1.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
2.
Graham Hill
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Norman Graham Hill OBE was a British racing driver and team owner from England, who was twice Formula One World Champion. He is the driver ever to win the Triple Crown of Motorsport—the 24 Hours of Le Mans, Indianapolis 500. He also appeared on TV in the 1970s on a variety of non-sporting programmes including panel games and he liked painting in his spare time. Hill and his son Damon were the first father and son pair to have won the Formula One World Championship. Hills grandson Josh, Damons son, also raced his way through the ranks until he retired from Formula Three in 2013 at the age of 22. Hill died at age 46 when the twin-engine six-seat Piper Aztec aeroplane he was piloting crashed and burned in foggy conditions at night near Arkley golf course in North London. Hill, Tony Brise, and four members of Hills racing team were returning from car testing at Circuit Paul Ricard in France and were due to land at Elstree Airfield. After leaving the Navy, he rejoined Smiths Instruments, Hill did not pass his driving test until he was 24 years old, and he himself described his first car as A wreck. A budding racing driver should own such a car, as it teaches delicacy, poise and anticipation and he had been interested in motorcycles but in 1954 he saw an advertisement for the Universal Motor Racing Club at Brands Hatch offering laps for 5 shillings. He made his debut in a Cooper 500 Formula 3 car and was committed to racing thereafter, Hill joined Team Lotus as a mechanic soon after but quickly talked his way into the cockpit. The Lotus presence in Formula One allowed him to make his debut at the 1958 Monaco Grand Prix, in 1960, Hill joined BRM, and won the world championship with them in 1962. Hill was also part of the so-called British invasion of drivers and cars in the Indianapolis 500 during the mid-1960s, in 1967, back at Lotus, Hill helped to develop the Lotus 49 with the new Cosworth-V8 engine. After team mates Jim Clark and Mike Spence were killed in early 1968, Hill led the team, a crash at the 1969 United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen broke both his legs and interrupted his career. Typically, when asked soon after the crash if he wanted to pass on a message to his wife, upon recovery Hill continued to race in F1 for several more years, but never again with the same level of success. Colin Chapman, believing Hill was a spent force, placed him in Rob Walkers team for 1970, although Hill scored points in 1970 he started the season far from fully fit and the 72 was not fully developed until late in the season. Hill moved to Brabham for 1971-2, his last win in Formula One was in the non-Championship International Trophy at Silverstone in 1971 with the lobster claw Brabham. The team was in flux after the retirements of Sir Jack Brabham and then Ron Tauranacs sale to Bernie Ecclestone, Hill was also irreverently immortalized on a Monty Python episode, in which a Gumby appears asking to see John the Baptists impersonation of Graham Hill. The head of St. John the Baptist appears on a silver platter, Hill was involved with four films between 1966 and 1974, including appearances in Grand Prix and Caravan to Vaccarès, in which he appeared as a helicopter pilot
3.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
4.
Alan Jones (racing driver)
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Alan Stanley Jones MBE is an Australian former Formula One driver. He competed in a total of 117 Grands Prix, winning 12, in 1978 Jones won the Can-Am championship driving a Lola. Jones attended Xavier College and is the son of Stan Jones, an Australian racing driver and winner of the 1959 Australian Grand Prix, Jones initially worked in his fathers Holden dealership while racing a Mini and a Cooper. The younger Jones left for Europe in 1967 to make a name for himself and he therefore returned home but was back in 1970 and set about building his career in company with compatriot Brian McGuire. However the machine was written off in an accident at Brands Hatch in which Jones suffered a broken leg. In late 1970, Jones signed with a firm for whom McGuire was working, however, in his first two races the engine failed and in the third the gearbox broke, which meant the opportunity ended. For 1971, Jones campaigned a Brabham BT28 converted to BT35 specification, however, despite the success of the test, Jones was not offered a drive by March and for 1972, drove a GRD in Formula Three. Jones did enough that season to be kept on by GRD for the year with a new sponsor. After four races in Formula One the team ceased racing after Stiller moved abroad, however, Jones was named as a replacement for the injured Stommelen in Graham Hills team. His best finish with Hill, in four races for the team, was fifth at the Nürburgring and he earned his first full-time Formula One drive in 1976, in John Surtees team. Jones car was known for its infamous Durex sponsorship, but he managed several finishes in it. Surtees dropped him after that year as he did not get well with the Australian. Jones was racing in America when he was signed by the Shadow team as a replacement for Tom Pryce and he made the most of the opportunity and won at the Österreichring for his maiden victory, finishing seventh in the championship, with 22 points. By late 1977, he had caught the attention of Frank Williams, Williams Grand Prix had struggled for success in its first years and Jones was entrusted to give them their first taste of it. As well as Williams, he signed with Haas-Hall for 1978. Jones took nine poles in ten races but missed the Laguna Seca race due to a Formula One scheduling conflict, stand-in Brian Redman finished twelfth in that race after the kill wire was crimped under a valve cover, resulting in intermittent ignition. He finished third at Trois-Rivières after losing a shift fork and being stuck with only second, at that race, water-injected brakes were first used in Can-Am, developed by the Haas team and copied with varying degrees of success by others. Jones ran one Can-Am race in 1979, where he and Keke Rosberg finished 1–2, for Williams, his best result that season was a second-place finish at Watkins Glen
5.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
6.
Rolf Stommelen
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Rolf Johann Stommelen was a racing driver from Siegen, Germany. He participated in 63 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, achieving one podium and he also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races. Stommelen won the position for the 196924 Hours of Le Mans in a Porsche 917 a year after finishing third in a Porsche 908. In this year, he became the first man to reach speeds exceeding 350 km/h on the Mulsanne Straight in his Porsche 917 LH. In 1970, he made his Formula One debut with Brabham with sponsorship obtained from the German magazine Auto, Motor und Sport and raced both sportscars and Formula 1 throughout the 1970s. After his recovery, Stommelen returned to car racing, winning races for Alfa Romeo. In 1976 Stommelen had the honour to drive the maiden race of the Porsche 936 at the 300 km Nürburgring race, with a black body and without the air-intake, the 936 of this race became known as the black widow. He qualified second, between the factory Renault Alpine A442 of Patrick Depailler and Jean-Pierre Jabouille in first and third, the Renault team was eager to win at Porsches home soil. On race-day in heavy rain, Stommelen managed to overtake the Renault in front right after the start, now in the lead, he rushed towards the Nordkehre, braked and let deliberately room for the Renaults in pursuit to overtake. The Renaults, wanting to back the lead after 2 of 300 km, rushed past Stommelen into the water puddles and crashed into the catch-fences in tandem. This led to the saying On the Nordschleife, you can never brake later than Rolf Stommelen, after the sixth lap, the throttle cable of the 936 stuck in the open position. In 1978 he was given the task by the Porsche factory to drive the Porsche 935 Moby Dick in Martini Colors, due to high fuel-consumption of the engine, Stommelen had to pit too often to battle for the win. The team would not have come so far, if Stommelen had not been constantly seconds faster than his team mates each lap and he also drove Toj SC320 prototype sportscars with some success against the works Alfa team. He was also active in the German GT Championship Deutsche Rennsport Meisterschaft, a master at the Nürburgring, he was a constant winner of races held there. In the 1980s he was still a sought after prototype pilot and raced successful on Kremer CK5, Lancia LC1, Stommelen was killed in a crash during an IMSA Camel GT event at Riverside International Raceway on 24 April 1983. He was running a John Fitzpatrick entered Porsche 935 with codriver Derek Bell, Stommelen had just taken over the car from Bell and was running in second place when the rear wing broke due to mechanical failure at 190 mph. The car became uncontrollable, slammed against a wall, somersaulted
7.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
8.
1973 Spanish Grand Prix
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The 1973 Spanish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Montjuïc circuit on 29 April 1973. It was the round of the 1973 World Championship of Drivers. The 75-lap race was won by Lotus driver Emerson Fittipaldi after he started from seventh position, françois Cevert finished second for the Tyrrell team and Shadow driver George Follmer came in third. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
9.
Shadow Racing Cars
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Shadow Racing Cars was a Formula One and sports car racing team, founded and initially based in the United States although later Formula One operations were run from Britain. The team held an American licence from 1973 to 1975 and a British licence from 1976 to 1980 and their only F1 victory was achieved as a British team. The company was founded by Don Nichols in 1968 as Advanced Vehicle Systems, the first Shadow, the Mk. I, was entered in the CanAm series with George Follmer and Vic Elford driving them. The team also found financial backing in Universal Oil Products. Shadow came to dominate the shortened 1974 series, although by this point they were competing largely against privateers, the team debuted in Formula One at the 1973 South African Grand Prix with the Shadow DN1 chassis. Two cars were available for drivers Jackie Oliver and George Follmer, for 1974, the team hired two of the most promising drivers of the time, American Peter Revson and Frenchman Jean-Pierre Jarier. During a practice run for the South African Grand Prix, Revson was killed by a failure on his DN3. He was replaced by Tom Pryce, the new DN5 driven by Jean-Pierre Jarier gained pole position in the two first Grands Prix of the 1975 season but suffered mechanical failure in both races. The DN5 and most other Shadow Formula One cars used Ford Cosworth DFV engines, however, later in 1975 another car was driven by Jarier, the DN7, and was fitted with a Matra V12 engine producing around 550 bhp. The wheelbase was lengthened to accommodate the much larger and more expensive French powerplant, although due to budgetary issues. Jariers new teammate, Tom Pryce, showed his talent by winning the non-championship Race of Champions that same year, Pryce died in an accident involving a marshal at the 1977 South African Grand Prix. The team replaced Pryce with Alan Jones, who won the teams only Grand Prix at the Austrian Grand Prix the same year, after the 1977 season Shadow entered into a sharp decline. Alan Jones left to join Williams for 1978, in the same period a majority of their staff and their sponsor Franco Ambrosio left to form their own team, Arrows, taking the talented young Riccardo Patrese. Despite sponsorship from Villiger tobacco and the signing of experienced drivers Clay Regazzoni and Hans Stuck for the 1978 season, in 1980 they were absorbed into Theodore Racing, but Shadows first ground effect chassis was desperately uncompetitive, only once qualifying a car in seven races. Sponsorship dried up and after the seventh of the years 14 races Teddy Yip wound up the Shadow team
10.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research
11.
Lola Cars
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Lola Cars International Ltd. was a racing car engineering company founded in 1958 by Eric Broadley and based in Huntingdon, England. Enduring more than fifty years, it was one of the oldest and largest manufacturers of racing cars in the world, Lola Cars started by building small front-engined sports cars, and branched out into Formula Junior cars before diversifying into a wider range of sporting vehicles. Lola was acquired by Martin Birrane in 1998 after the unsuccessful MasterCard Lola attempt at Formula One, Lola Cars was a brand of the Lola Group, which combined former rowing boat manufacturer Lola Aylings and Lola Composites, that specialized in carbon fibre production. After a period in administration, Lola Cars International ceased trading on 5 October 2012. Many of Lolas assets were purchased by a partnership composed of Multimatic Engineering. Lola was one of the top chassis suppliers in the 1960s, after its small front-engined sports cars came various single-seaters including Formula Junior, Formula 3, Formula 2 and Formula 1 cars. Broadley designed Lola Mk.6 coupe fitted with the Ford V8 engine, Ford took a keen interest in this and paid Broadley to put the company on hold for two years and merge his ideas with Roy Lunns work, giving rise to the Ford GT40. In 2005, Lola announced that a new batch of T70 coupés, to the original specifications and these will be homologated for historic racing and there is talk of a one-make series for the cars. Various Group 5 and Group 6 sports cars including the T212 and T28x/29x/38x/39x series were built, competing with Chevron, March. Alain de Cadenets Le Mans specials tended to be based on Lola technology, derivatives of this car were successful for some time in IMSA and Group C racing. Later Lola Group C and GTP cars tended to be specifically for manufacturer programmes, specifically the later Nissan Group C entries. Lola also built a car for the 3.5 L Group C formula, the T92/10, more recently, Lola has produced a range of sports cars for Le Mans-style racing starting with the B98/10, which was successful in the European market but less so in the USA. The B2K/10, with its additional central headlight reminiscent of a cyclops or a locomotive was more notable for its looks than its performance, a dedicated LMP675 car was built for MG in 2001, powered by a two-litre four-cylinder AER turbocharged engine. This was entered at Le Mans by the team as the MG-Lola EX257. Later developments of this car have been fitted with assorted small V8s, an updated version of the Lola LMP2 came in 2005 with the introduction of the Lola B05/40. It quickly became a contender in LMP2 by taking class honours in 2005 and 2006 at Le Mans with Ray Mallock Limited. It also earned several wins in the American Le Mans Series in 2005 and 2006 with Intersport Racing, including a second-place overall finish in the 200612 Hours of Sebring. In 2007, extensive updates were made to the chassis, to accommodate the all-new Acura powerplant run by Fernandez Racing, in addition, an essentially brand new LMP2 prototype, the B07/40, was built to house the new AER-based Mazda engine
12.
Pole position
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In motorsport the pole position is the position at the inside of the front row at the start of a racing event. This position is given to the vehicle and driver with the best qualifying time in the trials before the race. This number-one qualifying driver is referred to as the pole sitter, historically, the fastest qualifier was not necessarily the designated pole-sitter. Different sanctioning bodies in motor sport employ different qualifying formats in designating who starts from pole position, often, a starting grid is derived either by current rank in the championship, or based on finishing position of a previous race. In contrast to contemporary motorsport, where only a participant is designated pole-sitter, prior to World War II. The term has its origins in horse racing, in which the fastest qualifying horse would be placed on the part of the course. Originally in Grand Prix racing, grid positions, including pole, were determined by lottery among the drivers, prior to the inception of the Formula 1 World Championship, the first instance of grid positions being determined by qualifying times was at the 1933 Monaco Grand Prix. Since then, the FIA have introduced many different qualifying systems to F1, between 1996 and 2006, the FIA made 6 significant changes to the qualifying procedure, each with the intention of making the battle for pole more interesting to an F1 viewer at home. Traditionally, pole was always occupied by the fastest driver due to low-fuel qualifying, the race-fuel qualifying era between 2003 and 2009 briefly changed this. Despite the changing formats, drivers attempting pole were required between 2003 and 2009 to do qualifying laps with the fuel they would use to start the race the next day. An underfuelled slower car and driver would therefore be able to take pole ahead of a better, in this situation, pole was not always advantageous to have in the race as the under-fueled driver would have to pit for more fuel before their rivals. With the race refueling ban introduced, low-fuel qualifying returned and these decisions are no longer in play. Since the reintroduction of the rule in 2011, this applies to the quickest first session time. Since 2014, the FIA has awarded a trophy to the driver who wins the most pole positions in the season, indicates that the driver won the World Championship in the same season. IndyCar uses four formats for qualifying, one for most oval tracks, one for Iowa Speedway, one for the Indianapolis 500, and another for road and street circuits. Oval qualifying is almost like the Indianapolis 500, with two laps, instead of four, averaged together with one attempt, although with just one session. At Iowa, each car takes one qualifying lap, and the top six cars advance to the race for the pole position. The result of the race determines positions 1–10
13.
1975 United States Grand Prix
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The 1975 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 5,1975, at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course in Watkins Glen, New York. It was the 25th United States Grand Prix since the first American Grand Prize was held in 1908, the race was won by the new world champion, Austrian driver Niki Lauda driving a Ferrari 312T. Lauda took his fifth win for the season by a margin over outgoing world champion. Fittipaldis West German team mate Jochen Mass finished third, Ferrari had already taken eight poles, five wins, the Drivers Championship and the Constructors Championship in 1975, but had never won the United States Grand Prix. Nor had any driver ever won the American race in the year he claimed the title, New world champion Niki Lauda took pole position and won the race to interrupt both of these streaks. There was controversy before practice began, the Canadian Grand Prix had been cancelled and the organizers had arrived in the paddock with a writ to freeze the prize money over legal wrangles. There were also disputes with the Grand Prix Drivers Association over transfer fees and wages, the track had been modified for this race by the addition of the Scheckter chicane at the bottom of the hill entering the esses. After François Ceverts fatal crash there two years earlier, the corner was deemed to be too fast, named for the Tyrrell driver who suggested it, the chicane was expected to add nearly five seconds to the lap times. Mark Donohue had been injured in practice for the Austrian Grand Prix. Lauda was quickest from the start, as the drivers got accustomed to the new layout, vittorio Brambilla briefly registered in with quickest time on Friday, just one hundredth of a second better than Lauda. Laudas engine developed a vibration, but the Austrian used the car to beat the Marchs time by almost a second. On Saturday, it was Emerson Fittipaldi who briefly held the pole at 1,42.360, carlos Reutemann, Jean-Pierre Jarier, Mario Andretti and Brambilla took the rest of the top six positions on the grid. On race days, Watsons Penske suffered electrical problems in the morning warmup, as he was being towed in, the crew retrieved the display car from the First National Citibank podium in the paddock and prepared it to enter the race. Lella Lombardis Williams suffered a failure, and her teammate Jacques Laffite was unable to race after mistaking visor cleaning fluid for his eyedrops. Lombardi tried to use Laffites car, but she didnt fit, Lauda led the field away from the grid and through the new chicane for the first time, followed by Fittipaldi, Jarier, Brambilla, Reutemann and Andretti. Carlos Pace and Patrick Depailler collided on lap 2, both retiring from the race as a result, the gap between Laudas Ferrari and Fittipaldis McLaren settled at about one second. Mass, who had moved up to sixth, suddenly lost three places to Andretti, James Hunt, and Ronnie Peterson when he switched off his engine. On the next lap, with Mass now immediately in front of him, Clay Regazzoni smashed his nose against the wheel of the McLaren
14.
1975 Spanish Grand Prix
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It was also the race in which Lella Lombardi became the first and so far only woman to score points towards the World Championship and future world champion Alan Jones made his first start. It was the 21st Spanish Grand Prix since the race was first held in 1913 and it was the fourth, and last, Grand Prix to be held on the Montjuïc street circuit. The race was shortened to 29 of its scheduled 75 laps, the race was won by German driver Jochen Mass driving a McLaren M23. It would be the only Formula One win of his career, Mass had just a second lead over the Lotus 72E of Belgian driver Jacky Ickx when the race was declared. Argentine racer Carlos Reutemann was declared third in his Brabham BT44B, right from the start, the drivers who were members of the Grand Prix Drivers Association were furious that the barriers were not bolted together properly. Most of the major players refused to take part in practice. Jacky Ickx was not a member of the GPDA, and one of the few drivers who did practice. Track staff worked overnight to fix the barriers, and to make sure everything would be fixed in time for qualifying on Saturday, the drivers, though, still were not convinced, but the race organizers threatened legal action if no race was run. This, and rumors that the Guardia Civil would seize the cars which were in the paddock, the defending World Champion Emerson Fittipaldi, however, was still furious. He did the three laps, but at a very slow pace, then pulled into the pits. The next morning, Fittipaldi announced he would not race, also during race day morning, Ken Tyrrell went out onto the circuit with his spanner to make sure the barriers were how they should be. The two Ferraris of Niki Lauda and Clay Regazzoni qualified on the front row, but their glory would not last long, at the start, Vittorio Brambillas March tangled with Mario Andrettis Parnelli. Andrettis car hit the back of Laudas, sending him into Regazzoni, Lauda was out immediately, while Regazzoni took his car to the garage, where repairs were made, and Regazzoni was sent back out. Patrick Depailler also retired on the first lap because of suspension damage, after the first-corner madness ceased, James Hunt was shown as the leader. Shockingly, Andretti had managed to keep going, and was running in second, john Watson was in third, Rolf Stommelen was fourth, Brambilla fifth, and Carlos Pace sixth. On lap four, the engine in Jody Scheckters Tyrrell blew, three laps later, Hunt also slipped in the oil and crashed. The top three had become Andretti, Watson, and Stommelen, watsons car suffered from vibrations and dropped out. Andrettis rear suspension lasted only seven laps before it failed
15.
1973 Formula One season
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The 1973 Formula One season was the 27th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The season also included two races which were open to both Formula One and Formula 5000 cars. The World Championship of Drivers was won by Jackie Stewart and the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers was awarded to John Player Special. In the World Championship, John Player Team Lotus teammates Emerson Fittipaldi, Stewart and Tyrrell withdrew from the race, handing the Manufacturers title to Lotus. At the end of the season Stewart made public his decision to retire, there were two new races for the 1973 season – the Brazilian Grand Prix at Interlagos in São Paulo and the Swedish Grand Prix at Anderstorp. Briton Roger Williamson died in a crash at the Dutch Grand Prix, for the first time in Formula Ones history, this season saw the intervention of a Safety Car in the form of a Porsche 914 at the Canadian Grand Prix. The sport, however, would introduce this safety concept only 20 years later during the 1993 season. The following competitors contested the 1973 World Championship, the following races counted towards both the 1973 World Championship of Drivers and the 1973 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers. The Belgian Grand Prix also carried the title of European Grand Prix for 1973, points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers in each race. For classification, only the seven best results from the first eight races, Drivers scoring an equal number of points were awarded equal championship classifications, regardless of the relative number of wins, second places, etc. scored by each driver. The FIA did not award a championship classification to those drivers who did not score points in the championship, points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers in each race. Points were only awarded for the position filled by the best placed car from each manufacturer, for classification, only the seven best results from the first eight races and the six best results from the last seven races were retained. Ensign, which did not score points during the championship, was not given a classification in the official FIA results, the 1973 Formula One season included two non-championship races which were open to both Formula One and Formula 5000 cars
16.
Shadow DN1
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The Shadow DN1 was a Formula One car used by the Shadow team during the 1973 Formula One season and the early stages of the following season. The car was the first Formula One car for Shadow, which had participated in the CanAm Sportscar Series. It was designed by former BRM engineer Tony Southgate, the DN1 was also driven by Graham Hill for his privateer team, Embassy Hill. The Shadow DN1 was to be the first car for Don Nichols Formula One team, designed by Southgate, the DN1 used an aluminum monocoque and double wishbone suspension and was powered by a Cosworth DFV. The car had problems with rigidity, having only worked with V12 engines. The car was finished in an all black scheme, with sponsorship from UOP, Shadow missed the first two races of the 1973 season, but the team arrived in South Africa for the South African Grand Prix with two entries for its drivers. Follmer finished sixth in South Africa, and followed this performance up with third in the following race, oliver took another third place for the team in the penultimate race of the year in Canada. Shadow entered a car for Brian Redman for the final race of the year. Shadow finished the year with nine points and eighth place in the constructors championship, in 1974, the DN1 was superseded by the Shadow DN3 although new Shadow driver Jean-Pierre Jarier had to drive the DN1 for his first two races of the year, retiring from both. Graham Hill also used the Shadow DN1 during the 1973 season for his newly established team, driving the teams only entry, which ran in a largely white scheme, Hill failed to score any points with the DN1. His best finish was ninth at the Belgian Grand Prix, Embassy Hill switched to Lolas for the following season. * all points scored in 1974 was with the DN3 Nye, autocourse History of the Grand Prix Car 1966 –1985. Richmond, Surrey, United Kingdom, Hazelton Publishing, a – Z of Grand Prix Cars
17.
1975 Formula One season
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The 1975 Formula One season was the 29th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1975 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the 1975 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers which were contested concurrently from 12 January to 5 October over fourteen races, the season also included three non-championship Formula One races and a nine race South African Formula One Championship. After a strong finish to the 1974 season, many felt the Brabham team were favourites to win the 1975 title. The year started well, with an emotional first win for Carlos Pace at the Interlagos circuit in his native São Paulo, however, over the season tyre wear frequently slowed the cars, and the initial promise was not maintained. Niki Lauda often refers to 1975 as the unbelievable year, in his second year with Ferrari, the team provided him with the Ferrari 312T—a car that was technically far superior to any of the competition. He won his first world title with five wins and a margin over second place in the championship. American Mark Donohue died in August, two days after a practice run crash for the Austrian Grand Prix, after the season in late November, an Embassy Hill airplane crashed in England and all six aboard were killed, including team owner Graham Hill and driver Tony Brise. The following drivers and constructors and contested the 1975 World Championship of F1 Drivers, however, poleman Jarier could not even start the race because his transmission failed on the parade lap. Home hero Reutemann took the led from teammate Pace, with Niki Laudas Ferrari third, Pace passed teammate Reutemann to take the lead but then spun off and dropped to seventh. James Hunt in his Hesketh soon overtook Lauda and then Reutemann, by then, reigning world champion Emerson Fittipaldi in his McLaren was past Lauda and up to third, and soon took Reutemann for second as well. Fittipaldi closed in on Hunt and took the lead with 18 laps left, Pace recovered to fourth after his spin, but it was to no avail as his engine blew up. Fittipaldi started his title defence with a win, Hunt was a superb second, the second round was in Brazil, and Jarier took pole position again with Fittipaldi alongside and Reutemann third. Reutemann, just like in Argentina, took the lead at the start from Jarier and Pace was up to third, Jarier retook the lead from Reutemann on lap 5 and then pulled away. Reutemann struggled with handling issues and dropped well down the then, with Pace up to second, Clay Regazzonis Ferrari third. Jariers engine stopped with seven laps left and Pace took the lead, Regazzoni was up to second but dropped behind Fittipaldi and Jochen Mass in the second McLaren as he too suffered handling issues. Pace took a victory, with countryman Fittipaldi second and Mass third. Pace led at the start, with Scheckter second, and Ronnie Peterson in his Lotus jumped up from eighth to take third, however, the Swede did not have the pace of the front runners and dropped back down the order. Scheckter took the lead from Pace on the lap, to the delight to the fans
18.
Aviation accidents and incidents
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If the aircraft is destroyed or severely damaged so that it must be written off, it is further defined as a hull loss accident. Annex 13 further defines an aviation incident as an occurrence, other than an accident,583, The Tenerife airport disaster, which occurred on March 27,1977, remains the accident with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747 attempted to take off without clearance, there were no survivors from the KLM aircraft,61 of the 396 passengers and crew on the Pan Am aircraft survived. Pilot error was the cause, as the KLM captain began his takeoff run without obtaining air traffic control clearance. A contributing factor was the dense fog, the KLM flight crew could not see the Pan Am aircraft on the runway until immediately before the collision. The accident had a influence on the industry, particularly in the area of communication. An increased emphasis was placed on using standardized phraseology in air traffic control communication by controllers and pilots alike. Furthermore, all members of the crew are now able to question the captains judgment concerning the safety of the airliner. 520, The crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 on August 12,1985, is the disaster with the highest number of fatalities,520 people died on board a Boeing 747. Pilots were able to keep the plane flying for 32 minutes after the mechanical failure before crashing into a mountain, all 15 crew members and 505 of the 509 passengers on board died. The death toll was exacerbated by delays in the rescue operation, although a number of people survived the impact, by the time the Japanese rescue teams arrived at the crash site all but four had succumbed to their injuries. 349, On November 12,1996, the worlds deadliest mid-air collision was the Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision involving Saudia Flight 763 and Kazakhstan Airlines Flight 1907 over Charkhi Dadri, the collision was mainly the result of the Kazakh pilot flying lower than the assigned clearance altitude. All 349 passengers and crew on both aircraft died. The Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Commission, empowered to study the causes, recommended the creation of the semi-circular rule,346, On March 3,1974, Turkish Airlines Flight 981, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10, crashed in a forest northeast of Paris, France. The London-bound plane crashed shortly after taking off from Orly airport and it was later determined that the cargo door detached, which caused an explosive decompression, this caused the floor just above to collapse. The collapsed floor severed the control cables, which left the pilots without control of the elevators, the plane entered a steep dive and crashed. It was the deadliest plane crash of all time until the Tenerife disaster in 1977,329, On June 23,1985, Air India Flight 182, a Boeing 747-237B crashed off the southwest coast of Ireland when a bomb exploded in the cargo hold. All 307 passengers and 22 crew members died, one passenger had checked in as M. Singh
19.
1976 Formula One season
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The 1976 Formula One season was the 30th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The season also included two races for Formula One cars. Hunt had moved from the Hesketh team to McLaren, taking the place of dual World Champion Emerson Fittipaldi who had moved to drive for his brother Wilsons Fittipaldi Automotive team for the season. The controversy began in Spain where Hunt was initially disqualified from first place, giving the race to Lauda, the six-wheeled Tyrrell P34 confounded the skeptics by winning in Sweden, with Lauda third and Hunt fifth. Hunt won in France and, it seemed, in Britain, but the race had been restarted after a first lap pile-up and Hunt drove on an access road returning to the pits and he was eventually disqualified after an appeal from Ferrari. Lauda became the race winner. Lauda then crashed heavily in West Germany and appeared likely to die from his injuries, Hunt won the race and finished fourth to John Watsons Penske in Austria. Miraculously, Lauda returned to fourth in Italy, where Hunt, Jochen Mass. Hunt won in Canada and in the US but Lauda took third to lead Hunt by three going into the final race in Japan. In appalling weather conditions Mario Andretti won, Lauda withdrew because of the hazardous conditions, Chris Amon, drove his last grand prix in Germany, failing to win a single championship race. The 1976 Wolf-Williams cars were originally Heskeths, and Williams had left the team by September, the 2013 film Rush is based on this season, focusing on the rivalry and friendship between James Hunt and Niki Lauda. The following teams and drivers contested the 1976 World Championship of F1 Drivers, clay Regazzoni in the second Ferrari took the lead at the start. Regazzoni, Lauda, Hunt and Shadows Jean-Pierre Jarier battled, Regazzoni and Jarier collided, and the former had to pit for repairs. Lauda now led from Hunt and Jarier, but Hunt crashed out due to a sticking throttle, Lauda thus started his title defence with victory, with Patrick Depailler second in the Tyrrell, and Tom Pryce completing the podium in the other Shadow. At the Kyalami circuit near Johannesburg, Hunt took pole position for the time in two races, with Lauda alongside again. It was Lauda who led into the first corner, with Hunt dropping down to fourth behind McLaren teammate Jochen Mass, Hunt was waved through by Mass, and passed Brambilla to take second after five laps. Lauda led from start to finish to win again, with Hunt second, well after the South African race, the drivers assembled at Long Beach in the US for the third round. Regazzoni took pole position with Depailler second, forcing Hunt and Lauda onto the second row, the top four maintained their positions at the start, and almost immediately Regazzoni began to pull away
20.
Imperial Brands
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Imperial Brands plc, formerly Imperial Tobacco Group plc is a British multinational tobacco company headquartered in Bristol, United Kingdom. Imperial Brands produces over 320 billion cigarettes per year, has 51 factories worldwide and its brands include Davidoff, West, Gauloises Blondes, Montecristo, Golden Virginia, Drum, and Rizla. Imperial Brands is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index and it had a market capitalisation around £24.3 billion as of 23 December 2011, the 19th-largest of any company with a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange. Imperial Tobacco Canada has no relationship to Imperial Tobacco Group plc, Imperial Tobacco Canada is the Canadian subsidiary of British American Tobacco. The Imperial Tobacco Company was created in 1901 through the amalgamation of 13 British tobacco and cigarette companies, W. D. & H. O. Wills of Bristol, John Player & Sons of Nottingham, and 11 other independent family businesses, first W. D. & H. O. Wills of Bristol merged with Stephen Mitchell & Son of Glasgow. In 1904, James & Finlay Bell Ltd merged with Stephen Mitchell & Son, the Companys first chairman was William Henry Wills of the Wills Company. In 1902, the Imperial Tobacco Company and the American Tobacco Company agreed to form a joint venture, the parent companies agreed not to trade in each others domestic territory and to assign trademarks, export businesses, and overseas subsidiaries to the joint venture. It built the Imperial Tobacco Company Building at Mullins, South Carolina, American Tobacco sold its share in 1911, but Imperial maintained an interest in British American Tobacco until 1980. In 1973, the Imperial Tobacco Company, having become increasingly diversified by acquisition of restaurant chains, food services and distribution businesses, in 1910, Imperial Tobacco formed the Imperial Tobacco Company of India. In 1985, the acquired the Peoples Drugstore chain and all subsidiaries from A. C. In 1986 the Company was acquired by the conglomerate Hanson Trust plc for £2. 5billion and this also led to a dispute over pension payments to employees, as seen in Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd. In 1996, following a decision to concentrate on core activities, Hanson de-merged Imperial. In 2007, Imperial Tobacco entered the United States tobacco market with its $1. 9-billion acquisition of Commonwealth Brands Inc, in February 2008, Imperial acquired the worlds then fifth-largest tobacco company, Altadis, whose brands included Fortuna, Gauloises Blondes, and Gitanes. A number of closures were subsequently announced, including the long-running cigar factory in Bristol. However, this case was dismissed on 30 September 2010 by Lord Bracadale in the Court of Session in Edinburgh. In 2011, Altadis USA Inc. said it would add to its Fort Lauderdale, Florida, headquarters and move Commonwealth Brands Inc. employees from Bowling Green, the companys name changed to Commonwealth-Altadis Inc. In 2013, Imperial opened a new headquarters in Bristol.4 billion
21.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
22.
1973 Belgian Grand Prix
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The 1973 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Zolder on 20 May 1973. It was the race of the 1973 World Championship of Drivers. The race was won by British driver Jackie Stewart driving a Tyrrell 006 and they found that the track started to break up as a result of a previous race, and the track owners immediately decided to resurface the track, only a week before the Grand Prix. Future world champion Niki Lauda took his first ever career points here, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
23.
Lola T370
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The Lola T370 was a Formula One car designed by Andy Smallman and used by Embassy Hill in the 1974 season and the early part of the 1975 season. After an unsuccessful 1973 with a customer Shadow DN1, the Embassy Hill team commissioned its own cars from Lola, the T370 was largely based on Formula 5000 designs, and looked similar to Lolas F5000 cars, although it sported an extremely large airbox. Embassy Hill had two cars for Graham Hill and Guy Edwards, the car was tested well before the end of 1973 in readiness for the January start to the 1974 season. The first race of the season was the Argentine Grand Prix, in the race, Hill was running tenth when his engine failed with a few laps remaining while Edwards finished 11th, two laps down on the winner Denny Hulme. In Brazil, Edwards qualified 25th and last, over two seconds slower than his nearest rival Richard Robarts, and Hill qualified 21st, the race was rain shortened and Hill finished 11th after Edwards retired on lap three with chassis problems. At the South African Grand Prix, Embassy Hill entered only one car, for Hill, as the European season began, Edwards returned for the Spanish Grand Prix but narrowly failed to qualify while Hill started 19th, although the T370s engine failed at half-distance. In Belgium, Edwards outqualified Hill for the first time, starting 21st, both cars finished a race for the first time as Hill finished eighth and Edwards 12th. The team went one better in Sweden after starting 15th and 18th, with a point for Hill as he finished sixth, with Edwards seventh, both cars were only one lap adrift of winner Jody Scheckter. Edwards again outqualified Hill at the Dutch Grand Prix as they started 14th and 19th, in France Edwards and Hill qualified poorly, only 20th and 21st of the 22 starters, and Hill finished 13th and Edwards 15th. During the British Grand Prix weekend, after the first qualifying session, Edwards broke his wrist in a Formula 5000 accident, Gethin outqualified Hill although he retired on the first lap with physical problems while Hill went on to finish 13th. Edwards returned for the German Grand Prix but struggled and failed to qualify while Hill started 20th, edwardss wrist had not properly healed, so Rolf Stommelen replaced him for the remainder of the season. Stommelen qualified well for the Austrian Grand Prix in 13th with Hill down in 21st, but the German suffered a puncture and had an accident while Hill finished 12th. In Italy Stommelen again outpaced Hill as they started 14th and 21st, heading over to North America for the last two rounds, Stommelen qualified and finished 11th at the Canadian Grand Prix with Hill starting 20th and finishing 14th. In the World Drivers Championship, Hill was classified eighth with one point and Lola finished 12th in the Constructors Championship, Hill was the only one of the teams four drivers to score a point with the T370. Embassy Hill ran the T370 until the Lola T371 was ready, at the Argentine Grand Prix Stommelen and Hill qualified 19th and 21st respectively, and the German finished 13th with Hill 10th. At the Brazilian Grand Prix Hill outqualified Stommelen for the time during the lifespan of the T370. Hill finished 12th with Stommelen 14th, at the third race of the season, the South African Grand Prix, Stommelen drove the new T371 while Hill continued with the T370. During qualifying for the Monaco Grand Prix, Hill struggled to qualify the GH1, Hill subsequently retired from driving and the T370 made no further appearances at Grands Prix, although it was an unused spare car on a few occasions throughout the rest of the season
24.
1974 Formula One season
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The 1974 Formula One season was the 28th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The season also included three non-championship races and this was also the first title for McLaren and the first of many titles for a team sponsored by the Marlboro cigarette brand. Fittipaldi, Ronnie Peterson and Carlos Reutemann each won three races, Jody Scheckter and Niki Lauda two each, Regazzoni and Denny Hulme, who retired at the end of the season, chris Amons own car, like the Token and the Trojan, was not a success. Two F1 drivers died over the course of the season, Peter Revson in a practice accident at the South African GP in March. The 1974 season was the first in which drivers had permanent racing numbers from race to race, the following teams and drivers contested the 1974 World Championship. In qualifying for the round in Argentina, Ronnie Peterson took pole in his Lotus ahead of Clay Regazzonis Ferrari. Peterson led at the start, whereas fellow front-row starter Regazzoni spun, Fittipaldi was hit by teammate Mike Hailwood and lost two laps while repairing his car, and James Hunt inhereited second whereas Peter Revson, who started fourth, retired in the chaos. Hunt spun before the first lap was over, and second place went to Carlos Reutemanns Brabham, Reutemann passed Peterson on the third lap, and soon the Swede began to fade badly with brake problems. As a result, Mike Hailwood and Denny Hulme in their McLarens were second and third, ahead of Jacky Ickx and Niki Lauda in the second Lotus, Hulme, Ickx and Lauda all passed Hailwood and then Ickx suffered a puncture mid-race and had to pit. Regazzoni was recovering from his spin, and passed Hailwood soon after, Reutemann continued to lead until his engine began to misfire, with Hulme closing in and taking the lead on the penultimate lap. Hulme went on to win, with Lauda and Regazzoni completing the podium after Reutemann ran out of fuel on the last lap, Fittipaldi took a popular home pole in Brazil, beating Reutemann and Lauda. Reutemann, eager to make up after his bad luck in Argentina, took the lead at the start, Reutemann led early on, but was passed by both Peterson and Fittipaldi on lap 4. Peterson battled with former Lotus teammate Fittipaldi for the next 12 laps, Fittipaldi passed him and took the lead, whereas Peterson dropped backwards. Fittipaldi went on to take a victory, with Regazzoni getting second. The field went to South Africa after a two-month break, Lauda took pole position, with Carlos Paces Surtees also on the front row. Arturo Merzario in the Iso-Marlboro team was a third on the grid. At the start, Lauda took the lead, whereas surprise packages Pace, Reutemann was up to second, and he took the lead from Lauda on the tenth lap, and he would remain ahead for the rest of the afternoon. Regazzoni was third ahead of Fittipaldi and Hailwood, but soon Jean-Pierre Beltoises BRM soon passed the two McLarens, as Fittipaldi began to drop back
25.
1974 Swedish Grand Prix
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The 1974 Swedish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Scandinavian Raceway on 9 June 1974. The race was dominated by the two Tyrrell-Cosworth 007s of Jody Scheckter and Patrick Depailler. Depailler took pole position, however Scheckter beat him by 0.380 sec in the race, after Monaco, there were some new faces. The two Tyrrells of Depailler and Scheckter sewed up the front row and dominated the race, ronnie Peterson retired on lap eight with driveshaft failure, shortly to be followed by Clay Regazzoni with gearbox problems. Niki Lauda and James Hunt had a duel for 20 laps before Hunt got past on lap 66, in the end, Scheckter held on to take his first race win by 0. 38s and Hunt took third place, the Hesketh teams first Formula One points. Graham Hill gained his first championship point since 1972, and the last of his career, last points, Graham Hill Vern Schuppan, first reserve, started illegally from 26th place on the grid and completed the race before he was disqualified. This race marked the first victory by a South African driver in a World Championship race
26.
Guy Edwards
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Guy Richard Goronwy Edwards, QGM is a former racing driver from England. Edwards competed in the Aurora Formula One Championship in the UK from 1978 to 1980, scoring several wins driving March, Fittipaldi, in 1979 he scored the only race win for a Fittipaldi Formula One chassis. Currently, he works helping racing drivers to get sponsorship and his son Sean, also a racing driver, was killed in a motor racing accident at the Queensland Raceway at Willowbank on 15 October 2013. He was training a younger driver, when the Porsche 911 GT3 the pair were driving in caught fire following a high-speed crash, rainer, N. & Diepraam, M.2000. Grand Prix Racing – The whole story
27.
Peter Gethin
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Peter Kenneth Gethin was a British racing driver from England. He participated in 31 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 21 June 1970 and he won the 1971 Italian Grand Prix in the fastest average speed in Formula One history, but this was his only podium finish. Gethin also participated in numerous non-Championship Formula One races, winning the 1971 World Championship Victory Race, Gethin also raced for Team McLaren in the 1970 Canadian-American Challenge Cup series, driving the McLaren M8D that had been driven by Dan Gurney in the first three races of the season. Gethin won one race and finished third in the 1970 championship, in 1974 Gethin won the Tasman Series, a Formula 5000 series held in Australia and New Zealand. Gethin drove a Chevron B24 Chevrolet, Gethin later ran a Formula 3000 team. Gethin made his debut in F1 for McLaren at the 1970 Dutch Grand Prix, replacing the teams founder, Bruce McLaren and he joined a three car team which also included Andrea de Adamich and Dan Gurney. He qualified strongly at Zandvoort, taking 11th,2. 110s behind Jochen Rindts pole time for Lotus and he was nine-tenths of a second ahead of his more illustrious but ageing team mate Gurney. He engaged in a fight early in the race with Henri Pescarolos Matra. Gethin missed the French and British Grands Prix, as former McLaren legend and 1967 world champion Denny Hulme drove the car, but he returned for the German Grand Prix. He qualified less impressively, being only 17th, and a tenth of a second behind Hulme and it was a disappointing race, as Gethin dropped to the back early on and retired after just 3 laps with a throttle failure. He started well in the race and was quickly up to 13th after good passes on team mate de Adamich and Ronnie Petersons March. Due to the attrition of the race, de Adamich was 8th at the end and Gethin 9th, although the Englishman was 8 laps down. He played the race well, and did not have to make any moves on the track. He was behind Hulme for a while, but the Kiwi retired with wheel problems and this left Gethin free to take 6th and his first points in F1. Hoping to continue this form, they arrived in Watkins Glen for the United States Grand Prix. It appeared that Gethins Canada pace had not been carried over, as he was back behind Hulme and in 21st on the grid,3.05 seconds behind Ickx on pole, although he was ahead of de Adamich. He raced strongly in the first half of the race, crucially getting ahead of the Brabhams of Jack Brabham and Rolf Stommelen, but both were able to pass him before too long. The season concluded with the Mexican Grand Prix at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City and he raced strongly again, keeping the faster car of 1964 world champion John Surtees, in the car bearing his name, behind for a number of laps
28.
1975 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1975 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held in Monaco on 11 May 1975. It was the race of the 1975 Formula One season. It was the 33rd Monaco Grand Prix since the race was first held in 1929 and it was held over 75 of the scheduled 78 laps of the three kilometre street circuit, for a race distance of 245 kilometres. The race was won by Austrian driver Niki Lauda giving the new Ferrari 312T its first win, the win broke a 20-year drought at Monaco for Ferrari. Lauda dominated the race, only losing the lead during a pitstop and he won by two seconds over the McLaren M23 of Emerson Fittipaldi. Carlos Pace finished third in his Brabham BT44B, the future of Grand Prix racing was under scrutiny following the disastrous Spanish Grand Prix held three weeks prior. Actions had to be taken quickly, extra guard rails and catch fences were erected, kerbing resited, new measures were introduced, the grid was staggered and in addition would be restricted to just 18 cars. This last change affected Graham Hills chance to qualify, the five-time Monaco winner had all sorts of practice problems, john Watson and Clay Regazzoni collided in practice, whilst the Surtees team was ordered to remove pro-Europe political stickers from its cars. Niki Lauda, on Ferrari, claimed pole position, but sensationally sharing the front row was Tom Pryce, driving a Shadow, jean-Pierre Jarier and Ronnie Peterson filled the second row. The race began under rain conditions, so went for wet tyres. Peterson went into the place with Vittorio Brambilla third, until Pryce hit the Italians wheel. Regazzoni stopped to change a tyre and the nosecone of his car, however, his teams slow pit work cost him a substantial amount of time. Ronnie Petersons victory chances were damaged at his pit stop when a nut was lost under the car. Tom Pryce came in to replace a nosecone, and by that time Niki Lauda led by 15 seconds from Emerson Fittipaldi. In the last laps Laudas oil pressure was fading and Fittipaldi was closing, with three laps left the gap was 2.75 seconds, however, the two-hour time limit was reached and the race was stopped, with Lauda winning. Ferrari had won their first Monaco Grand Prix in 20 years, the tragedy of the Spanish Grand Prix receded, fittipaldis second position strengthened his narrow points lead over early season points leader Pace. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
29.
1975 Swedish Grand Prix
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The 1975 Swedish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Scandinavian Raceway at Anderstorp on 8 June 1975. It was the sixth Swedish Grand Prix after it was first held as the Swedish Summer Grand Prix in 1933, and it was held over 80 laps of the four kilometre circuit for a race distance of 322 kilometres. The race was won by Austrian driver Niki Lauda driving Ferrari 312T and he took a six-second victory over the Brabham BT44B of Argentinian racer Carlos Reutemann. Laudas Ferrari teammate, Swiss driver Clay Regazzoni finished third and it was Laudas third consecutive win of the season after the Monaco and Belgian Grands Prix. The win strengthened his lead in the championship to ten points with Reutemann moving past Emerson Fittipaldi into second place, qualifying resulted in pole position for Vittorio Brambilla in his March, while Lauda qualified fifth fastest and his teammate Clay Regazzoni 11th. In the race Brambilla took the lead, but by lap 16 he was overtaken by Carlos Reutemanns Brabham, tom Pryce had to pit early due to throttle slides being clogged by sand, whilst Patrick Depailler suffered a brake line leak. Hunt retired on lap 22 with a leak, promoting Regazzoni. Poor Jean-Pierre Jarier lost second place to failing oil pressure on lap 38, young Tony Brise was showing little respect for his elders, overtaking Mark Donohue and Ronnie Peterson and then challenging championship leader Emerson Fittipaldi. The battle which ensued slowed them up and John Watson in the Surtees had soon climbed up behind them, meanwhile, Lauda was steadily progressing through the field and on lap 42 he was second. He put a series of fastest laps, benefiting from a harder tyre compound, closed on Reutemann, Reutemann finished second with Regazzoni, in the other Ferrari 312T, third. Brise had his gearbox jammed in fourth and surrendered to Donohue and it would prove the only point of Brises promising but brief F1 career. Fittipaldi suffered braking problems and was passed by Jody Scheckter at the end to finish in eighth. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 6 results from the first 7 races and the best 6 results from the last 7 races counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
30.
1975 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1975 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 7 September 1975. It was the 45th Italian Grand Prix and the 41st to be held at Monza, the race held over 52 laps of the five kilometre circuit for a race distance of 300 kilometres. The race was won by Swiss driver Clay Regazzoni in his Ferrari 312T in a day for Scuderia Ferrari. It was Regazzonis third win, Ferraris fifth win for the season, Regazzoni took a sixteen-second win over the McLaren M23 of outgoing world champion, Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi. Behind Fittipaldi was the second Ferrari of Austrian driver Niki Lauda, third place was enough for Lauda to secure his first world championship. Laudas 16.5 point lead would be too much for Fittipaldi to bridge at the round of the championship at the United States Grand Prix. With Regazzoni and Lauda scoring 13 points between them, Ferrari also secured the championship, their first such win since 1964. Tony Brise delighted his boss Graham Hill by gaining a third-row spot, Lauda only needed to finish 5th or higher to be champion, but Argentine Carlos Reutemann and Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi both needed to win with Lauda out of the points. Fittipaldi, who had won in Argentina and Great Britain, was Laudas strongest challenger, on Sunday morning there was a cloudburst and for some time the future of the race was in jeopardy, but fortunately the rain dried up with about an hour to go before the start. Clay Regazzoni led from Lauda and Jody Scheckter, vittorio Brambillas clutch burnt out on the first lap, whilst Bob Evans halted with a failed engine plug. There was an accident at the chicane-Scheckter had to take to the escape road as around him Jochen Mass hit the kerb. Ronnie Peterson collided with car, jamming his throttle open. Mario Andretti and Rolf Stommelen retired with accident damage and Brise spun across the chicane, harald Ertl soared over the top of Hans-Joachim Stucks car, damaging the uprights. After six laps, Carlos Pace retired with a broken link, soon joined by Hans-Joachim Stuck. The Ferraris were circulating 1–2 with Clay Regazzoni leading majestically from Niki Lauda, on lap 14, Emerson Fittipaldi passed Carlos Reutemann for third place, and Reutemanns involvement in the championship was effectively over, he finished 4th in the race. Despite the Ferraris being way ahead, Fittipaldi would not give up the chase, with just six laps left, he managed to pass Lauda. Meanwhile, Patrick Depailler had taken James Hunt for fifth only to spin off down the escape road, Hunt, Tom Pryce and Reutemann were duelling, Pryce taking the place when Hunt spun off on lap 27 – but ceding it to him after a further ten laps. Harald Ertl was a lap down, but drove so well that Pryce could not overtake him, Regazzoni took the flag, Lauda was third and champion and Ferrari won the championship for the first time since 1961 in front of their home crowd
31.
1975 German Grand Prix
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The 1975 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Nürburgring on 3 August 1975. It was the 37th German Grand Prix and the 34th to be held at the Nürburgring, the race was held over 14 laps of the 22 kilometre circuit for a race distance of 319 kilometres. The race was won by Argentinian driver Carlos Reutemann driving a Brabham BT44B his first win of the season, Reutemann won by 1 minute and 37 seconds over the Williams FW04 of French driver Jacques Laffite. It was a result for Laffite, his first point scoring finish in Formula One. It was also the result for Frank Williams Racing Cars. 46 seconds further back in position was world championship points leader. With Emerson Fittipaldis McLaren M23 retiring with suspension damage, Lauda was able to expand his points lead to 17 points with Reutemann moving back into second place. The pole position time set by Niki Lauda was the fastest officially timed lap ever on that track configuration, laudas average speed was 122.238 mph. In qualifying, Ian Ashley had an accident at Pflanzgarten and suffered ankle injuries. Additional Armco and other safety measures were added to the track at the drivers demands, at the start, Lauda took the lead from pole with Pace, Depailler, Mass, Regazzoni and Reutemann who made a lightning start from 10th. Depailler passed Pace at the Nordkurve left hander, at the end of the first lap, the order was Lauda, Depailler, Pace, Reutemann, and Regazzoni. Scheckter had a start, he dropped to 20th and began to work his way through the field. Marchs day went rapidly south too, Stuck retired with engine failure on the fourth lap, Regazzoni got past Reutemann on the third lap, and the order by the start of the fourth lap was Lauda, Depailler, Pace, Regazzoni, Reutemann, and Hunt. Pace went off with a puncture and damaged his suspension, he retired near the Karrusell on the 6th lap, and Scheckter- who had climbed to 6th, crashed out on the 7th lap. But on the 10th lap, Lauda too suffered a puncture of his front tire. By the time Lauda had reached the pits, his car had sustained damage to the front spoiler, the Ferrari team changed the damaged tire. By the time the Ferrari team had finished their work, Lauda stormed out of the pits, lap leaders, Niki Lauda, Carlos Reutemann Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Only the best 6 results from the first 7 races and the best 6 results from the last 7 races counted towards the Championship, numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
32.
Vern Schuppan
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Vernon Vern Schuppan is a retired Australian motor racing driver. Schuppan drove in various categories, participating in Formula One, the Indianapolis 500, after a successful karting career in which he won numerous Australian state and national titles, Schuppan made the decision to pursue a career in motor racing. He and his wife Jennifer ventured to Great Britain to allow him to participate in the British Formula Atlantic Championship, in 1974 Schuppan went to Team Ensign, débuting again in the Belgian Grand Prix where he finished in 15th position. In Monaco he retired on lap four because of an accident, Schuppan failed to qualify in France or Britain. He retired in Germany on lap four because of gearbox problems, in 1975 he raced in one race in Sweden for Embassy Racing With Graham Hill team, retiring from the race with transmission problems. In 1977 Schuppan raced for Surtees, finishing 12th in Britain and he finished 16th in Austria, but failed to qualify for his final Formula One race in the Netherlands. Schuppan has had a successful sports car career, winning the 198324 Hours of Le Mans for Porsches official factory team with Al Holbert. Holbert drove the final lap of the race with an engine caused by an airflow blockage to the radiator that cooled the heads. The second placed car, the #1 Rothmans Porsche of defending winners Jacky Ickx, by winning Le Mans in 1983, Schuppan became only the second Australian to win the French classic, following in the footsteps of 1928 winner Bernard Rubin. Although Rubin was born in Australia, Schuppan is often mistaken for being the first Aussie winner. Vern Schuppan also finished second at Le Mans in 1977 driving a Mirage GR8-Renault turbo with French F1 driver Jean-Pierre Jarier and he also finished third in 1975 with Jean-Pierre Jaussaud in a Mirage GR8-Ford Cosworth DFV. After winning at Le Mans, Schuppan went on to win the 1983 Japanese Sports-Prototype Championship and he then pitted for Schuppan to run the car to the flag. Schuppan got in one and a half laps before the car broke a conrod with just 90 minutes left to run. Schuppan also placed third in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship in 1984,1985 and 1986, Schuppan competed in three Indianapolis 500 races. These were 1976,1979 and 1981, with a best result of third in 1981 driving a McLaren-Ford, in all, he started 32 CART and USAC Championship races. He won the 1974 and 1976 Macau Grand Prix races, dominating the 1974 race and he also won the 1971 British Formula Atlantic Championship and the Singapore Grand Prix in 1973. He was second in 1972 and also second in the Malaysian Grand Prix in 1972 and he raced Formula 5000 in Europe between 1974-1975 and in North America 1974-1976 with some success. In his home country Australia, Schuppan won the 1976 Rothmans International Series run for Formula 5000 cars, driving a Lola T332-Chevrolet
33.
Cosworth DFV
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The DFV is an internal combustion engine that was originally produced by Cosworth for Formula One motor racing. Named Four Valve because of the four valves per cylinder, and Double as it was a V8 development of the earlier, four-cylinder FVA and its development in 1967 for Colin Chapmans Team Lotus was sponsored by Ford. For many years it was the dominant engine in Formula One, and it was also used in other categories, including CART, Formula 3000 and Sportscar racing. The engine was a 90°,2,993 cc V8, with bore & stroke of 85.67 x 64.897 mm producing over 400 bhp from the start, reaching over 500 bhp by the end of its Formula 1 career. The 1983 DFY variant had a bore and stroke of 90 x 59 mm giving 2,993 cc. In 1965, the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile, that administered Formula One racing, Chapman approached the Ford Motor Company and David Brown of Aston Martin for funding, each without initial success. Chapman then approached Ford of Britains public relations chief, former journalist Walter Hayes, since Hayes had joined Ford in 1962 the pair had previously collaborated in the production of the successful Lotus Cortina, introduced in 1963. Hayes arranged dinner for Chapman with Ford employee Harley Copp, a British-based American engineer who had backed and engineered Fords successful entry into NASCAR in the 1950s, stage two would produce a V8 engine for Formula One, by May 1967. Team-mate Jim Clark moved up through the field in his identical car, however, this dominant performance belied a serious fault in the timing gear. Clark took three wins that season, but reliability problems left him third in the Drivers Championship,10 points behind Champion Denny Hulme. The progress of the engine was documented in a film produced by the Ford Motor Companys film section, entitled 9 Days in Summer. Initially, the agreement between Ford, Cosworth and Lotus was binding on all parties, and Ford as the funder had no plans to sell or hire the DFV to any other teams. Only Brabhams Repco V8 engine provided a combination of power and reliability. Hayes released the DFV initially to French team Matra, headed by Ken Tyrrell with Jackie Stewart as a driver. What followed was an age, where teams big or small could buy an engine which was competitive, light, compact, easy to work with. The DFV effectively replaced the Coventry Climax as the standard F1 powerplant for the private teams. Lotus, McLaren, Matra, Brabham, March, Surtees, Tyrrell, Hesketh, Lola, Williams, Penske, Wolf and Ligier are just some of the teams to have used the DFV. In 1969 and 1973 every World Championship race was won by DFV-powered cars, the advent of ground effect aerodynamics on the F1 scene in 1977 provided a new lease of life for the now decade-old engine
34.
Hewland
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Hewland is a British engineering company, founded in 1957 by Mike Hewland, which specialises in racing-car gearboxes. Hewland currently employ 130 people at their Maidenhead facility and have diversified into a variety of markets being particularly successful in electric vehicle transmission supply, Hewland are currently supplying into Formula 1, Formula E, DTM, LMP, RallyCross, Prototype and GT Sportscar. Mike Hewland ran an engineering business at Maidenhead in the UK with the specialty in gear cutting. In 1959, Bob Gibson-Jarvie, the Chief Mechanic of UDT Laystall racing team running Cooper F2 cars, the result of this request came out as six successful gearboxes being designed and built in 1959, and Hewland was in the gearbox business. Hewland Mk. II was a similar 4 speed transaxle with more modifications for Coventry Climax engined Elva Mk. VI1.1 litre sports racer in 1961. Gear selector shaft was located in the housing, unmodified as in the Beetle set up. The elimination of synchromesh parts provided the space for a pair of gears for the 5th speed. This Mk. III became very popular for small displacement formula cars and racing sports cars, Mk. IV had the tail casing made by Hewland, with the selector rod located in the right side lower position, facing forward. This made the shifter linkage design easier on the part of chassis manufacturers, together with its high torque version Mk. V, Mk. IV became a big seller, putting Hewland on a growing track. Mk. VI of 1965 was a version of Mk. The advantages of the series were, Dog-ring gear selection made it extremely quick shifting, the structure that enabled changing of gear ratios on the 2nd through 5th speeds possible without removing the transaxle from the vehicle, or detaching it from the engine. Upside-down usage enabled the dry sump racing engines to be mounted low on the chassis, the 3rd, 4th and the 5th gears had the same thickness and drive/driven axis distance, thus were interchangeable. Colotti 5 speed T.32 transaxle, which weighed less than 35 kg, was in use by Rob Walker in 1960, the following is the list of the smaller product range housed in Volkswagen case except for LD200. Transmission capacity is measured by the output torque, which is the product of the input torque times overall reduction ratio. The following is the list of product range up to 1981. After an approach from Richard Noble, Hewland was persuaded to design and build the AE75, a 75 bhp aero-engine for Noble ARV Super2, a 2-seater light aircraft. This engine, an inverted three-cylinder water-cooled two-stroke unit with dual ignition, the AE75 was very light at 49 kg, thereby contributing to the overall lightness of the aircraft, so that the ARV Super2 weighed 40% less than its competitor, the Cessna 152. Hewland has been involved with various track day cars, most notably the Caparo T1 and BAC Mono, both of which featured gearboxes designed and manufactured by the company
35.
Silverstone Circuit
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Silverstone Circuit is a motor racing circuit in England next to the Northamptonshire villages of Silverstone and Whittlebury. The circuit straddles the Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire border, with the current main circuit entry on the Buckinghamshire side, the Northamptonshire towns of Towcester and Brackley and Buckinghamshire town of Buckingham are close by, and the nearest large towns are Northampton and Milton Keynes. Silverstone is the current home of the British Grand Prix, which it first hosted in 1948, the 1950 British Grand Prix at Silverstone was the first race in the newly created World Championship of Drivers. The race rotated between Silverstone, Aintree and Brands Hatch from 1955 to 1986, but relocated permanently to Silverstone in 1987, the circuit also hosts the British round of the MotoGP series. However, the Donington Park leaseholders suffered economic problems resulting in the BRDC signing a 17-year deal with Ecclestone to hold the British Grand Prix at Silverstone. Silverstone is built on the site of a World War II Royal Air Force bomber station, RAF Silverstone, the airfields three runways, in classic WWII triangle format, lie within the outline of the present track. Silverstone was first used for motorsport by an ad hoc group of friends who set up a race in September 1947. One of their members, Maurice Geoghegan, lived in nearby Silverstone village and was aware that the airfield was deserted and he and eleven other drivers raced over a two-mile circuit, during the course of which Geoghegan himself ran over a sheep that had wandered onto the airfield. The sheep was killed and the car written off, and in the aftermath of this event the race became known as the Mutton Grand Prix. The next year the Royal Automobile Club took a lease on the airfield and their first two races were held on the runways themselves, with long straights separated by tight hairpin corners, the track demarcated by hay bales. However, for the 1949 International Trophy meeting, it was decided to switch to the perimeter track and this arrangement was used for the 1950 and 1951 Grands Prix. In 1952 the start line was moved from the Farm Straight to the straight linking Woodcote and Copse corners, for the 1975 meeting a chicane was introduced to try to tame speeds through the mighty Woodcote Corner, and Bridge Corner was subtly rerouted in 1987. The track underwent a major redesign between the 1990 and 1991 races, transforming the ultra-fast track into a technical track. The reshaped tracks first F1 race was perhaps the most memorable of recent years, following the deaths of Senna and fellow Grand Prix driver Roland Ratzenberger at Imola in 1994, many Grand Prix circuits were modified in order to reduce speed and increase driver safety. As a consequence of this the entry from Hangar Straight into Stowe Corner was modified in 1995 so as to make its entry less dangerous, in addition, the flat-out Abbey kink was modified to a chicane in just 19 days before the 1994 GP. Parts of the circuit, such as the grid, are 17 metres wide. After a new pit building, the Silverstone Wing, was completed in time for the 2011 race, almost flat out, the right-hander of Abbey leads immediately into the left-hander of Farm before cars brake heavily into the second gear, right-handed turn three, Village Corner. Turn 6, the left hander of Brooklands, is taken by drivers in second gear and leads immediately into Luffield, another second gear curve, a right-hand hairpin
36.
Piper PA-23
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The prototype PA-23 was a four-seat low-wing all-metal monoplane with a twin tail, powered by two 125 hp Lycoming O-290-D piston engines, it first flew on 2 March 1952. The aircraft performed badly and it was redesigned with a vertical stabilizer. Two new prototypes of the aircraft, now named Apache, were built in 1953. In 1958 the Apache 160 was produced by upgrading the engines to 160 hp,816 were built before being superseded in 1962 by the Apache 235. With a 1962 price of $45,000, the Apache 235 was a derivative of the Aztec, fitted with 235 hp versions of the used on the Aztec. In 1958 an upgraded version with 250 hp Lycoming O-540 engines and these first models came in a five-seat configuration which became available in 1959. In 1961 a longer nosed variant, the Aztec B, entered production, the later models of the Aztec were equipped with IO-540 fuel-injected engines and six-seat capacity, and continued in production until 1982. There were also turbocharged versions of the models, which were able to fly at higher altitudes. The United States Navy acquired 20 Aztecs, designating them UO-1, in 1974, Piper produced a single experimental PA-41P Pressurized Aztec concept. The project was scrapped, and the one pressurized Aztec produced, N9941P, was donated to Mississippi State University, in 2000, N9941P was donated to the Piper Aviation Museum in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania, on condition that it never be flown again. It is now there on display, PA-23 Twin-Stinson Original designation of the Piper PA-23 Apache. PA-23 Apache Initial production version,2047 built, pA-23-150 Apache B1955 variant with minor changes. PA-23-150 Apache C1956 variant with minor changes, pA-23-150 Apache D1957 variant with minor changes. PA-23-160 Apache E PA-23 powered by two 160 hp O-320-B engines, pA-23-160 Apache G PA-23 with longer internal cabin and extra window. PA-23-160 Apache H Apache G with 0-320-B2B engines and minor changes, pA-23-235 Apache 235 Apache with five seats and 235 hp O-540 engines,118 built. PA-23-250 Aztec C Aztec B with either IO-540-C4B5 engines or turbocharged TIO-540-C4B5 as an option, also modified engine nacelles, PA-23-250 Aztec D Aztec B with revised instrument panel and controls. PA-23-250 Aztec E Aztec D with longer pointed nose and a single piece windshield, PA-23-250 Aztec F Aztec E with improved systems and cambered wingtips and tailplane tip extensions. PA-23T-250 Turbo-Aztec Generally similar to the Aztec F, powered by two TIO-540 piston engines, fitted with a Garret turbocharging system, U-11A United States Navy designation formerly UO-1
37.
Circuit Paul Ricard
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The Circuit Paul Ricard is a motorsport race track built in 1969 at Le Castellet, near Marseille, in France, with finance from the eccentric pastis magnate Paul Ricard. Ricard wanted to experience the challenge of building a highway, opened on 19 April 1970, its innovative facilities made it one of the safest motor racing circuits in the world at the time of its opening. The circuit had three track layout permutations, an industrial park and an airstrip. The combination of facilities, mild winter weather and an airstrip made it popular amongst racing teams for car testing during the annual winter off-season. The original track was dominated by the 1.8 km long Mistral Straight that is followed by the right hand Signes corner. The long main straight and other fast sections made the very hard on engines as they ran at full revs for extended spells. Nigel Mansell crashed at the place in the same weekend during practice. Mansells crash was the result of a puncture in his left rear tyre causing it to explode at over 200 mph. The Honda powered FW10 holds the race lap record for the circuit when Mansells team mate Keke Rosberg recorded a time of 1,39.914 during the 1985 French Grand Prix. This compared to the slowest car in the race, the 550 bhp naturally aspirated Tyrrell-Ford V8 of Stefan Bellof which could only manage 277 km/h, not surprisingly, Bellof qualified 9 seconds slower than Surer and 12 seconds slower than pole winner Rosberg. It opened in 1970 with a 2-litre sports car race, the circuit hosted the Formula One French Grand Prix on many occasions, the first of which was the 1971 French Grand Prix. In 1986, Brabham Formula One driver Elio de Angelis was killed in an accident at the fast first turn. The length of the Mistral Straight was reduced from 1.8 km in length to just over 1 km, and the fast sweeping Verierre curves where de Angelis had crashed were bypassed. Effectively, after the start, instead of heading into the left hand Verierre sweeper, cars now braked hard and this changed the circuit length for a Grand Prix from 5.81 km to just 3.812 km. This also had the effect of cutting lap times from Keke Rosbergs 1985 pole time of 1,32.462 in his Williams-Honda turbo, the last French Grand Prix held at the circuit was in 1990, the event then moved to Magny-Cours where it ran until 2008. Since then there have been discussions towards reviving the French Grand Prix with Paul Ricard one of the believed to be considered as the venue. During its life of hosting a round of the Formula One World Championship, the Long Circuit was used from 1971-1985, with the Club Circuit used from 1986-1990. On six occasions the winner at Paul Ricard went on to win the World Championship in the same year, ronnie Peterson and René Arnoux are the only Ricard winners who never won the championship
38.
Elstree Airfield
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London Elstree Aerodrome is an operational general aviation aerodrome located in Elstree, and is situated 2.6 nautical miles east of Watford, Hertfordshire, England. Elstree Aerodrome has a CAA Ordinary Licence that allows flights for the transport of passengers or for flying instruction as authorised by the licensee. There is a large wartime built Bellman hangar and smaller hangars which are used for aircraft maintenance, the Ikaron Restaurant/Cafe, Elstree Aerodrome Cafe, Pooleys Flight Equipment, Ma-Nas Yoga. The other five occupants of the twin-engine six-seat aircraft, all members of the Embassy Hill racing team, richard Riding and Grant Peerless, Elstree Aerodrome, The Past in Pictures, The History Press Ltd, ISBN 0-7509-3412-3, ISBN 978-0-7509-3412-1,192 pages. Official website Elstree Aerodrome in 1986, at the BBC Domesday Project online, retrieved 22 Sep 2011
39.
Goodwood Festival of Speed
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In the early years of the Festival, tens of thousands attended over the weekend, it currently attracts crowds of around 100,000 on each of the three days it is now held. A record crowd of 158,000 attended in 2003, before an advance-ticket-only admission policy came into force, attendance is now capped at 150,000. The Goodwood Festival of Speed was founded in 1993 by Lord March in order to bring racing back to the Goodwood estate — a location steeped in British motor racing history. Shortly after taking over the estate in the early 1990s, Lord March wanted to bring motor racing to Goodwood Circuit. Therefore, he hosted it on his own grounds. After the first events date clash, Lord March would ensure that the event would never be allowed to clash with either Le Mans or Formula One races, in 1994, Saturday was added, making it a weekend event. In 1996, Friday was added, making it a three-day event, in 2010, the Moving Motor Show was added on the Thursday. Visitors are free to walk around several paddocks where the cars and drivers can be seen at close quarters. The atmosphere of the Festival of Speed, when compared to the separation of fans from drivers and machines common to most top end motor sport events, the track has an elevation change of 92.7 metres, for an average gradient of 4. 9%. The record time for the hillclimb was set in 1999 when Nick Heidfeld drove a McLaren MP4/13 Formula One car up the hill in 41.6 seconds. For safety reasons Formula One cars are no longer allowed to do official timed runs, in 2006 Heikki Kovalainen completed the course in a Renault R25 F1 car and was unofficially timed below 40 seconds. In 2016, to commemorate the 40 year anniversary of James Hunt winning the F1 World Championship, from 2000 to 2004 this was a downhill race for gravity-powered cars. Starting from just below the hill-climb finish line, to a line in front of the house. It included entries from Cosworth, Prodrive, and other top companies, with some famous riders/drivers piloting them, including Barry Sheene. Despite an official cap on the cost of cars, the costs were becoming too high. From 2005 to present there has been an area for the rally cars at the top of the hill. Initially, in 2005, the track through the forest was widened, and the cars ran down through the forest, turned on the tarmac section just outside the wood. This meant that the cars could only run one-at-a-time, in 2006, a full forest stage was introduced, designed by Hannu Mikkola this was a complete circuit, with a separate start and finish line at the top of the wood
40.
Haynes International Motor Museum
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Haynes International Motor Museum at Sparkford near Yeovil in Somerset, England, contains over 400 cars and motorcycles and a collection of other automobilia. The museum, which was established in 1985, is an Educational Charitable Trust chaired by John Haynes OBE, the museum is divided into fifteen exhibitions, The Dawn of Motoring includes exhibits dating from 1886 including a replica 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen. Veteran and Vintage includes 1903 Darracq Type L and a 1922 Rover Bhp, wheels around the World includes a 1975 Bricklin SVI and a 1967 Citroen DS. Minis and Micros includes a 1964 Trojan 200 and a 1965 Morris Mini MK2, great British Marques contains a 1965 Jaguar E Type and a 1977 Lotus Elite Type 75. Motorcycle Mezzanine is in two parts, Part 1 - British and World Motorcycles, containing a 1914 BSA Flat Tank, supercar Century includes a 1960 Ferrari 250 GT Convertible and a 1995 Jaguar XJ220. Hall of Motorsport depicting varied disciplines of motorsport including a 1996 Ferrari Formula 1 Type F310 and 1950 Healey Silverstone, the Morris Story includes 1917 Morris Cowley and a 1955 Morris Minor Convertible. Memory Lane contains a 1965 Ford Cortina Mk1 and a 1950 Rover 75, travelling in Style, Luxury Cars includes a 2007 Bentley Continental GT and a 1957 Bentley Series 1. Ferrari, The Man, The Machine, The Myth containing a 2000 Ferrari 360 F1, the Red Room, contains red sports cars from around the world including a 1966 Ford Mustang COnvertible and a 1959 Austin Healey Sprite. The museum also has a childrens play area, Autogame Experience including penny arcade games of the 1950s & 1960s, retro 1980s classics. The Museum regularly hosts conferences for organisations outside the motor industry, official website Classic Car Collection Haynes Series of photos of the classic cars at Haynes International Motor Museum
41.
Embassy Hill
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Embassy Hill was a short-lived Formula One team started by the two-time Formula One world-champion Graham Hill, racing as a constructor with its own chassis in 1975. The team was sponsored by Imperial Tobaccos Embassy cigarette brand and ran under various names during its time, Embassy Racing With Graham Hill first came into being when Graham Hill decided to leave his previous team, Brabham, unhappy with the atmosphere there. He announced in late 1972 he was starting his own team, securing sponsorship from Embassy, Hill started operating a team with cars purchased from Shadow. Things did not go well that year, the teams best finish was ninth at Zolder, the chassis for 1974 were bought from Lola, and designated as the Lola T370. Graham Hill drove throughout the season and scored a point at the 1974 Swedish Grand Prix, the second car was driven by Guy Edwards, and later Peter Gethin and Rolf Stommelen. The T370 was still being used at the beginning of the 1975 season, the new car for 1975 was initially designated as the Lola T371, but when designer Andy Smallman left Lola to work full-time for Embassy Hill it was renamed the Hill GH1. Smallmans design drew heavily from the design of previous years Lola cars, unfortunately, the second race of the GH1 at the 1975 Spanish Grand Prix was marred by the collapse of Rolf Stommelens rear wing mounting, which pitched his car into the crowd and killed four people. Stommelen was injured in the accident and did not return until the half of the season. After failing to qualify at the 1975 Monaco Grand Prix, a race he had won five times, Hill no longer drove the cars himself, Brise, considered a rising star, finished sixth in the 1975 Swedish Grand Prix and qualified sixth for the 1975 Italian Grand Prix. Alan Jones took over the car for most of the races that Stommelen missed. François Migault and Vern Schuppan were also behind the wheel of the second Hill that year, the GH2 was the first Formula One car that Andy Smallman designed from scratch specifically for Graham Hills team, and it was intended for use in the 1976 World Championship season. It was intended to replace the previous model, the Hill GH1, the GH2 employed the usual Cosworth DFV engine and Hewland FG400 gearbox, and had extremely flat boxes, which gave the car a sleek silhouette. Tony Brise began testing in the summer of 1975 at Silverstone. After the deaths of Graham Hill, Tony Brise, Andy Smallman and Ray Brimble in November 1975, however, a GH2 was still built and is now in a British automobile museum. On the evening of 29 November 1975 Graham Hill was piloting an Embassy Hill Piper Aztec light aircraft from France to London and his passengers were team manager Ray Brimble, team driver Tony Brise, designer Andy Smallman and mechanics Terry Richards and Tony Alcock. They were returning from Circuit Paul Ricard where they had been testing the Hill GH2 car being prepared for 1976 and they were due to land at Elstree Airfield before onward travel to London to attend a party. Shortly before 10pm the plane hit trees beside a golf course at Arkley in thick fog, in the ensuing crash and explosion everyone on board was killed. As the team now only consisted of the deputy team manager, list of accidents involving sports teams
42.
1974 British Grand Prix
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The 1974 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Brands Hatch on 20 July 1974. It was the race of the 1974 Formula One season. Lauda completed just 73 laps but was allowed a lap after the team protested his exit from the pit lane was blocked after a late wheel change. He initially classified ninth, but was awarded fifth place after appeal Lombardi used number 208 because her car was sponsored by Radio Luxembourg, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Only the best 7 results from the first 8 races and the best 6 results from the last 7 races counted towards the Championship, numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
43.
V8 engine
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A V8 engine is an eight-cylinder V configuration engine with the cylinders mounted on the crankcase in two sets of four, with all eight pistons driving a common crankshaft. Most banks are set at an angle to each other, some at a narrower angle, with 45°, 60°. In its simplest form, the V8 is basically two parallel inline-four engines sharing a common crankshaft, since the 1920s, most V8s have used the somewhat more complex crossplane crankshaft with heavy counterweights to eliminate the vibrations. This results in an engine that is smoother than a V6, most racing V8s continue to use the single plane crankshaft because it allows faster acceleration and more efficient exhaust system designs. In 1902, Léon Levavasseur took out a patent on a light and he called it the Antoinette after the young daughter of his financial backer. From 1904 he installed this engine in a number of competition speedboats, the aviation pioneer Alberto Santos-Dumont saw one of these boats in Côte dAzur and decided to try it on his 14-bis aircraft. Its early 24 hp at 1400 rpm version with only 55 kg of weight was interesting, Santos-Dumont ordered a larger and more powerful version from Levavasseur. He changed its dimensions from the original 80 mm stroke and 80 mm bore to 105 mm stroke and 110 mm bore, obtaining 50 hp with 86 kg of weight and its power-to-weight ratio was not surpassed for 25 years. Levavasseur eventually produced its own line of V8 equipped aircraft, named Antoinette I to VIII, hubert Latham piloted the V8 powered Antoinette IV and Antoinette VII in July 1909 on two failed attempts to cross the English Channel. However, in 1910, Latham used the VII with the engine to become the first in the world to reach an altitude of 3600 feet. Voisin constructed pusher biplanes with Antoinette engines, also, notably the one first flown successfully by Henry Farman in 1908, the V8 engine configuration became popular in France from 1904 onward, and was used in a number of aircraft engines introduced by Renault, and Buchet among others. Some of these found their way into automobiles in small quantities. In 1905, Darracq built a car to beat the world speed record. They came up with two racing car built on a common crankcase and camshaft. The result was monstrous engine with a displacement of 1,551 cu in, victor Hemery fixed that record on 30 December 1905 with a speed of 109.65 mph. Rolls-Royce built a 3,535 cc V8 car from 1905 to 1906, in 1907 The Hewitt Motor Company built a large 5 passenger Touring Car. It was equipped with a hefty V8 engine that developed 50/60 horsepower and had a bore of 4 inches, the Hewitt was the first American Automobile to be equipped with a V8 engine. De Dion-Bouton introduced a 7,773 cc automobile V8 in 1910 and it was produced only in small quantities, but inspired a number of manufacturers to follow suit
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