic appears on coins across Europe minted during this period, in the reign of King Athelstan. The Vikings were a cultural influence in Norwich for 40–50 years at the end of the 9th century. At the time of the Norman Conquest the city was one of the largest in England, the Domesday Book states that it had approximately 25 churches and a population of between 5, 000–10,000. It also records the site of an Anglo-Saxon church in Tombland, the site of the Saxon market place and the later Norman cathedral. Norwich continued to be a centre for trade, the River Wensum being a convenient export route to the River Yare and Great Yarmouth. Quern stones and other artefacts from Scandinavia and the Rhineland have been found during excavations in Norwich city centre and these date from the 11th century onwards. Norwich Castle was founded soon after the Norman Conquest, the Domesday Book records that 98 Saxon homes were demolished to make way for the castle. In 1096, Herbert de Losinga, Bishop of Thetford, began construction of Norwich Cathedral, the chief building material for the Cathedral was limestone, imported from Caen in Normandy
Norwich
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Norwich
Norwich
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Norwich Cathedral is one of the great Norman buildings of England
Norwich
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Norwich Castle 's 12th-century keep
Norwich
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St Ethelbert's Gate at Tombland was built as penance for riots which occurred in the 1270s
2.
Ramsgate
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Ramsgate is a seaside town in the district of Thanet in east Kent, England. It was one of the great English seaside towns of the 19th century, in 2001 it had a population of around 40,000. Ramsgate’s main attraction is its coastline, and its industries are tourism. The town has one of the largest marinas on the English south coast, Ramsgate began as a fishing and farming hamlet. The Christian missionary St Augustine, sent by Pope Gregory the Great, the town is home to the Shrine of St Augustine. The earliest reference to the town is in the Kent Hundred Rolls of 1274-5, the names Ramisgate and Raunsgate appear in the parish of St. Laurence records circa 1290. These are all derived from late Anglo-Saxon ‘Hremmes’ from earlier ‘Hræfnes’ and ‘geat’, in 1357, the area became known as Ramesgate. Ramsgate was a member of the Confederation of Cinque Ports, under the Limb of Sandwich, the construction of Ramsgate Harbour began in 1749 and was completed in about 1850. The harbour has the distinction of being the only Royal Harbour in the United Kingdom, because of its proximity to mainland Europe, Ramsgate was a chief embarkation point both during the Napoleonic Wars and for the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940. Etc. not forgetting its bracing climate. The streets of Ramsgate are well paved or macadamed and brilliantly lighted with gas. The architect A W Pugin and his sons lived in Ramsgate and built several important buildings there, including St Augustines Church, The Grange, St Augustines Abbey, the artist Vincent Van Gogh moved to Ramsgate in April 1876, at age 23. He boarded at 11 Spencer Square, which is identified by a blue plaque and he obtained work as a teacher at a local school in Royal Road, where he received his post. In one of his letters to his brother Theo, he described his surroundings, There’s a harbour full of all kinds of ships, and further out one sees the sea in its natural state, and that’s beautiful. In 1901, a tram service, one of the few inter-urban tramways in Britain, was introduced on the Isle of Thanet. The towns of Ramsgate, Margate and Broadstairs were linked by 11 miles of track, in 1915–1916, early aircraft began to use the open farmland at Manston as a site for emergency landings. The location near the Kent coast gave Manston some advantages over the previously established aerodromes. During the First World War, Ramsgate was the target of bombing raids by Zeppelin airships, by 1917 the Royal Flying Corps was well established and taking an active part in the defence of Britain. As RAF Manston, the played a important role in the Second World War
Ramsgate
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The Royal Harbour
Ramsgate
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Ramsgate Sands in 1854
Ramsgate
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Photochrom of The sands, 1899
Ramsgate
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A map of Ramsgate from 1945
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
4.
Prison reform
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Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside prisons, establish a more effective penal system, or implement alternatives to incarceration. Prisons have only used as the primary punishment for criminal acts in the last few centuries. Far more common earlier were various types of punishment, public humiliation, penal bondage. Prisons contained both felons and debtors - the latter were allowed to bring in wives and children, the jailer made his money by charging the inmates for food and drink and legal services and the whole system was ripe with corruption. One reform of the century had been the establishment of the London Bridewell as a house of correction for women and children. This was the only place any medical services were provided, during the eighteenth century, British justice used a wide variety of measures to punish crime, including fines, the pillory and whipping. Transportation to America was often offered, until 1776, as an alternative to the death penalty, when they ran out of prisons in 1776 they used old sailing vessels which came to be called hulks as places of temporary confinement. He was particularly appalled to discover prisoners who had been acquitted but were still confined because they couldnt pay the jailers fees and he proposed that each prisoner should be in a separate cell with separate sections for women felons, men felons, young offenders and debtors. The prison reform charity, the Howard League for Penal Reform and these were never built due to disagreements in the committee and pressures from wars with France and jails remained a local responsibility. But other measures passed in the few years provided magistrates with the powers to implement many of these reforms. Quakers such as Elizabeth Fry continued to publicize the dire state of prisons as did Charles Dickens in his novels David Copperfield and Little Dorrit about the Marshalsea. Samuel Romilly managed to repeal the death penalty for theft in 1806, the Society for the Improvement of Prison Discipline, founded in 1816, supported both the Panopticon for the design of prisons and the use of the treadwheel as a means of hard labor. By 1824,54 prisons had adopted this means of discipline, robert Peels Gaols Act of 1823 attempted to impose uniformity in the country but local prisons remained under the control of magistrates until the Prison Act of 1877. The American separate system attracted the attention of some reformers and led to the creation of Millbank Prison in 1816 and Pentonville prison in 1842. By now the end of transportation to Australia and the use of hulks was in sight, the main principles were separation and hard labour for serious crimes, using treadwheels and cranks. In 1877 he encouraged Disraelis government to remove all prisons from local government and he also established a tradition of secrecy which lasted till the 1970s so that even magistrates and investigators were unable to see the insides of prisons. By the 1890s the prison population was over 20,000, in 1894-5 Herbert Gladstones Committee on Prisons showed that criminal propensity peaked from the mid-teens to the mid-twenties. Cross-country walks were encouraged, and no one ran away, Prison populations remained at a low level until after the second world war when Paterson died and the movement was unable to update itself
Prison reform
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Criminology and
penology
Prison reform
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Johnny Cash advocated prison reform at his July 1972 meeting with United States President
Richard Nixon.
5.
Social reform
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A reform movement is the kind of social movement that aims to make gradual change, or change in certain aspects of society, rather than rapid or fundamental changes. A reform movement is distinguished from more radical movements such as revolutionary movements. Reformists ideas are often grounded in liberalism, although they may be rooted in socialist or religious concepts, some rely on personal transformation, others rely on small collectives, such as Mahatma Gandhis spinning wheel and the self-sustaining village economy, as a mode of social change. Reactionary movements, which can arise against any of these, attempt to put back the way they were before any successes the new reform movement enjoyed. The Radical movement campaigned for reform, a reform of the Poor Laws, free trade, educational reform, postal reform, prison reform. Originally this movement sought to replace the political power of the aristocracy with a more democratic system empowering urban areas. Following the Enlightenments ideas, the Reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution, applied to public life, this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy. Eventually, in 1859, this movement led to the formation of the Liberal Party. Soon, the gentry, prosperous business men, and high-ranking officials created the Conservative Party to counter the rising strength of liberalism in Parliament. Having achieved the Reform Act of 1832, the Radical alliance was broken until the Liberal-Labour alliance of the Edwardian period, the Chartist movement sought universal suffrage. A historian of the Chartist movement observed that The Chartist movement was essentially a movement with a purely political programme. A period of bad trade and high food prices set in, the London Working Mens Association, under the guidance of Francis Place, found itself in the midst of a great unrest. In the northern textile districts the Chartists, led by Feargus OConnor and this was basically a hunger revolt, springing from unemployment and despair. In Birmingham, the older Birmingham Political Union sprang to life under the leadership of Thomas Attwood, the Chartist movement demanded basic economic reforms, higher wages and better conditions of work, and a repeal of the obnoxious Poor Law Act. The idea of male suffrage, an initial goal of the Chartist movement, was to include all males as voters regardless of their social standing. This later evolved into a campaign for universal suffrage, many consider Mary Wollstonecrafts Vindication of the Rights of Woman to be the source of the reformers long-running campaign for feminist inclusion and the origin of the Womens Suffrage movement. Harriet Taylor was a significant influence on John Stuart Mills work and ideas, mill cites Taylors influence in his final revision of On Liberty, which was published shortly after her death, and she appears to be obliquely referenced in Mills The Subjection of Women. A militant campaign to include women in the electorate originated in Victorian times, emmeline Pankhursts husband, Richard Pankhurst, was a supporter of the womens suffrage movement, and had been the author of the Married Womens Property Acts of 1870 and 1882
Social reform
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Chartist meeting, Kennington Common, 1848
Social reform
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Mary Wollstonecraft
Social reform
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A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, 1792
Social reform
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Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey Monument, Newcastle upon Tyne
6.
Religious Society of Friends
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Quakers are members of a historically Christian group of religious movements generally known as the Religious Society of Friends. They include those with evangelical, holiness, liberal, and traditional Quaker understandings of Christianity, to differing extents, the different movements that make up the Religious Society of Friends/Friends Church avoid creeds and hierarchical structures. In 2007, there were about 359,000 adult Quakers, in 2012, there were 377,055 adult Quakers. Some meetings of both types have Recorded Ministers in their meetings—Friends recognised for their gift of vocal ministry, the first Quakers lived in mid-17th century England. The movement arose from the Legatine-Arians and other dissenting Protestant groups, some of these early Quaker ministers were women. They emphasized a personal and direct experience of Christ, acquired through both direct religious experience and the reading and studying of the Bible. Quakers focused their private life on developing behaviour and speech reflecting emotional purity, in the past, Quakers were known for their use of thee as an ordinary pronoun, refusal to participate in war, plain dress, refusal to swear oaths, opposition to slavery, and teetotalism. & J. Clark and the big three British confectionery makers Cadbury, Rowntree and Frys, and philanthropic efforts, including abolition of slavery, prison reform, during and after the English Civil War many dissenting Christian groups emerged, including the Seekers and others. A young man named George Fox was dissatisfied with the teachings of the Church of England and he had a vision on Pendle Hill in Lancashire, England, in which he believed that the Lord let me see in what places he had a great people to be gathered. Following this he travelled around England, the Netherlands, and Barbados preaching and teaching with the aim of converting new adherents to his faith, the central theme of his Gospel message was that Christ has come to teach his people himself. His followers considered themselves to be the restoration of the true Christian church, in 1650, Fox was brought before the magistrates Gervase Bennet and Nathaniel Barton, on a charge of religious blasphemy. According to George Foxs autobiography, Bennet was the first that called us Quakers and it is thought that George Fox was referring to Isaiah 66,2 or Ezra 9,4. Thus, the name Quaker began as a way of ridiculing George Foxs admonition, Quakerism gained a considerable following in England and Wales, and the numbers increased to a peak of 60,000 in England and Wales by 1680. This was relaxed after the Declaration of Indulgence and stopped under the Act of Toleration 1689, with the restructuring of the family and household came new roles for women, Fox and Fell viewed the Quaker mother as essential to developing holy conversation in her children and husband. Quaker women were responsible for the spirituality of the larger community, coming together in meetings that regulated marriage. The persecution of Quakers in North America began in 1656 when English Quaker missionaries Mary Fisher and they were considered heretics because of their insistence on individual obedience to the Inner Light. They were imprisoned and banished by the Massachusetts Bay Colony and their books were burned, and most of their property was confiscated. They were imprisoned in terrible conditions, then deported, in 1660, English Quaker Mary Dyer was hanged on Boston Common for repeatedly defying a Puritan law banning Quakers from the colony
Religious Society of Friends
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Heritage-listed Quaker meeting house,
Sydney,
Australia
Religious Society of Friends
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Symbol used by Friends' service organizations since the late 19th century
Religious Society of Friends
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James Nayler, a prominent Quaker leader, being pilloried and whipped
Religious Society of Friends
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William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, as a young man
7.
Christian
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A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. Christian derives from the Koine Greek word Christós, a translation of the Biblical Hebrew term mashiach, while there are diverse interpretations of Christianity which sometimes conflict, they are united in believing that Jesus has a unique significance. The term Christian is also used as an adjective to describe anything associated with Christianity, or in a sense all that is noble, and good. According to a 2011 Pew Research Center survey, there were 2.2 billion Christians around the world in 2010, by 2050, the Christian population is expected to exceed 3 billion. According to a 2012 Pew Research Center survey Christianity will remain the worlds largest religion in 2050, about half of all Christians worldwide are Catholic, while more than a third are Protestant. Orthodox communions comprise 12% of the worlds Christians, other Christian groups make up the remainder. Christians make up the majority of the population in 158 countries and territories,280 million Christian live as a minority. In the Greek Septuagint, christos was used to translate the Hebrew מָשִׁיחַ, in other European languages, equivalent words to Christian are likewise derived from the Greek, such as Chrétien in French and Cristiano in Spanish. The second mention of the term follows in Acts 26,28, where Herod Agrippa II replied to Paul the Apostle, Then Agrippa said unto Paul, Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian. The third and final New Testament reference to the term is in 1 Peter 4,16, which believers, Yet if as a Christian, let him not be ashamed. The city of Antioch, where someone gave them the name Christians, had a reputation for coming up with such nicknames, in the Annals he relates that by vulgar appellation commonly called Christians and identifies Christians as Neros scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome. Another term for Christians which appears in the New Testament is Nazarenes which is used by the Jewish lawyer Tertullus in Acts 24, the Hebrew equivalent of Nazarenes, Notzrim, occurs in the Babylonian Talmud, and is still the modern Israeli Hebrew term for Christian. A wide range of beliefs and practices is found across the world among those who call themselves Christian, denominations and sects disagree on a common definition of Christianity. Most Baptists and fundamentalists, for example, would not acknowledge Mormonism or Christian Science as Christian, in fact, the nearly 77 percent of Americans who self-identify as Christian are a diverse pluribus of Christianities that are far from any collective unity. The identification of Jesus as the Messiah is not accepted by Judaism, the term for a Christian in Hebrew is נוּצְרי, a Talmudic term originally derived from the fact that Jesus came from the Galilean village of Nazareth, today in northern Israel. Adherents of Messianic Judaism are referred to in modern Hebrew as יְהוּדִים מָשִׁיחַיים, the term Nasara rose to prominence in July 2014, after the Fall of Mosul to the terrorist organization Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. The nun or ن— the first letter of Nasara—was spray-painted on the property of Christians ejected from the city, where there is a distinction, Nasrani refers to people from a Christian culture and Masihi is used by Christians themselves for those with a religious faith in Jesus. In some countries Nasrani tends to be used generically for non-Muslim Western foreigners, another Arabic word sometimes used for Christians, particularly in a political context, is Ṣalībī from ṣalīb which refers to Crusaders and has negative connotations
Christian
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Set of pictures for a number of famous Christians from various fields.
Christian
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The
Church of St Peter near
Antakya, Turkey, in
Antioch the disciples were called Christians.
Christian
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Nazareth the city is described as the childhood home of
Jesus, in many languages employ the word Nazarene as a general designation for those of the Christian faith.
Christian
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Japanese Christians ("Kurisuchan") in Portuguese costume, 16–17th century.
8.
Philanthropist
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Philanthropy means etymologically, the love of humanity, in the sense of caring, nourishing, developing, and enhancing what it means to be human. In this meaning, it both the benefactor in their identifying and exercising their values, and the beneficiary in their receipt. A person who practices philanthropy is called a philanthropist, Philanthropy has distinguishing features from charity, not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa, though there is a recognized degree of overlap in practice. The literal, classical definitions and understandings of the term philanthropy derive from its origins in the Greek φιλανθρωπία, the most conventional modern definition is private initiatives, for public good, focusing on quality of life. This combines the social scientific aspect developed in the century with the humanistic tradition. These distinctions have been analyzed by Olivier Zunz, and others, instances of philanthropy commonly overlap with instances of charity, though not all charity is philanthropy, or vice versa. The difference commonly cited is that charity relieves the pains of social problems, the first use of the noun form philanthrôpía came shortly thereafter, in the early Platonic dialogue Euthyphro. Socrates is reported to have said that his out of his thoughts freely to his listeners was his philanthrôpía. In the second century CE, Plutarch used the concept of philanthrôpía to describe superior human beings and this Classically synonymous troika, of philanthropy, the humanities, and liberal education, declined with the replacement of the classical world by Christianity. During the Middle Ages, philanthrôpía was superseded by Caritas charity, selfless love, Philanthropy was modernized by Sir Francis Bacon in the 1600s, who is largely credited with preventing the word from being owned by horticulture. Bacon considered philanthrôpía to be synonymous with goodness, which correlated with the Aristotelian conception of virtue, then in the 1700s, an influential lexical figurehead by the name of Samuel Johnson simply defined philanthropy as love of mankind, good nature. This definition still survives today and is cited more gender-neutrally as the love of humanity. However, it was Noah Webster who would more accurately reflect the usage in American English. The precise meaning of philanthropy is still a matter of some contention, nevertheless, there are some working definitions to which the community associated with the field of philanthropic studies most commonly subscribes. The Greeks adopted the love of humanity as an ideal, whose goal was excellence —the fullest self-development, of a body, mind, and spirit. The Platonic Academys philosophical dictionary defined Philanthropy as a state of well-educated habits stemming from love of humanity, just as Prometheus human-empowering gifts rebelled against the tyranny of Zeus, philanthropic was also associated with freedom and democracy. Both Socrates and the laws of Athens were described as philanthropic and democratic, gradually there emerged a non-religious agricultural infrastructure based on peasant farming organized into manors, which were, in turn, organized for law and order by feudalism. Francis Bacon in 1592 wrote in a letter that his vast contemplative ends expressed his philanthropic, Henry Cockeram, in his English dictionary, cited philanthropy as a synonym for humanity—thus reaffirming the Classical formulation
Philanthropist
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The Foundling Hospital. The building has been demolished.
Philanthropist
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Andrew Carnegie 's philanthropy.
Puck magazine cartoon by Louis Dalrymple, 1903
Philanthropist
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John D. Rockefeller in 1885
Philanthropist
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Front building of the
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in
Seattle
9.
Queen Victoria
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
Queen Victoria
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Victoria wearing her
small diamond crown Photograph by
Alexander Bassano, 1882
Queen Victoria
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Victoria, aged four Painting by
Stephen Poyntz Denning, 1823
Queen Victoria
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Victoria with her spaniel Dash, 1833 Painting by
George Hayter
Queen Victoria
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Self-portrait, 1835
10.
Norfolk, England
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Norfolk /ˈnɔːrfək/ is a county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the west and north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and, to the north-west, The Wash. With an area of 2,074 square miles and a population of 859,400, of the countys population, 40% live in four major built up areas, Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Kings Lynn and Thetford. The Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the east of the county, the area is not a National Park although it is marketed as such. It has similar status to a park, and is protected by the Broads Authority. Norfolk was settled in times, with camps along the higher land in the west. A Brythonic tribe, the Iceni, inhabited the county from the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century AD, the Iceni revolted against the Roman invasion in AD47, and again in 60 led by Boudica. The crushing of the second opened the county to the Romans. During the Roman era roads and ports were constructed throughout the county, situated on the east coast, Norfolk was vulnerable to invasions from Scandinavia and Northern Europe, and forts were built to defend against the Angles and Saxons. Norfolk, Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia, the influence of the Early English settlers can be seen in the many place names ending in -ton and -ham. Endings such as -by and -thorpe are also common, indicating Danish place names, in the 9th century the region came under attack. In the centuries before the Norman Conquest the wetlands of the east of the county began to be converted to farmland, and settlements grew in these areas. Migration into East Anglia must have high, by the time of the Domesday Book survey it was one of the most densely populated parts of the British Isles. During the high and late Middle Ages the county developed arable agriculture, the economy was in decline by the time of the Black Death, which dramatically reduced the population in 1349. During the English Civil War Norfolk was largely Parliamentarian, the economy and agriculture of the region declined somewhat. During the Industrial Revolution Norfolk developed little industry except in Norwich which was an addition to the railway network. In the 20th century the county developed a role in aviation, during the Second World War agriculture rapidly intensified, and it has remained very intensive since, with the establishment of large fields for growing cereals and oilseed rape. Norfolks low-lying land and easily eroded cliffs, many of which are chalk and clay, make it vulnerable to the sea, the low-lying section of coast between Kelling and Lowestoft Ness in Suffolk is currently managed by the Environment Agency to protect the Broads from sea flooding
Norfolk, England
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Wells-next-the-Sea.
Norfolk, England
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Flag
Norfolk, England
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River Wensum, Norwich.
Norfolk, England
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Norwich Cathedral: Spire and south transept.
11.
Gurney family (Norwich)
–
The Gurneys of Norwich were an influential family of English Quakers who established Gurneys bank in 1770 and had a major influence on the development of the city. The bank merged into Barclays in 1896, members of the family still live in the United Kingdom. The Gurneys were descendants of Hugh de Gournay, Lord of Gournay, large grants of land were made to Hugh de Gournay in Norfolk and Suffolk, and a younger branch of this ancient family held certain manors in Norfolk in the time of King Henry II. In the 17th century, John Gurney left his hometown of Maldon for Norwich to live, arriving in Norwich in 1667, he became active in the woollen trade. In 1687 he married Elizabeth Swanton of Woodbridge, by whom he had eight children and his sons John and Joseph continued in the woollen trade through businesses in St. Augustines Street and Magdalen Street, respectively. Both brothers married and had numerous children, John Gurneys sons, John and Henry gradually added banking transactions to their woollen trade. In 1770 they entered into partnership and formally established Gurneys Bank in 35 Tooley Street in Norwich, when Henry died in 1777, he was succeeded by his son Bartlett, who also took over his uncle Johns responsibilities and moved the banking business to Redwell Plain in Norwich. The Quaker bank became renowned for its honesty, reliability and fair dealings, Bartlett Gurney was married twice, but died childless at Coltishall, Norfolk, in 1802. He was succeeded in control of the bank by Richard and John Gurney, Richard was married to a daughter of David Barclay, another Quaker merchant and banker. Their six children included Anna Gurney, the Old English scholar, and Hudson Gurney and he became M. P. for Newtown in 1816, a fellow of the Royal Society in 1818 and High Sheriff of Norfolk in 1835. He lived at Keswick Hall near Norwich, and in St. Jamess Square and he remained childless, and his fortune was inherited mostly by John Henry Gurney Sr. John Gurney and his wife lived at Earlham Hall in Norwich which they rented from the Bacon family. They had 13 children, of whom died young. Those who survived included the bankers Samuel Gurney and Daniel Gurney, another sister was Louisa Hoare, the writer on education. On John Gurneys death in 1809, his son Samuel Gurney assumed the control of Gurneys Bank in Norwich. About the same time, he took over control of the London billbroking business of Richardson, Overend & Company, whose title was subsequently changed to Overend, Gurney. It went on to become the worlds largest discounting house for 40 years until it failed – ten years after Samuel Gurneys death – in 1866 with liabilities of 11 million pounds sterling. The failure of Overend, Gurney and Company ruined a number of the Gurneys, Gurneys Bank in Norwich, however, escaped significant damage to business and reputation from the collapse of the London billbroking business. The Times stated, It is understood that the suspension of Overend and that establishment recently passed into the hands of new partners, whose resources are beyond all question
Gurney family (Norwich)
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Keswick Hall, residence of Richard Gurney (1742–1811), his son
Hudson and many other members of the Gurney family
Gurney family (Norwich)
–
Earlham Hall, residence of
John Gurney (1749–1809) and childhood home of his daughter
Elizabeth Fry
12.
Earlham Hall
–
Earlham Hall is a country house in Norfolk, England. It is located just to the west of the city of Norwich, on Earlham Road, for generations it was the home of the Gurney family. The Gurneys were known as bankers and social activists, prison reformer Elizabeth Fry grew up at Earlham Hall, when the University of East Anglia was founded in 1963, the building became its administrative centre, and it now serves as the law school. Earlham Hall was built in 1642 by Robert Houghton, by the eighteenth century it was in the ownership of the Bacon family, Edward Bacon M. P. built a handsome, long, and lofty dining room. He died in 1786 and ownership descended to a Mr Bacon Frank of Campsall in Yorkshire, the Gurneys were influential and wealthy Quakers who established the bank bearing their name in 1770. Earlham Hall was the home of John Gurney and his wife Catherine Bell and they had 13 children, including the bankers Samuel Gurney and Daniel Gurney, the social reformers Elizabeth Fry and Joseph John Gurney, and Louisa Hoare, the writer on education. Another sister, Hannah, married Sir Fowell Buxton, MP, brewer, the Gurneys welcomed visitors and friends at Earlham Hall. Amelia Opie, the novelist, was a friend of the family. George Borrow, author and traveller, used as a boy to fish the River Yare near Earlham Hall, on one occasion he was caught by Joseph John Gurney, who later invited the boy to his home to see his books. It has a look, that old building, indistinctly seen, as it is. Percy Lubbock, art critic and biographer, was associated with Earlham Hall and he was the son of the merchant banker Frederic Lubbock and his wife Catherine, daughter of John Gurney. Lubbock spent his summer holidays at his mothers family home. The Hall was used as council and nurses accommodation before the war and it also housed a school while the council built new accommodation in West Earlham. In October 1963, Earlham Hall and its gardens became the home of the newly opened University of East Anglia, the Vice-Chancellor and administration were based in Earlham Hall. It later housed the Norwich Law School, following major refurbishment and restoration, the Law School returned to Earlham Hall in March 2014 after four years being located in the Blackdale building. In May 2015, the grounds of Earlham Hall were used as an area for artists performing at Radio 1s Big Weekend at Earlham Park. The University of East Anglia communications team used part of the Hall, and Taylor Swift, among others, used another part as a dressing room before performing
Earlham Hall
–
Earlham Hall at the
University of East Anglia, the childhood home of
Elizabeth Fry
13.
University of East Anglia
–
The University of East Anglia is an English public research university located in the city of Norwich. Established in 1963, the university comprises four faculties and 26 schools of study, situated to the south-west of the city of Norwich, the university campus is approximately 320 acres in size. In national league tables the university has most recently been ranked 15th in the UK by The Times and Sunday Times, the university also ranks among the top 3 for student satisfaction in the National Student Survey, when considering mainstream English universities. It is the institution to rank in the top 5 since the survey began. The university also ranks in the world top 1% according to the Times Higher Education World Rankings, attempts had been made to establish a university in Norwich in 1919 and 1947, but due to a lack of government funding on both occasions the plans had to be postponed. The University of East Anglia was eventually given the light in April 1960. Initially, teaching took place in the temporary University Village, the vice-chancellor and administration were based in nearby Earlham Hall. The site chosen was on the edge of the city. The land, formerly part of the Earlham Hall estate was at that time occupied by a golf course. Lasdun unveiled a model and a plan at a press conference in April 1963, but it took another year to produce detailed plans. The first buildings did not open until late 1966, lasdun put all the teaching and research functions into the teaching wall, a single block 460 metres long following the contour of the site. Alongside this he built a walkway, giving access to the entrances of the wall. Attached to the other, southern, side of the walkway he added the groups of terraced residences that became known as Ziggurats and they would later become Grade II* listed status, reflecting the importance of the architecture and the history of the campus. In 1964 Arthur Millers The Crucible became the first drama production to be staged at UEA with John Rhys Davies, in the same decade, in 1965, Benjamin Britten was appointed music adviser for UEA. In 1967 he conducted the UEA Choir in a performance of his War Requiem, in 1968 there were two royal visits from Princess Margaret and the Queen who each came to tour the new university for the first time. In this decade Malcolm Bradbury and Angus Wilson help establish the first creative writing course in the UK. The School of Literature, Drama, and Creative Writing would later go on to produce successful authors including Kazuo Ishiguro, Ian McEwan, Rose Tremain, John Boyne, in the same decade UEA, TV, under the name of Nexus, was formed and created student-made television. It operated for two hours a day over lunchtime, Concrete, the student newspaper was first officially launched in 1973, replacing Mandate which launched in 1965
University of East Anglia
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Earlham Hall, childhood home of
Elizabeth Fry, is now home to
UEA Law School
University of East Anglia
–
University of East Anglia
Shield
University of East Anglia
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Constable Terrace hall of residence
University of East Anglia
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The
Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts was designed by
Lord Foster to house the art collection of
Sir Robert and Lady Lisa Sainsbury, whose daughter attended UEA
14.
Barclays Bank
–
Barclays /ˈbɑːrkliz/ is a British multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in London. It is a bank with operations in retail, wholesale and investment banking, as well as wealth management, mortgage lending. It has operations in over 50 countries and territories and has around 48 million customers, Barclays is organised into four core businesses, Personal & Corporate, Barclaycard, Investment Banking and Africa. Barclays traces its origins to a banking business established in the City of London in 1690. James Barclay became a partner in the business in 1736, in 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, including Backhouses Bank and Gurneys Bank, united as a joint-stock bank under the name Barclays and Co. Over the following decades Barclays expanded to become a nationwide bank, in 1967, Barclays deployed the worlds first cash dispenser. Barclays has a listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. According to a 2011 paper by Vitali et al, Barclays traces its origins back to 1690 when John Freame, a Quaker, and Thomas Gould started trading as goldsmith bankers in Lombard Street, London. The name Barclays became associated with the business in 1736, when James Barclay, in 1728 the bank moved to 54 Lombard Street, identified by the Sign of the Black Spread Eagle, which in subsequent years would become a core part of the banks visual identity. In 1896 several banks in London and the English provinces, notably Backhouses Bank of Darlington and Gurneys Bank of Norwich, united under the banner of Barclays, between 1905 and 1916 Barclays extended its branch network by making acquisitions of small English banks. In 1925 the Colonial Bank, National Bank of South Africa, in 1938 Barclays acquired the first Indian exchange bank, the Central Exchange Bank of India, which had opened in London in 1936 with the sponsorship of Central Bank of India. In May 1958, Barclays was the first UK bank to appoint a female bank manager, hilda Harding managed Barclays Hanover Square branch in London until her retirement in 1970. In 1965, Barclays established a US affiliate, Barclays Bank of California in San Francisco, Barclays launched the first credit card in the UK, Barclaycard, in 1966. On 27 June 1967, Barclays deployed the worlds first cash machine, the British actor Reg Varney was the first person to use the machine. In 1969, a merger with Martins Bank and Lloyds Bank was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission. Also that year, the British Linen Bank subsidiary was sold to the Bank of Scotland in exchange for a 25% stake, Barclays DCO changed its name to Barclays Bank International in 1971. In August 1975, following the secondary banking crash, Barclays acquired Mercantile Credit Company, in 1980, Barclays Bank International expanded its business to include commercial credit and took over American Credit Corporation, renaming it Barclays American Corporation
Barclays Bank
–
One Churchill Place, Barclays' main headquarters in
Canary Wharf,
London Borough of Tower Hamlets.
Barclays Bank
–
Barclays PLC
Barclays Bank
–
The Barclays Bank branch in
Sutton, London, which was originally a branch of London and Provincial prior to acquisition by Barclays
Barclays Bank
–
A plaque in
Enfield, United Kingdom commemorating the installation of the world's first
cash machine by Barclays in 1967
15.
Joseph John Gurney
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Joseph John Gurney was a banker in Norwich, England and a member of the Gurney family of that city. He became a minister of the Religious Society of Friends, whose views and actions led, ultimately. Gurney was born at Earlham Hall near Norwich, the child of John Gurney of Gurneys Bank. He was always called Joseph John and he was educated by a private tutor at Oxford, members of non-conformist religious groups being ineligible to matriculate in his day at the English universities. In 1817 Gurney joined his sister Elizabeth Fry in her attempt to end capital punishment and they talked with several Members of Parliament but had little success. In 1818 Gurney was a recorded Quaker minister and it also prohibited the use of irons or manacles. Gurney and Fry visited prisons all over Great Britain to gather evidence of the conditions in them to present to Parliament. They published their findings in a book entitled Prisons in Scotland, Gurney campaigned against slavery during trips to North America and the West Indies from 1837-1840. He promoted the Friends belief in peace in Ireland, Scotland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Germany. He also continued to promote the abolition of capital punishment, Gurney also advocated total abstinence from alcohol. He wrote a tract on the subject called Water Is Best, while Gurney was preaching in the United States he caused some controversy that resulted in a split among Quakers. He also stressed the traditional Protestant belief that salvation is through faith in Christ and those who sided with him were called Gurneyite Quakers. Those who sided with John Wilbur, his opponent, were called Wilburites, Gurney was an early supporter of Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana and the college was named after his family home, Earlham Hall, in honour of his support and encouragement. As a boy George Borrow used to fish the River Yare near Earlham Hall, Gurney later invited the boy into the hall to see his books. It has a look, that old building, indistinctly seen, as it is. Biography of Joseph John Gurney Sermons by Gurney and his followers from the Quaker Homiletics Online Anthology Verily Anderson, family biographer Milligan, Edward H. Gurney, the first edition of this text is available as an article on Wikisource, Gurney, Joseph John
Joseph John Gurney
–
Joseph John Gurney
16.
City of London
–
The City of London is a city and county within London. It constituted most of London from its settlement by the Romans in the 1st century AD to the Middle Ages, the City is now only a tiny part of the metropolis of London, though it remains a notable part of central London. Administratively, it one of the 33 local authority districts of Greater London, however, the City of London is not a London borough. The City of London is widely referred to simply as the City and is colloquially known as the Square Mile. Both of these terms are often used as metonyms for the United Kingdoms trading and financial services industries. The name London is now used for a far wider area than just the City. London most often denotes the sprawling London metropolis, or the 32 London boroughs and this wider usage of London is documented as far back as 1888, when the County of London was created. The local authority for the City, namely the City of London Corporation, is unique in the UK and has some unusual responsibilities for a local council and it is also unusual in having responsibilities and ownerships beyond its boundaries. The Corporation is headed by the Lord Mayor of the City of London, the current Lord Mayor, as of November 2016, is Andrew Parmley. The City is a business and financial centre. Throughout the 19th century, the City was the primary business centre. London came top in the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index, published in 2008, the insurance industry is focused around the eastern side of the City, around Lloyds building. A secondary financial district exists outside of the City, at Canary Wharf,2.5 miles to the east, the City has a resident population of about 7,000 but over 300,000 people commute to and work there, mainly in the financial services sector. It used to be held that Londinium was first established by merchants as a trading port on the tidal Thames in around 47 AD. However, this date is only supposition, many historians now believe London was founded some time before the Roman conquest of Britain in 43 AD. They base this notion on evidence provided by both archaeology and Welsh literary legend, archaeologists have claimed that as much as half of the best British Iron Age art and metalwork discovered in Britain has been found in the London area. One of the most prominent examples is the famously horned Waterloo Helmet dredged from the Thames in the early 1860s and now exhibited at the British Museum. Also, according to an ancient Welsh legend, a king named Lud son of Heli substantially enlarged and improved a pre-existing settlement at London which afterwards came to be renamed after him, the same tradition relates how this Lud son of Heli was later buried at Ludgate
City of London
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The City of London skyline in December 2013
City of London
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The
Waterloo Helmet, c. 150–50 BC, found in the
River Thames
City of London
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A surviving fragment of the
London Wall, built around 200 AD, close to
Tower Hill
City of London
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Plaque near
Southwark Bridge noting the activities around the time of
King Alfred.
17.
East Ham
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East Ham is a suburban district of London, England, and part of the London Borough of Newham. It is a district centred 8 miles east-northeast of Charing Cross. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London, in 2011, East Ham had a population of 76,186. A settlement in the area named Ham is first recorded as Hamme in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 958, the electric services of the District Railway first served East Ham in 1908. In 1894 East Ham formed the East Ham Urban District of Essex and was incorporated as a borough on 10 August 1903, as a result of popular pressure, East Ham sought and obtained the county borough status. Built between 1901 and 1903, Passmore Edwards opened the Town Hall on 5 February 1903, the council moved to Newham Dockside in 2009. East Ham is also the name of a parliamentary House of Commons constituency East Ham, the current Member of Parliament is Stephen Timms. Housing in East Ham consists principally of Victorian and Edwardian terraced town houses, west Ham United FC is on the western border of East Ham and the eastern border of Upton Park, in the Tudor ward. There are many green spaces in the bustling and urbanised area of East Ham. The graveyard of the Norman St Marys church, is maintained as a nature reserve, central Park and Plashet Park are the two largest parks in East Ham, and both combine open space with playgrounds and cafés. There are also play areas and parks, including Priory Park and Flanders Field. Flanders Fields is currently the ground of Flanders FC and other is used by Bonny Downs Community Association. East Ham is an area, with a majority of South Asians and African, Caribbean. As of 2010, East Ham has the fourth highest level of unemployment in Britain, around 7 in 10 children living in East Ham are from low income families, making it one of the worst areas in the country for child poverty. Below is a table comparing East Ham with The London Borough of Newham. In 2011,88. 1% of East Hams population was non-White British and this makes East Ham one of the most ethnically diverse areas in the country, surpassing other multicultural towns like Oldham, Blackburn and Walsall. There are many stores and restaurants specialising in ethnic tastes, there are also still traditional East End eateries. The century-old Robins, which specialised in the traditional East End dish of pie, mash, however, it has reopened as a store in the Gallions Reach park in Beckton
East Ham
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Church of Saint Mary Magdalene
18.
Forest Gate
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Forest Gate is a residential district in East London, England, in the London Borough of Newham. The area lies roughly 7 miles northeast of Charing Cross and is bordered by Manor Park to the east, Forest Gate is 1.5 miles east of Westfield Stratford City and the 2012 Olympic Park. The northern half of the busy Green Street runs through it, the gate was located close to the former Eagle & Child public house. It never was a gate and was demolished along with the keepers cottage in 1881. An Anglo-Saxon jeweled bead was found in Forest Gate in 1875 during sewer construction behind the former Princess Alice public house in the Sprowston Road area, at this time Essex was an independent kingdom with a territory extending over Essex, Middlesex and London and half of Hertfordshire. Stylistically, the piece is said to relate to similar jewellery produced in Kent and it is known that King Sledd of Essex married Ricula, the sister of King Æthelberht of Kent in about 580 AD. The piece was acquired by Sir John Evans and was presented to the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford by Sir Arthur Evans in 1909, the area remained rural until the 19th century. From the 18th century a number of city dwellers had large country houses in the area and many of them were Quakers. As the population expanded new churches were built in the area, such as Emmanuel, in 1890 a fire at the Forest Gate Industrial School in Forest Lane, occupied by children belonging to the Whitechapel Union, killed 26 boys between the ages of 7 and 12 years old. Forest Gate formed part of the County Borough of West Ham since its creation in 1886, the county borough was abolished to form part of the present-day London Borough of Newham in 1965. E7 Now and Then details other Forest Gate history, corbett paid £40,000 for land associated with Woodgrange Farm, Essex, in 1877, which was formerly used as a market garden serving London. The Woodgrange Estate consists of four roads from north to south, Hampton Road, Osborne Road, Claremont Road and Windsor Road, all of which link to Woodgrange Road to the west. There are blocks of flats at the western end of Claremont. Nearby Godwin Junior School in Forest Gate recently picked up a British Council’s International School Award, to the north of the railway running through Forest Gate is the village with terraced streets named for the Oxford Martyrs running up to the open spaces of Wanstead Flats. Among the many teams playing on the flats is Sunday League football team Senrab F. C, several professional coaches also started out at Senrab, most notably Dario Gradi, Ray Wilkins and Alan Curbishley. Forest Gate also has a branch of the Womens Institute and is home to the Spotted Dog at 212 Upton Lane. Forest Gate railway station has services to London Liverpool Street via Stratford, other stations in the area include Wanstead Park railway station, which is on the Gospel Oak to Barking Line in Zone 3. Forest Gate will be linked by Crossrail, Europes biggest construction project, to central and west London in 2018 and it later became the Ace of Clubs in Woodgrange Road
Forest Gate
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Woodgrange Road, Forest Gate
Forest Gate
–
Wanstead Flats at Forest Gate
19.
West Ham
–
West Ham is in the London Borough of Newham in London, England. The area has one of the most deprived in the country and as part of the New Deal for Communities programme it forms, with neighbouring Plaistow. The place lends its name to West Ham United F. C. a settlement in the area named Ham is first recorded as Hamme in an Anglo-Saxon charter of 958 and then in the 1086 Domesday Book as Hame. The earliest recorded use of West Ham, as distinct from East Ham, is in 1186 as Westhamma, West Ham formed a large ancient parish of around 4,500 acres in the Becontree hundred of Essex. The parish was divided into three wards, Church-street, Stratford-Langthorne, and Plaistow, with the village of West Ham corresponding to the Church-street ward, the parish also included the hamlet of Upton. In 1840 the parish was included in the Metropolitan Police District, the parish did not form part of the statutory metropolitan area established in 1855 or the County of London established in 1889. Instead, administrative reform was undertaken in the area in much the way as a large provincial town. A local board was formed in 1856 under the Public Health Act 1848, in 1889 the borough was large enough in terms of population to become a county borough and was outside the area of responsibility of Essex County Council. At the time of the 1901 census it was the ninth most populous district in England with a population of 267,308, the former county borough was merged with the adjacent County Borough of East Ham to form the new London Borough of Newham on 1 April 1965. West Ham is located 6.1 mi east of Charing Cross, West Ham station on Manor Road is served by the London Underground Jubilee, Hammersmith and City and District lines, the National Rail c2c services, and from 2010 the Docklands Light Railway. Plaistow and Stratford stations are close by. Post-industrial land and a network of waterways separate West Ham from Bromley-by-Bow, to the north and east the area bleeds into Stratford and Plaistow, with Canning Town to the south. To the west lies Bromley by Bow, the football club West Ham United F. C. is named after the area. Their nicknames, the Irons and the Hammers derive from their association with the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company, West Ham United F. C. have played at the Boleyn Ground in nearby Upton Park since 1904. The West Ham Stadium, a football, greyhound racing and speedway stadium, the street names of housing developed on the site of the former stadium pay homage to the speedway greats associated with West Ham, including Bluey Wilkinson and Jack Young. The West Ham Hammers team were involved in the top flight leagues 1929 to 1939,1946 to 1955 and 1964 to 1971, while football is probably the main focus for the community, there is quite a lot of interest in other sports—with rugby being one of them. Next to West Ham station, on Holland Road, is the home of 3 rugby teams, all playing in Essex RFU leagues, Phantoms RFC, Kings Cross Steelers, lennox Lewis, boxer and last undisputed world heavyweight champion Leon Greene, opera singer and actor. Allan Levene, information technology specialist Glen Murphy, Actor, producer, colin Towns, composer and keyboardist Joseph Lister, antiseptic surgeon
West Ham
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All Saints' Parish Church, West Ham
20.
Percy Edward Pinkerton
–
Percy Edward Pinkerton was an English translator and poet. His translations included two novels by Émile Zola and a Puccini libretto, Percy Edward Pinkerton was born on 19 June 1855, at Manor Road, Stamford Hill, Stoke Newington, London, Middlesex. He was the child of George Pinkerton and Mary Easum. His siblings were Eustace, a member of the London Stock Exchange, Algernon Robert, the architect Godfrey Pinkerton, and Mary, percys paternal grandparents were Reverend Dr Robert Pinkerton D. D. and Dorothea, née Theakston. Percy had further Russian connections, as all bar the last two of his fathers siblings were also born there. His maternal grandparents were Robert Hayes Easum and Elizabeth née Edlin, in 1909, Percy married Emily Harriet Woodgates at Kensington, London. In 1911 they were living at Red Lodge, Happisburgh, Norfolk, Emily Woodgates was born at Putely, Herefordshire December Quarter 1868, the daughter of the rector, James Richard Woodgates and Elizabeth, née Moor daughter of Canon E. J. Moor. Emily died at St Michaels Hospital, Hayle, Cornwall on the 27 November 1938 and was buried at Porthleven Cemetery on November 30, Percy died on 31 August 1946, aged 91, at Ealing House, Porthleven, Cornwall. and was buried at Porthleven Cemetery alongside Emily. He also wrote for the Magazine of Art, and in 1889 edited Christopher Marlowes plays, however most of his literary work consisted of English translations of European songs and literature. He translated other works from German, Italian, French, from German William Müller, Field-Marshal Count Moltke, 1800-1878,1879 Heinrich Düntzer, The Life of Schiller,1883 From Italian Matteo Bandello, Novellieri Italiani
Percy Edward Pinkerton
21.
Stephen Grellet
–
Stephen Grellet was a prominent French-born American Quaker missionary. He was born Étienne de Grellet du Mabillier in Limoges, the son of a counsellor of King Louis XVI. Raised as a Roman Catholic, he was educated at the Military College of Lyons, now the Institut détudes politiques de Lyon, during the French Revolution he was sentenced to be executed, but escaped and eventually fled Europe to the United States in 1795. Impressed by the writings of William Penn, George Fox, and Quaker beliefs and he encouraged many reforms in educational policies and in hospital and prison conditions. In 1804 Grellet married Rebecca Collins, the daughter of the publisher Isaac Collins, the family home, the Isaac Collins House, in Burlington, New Jersey, is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is reputed that Grellet was the last living person who could have identified the Lost Dauphin, Grellet died in Burlington on 16 November 1855 and his body was buried there, behind the Quaker Meeting House at 340 High Street
Stephen Grellet
–
Stephen Grellet
22.
Newgate Prison
–
Newgate Prison was a prison in London, at the corner of Newgate Street and Old Bailey just inside the City of London. It was originally located at the site of Newgate, a gate in the Roman London Wall, the gate/prison was rebuilt in the 12th century, and demolished in 1904. The prison was extended and rebuilt many times, and remained in use for over 700 years, in the early 12th century, Henry II instituted legal reforms that gave the Crown more control over the administration of justice. As part of his Assize of Clarendon of 1166, he required the construction of prisons, in 1188, Newgate was the first institution established to meet that purpose. The addition included new dungeons and adjacent buildings, which would remain unaltered for roughly two centuries, by the 15th century, however, Newgate was in need of repair. The building was collapsing and decaying, and many prisoners were dying from the quarters, overcrowding, rampant disease. Indeed, one year,22 prisoners died from gaol fever, the situation in Newgate was so dire that in 1419, city officials temporarily shut down the prison. Some Londoners bequeathed their estates to repair the prison, two decades later, the executors of Lord Mayor Dick Whittington were granted a license to renovate the prison in 1422. The gate and gaol were pulled down and rebuilt, there was a new central hall for meals, a new chapel, and the creation of additional chambers and basement cells with no light or ventilation. The prison housed male and female felons and debtors and separated the prisoners into wards by gender. By the mid-15th century, Newgate could accommodate roughly 300 prisoners, though the prisoners lived in separate quarters, they mixed freely with each other and visitors to the prison. There were three main wards—the Master’s side for those could afford to pay for their own food and accommodations, the Common side for those who were too poor, and a Press Yard for special prisoners. The king often used Newgate as a place for heretics, traitors. The prison was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666, the work followed the designs of George Dance and was almost finished when it was stormed by a mob during the Gordon riots in June 1780. The building was gutted by fire, and the badly damaged. The cost of repairs was estimated at £30,000, dance’s new prison was finally completed in 1782. The new prison was constructed to a terrible design intended to discourage law-breaking. The building was laid out around a courtyard, and was divided into two sections, a Common area for poor prisoners and a State area for those able to afford more comfortable accommodation
Newgate Prison
–
Newgate, the old city gate and prison
Newgate Prison
–
The second Newgate in a 19th-century print: A West View of Newgate by
George Shepherd
Newgate Prison
–
A plan of Newgate Prison published in 1800
Newgate Prison
–
An execution taking place at Newgate
23.
Penal transportation to Australia
–
Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000 convicts were transported by the British government to various penal colonies in Australia. The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 17th century, when transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution, an alternative site was needed relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks. Earlier in 1770, James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain. Other penal colonies were established in Van Diemens Land in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony. Victoria and South Australia remained free colonies, penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade. The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia on 10 January 1868, many convicts were transported for petty crimes, while a significant number were political prisoners. More serious crimes, such as rape and murder, were punishable by death, once emancipated, most ex-convicts stayed in Australia and joined the free settlers, with some rising to prominent positions in Australian society. However, convictism carried a stigma, and for some later Australians. Attitudes became more accepting in the 20th century and it is now considered by many Australians to be a cause for celebration to have a convict in ones lineage, around 20% of modern Australians are descended from transported convicts. The convict era has inspired novels, films, and other cultural works. According to Robert Hughes in The Fatal Shore, the population of England and Wales, by the time of the American Revolution, London was overcrowded, filled with the unemployed, and flooded with cheap gin. Poverty, social injustice, child labor, harsh and dirty living conditions, Dickens novels perhaps best illustrate this, even some government officials were horrified by what they saw. Only in 1833 and 1844 were the first general laws against child labour passed in the United Kingdom, crime had become a major problem and in 1784 a French observer noted that from sunset to dawn the environs of London became the patrimony of brigands for twenty miles around. Each parish had a watchman, but British cities did not have forces in the modern sense. Jeremy Bentham avidly promoted the idea of a prison. Virtually all malefactors were caught by informers or denounced to the court by their victims. Pursuant to the so-called Bloody Code, by the 1770s there were 222 crimes in Britain which carried the death penalty, almost all of which were crimes against property. These included such offences as the stealing of goods worth over 5 shillings, the cutting down of a tree, the situation was so dire that hulks left over from the Seven Years War were used as makeshift floating prisons
Penal transportation to Australia
–
Drawing of convicts in
New Holland, 1793
Penal transportation to Australia
–
William Hogarth 's
Gin Lane, 1751
Penal transportation to Australia
–
Prison hulks in the
River Thames
Penal transportation to Australia
–
The
First Fleet arrives in
Botany Bay, 21 January 1788
24.
Thomas Fowell Buxton
–
Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton, 1st Baronet was an English Member of Parliament, brewer, abolitionist and social reformer. Buxton was born at Castle Hedingham, Essex and his father was also named Thomas Fowell Buxton. His mothers maiden name was Anna Hanbury, through the influence of his mother, who was a Quaker, Buxton became associated with the Gurney family of Earlham Hall, Norwich. He was especially close to Joseph John Gurney, his sister the prison reformer Elizabeth Fry, and their sister Hannah and he lived at Northrepps Hall in Norfolk. In 1808, Buxtons Hanbury family connections led to an appointment to work at the brewery of Truman, Hanbury & Company, in Brick Lane, Spitalfields, in 1811 he was made a partner in the business, renamed Truman, Hanbury, Buxton & Co. Although he was a member of the Church of England, Buxton attended meetings of the Religious Society of Friends with some of the Gurneys, in this way he became involved in the social reform movement, in which Friends were prominent. He helped raise money for the weavers of London, who were being forced into poverty by the factory system and he provided financial support for Elizabeth Frys prison reform work and joined her Association for the Improvement of the Female Prisoners in Newgate. Buxton was elected to Parliament for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis in 1818, as an MP he worked for changes in prison conditions and criminal law and for the abolition of slavery, in which he was helped by his sister-in-law Louisa Gurney Hoare. He also opposed capital punishment and pushed for its abolition, Thomas and Hannah Buxton had eight children. Four of them died of whooping cough over a period around April 1820. Another one died of some time later. Hannah would send boxes of toys to the missionary Anna Hinderer in Nigeria in 1855, by 1866 her grandchildren were parcelling up toys to send to Nigeria. The slave trade had been abolished in 1807, but Buxton began to work for the abolition of the institution of slavery, in 1823 he helped found the Society for the Mitigation and Gradual Abolition of Slavery. He also pressured the government to send dispatches to the colonies to improve the treatment of slaves, Buxton took over as leader of the abolition movement in the British House of Commons after William Wilberforce retired in 1825. He achieved his goal in 1833, when slavery was abolished in the British Empire, except in India. Buxton held his seat in Parliament until 1837, in 1839 Buxton urged the British government to make treaties with African leaders to abolish the slave trade. The government in turn backed the Niger expedition of 1841 put together by missionary organizations, more than 150 people were part of the expedition, which reached the Niger Delta and began negotiations. The British suffered such high mortality from fevers, with more than 25% of the group dying rapidly, david Livingstone was strongly influenced by Buxtons arguments that the African slave trade might be destroyed through the influence of legitimate trade and the spread of Christianity
Thomas Fowell Buxton
–
Sir Fowell Buxton
25.
Weymouth, Dorset
–
Weymouth /ˈweɪməθ/ is a seaside town in Dorset, England, situated on a sheltered bay at the mouth of the River Wey on the English Channel coast. The town is 11 kilometres south of Dorchester and 8 kilometres north of the Isle of Portland, the town is the third largest settlement in Dorset after the unitary authorities of Bournemouth and Poole. The A354 road bridge connects Weymouth to Portland, which form the borough of Weymouth. Weymouth originated as a settlement on a site to the south and west of Weymouth Harbour. The town developed from the mid 12th century onwards, but was not noted until the 13th century, by 1252 it was established as a seaport and became a chartered borough. Melcombe Regis developed separately on the peninsula to the north of the harbour, French raiders found the port so accessible that in 1433 the staple was transferred to Poole. Melcombe Regis is thought to be the first port at which the Black Death came into England in June 1348, possibly either aboard a spice ship or an army ship. In their early history Weymouth and Melcombe Regis were rivals for trade and industry, both towns have become known as Weymouth, despite Melcombe Regis being the main centre. The villages of Upwey, Broadwey, Preston, Wyke Regis, Chickerell, Southill, Radipole, King Henry VIII had two Device Forts built to protect the south Dorset coast from invasion in the 1530s, Sandsfoot Castle in Wyke Regis and Portland Castle in Castletown. Parts of Sandsfoot have fallen into the sea due to coastal erosion, during the English Civil War, around 250 people were killed in the local Crabchurch Conspiracy in February 1645. In 1635, on board the ship Charity, around 100 emigrants from the crossed the Atlantic Ocean and settled in Weymouth. More townspeople emigrated to the Americas to bolster the population of Weymouth, Nova Scotia and Salem, Massachusetts, there are memorials to this on the side of Weymouth Harbour and near to Weymouth Pavilion and Weymouth Sea Life Tower. The architect Sir Christopher Wren was the Member of Parliament for Weymouth in 1702, when he designed St Pauls Cathedral, Wren had it built out of Portland Stone, the famous stone of Portlands quarries. Sir James Thornhill was born in the White Hart public house in Melcombe Regis, Thornhill became an artist, and coincidentally decorated the interior of St Pauls Cathedral. A mounted white horse representing the King is carved into the hills of Osmington. Weymouths esplanade is composed of Georgian terraces, which have been converted into apartments, shops, hotels, statues of Victoria, George III and Sir Henry Edwards, Member of Parliament for the borough from 1867 to 1885, and two war memorials stand along the Esplanade. In the centre of the town lies Weymouth Harbour, although it was the reason for the towns foundation, since the 18th century they have been linked by successive bridges over the narrowest part of the harbour. The present Town Bridge, built in 1930, is a bascule bridge allowing boats to access the inner harbour
Weymouth, Dorset
–
Weymouth,
Wyke Regis and
Portland Harbour from the Isle of Portland
Weymouth, Dorset
–
The ruins of the 16th century
Sandsfoot Castle
Weymouth, Dorset
–
Weymouth's esplanade displays
Georgian architecture and
Queen Victoria 's Jubilee Clock.
Weymouth, Dorset
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US soldiers marched through Weymouth to board landing ships for the
1944 invasion of France.
26.
British House of Commons
–
The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons
British House of Commons
British House of Commons
–
House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
British House of Commons
–
The House of Commons in the early 19th century by
Augustus Pugin and
Thomas Rowlandson.
British House of Commons
–
Another picture of the old House of Commons chamber. Note the dark veneer on the wood, which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber.
27.
Homeless
–
Homelessness is the condition of people without a permanent dwelling, such as a house or apartment. People who are homeless are most often unable to acquire and maintain regular, safe, secure, the legal definition of homeless varies from country to country, or among different jurisdictions in the same country or region. According to the UK homelessness charity Crisis, a home is not just a space, it also provides roots, identity, security, a sense of belonging. American government homeless enumeration studies also include people who sleep in a public or private place not designed for use as a sleeping accommodation for human beings. There are a number of organizations who provide help for the homeless, in 2005, an estimated 100 million people worldwide were homeless, and as many as 1 billion people live as squatters, refugees or in temporary shelter, all lacking adequate housing. In Western countries, the majority of homeless are men. Most countries provide a variety of services to assist homeless people and these services often provide food, shelter and clothing and may be organized and run by community organizations or by government departments or agencies. These programs may be supported by the government, charities, churches, many cities also have street newspapers, which are publications designed to provide employment opportunity to homeless people. While some homeless have jobs, some must seek other methods to make a living, begging or panhandling is one option, but is becoming increasingly illegal in many cities. People who are homeless may have conditions, such as physical or mental health issues or substance addiction. In 2004, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs defined a homeless household as those households without a shelter that would fall within the scope of living quarters. They carry their few possessions with them, sleeping in the streets, in doorways or on piers, or in another space and this category includes persons living in the streets without a shelter that would fall within the scope of living quarters, Secondary homelessness. This category may include persons with no place of usual residence who move frequently between various types of accommodations and this category includes persons living in private dwellings but reporting no usual address on their census form. The CES acknowledges that the approach does not provide a full definition of the homeless. Homelessness is perceived and addressed according to country. The ETHOS approach confirms that homelessness is a process that affects many vulnerable households at different points in their lives. The typology was launched in 2005 and is used for different purposes, as a framework for debate, for collection purposes, for policy purposes, monitoring purposes. This typology is an exercise which makes abstraction of existing legal definitions in the EU member states
Homeless
–
A homeless man in
Paris, France.
Homeless
–
Homeless man sleeping on the street in Mexico
Homeless
–
German illustration of a homeless mother and her children in the street, before 1883
Homeless
–
A homeless man lives in a
sewer,
Vienna,
Austria, 1900.
28.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
29.
Brighton
–
Brighton /ˈbraɪtən/ is a seaside resort on the south coast of England. It is part of the county of East Sussex, within the historic county of Sussex. Archaeological evidence of settlement in the dates back to the Bronze Age, Roman. The ancient settlement of Brighthelmstone was documented in the Domesday Book, Brighton began to attract more visitors following improved road transport to London and becoming a boarding point for boats travelling to France. The town also developed in popularity as a resort for sea bathing as a purported cure for illnesses. Brighton continued to grow as a centre of tourism following the arrival of the railways in 1841. Many of the attractions were built in the Victorian era, including the Grand Hotel, the West Pier. Brighton attracted 7.5 million day visitors in 2015/16 and 4.9 million overnight visitors, Brighton has also been called the UKs hippest city, and the happiest place to live in the UK. Brightons earliest name was Bristelmestune, recorded in the Domesday Book, although more than 40 variations have been documented, Brighthelmstone was the standard rendering between the 14th and 18th centuries. Brighton was originally a shortened form, first seen in 1660, it gradually supplanted the longer name. Brighthelmstone was the official name until 1810, though. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin, most scholars believe that it derives from Beorthelm + tūn—the homestead of Beorthelm, a common Old English name associated with villages elsewhere in England. The tūn element is common in Sussex, especially on the coast, an alternative etymology taken from the Old English words for stony valley is sometimes given but has less acceptance. Brighthelm gives its name to, among other things, a church, the town was originally split in half by the Wellesbourne, a winterbourne which was culverted and buried in the 18th century. Poet Horace Smith called it The Queen of Watering Places, which is widely used. Novelist William Makepeace Thackeray referred to Doctor Brighton, calling the one of the best of Physicians. London-by-Sea is well-known, reflecting Brightons popularity with Londoners as a resort, a commuter dormitory. The Queen of Slaughtering Places, a pun on Smiths description, the mid 19th-century nickname School Town referred to the remarkable number of boarding, charity and church schools in the town at the time
Brighton
–
Brighton in 2008
Brighton
–
The Palace Pier, Brighton
Brighton
–
Brighton, The Front and the Chain Pier Seen in the Distance, Frederick William Woledge, 1840.
Brighton
–
Photochrom of Brighton aquarium, 1890–1900
30.
Josiah Forster
–
Josiah Forster was an English teacher and philanthropist. He was an member of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society in 1839. Both he and his wife were senior figures in the British Quakers and he became a teacher at the school his grandfather, also Josiah Forster, had founded in Tottenham. The school started in 1752 in the ballroom of their grandfathers house and was called Forsters School and his first wife, Rachel was over thirty years older than he was, and died in 1801. Forster started another school in 1805 in Southgate that eventually moved to Tottenham in 1820 and he ran this school until 1826 when he decided to devote more time to his Quaker interests. His wife had already made a minister in 1810, and shortly afterward he began sitting on Quaker committees. He campaigned for anti-slavery and worked for the British and Foreign Bible Society and he held the senior position of clerk to the Annual meeting of British Quakers from 1820 to 1831. In 1838, Forster accompanied Elizabeth Fry on her tour and inspection of prisons in France, Forster sat on a committee of Quaker elders in 1836-7 who unsuccessfully tried to heal a schism in the Quaker church caused by the Beaconite Controversy. The controversy was named after a book published in January 1835 called A Beacon to the Society of Friends which was written by Isaac Crewdson, a leader to the Manchester Quaker meeting. The controversy, which related to evangelism in the society, eventually led to the resignation of Crewdson, the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade was mainly a Quaker society founded in the eighteenth century by Thomas Clarkson. Slavery had in theory been made illegal in 1807 in the British Empire, following the Reform Act, William Wilberforce was able to get legislation through parliament. In 1838 legislation freed the slaves who had been relabelled apprentices, as a result, in August 1838800,000 people in the British empire became free. A picture was commissioned that showed the delegates, including Josiah Forster, of the new British, the painting captured this important international convention in June,1840. The small extract shown here includes only Samuel Gurney a banker and fellow Quaker, Forster, also in this painting are Josiahs brothers, Robert and William Forster, many significant figures and Isaac Crewdson. In 1842-3 a schism developed in the Society of Friends in Salem in Iowa, the difference developed over the ways that the society should support slavery, which was still an important part of the American economy. A rival meeting house had been created, and a burial ground which was separated from the older Quaker burial ground by a mere two feet of space. Four delegates were sent from Britain, Forster, his brother William, George Stacey, the group did not manage to heal the divide immediately but it was resolved by 1848. In 1849 the yearly meeting of the Quakers requested that representatives be sent to the rulers of the Christian nations and it was during this journey that William died and was buried in the Quaker town of Friendsville in Tennessee which was on the Underground Railroad
Josiah Forster
–
Josiah in the centre
Josiah Forster
.JPG)
