Emerald
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Emerald is a gemstone and a variety of the mineral beryl colored green by trace amounts of chromium or sometimes vanadium. Beryl has a hardness of 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale. Most emeralds have many incl
Emerald crystal from Muzo, Colombia
Main emerald producing countries
Cut emeralds
Brazilian emerald (grass-green variety of the mineral beryl) in a quartz-pegmatite matrix with typical hexagonal, prismatic crystals
Ruby
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Ruby is a pinkish-red to blood-red-colored gemstone, a variety of the mineral corundum, consisting of aluminium oxide. Ruby is one of the most popular traditional jewelry gems and is very durable. Oth
Emerald
…transparency to be considered a top gemstone. This member of the beryl family ranks among the traditional "big four" precious gems along with diamonds, rubies and sapphires. Chromium, vanadium, and iron are the trace elements that cause emerald’s color. The presence or absence of each and their relative amounts…
A ruby crystal from Dodoma Region, Tanzania
The main ruby-producing countries
Crystal structure of ruby showing the substitution of Al3+ ions (blue) with Cr3+ (red). The substitution density of Cr3+ ions in this model is approximately 2%, approximating the maximum doping normally encountered.
Ruby (Corundum) - Hunza Valley, div. Gilgit, Northern Areas, Pakistan.