1.
San Diego Comic-Con
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San Diego Comic-Con International is a multi-genre entertainment and comic convention held annually in San Diego, California. The name, as given on its website, is Comic-Con International, San Diego and it is a four-day event held during the summer at the San Diego Convention Center in San Diego. On the Wednesday evening prior to the opening of the event, there is a preview for professionals, exhibitors. Comic-Con International also produces two other conventions, WonderCon, held in Los Angeles, and the Alternative Press Expo and it is also the home of the Will Eisner Awards. In 2010, it filled the San Diego Convention Center to capacity with more than 130,000 attendees, the convention was founded in 1970 by Shel Dorf, Richard Alf, Ken Krueger, Mike Towry, Barry Alfonso, Bob Sourk, and Greg Bear. Detroit, Michigan-born, comics fan Shel Dorf, had, in the mid-1960s, mounted the Detroit Triple-Fan Fairs, one of the first commercial comics-fan conventions. When he moved to San Diego, California, in 1970, he organized a convention on March 21,1970. Dorf went on to be associated with the convention as president or manager, variously, Alf co-chaired the first convention with Krueger and became chairman in 1971. Following the initial gathering, Dorfs first three-day San Diego comics convention, other locations in the conventions early years included the El Cortez Hotel, the University of California, San Diego, and Golden Hall, before being moved to the San Diego Convention Center in 1991. I was quietly walking the floor stunned and in awe of just how much bigger it really was, the convention is organized by a panel of 13 board members,16 to 20 full-time and part-time workers, and 80 volunteers who assist via committees. Comic Con International is an organization, and proceeds of the event go to funding it, as well as the Alternative Press Expo. The convention logo was designed by Richard Bruning and Josh Beatman in 1995, in September 2010, the convention announced that it would stay in San Diego through 2015. In 2015, working with Lionsgate, a channel was created to host Comic-Con related content. According to the San Diego Convention and Visitors Bureau, the convention has a regional economic impact of $162.8 million. Along with panels, seminars, and workshops with comic book professionals, there are previews of upcoming feature films, like most comic-book conventions, Comic-Con features a large floorspace for exhibitors. These include media companies such as studios and TV networks, as well as comic-book dealers. And like most comics conventions, Comic-Con includes an area, as well as the Artists Alley where comics artists can sign autographs. Despite the name, artists alleys can include writers and even models, academics and comic industry professionals annually hold the Comics Arts Conference at Comic-Con, presenting scholarly studies on comics as a medium
2.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
3.
Harvard-Westlake School
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The school has its campuses in Holmby Hills and Studio City. The school is a member of the G20 Schools group, the Harvard School for Boys was established in 1900 by Grenville C. Emery as an academy, located at the corner of Western Avenue and Venice Boulevard in Los Angeles. In 1911, it secured endorsement from the Episcopal Church becoming a non-profit organization, in 1937, the school moved to its present-day campus on Coldwater Canyon in Studio City after receiving a loan from Donald Douglas of the Douglas Aviation Company. It moved to its campus located in Holmby Hills, California in 1927. The school was purchased by Sydney Temple, whose daughter, Helen Temple Dickinson, was headmistress until 1966, the Temple family owned the school until 1977, with Mrs. Dickinson serving in an ex officio capacity. In 1968 Westlake became exclusively a secondary school, the two institutions had long been de facto sister schools and interacted socially. Complete integration and coeducation began in 1991, in 2008, more than eighteen students were expelled or suspended when a major cheating scandal rocked the school. The Middle School completed a modernization effort in September 2008, replacing the original administration building, the library. As of November 2006, a campaign has commenced for the modernization of the Upper School. Reynolds Hall, a building which is home to history, foreign language and visual arts classes. The building was then renamed Wang Hall in honor of two parents who donated approximately $5,000,000 to fund the project, in 2007, lights were added to Ted Slavin Field in order to reduce the amount of travel needed to allow teams to practice. The school also maintains an off-campus baseball facility, the OMalley Family Field, in Encino, the Upper School campus also features the three-story Seeley G. Mudd Library and Saint Saviours Chapel, a vestige from Harvard School for Boys Episcopal days. In the early 1980s, annual tuition at the schools that now make up Harvard-Westlake was around $4,000, by 1983 or 1984, this figure surpassed $5,000. For the 2013-2014 academic year, the tuition was $32,300, with typical costs for books. In 2014-15, tuition was $33,500, the new student fee was $2,000, optional bus service for school students was $2, 200-2,400. Harvard-Westlake allotted almost $7.8 million to aid for the 2011–2012 academic year. Nearly 20% of the student body received some form of assistance, with an aid package of just under $23,000
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Crossroads School (Santa Monica, California)
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Crossroads School for Arts & Sciences is a private, K-12 independent, college preparatory school in Santa Monica, California, United States. The school is a member of the prestigious G20 Schools Group. The Crossroads School has a rivalry with the nearby Brentwood School, the school was founded in 1971 as a secular institution affiliated with St. Augustine By-the-Sea Episcopal Church in Santa Monica. Crossroads started with three rooms in a Baptist church offering grades seven and eight, and an enrollment of just over 30 students. Human Development is a part of the Crossroads curriculum, holding equal weight with conventional departments such as Math. It is meant to teach students maturity, tolerance, and confidence, students address teachers by their first names. Some question this approach, but many at Crossroads insist that this practice fosters friendship. Classrooms also have names, not numbers, and are dedicated to important figures in history, Einstein, Mead, Frost, Chavez, the school was also featured in a May 2005 issue of Vanity Fair, like Breitbarts book, it also focused on the schools celebrity clientele. Crossroads School Website Summer at Crossroads Website Elizabeth Mandell Music Institute
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Boston University
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Boston University is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts. The university is nonsectarian, and is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. The university has more than 3,900 faculty members and nearly 33,000 students and it offers bachelors degrees, masters degrees, and doctorates, and medical, dental, business, and law degrees through 17 schools and colleges on two urban campuses. The main campus is situated along the Charles River in Bostons Fenway-Kenmore and Allston neighborhoods, BU is categorized as an R1, Doctoral University in the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. BU is a member of the Boston Consortium for Higher Education, the University was ranked 39th among undergraduate programs at national universities, and 32nd among global universities by U. S. News & World Report in its 2017 rankings. In 1876, BU professor Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in a BU lab, American Civil Rights Movement leader and 1964 Nobel Peace Prize winner Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. received his PhD in Theology from BU in 1955. The Boston University Terriers compete in the NCAAs Division I, BU athletic teams compete in the Patriot League, and Hockey East conferences, and their mascot is Rhett the Boston Terrier. Boston University is well known for hockey, in which it has won five national championships. The University organized formal Centennial observances both in 1939 and 1969, on April 24–25,1839 a group of Methodist ministers and laymen at the Old Bromfield Street Church in Boston elected to establish a Methodist theological school. Set up in Newbury, Vermont, the school was named the Newbury Biblical Institute, in 1847, the Congregational Society in Concord, New Hampshire, invited the Institute to relocate to Concord and offered a disused Congregational church building with a capacity of 1200 people. Other citizens of Concord covered the remodeling costs, one stipulation of the invitation was that the Institute remain in Concord for at least 20 years. The charter issued by New Hampshire designated the school the Methodist General Biblical Institute, with the agreed twenty years coming to a close, the Trustees of the Concord Biblical Institute purchased 30 acres on Aspinwall Hill in Brookline, Massachusetts, as a possible relocation site. The institute moved in 1867 to 23 Pinkney Street in Boston, in 1869, three Trustees of the Boston Theological Institute obtained from the Massachusetts Legislature a charter for a university by name of Boston University. These three were successful Boston businessmen and Methodist laymen, with a history of involvement in educational enterprises and they were Isaac Rich, Lee Claflin, and Jacob Sleeper, for whom Boston Universitys three West Campus dormitories are named. Lee Claflins son, William, was then Governor of Massachusetts, on account of the religious opinions he may entertain, provided, nonetheless, that this section shall not apply to the theological department of said University. Every department of the new university was open to all on an equal footing regardless of sex, race. The Boston Theological Institute was absorbed into Boston University in 1871 as the BU School of Theology, in January 1872 Isaac Rich died, leaving the vast bulk of his estate to a trust that would go to Boston University after ten years of growth while the University was organized. Most of this bequest consisted of real estate throughout the core of the city of Boston and was appraised at more than $1.5 million, Kilgore describes this as the largest single donation to an American college or university to that time
6.
David Hornsby
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David Hornsby is an American actor, screenwriter and producer. He is known for a role as defrocked priest Matthew Rickety Cricket Mara on the comedy series Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Hornsby was born in Newport News, Virginia and he grew up in Houston, Texas, and majored in acting at Carnegie Mellon University. Hornsby plays defrocked priest Matthew Rickety Cricket Mara on the FX sitcom Its Always Sunny in Philadelphia and he appeared as Steve The Hutch Hutchinson on The Joe Schmo Show, and as Patrick on Six Feet Under. His first animated role was Fanboy in Fanboy & Chum Chum and he also starred in the independent film Pretty Bird. Hornsby appeared in Pearl Harbor, Minority Report, and Flags of Our Fathers and he created and performed in the podcast Yoda and Me along with Loren Tarquinio. He adapted and created the CBS sitcom How to Be a Gentleman, serving as its lead actor, writer, Hornsby co-wrote, designed characters, and lent his voice to FXs cartoon Unsupervised, which lasted for one season. Most recently, he created the NBC pilot for Mission Control, on September 25,2010, Hornsby married Bones star Emily Deschanel in a small private ceremony in the Pacific Palisades area of Los Angeles. On September 21,2011, Deschanel gave birth to their son Henry Lamar Hornsby, the couples second son Calvin was born on June 8,2015. He is the cousin of singer, songwriter, composer Bruce Hornsby, david Hornsby at the Internet Movie Database
7.
Caleb Deschanel
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Joseph Caleb Deschanel, A. S. C. is an American film cinematographer and film/television director. He has been nominated for the Academy Award for Best Cinematography five times and he is a member of the National Film Preservation Board of the Library of Congress, representing the American Society of Cinematographers. Deschanel was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Ann Ward and his father was French, from Oullins, Rhône, and his mother was American. Deschanel was raised in his mothers Quaker religion and he went to Severn School for high school. Murch graduated a year ahead of him and encouraged Deschanel to follow him to the University of Southern California School of Cinematic Arts, where he graduated in 1968. During this time, he was a member of a band of students called The Dirty Dozen. Following his graduation, he attended the AFI Conservatory and graduated in 1969 as a member of its first class and he directed his first film The Escape Artist in 1982, and a second, Crusoe, in 1989. In 1990, Deschanel directed three episodes of the David Lynch series Twin Peaks, in 2007, he directed an episode of Bones, which stars his daughter Emily. He was the cinematographer in the 2009 film My Sisters Keeper and he was also the cinematographer for the 2011 thriller Dream House. He was an member of the American Zoetrope production team, along with George Lucas. He was awarded the ASC Lifetime Achievement Award in 2010 by the American Society of Cinematographers and he has been nominated for five Academy Awards, each time in the field of cinematography. The first nomination came in 1983 for the film The Right Stuff and his second was in 1984 for The Natural. A third came in 1996 for Fly Away Home, then a fourth in 2000 for The Patriot and he also won the American Society of Cinematographers award for his work in The Patriot
8.
Zooey Deschanel
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Zooey Claire Deschanel is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She made her debut in Mumford, followed by her supporting role in Cameron Crowes semi-autobiographical picture Almost Famous. Deschanel soon became known for her comedy roles in films such as The Good Girl, The New Guy, Elf, The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, Failure to Launch, Yes Man. She also did dramatic turns in the films Manic, All the Real Girls, Winter Passing, since 2011, she has played Jessica Day on the Fox sitcom New Girl, for which she has received an Emmy Award nomination and three Golden Globe Award nominations. For a few years starting in 2001, Deschanel performed in the cabaret act If All the Stars Were Pretty Babies with fellow actress Samantha Shelton. Besides singing, she plays keyboards, percussion, banjo, in 2006, Deschanel teamed up with M. Ward to release a debut album, Volume One, under the name She & Him in March 2008. They released an album, Volume Two, in March 2010, with their Christmas album A Very She & Him Christmas being released in 2011, Volume 3 in 2013. She also received Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media nomination for her song So Long, Deschanel is also a co-founder of the female-focused website HelloGiggles, which was acquired by Time, Inc. in 2015. Deschanel was born January 17,1980, in Los Angeles and she is the younger daughter of cinematographer and director Caleb Deschanel and actress Mary Jo Deschanel. Her paternal grandfather was French, from Oullins, Rhône, her roots also include Swiss, Dutch, English, Irish and she was named after Zooey Glass, the male protagonist of J. D. Salingers 1961 novella Franny and Zooey. Her older sister is actress Emily Deschanel, who stars in the Fox crime comedy-drama series Bones, Deschanel lived in Los Angeles, but spent much of her childhood traveling because her father shot films on location, she later said that she hated all the traveling. She attended Crossroads, a preparatory school in Santa Monica. She sang throughout high school, planning to pursue a career in musical theatre and she attended Northwestern University for nine months before dropping out to pursue acting. Also in 1999, she appeared in the video for The Offsprings single Shes Got Issues. Deschanel co-starred in Cameron Crowes semi-autobiographical Almost Famous, where she played Anita Miller, despite a modest box office response, the film received critical praise, winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Film – Musical or Comedy. Deschanel appeared in the independent drama Manic, as the love interest of a troubled teen, the film was screened at the Sundance Film Festival and received a limited theatrical release. The New York Times found Deschanel to be spontaneous, unaffected. In 2002, Deschanel appeared in four feature films, in the comedy Big Trouble, with Tim Allen and Rene Russo, she played the daughter of Russos character, and she starred in the teen comedy The New Guy as a guitar player in a band
9.
Fox Broadcasting Company
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The Fox Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is owned by the Fox Entertainment Group subsidiary of 21st Century Fox. It is the third largest major network in the world based on total revenues, assets. Launched on October 9,1986 as a competitor to the Big Three television networks, Fox and its affiliated companies operate many entertainment channels in international markets, although these do not necessarily air the same programming as the U. S. network. Most viewers in Canada have access to at least one U. S, the network is named after sister company 20th Century Fox, and indirectly for producer William Fox, who founded one of the movie studios predecessors, Fox Film. Fox is a member of the North American Broadcasters Association and the National Association of Broadcasters, 20th Century Fox had been involved in television production as early as the 1950s, producing several syndicated programs. Following the demise of the DuMont Television Network in August of that year after it became mired in financial problems. 20th Century Fox would also produce original content for the NTA network, KTTV in Los Angeles, KRIV in Houston, WFLD-TV in Chicago, and KRLD-TV in Dallas. In October 1985, 20th Century Fox announced its intentions to form a television network that would compete with ABC, CBS. The plans were to use the combination of the Fox studios, organizational plans for the network were held off until the Metromedia acquisitions cleared regulatory hurdles. Then, in December 1985, Rupert Murdoch agreed to pay $325 million to acquire the remaining equity in TCF Holdings from his original partner, Marvin Davis. These first six stations, then broadcasting to a reach of 22% of the nations households. Except for KDAF, all of the original owned-and-operated stations are part of the Fox network today. Like the core O&O group, Foxs affiliate body consisted of independent stations. The Fox Broadcasting Company launched at 11,00 p. m. Eastern and its inaugural program was a late-night talk show, The Late Show, which was hosted by comedian Joan Rivers. By early 1987, Rivers quit The Late Show after disagreements with the network over the creative direction. The network expanded its programming into prime time on April 5,1987, with Children and the sketch comedy series The Tracey Ullman Show. Fox added one new show per week over the several weeks, with the drama 21 Jump Street. On July 11, the network rolled out its Saturday night schedule with the premiere of the drama series Werewolf
10.
Bones (TV series)
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Bones is an American crime procedural drama television series that aired on Fox in the United States from September 13,2005, until March 28,2017, for 246 episodes over twelve seasons. Temperance Bones Brennan and the lives of the characters. The rest of the main cast includes Michaela Conlin, T. J. Thyne, Eric Millegan, Jonathan Adams, Tamara Taylor, John Francis Daley, and John Boyd. Created by Hart Hanson, the series is loosely based on the life and writings of novelist and forensic anthropologist Kathy Reichs. Its title character, Temperance Brennan, is named after the protagonist of Reichs crime novel series, similarly, Dr. Brennan in the Bones universe writes successful mystery novels featuring a fictional forensic anthropologist named Kathy Reichs. Bones is a joint production by Josephson Entertainment, Far Field Productions, the series is the longest-running one-hour drama series produced by 20th Century Fox Television. On February 25,2016, the series was renewed for a twelfth and final season, the series finale aired on March 28,2017. The premise of the show is an alliance between forensic anthropologist Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan and FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth, set in Washington, D. C. the show revolves around solving Federal legal cases by examining the human remains of possible murder victims. Dr. Brennan and her team provide scientific expertise and Special Agent Booth provides FBI criminal investigation technique, in addition to the prospective murder cases featured in each episode, the series explores the backgrounds and relationships of its characters. An important ongoing dynamic between Brennan and Booth is their disagreement about science and faith, Brennan argues for science, evidence, and atheism. Booth argues for intuition, faith, and God, the series is also known for its dark comedic undertones, featuring human bodies in advanced state of decay, which serve to lighten the gravity of the shows intense subject matter. Emily Deschanel as Dr. Temperance Bones Brennan, A brilliant forensic anthropologist working at the renowned Jeffersonian Institute located in Washington and she is an empiricist and author of crime fiction based on her experiences. She is an atheist and a believer in facts and evidence, to the exclusion of feelings, consequently, she comes off as distant. Nevertheless, she has shown empathy and compassion and she is noted to have a high IQ and impressive reasoning skills. She and her FBI partner, Seeley Booth, begin a relationship near the end of six and have a daughter they name Christine, in honor of her late mother. A son, Hank, named for Booths paternal grandfather is born in season 11, Brennans original name was Joy Keenan, which was changed after her parents decided to turn away from a life of crime. The character is used as an audience surrogate to provide a laymans translation of the scientific jargon-filled dialog. He gives Brennan her nickname, Bones, which she starts out hating and he is a skilled investigator and interrogator who often relies on his gut and cop instincts
11.
Temperance "Bones" Brennan
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Temperance Bones Brennan, Ph. D. is a fictional character portrayed by Emily Deschanel in the American Fox television series Bones. An anthropologist, forensic anthropologist, and kinesiologist, she is described in the series as an authority in the field of forensic anthropology. Brennan first appeared on television, along with other series characters and she is the main protagonist of the series along with FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth. Brennan is loosely based on author Kathy Reichs and her name originates from the heroine in Reichss crime novel series, also named Temperance Brennan. The main similarity the two share is their occupation as forensic anthropologists, Brennan appeared in Comcasts list of TVs Most Intriguing Characters. She was included in AfterEllen. coms Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters and her relationship with Seeley Booth was listed in Entertainment Weeklys 30 Best Will They/Wont They. Temperance Bones Brennan is a forensic anthropologist who works in the Medico-Legal lab at the Jeffersonian Institute in Washington and she received her Ph. D. from Northwestern University, as stated in The Girl in the Fridge. She has three doctorates, as referred to by Dr and her occasional contract work for the FBI shifted the focus of her work. She was paired with FBI Special Agent Seeley Booth, and helped to two difficult cases, since then, they have worked together almost exclusively on modern-day murder cases. Booth refers to her crew of colleagues as squints, because they come to crime scenes and he is also responsible for her nickname, Bones, which she initially detested. In the first-season finale, Brennan stated that she was born in 1976, in the fifth-season episode The Death of the Queen Bee, it is implied that her then-current age was 33 years. In season 6, The Doctor in the Photo, she is shown to wear a dolphin ring. In Mummy in the Maze, Brennan exhibited ophidiophobia when confronted with snakes and it should also be noted that, in The Man in the Morgue, Brennan handled a snake without any trace of fear, even while Booth is in the room. In season one, in A Man on Death Row, Dr. Brennan expresses her stance on the death penalty, there are certain people who shouldnt be in this world. The people who hacked hundreds of innocent children to death in Rwanda, the people who did that, they should be executed. In The Woman at the Airport, Dr, in The Woman in the Car, Dr. Brennan reveals that her third doctorate is in kinesiology, a field that would allow her and Angela to unravel how one of the bodies that had been found had been killed. In season two, she expressed the desire to get a pet pig, whom she would have named Jasper, Brennans expertise in kinesiology would again prove its worth in The Truth in the Lye, in The Girl with the Curl, and in The Woman in the Sand. In Judas on a Pole, she and her brother are identified as having the blood type
12.
French people
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The French are an ethnic group and nation who are identified with the country of France. This connection may be legal, historical, or cultural, modern French society can be considered a melting pot. To be French, according to the first article of the French Constitution, is to be a citizen of France, regardless of origin, race. The debate concerning the integration of this view with the underlying the European Community remains open. A large number of foreigners have traditionally been permitted to live in France, indeed, the country has long valued its openness, tolerance and the quality of services available. Application for French citizenship is often interpreted as a renunciation of previous state allegiance unless a dual citizenship agreement exists between the two countries, the European treaties have formally permitted movement and European citizens enjoy formal rights to employment in the state sector. Seeing itself as a nation with universal values, France has always valued. However, the success of such assimilation has recently called into question. There is increasing dissatisfaction with, and within, growing ethno-cultural enclaves, the 2005 French riots in some troubled and impoverished suburbs were an example of such tensions. However they should not be interpreted as ethnic conflicts but as social conflicts born out of socioeconomic problems endangering proper integration, the name France etymologically derives from the word Francia, the territory of the Franks. The Franks were a Germanic tribe that overran Roman Gaul at the end of the Roman Empire, in the pre-Roman era, all of Gaul was inhabited by a variety of peoples who were known collectively as the Gaulish tribes. Gaul was militarily conquered in 58-51 BCE by the Roman legions under the command of General Julius Caesar, the area then became part of the Roman Empire. Over the next five centuries the two cultures intermingled, creating a hybridized Gallo-Roman culture, the Gaulish vernacular language disappeared step by step to be replaced everywhere by Vulgar Latin, which would later develop under Frankish influence into the French language in the North of France. With the decline of the Roman Empire in Western Europe, a federation of Germanic peoples entered the picture, the Franks were Germanic pagans who began to settle in northern Gaul as laeti, already during the Roman era. They continued to filter across the Rhine River from present-day Netherlands, at the beginning, they served in the Roman army and reached high commands. Their language is spoken as a kind of Dutch in northern France. Another Germanic people immigrated massively to Alsace, the Alamans, which explains the Alemannic German spoken there and they were competitors of the Franks, thats why it became at the Renaissance time the word for German in French, Allemand. By the early 6th century the Franks, led by the Merovingian king Clovis I and his sons, had consolidated their hold on much of modern-day France, the Vikings eventually intermarried with the local people, converting to Christianity in the process
13.
Swiss people
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The Swiss are citizens of Switzerland. The demonym derives from the toponym of Schwyz and has been in use to refer to the Old Swiss Confederacy since the 16th century. The number of Swiss nationals has grown from 1.7 million in 1815 to 6.76 million in 2009 with 90% of them living in Switzerland, about 60% of those living abroad reside in the European Union. The largest groups of Swiss descendants and nationals outside of Europe are found in the United States, closely related German-speaking peoples are the Alsatians, the Swabians and the Vorarlbergians. The French-speaking Swiss, traditionally speaking Franco-Provençal dialects, today largely assimilated to the standard French language, amalgamated from the Gallo-Roman population and they are closely related to the French. The Italian-speaking Swiss, traditionally speakers of Lombard language today partly assimilated to the standard Italian language, amalgamated from Raetians and they are closely related to the Italians. The Romansh, speakers of the Romansh language, settling in parts of the Grisons, with worldwide human migration, there are an increasing number of Swiss not descended or only partially descended from the core ethnic groups listed above. Most naturalized Swiss citizens will be linguistically oriented according to their canton of residence, the Swiss populace historically derives from an amalgamation of Gaulish or Gallo-Roman, Alamannic and Rhaetic stock. Their cultural history is dominated by the Alps, and the environment is often cited as an important factor in the formation of the Swiss national character. Political allegiance and patriotism was directed towards the cantons, not the federal level, from the 19th century there were conscious attempts to foster a federal Pan-Swiss national identity that would replace or alleviate the cantonal patriotisms. An additional symbol of national identity at the federal level was introduced with the Swiss national holiday in 1889. The bonfires associated with the holiday have become so customary since then that they have displaced the Funken traditions of greater antiquity. These specifically include Grisons, Valais, Ticino, Vaud and Geneva, according to Hartley-Moore, Localized equivalents of nationalist symbols were also essential to the creation of Swiss civil society. In the Swiss model, pride in local identity is to some degree synonymous with loyalty to the larger state, as Gottfried Keller argued in the nineteenth century, Without cantons and without their differences and competition, no Swiss federation could exist. Facilitated naturalization for foreign spouses and children of Swiss citizens requires a total minimum residence of five years, with more than 20% of the population resident aliens, Switzerland has one of the highest ratios of non-naturalized inhabitants in Europe. In 2003,35,424 residents were naturalized, a number exceeding net population growth. Over the 25-year period of 1983 to 2007,479,264 resident foreigners were naturalized, compare the figure of 0. 2% in the United Kingdom. The genetic composition of the Swiss population is similar to that of Central Europe in general, Switzerland is on one hand at the crossroads of several prehistoric migrations, while on the other hand the Alps acted as a refuge in some cases
14.
Dutch people
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The Dutch, occasionally referred to as Netherlanders—a term that is cognate to the Dutch word for Dutch people, Nederlanders—are a Germanic ethnic group native to the Netherlands. They share a culture and speak the Dutch language. The high degree of urbanization characteristic of Dutch society was attained at an early date. During the Republic the first series of large scale Dutch migrations outside of Europe took place, despite the small size of the Netherlands, the Dutch left behind a legacy in excess of their mere numbers. The traditional art and culture of the Dutch encompasses various forms of music, dances, architectural styles and clothing. Internationally, Dutch painters such as Rembrandt, Vermeer and Van Gogh are held in high regard, the dominant religion of the Dutch is Christianity, although in modern times the majority is no longer religious. Significant percentages of the Dutch are adherents of humanism, agnosticism, atheism or individual spirituality, as with all ethnic groups the ethnogenesis of the Dutch has been a lengthy and complex process. The text below hence focuses on the history of the Dutch ethnic group, for Dutch national history, for Dutch colonial history, see the article on the Dutch Empire. Following the end of the period in the West around 500, with large federations settling the decaying Roman Empire. In the Low Countries, this began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes. Eventually, in 358, the Salian Franks, one of the three main subdivisions among the Frankish alliance settled the areas Southern lands as foederati, Roman allies in charge of border defense. On a political level, the Frankish warlords abandoned tribalism and founded a number of kingdoms, however, the population make-up of the Frankish Empire, or even early Frankish kingdoms such as Neustria and Austrasia, was not dominated by Franks. Though the Frankish leaders controlled most of Western Europe, the Franks themselves were confined to the Northwestern part of the Empire, the current Dutch-French language border has remained virtually identical ever since, and could be seen as marking the furthest pale of gallicization among the Franks. The medieval cities of the Low Countries, which experienced major growth during the 11th and 12th century, were instrumental in breaking down the already relatively loose local form of feudalism, as they became increasingly powerful, they used their economical strength to influence the politics of their nobility. While the cities were of political importance, they also formed catalysts for medieval Dutch culture. The various city guilds as well as the necessity of water boards in the Dutch delta and it is also around this time, that ethnonyms such as Diets and Nederlands emerge. This process marked a new episode in the development of the Dutch ethnic group, as now political unity started to emerge, consolidating the strengthened cultural, despite their linguistic and cultural unity, and economic similarities, there was still little sense of political unity among the Dutch people. However, the centralist policies of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries, at first violently opposed by the cities of the Low Countries, had a profound impact and changed this
15.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
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Irish people
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The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
17.
Feature film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
18.
It Could Happen to You (1994 film)
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It Could Happen to You is a 1994 American romantic comedy-drama film starring Nicolas Cage and Bridget Fonda. It is the story of New York City police officer who wins the lottery and this basic premise was inspired by a real-life incident. Isaac Hayes has a role as reporter and photographer Angel Dupree. The film was remade in Hindi as Bade Dilwala, which was released in 1999, NYPD officer Charlie Lang is a kind and generous man who loves his job in Queens, New York, where he lives. His wife, Muriel, works at a salon and, unlike him, is greedy, materialistic. Charlie meets her when she waits on him at the diner where she works, since he doesnt have enough money to pay the tip, he promises to give her either double the tip or half of his prospective lottery winnings the next day. He wins $4 million in the lottery the day and keeps his promise. He and Yvonne become stars almost immediately and she buys the diner and sets up a table with his name at which people who cant afford a meal can eat for free. In another development, he becomes a hero for foiling a robbery at a grocery store but gets wounded in the process. Meanwhile, Muriel goes on a spree, and also contracts for disruptive renovations to their apartment without consulting him. At a gathering on a boat for the lottery winners and other members of high society. She flirts with him, listens to his advice on financial investments, and develops a liking for him. Muriel gets fed up with his constant donations and overall simplicity and throws him out of their apartment and that same evening, Yvonne leaves her apartment after Eddie shows up and threatens to stay until he gets $50,000 from her. Quite innocently, she and Charlie run into each other at the Plaza Hotel and, unintentionally, during divorce proceedings between Muriel and Charlie, she demands all the money that he won for herself. He doesnt mind giving his share of it but she wants the amount he gave Yvonne. The jury decides in her favor, Yvonne, feeling guilty at costing him all his money, runs out in tears and tries to keep away from him. But he, by now hopelessly in love with her, finds her at the diner and tells her that the money means nothing to him, and they declare their love for each other. While ruminating about their future at the diner and considering a move to Buffalo, they graciously provide a hungry and poor customer with some soup
19.
Stephen King
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Stephen Edwin King is an American author of horror, supernatural fiction, suspense, science fiction, and fantasy. His books have more than 350 million copies, many of which have been adapted into feature films, miniseries, television shows. King has published 54 novels, including seven under the pen name Richard Bachman and he has written nearly 200 short stories, most of which have been collected in book collections. Many of his stories are set in his state of Maine. His novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption was the basis for the movie The Shawshank Redemption which is regarded as one of the greatest films of all time. King has received Bram Stoker Awards, World Fantasy Awards, and his novella The Way Station was a Nebula Award novelette nominee. In 2003, the National Book Foundation awarded him the Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters and his short story The Man in the Black Suit received the O. Henry Award. In 2015, King was awarded with a National Medal of Arts from the United States National Endowment for the Arts for his contributions to literature, King was born September 21,1947, in Portland, Maine. His father, Donald Edwin King, was born circa 1913 in Peru, Indiana, when Donald was born, his surname was Pollock, but as an adult, he used the surname King. Kings mother, Nellie Ruth, was born in Scarborough, Maine, Donald and Nellie were married July 23,1939, in Cumberland County, Maine. The family moved to De Pere, Wisconsin, Fort Wayne, Indiana, when King was 11, the family returned to Durham, Maine, where his mother cared for her parents until their deaths. She then became a caregiver in a residential facility for the mentally challenged. King was raised Methodist and remains religious as an adult, as a child, King apparently witnessed one of his friends being struck and killed by a train, though he has no memory of the event. His family told him that leaving home to play with the boy, King returned, speechless. Only later did the family learn of the friends death, some commentators have suggested that this event may have psychologically inspired some of Kings darker works, but King makes no mention of it in his memoir On Writing. King related in detail his primary inspiration for writing fiction in his non-fiction Danse Macabre. King compares his uncles successfully dowsing for water using the bough of a branch with the sudden realization of what he wanted to do for a living. King told Barnes & Noble Studios during a 2009 interview, I knew that Id found home when I read that book, King attended Durham Elementary School and graduated from Lisbon Falls High School, in Lisbon Falls, Maine
20.
Rose Red (miniseries)
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Rose Red is a television miniseries scripted by horror novelist Stephen King. The series was premiered in the United States on ABC on January 27,2002, the story centers on a mysteriously haunted Seattle mansion named Rose Red. Due to its history of supernatural events and unexplained tragedies, the house is investigated by parapsychologist Dr. Joyce Reardon. Dr. Reardons team awakens the spirit possessing the house, leading to several deaths. According to information revealed at various points in the miniseries, and Ellens diary, Rose Red was built in 1906 by wealthy oilman John Rimbauer as a gift for his young wife. Rimbauer used much of his wealth to build the mansion, which was in the Tudor-Gothic style, the house was rumored to be cursed even as it was being constructed, three construction workers were killed on the site, and a construction foreman was murdered by a co-worker. While honeymooning in Africa, Ellen Rimbauer fell ill and made the acquaintance of Sukeena, the two women became very close while Sukeena nursed Ellen back to health, and Sukeena accompanied the Rimbauers back to the newly completed Rose Red to work there full-time as a servant. The Rimbauers soon had two children, Adam and April, but Ellen quickly became unhappy with her marriage to her philandering and neglectful, after a spiritualist seance, Ellen came to believe that if she continued to build and expand the house, she would never die. Bizarre deaths and unresolved disappearances became more commonplace at the house throughout the years, six-year-old April also vanished while playing in the kitchen, never to be seen or heard from again. Sukeena, who was babysitting April, was the last person to see her alive and was tortured mercilessly by the police after being suspected of Aprils murder. During Aprils disappearance eight-year-old Adam was sent off to boarding school. John Rimbauer committed suicide without warning by throwing himself from an upper stained-glass window, Ellen used nearly all of her dead husbands fortune to continually add to the home over the next several decades, enlarging it significantly. The mysterious disappearances continued to occur, an actress and dear friend of Ellen. By the 1950s, both Ellen Rimbauer and Sukeena eventually disappeared in Rose Red, for several years after Ellens disappearance, only servants occupied Rose Red but eventually all left one by one out of fear. Adam Rimbauer, who inherited the house, lived there for a time with his wife. These tours ceased in 1972, after a participant disappeared while on a tour of the mansion. Investigations for paranormal phenomena were conducted on the property in the 1960s and 1970s, but these also ended, and the house fell into disrepair. The miniseries begins in the year 2001, Steven Rimbauer, the great grandson of John and Ellen Rimbauer, has inherited Rose Red
21.
Cold Mountain (film)
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Cold Mountain is a 2003 American epic war drama film written and directed by Anthony Minghella. The film is based on the novel of the same name by Charles Frazier. The film tells the story of a deserter from the Confederate army close to the end of the American Civil War. Cold Mountain opened to reviews from critics and won several major awards. Renée Zellweger won the Academy Award, BAFTA Award, Golden Globe Award and it was also a success at the box office and became a sleeper hit grossing more than double its budget worldwide. The film makes numerous allusions to Homers The Odyssey, when North Carolina secedes from the Union on May 20,1861, the young men of a rural North Carolina town on Cold Mountain hurry to enlist in the Confederate States Army. Inman, a carpenter who has fallen in love with Ada, a preachers daughter, three years later, Inman finds himself at the Battle of the Crater. Union soldiers tunnel beneath Confederate fortifications and detonate kegs of gunpowder prior to an attack against the rebels. Oakley, Inmans acquaintance from Cold Mountain, is seriously wounded, Inman gets him to a field hospital, where Oakley dies with Inman beside him and friend Stobrod Thewes playing him a song on his fiddle. Inman and his Cherokee friend Swimmer are sent, with other Cold Mountain men, during the raid, friendly fire kills Swimmer and seriously wounds Inman. As Inman lies in the hospital near death, he reads a letter from Ada in which she pleads him to stop fighting, stop marching. Inman recovers, and–with the war drawing closer to an inevitable Confederate defeat–deserts to return to Cold Mountain. Inman meets the corrupt preacher Reverend A. Veasey, who is about to drown his pregnant slave lover, Inman stops Veasey and leaves him tied up to face the towns justice. Exiled from his parish, Veasey later joins Inman on his journey and they help a young man named Junior butcher his cow, and join him and his family for dinner. When Junior goes out to his trapline, the women in his family seduce Veasey and it is a ploy, as Junior soon returns with the Confederate Home Guard, and both Inman and Veasey are led away with other deserters. During a skirmish with Union cavalry, Veasey is killed and Inman left for dead, an elderly hermit living in the woods finds him and nurses him back to health. Inman meets a young widow named Sara, who is raising her infant child Ethan alone. The next morning, a party of Union foragers arrive demanding food, Sara orders Inman away for his protection, but he hides close by
22.
The Alamo (2004 film)
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The Alamo is a 2004 American war film about the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas Revolution. The screenplay is credited to Hancock, John Sayles, Stephen Gaghan, in contrast to the earlier 1960 film of the same name, the 2004 film attempts to depict the political points of view of both the Mexican and Texan sides, Santa Anna is a more prominent character. The film received mixed reviews by critics and was a massive box-office flop, the film then flashes back to a year earlier. Sam Houston attends a party where he tries to persuade people to migrate to Texas and he meets with David Crockett, recently defeated for reelection to Congress. Houston explains to Crockett that as an immigrant to Texas, Crockett will receive 640 acres of his own choosing, Crockett, with a grin, pointedly asks Houston whether this new republic is going to need a president. The Opposition Party seeks to rebuild the Texan army and establish a permanent government to be recognized by other nations of the world, the provisional government votes out Sam Houston as commander of the Texas army. While having drinks with Jim Bowie later, the disgusted Houston tells Bowie to go to San Antonio, William Barret Travis is also in San Felipe, reporting for duty. His character is established as a man who seeks respect as a uniformed military officer. Interlaced scenes show him granting his wife a divorce, and seeking to begin a new life in Texas, the Texas provisional government orders him to take command of the Alamo. There he meets Col. James Neill, who informs him that Travis will be in command of the Texas Army regulars while Neil is away on leave. Travis is alarmed that the Alamos small force cannot withstand the Mexican Army which is rumored to have thousands of foot soldiers, again he sends a rider to deliver his plea for reinforcements. As small groups of Texans arrive, Travis oversees defence preparations, Crockett arrives in San Antonio, where he tells a crowd, I told them folks youall can go to hell, Im going to Texas. Santa Anna soon arrives in San Antonio, much to the surprise of the Texan fighters, the Texans retire to the Alamo compound despite its vulnerability, and begin fortifying it as best they can. Amid the chaos Travis writes letters asking for reinforcements, only a couple dozen men arrive to join them. Santa Annas army surrounds the Alamo compound and the siege begins and this virtually ends the chance to forestall the Mexican attack and Bowie returns to tell Travis that Santa Anna has offered surrender at discretion. Travis offers all within the Alamo an opportunity to leave, almost to a man the defenders decide to stay and fight to the end. At least one remains, Mrs. Susanna Dickinson, whose husband. Bowie becomes debilitatingly ill and is bedridden in one of the buildings, for the next several nights the Mexican Army band serenades the Texans with the Degüello, followed by an artillery bombardment of the surrounded compound
23.
Glory Road (film)
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Glory Road is a 2006 American sports drama film directed by James Gartner, based on a true story surrounding the events leading to the 1966 NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Championship. Don Haskins portrayed by Josh Lucas, head coach of Texas Western College, coached a team with a starting lineup. Glory Road explores racism, discrimination, and student athletics, supporting actors Jon Voight and Derek Luke also star in principal roles. The film was a co-production between the motion picture studios of Walt Disney Pictures, Jerry Bruckheimer Films, Texas Western Productions and it was commercially distributed by Buena Vista Pictures theatrically and by the Buena Vista Home Entertainment division for the video rental market. It premiered in theaters nationwide in the United States on January 13,2006, Glory Road was nominated for a number of awards including the Humanitas Prize, the film won the 2006 ESPY Award for Best Sports Movie. The film presently holds a 55% score on Rotten Tomatoes and a rating of mixed or average from Metacritic, on January 10,2006, the original motion picture soundtrack was released by the Hollywood Records music label. The soundtrack was composed and orchestrated by musician Trevor Rabin, newly appointed mens basketball coach Don Haskins gets a new job at Texas Western College in El Paso. Lacking necessary financial resources, he makes an effort to recruit the best players regardless of race to form a team that can compete for a national championship. Some of the men he brings in possess skill, but are raw in talent when it comes to organized teamwork focusing on defense. In the end, his Texas Western Miners team comprises seven black and five white athletes, following initial victories against mediocre local teams, Haskins quickly discovers that he has to give his black players more free room on the court. Yet, the more victories his team achieves with its flamboyant style, up until this point rarely seen in college basketball, the more racial hatred mounts on his squad. This culminates in threats to his own family, the beating of a player while on the road, increasingly frightened, the team loses its last game of the regular season after the black players stop playing with passion. Thus, the Texas Western Miners finish the 1965-66 regular season with a 23–1 record, going on to the NCAA final, played at College Park, Maryland, they take on the top-ranked University of Kentucky under legendary coach, Adolph Rupp. Rupp, with a well-organized and better experienced all-white Wildcats squad firmly believes that his opponent stands no chance. In a close game, the Miners narrowly lead at halftime, the film ends with the players exiting the plane that brought them back to El Paso to the greeting of a raucous crowd. Josh Lucas as Don Haskins Derek Luke as Bobby Joe Hill Austin Nichols as Jerry Armstrong Jon Voight as Adolph Rupp Evan Jones as Moe Iba Schin A. S, the book details Haskins early life as a player and womens basketball coach. Like the film, it focuses on the 1966 Texas Western mens basketball team. It was reprinted five times in its first four months of release and was selected as an Editors Choice by the New York Times Book Review
24.
Interview (magazine)
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Interview is an American magazine founded in late 1969 by artist Andy Warhol and British journalist John Wilcock. The magazine, nicknamed The Crystal Ball of Pop, features conversations between some of the worlds biggest celebrities, artists, musicians, and creative thinkers. Interviews are usually unedited or edited in the fashion of Warhols books and The Philosophy of Andy Warhol, From A to B. In the early days, complimentary copies of Interview were often given away to the in-crowd, toward the end of his life, as Warhol withdrew from everyday oversight of his magazine, a more conventional editorial style was introduced under editor Bob Colacello. The creative covers of Interview which gave the magazine its signature style were done by artist Richard Bernstein from 1972, the magazines format has remained consistent at 60% features and 40% glossy advertising. It has been published by Brant Publications, Inc since shortly after Warhols death in 1987, for a year and a half the magazine was in flux, edited by Christopher Bollen. Interview relaunched under co-editorial directors Fabien Baron and Glenn OBrien in September 2008, Stephen Mooallem and Christopher Bollen served as the working editor-in-chief and editor-at-large, respectively. The publications content can be online and via an app, Other Edition. As of 2017, Fabien Baron is editorial director, Karl Templer is creative director, in December 2013, Stephen Mooallem left Interview to join Harper’s Bazaar as its executive editor. Keith Pollock served as editor-in-chief from 2014 to 2016, the magazine is featured in The CWs television series The Carrie Diaries, a prequel to HBOs Sex and the City. The protagonist, played by actress AnnaSophia Robb, vicariously explores New York City through the fashion editor of Interview
25.
David Boreanaz
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Boreanaz was born on May 16,1969 in Buffalo, New York, where his father, Dave Roberts, was working as a weather forecaster and childrens show host as Dave Thomas, for ABC affiliate WKBW-TV. His mother, Patti Boreanaz, was a travel agent and he has two older sisters, Bo and Beth. He is of Italian descent on his fathers side and his mother is of half Slovakian and part Irish, German, French, and Swiss descent. When Boreanaz was seven years old, the moved to the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, area after his father took a job at WPVI-TV. Boreanaz was raised Catholic and attended Rosemont School of the Holy Child at Rosemont, Pennsylvania and then high school at Malvern Preparatory School in Malvern and he graduated from Ithaca College in Ithaca, New York in 1991 with a degree in cinema and photography. While in high school he was an athlete and played on the school football team. Boreanaz moved to Los Angeles with a degree in film making, Boreanaz slept on a couch which he shared at his sisters place, visiting film sets and doing production assistant work, in order to learn more about the industry he hoped to be more involved with. He was an extra in the 1993 movie, Aspen Extreme as a fan waving at skiers. Boreanazs first paid acting appearance was a 1993 guest spot on the American sitcom, with Children, as Kellys unfaithful biker boyfriend, who gets pummeled by her father, Al. He was cast in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, after being suggested for the role to Marti Noxon by one of Boreanazs neighbors, after walking his dog past their house. He appeared on Buffy from 1997 to 1999, at which point he began starring in Angel and he also appeared in the film Macabre Pair of Shorts where ironically he plays a Vampires victim. Boreanazs only starring role in a theatrical film was in 2001s slasher horror film, Valentine, alongside Denise Richards. In 2002, he had a role in a Lifetime television movie titled Im with Lucy. He was also to appear in the 2002 film Resident Evil as the main character, but turned down the role. In 2003, he appeared in the video for singer Didos hit single White Flag, and was the voice of Leon in the video game Kingdom Hearts. In 2005, Boreanaz began starring opposite Emily Deschanel on the current prime time series, Bones. He has also starred in the independent films Mr. Fix It and Suffering Mans Charity, as well as the direct-to-DVD sequel The Crow, in 2006, he starred in another DVD release, The Hard Easy, which also starred Steve Buscemi, Vera Farmiga and Nick Lachey. In that same year, he also voiced Hal Jordan in the direct to video DC Comics animated feature Justice League, The New Frontier
26.
Seeley Booth
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Seeley Joseph Booth is a fictional character in the US television series Bones, portrayed by David Boreanaz. Agent Booth is a co-protagonist of the series with his wife Dr. Temperance Brennan, the character made an appearance in the Sleepy Hollow episode Dead Men Tell No Tales as part of a two-part Halloween cross-over with Bones. Booth is from Philadelphia but was raised in Pittsburgh, during many episodes he is seen drinking from a Pittsburgh Steelers coffee mug, suggesting he is also a fan of that football team. In his apartment Booth has a Pittsburgh Penguins hockey jersey of Mario Lemieux, Brennan how he attended game 6 of the 1980 World Series with his father, describing it as the best day of life. Little is known about his years, though it has been implied that he went through the public school system. He has been an athlete and sports fan since his high school days. His home and office walls are adorned with various sports including a signed picture of Bruins player Bobby Orr. Booth is the older of two boys and has a younger brother Jared and their father flew Thuds and Phantoms in Vietnam and moved to Philadelphia where he worked as a barber and eventually started a family. After his death, Booth found a Purple Heart medal among his possessions, indicating he was shot down. Their mother Marianne was a dancer and composed jingles for television advertisements, for the first three seasons, details on Booths family background were generally sketchy as he rarely mentioned his family members. He is still discussing his childhood and becomes especially defensive when asked about it. In Season 8 Booth bluntly tells Brennan that he grew up in a household of violence and hatred, when his younger brother Jared is first introduced, it becomes apparent that Booth was estranged from his family. Their father was an alcoholic, this was reinforced by the fact that Booth is able to almost instantly recognize suspects with a drinking problem even when they are sober. Booth used to protect Jared from their father when he became violent, one of Booths deepest fears and insecurities is that he would become like his father, which continues to trouble him to this day. It is implied that their mother was also subjected to abuse by their father as she mentioned to Brennan that she was thrown down a flight of stairs by her ex-husband. Eventually she left the family out of desperation, in the Season 8 episode The Party in the Pants, she contacts Booth for the first time in over two decades to invite him to her wedding. The boys were essentially singlehandedly raised by their paternal grandfather Hank, Hank had stumbled upon his son abusing Seeley and drove him out of the house. He calls Booth Shrimp as Seeley was a child then
27.
Forensic anthropology
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Forensic anthropology is the application of the anatomical science of anthropology and its various subfields, including forensic archaeology and forensic taphonomy, in a legal setting. A forensic anthropologist can assist in the identification of deceased individuals whose remains are decomposed, burned, mutilated or otherwise unrecognizable, Forensic anthropologists are also instrumental to the investigation and documentation of genocide and mass graves. Along with forensic pathologists, forensic dentists, and homicide investigators, using physical markers present on a skeleton, a forensic anthropologist can potentially determine a victims age, sex, stature, and ancestry. The methods used to identity a person from a skeleton relies on the past contributions of various anthropologists, through the collection of thousands of specimens and the analysis of differences within a population, estimations can be made based on physical characteristics. Through these, a set of remains can potentially be identified, today, forensic anthropology is a well established discipline within the forensic field. Anthropologists are called upon to investigate remains and to identify individuals from bones when other physical characteristics which could be used to identify a body no longer exist. Forensic anthropologists work in conjunction with forensic pathologists to identify remains based on their skeletal characteristics, in addition to these duties, forensic anthropologists often assist in the investigation of war crimes and mass fatality investigations. Anthropologists have also helped victims of genocide in countries around the world. War crimes anthropologists have helped investigate include the Rwandan Genocide and the Srebrenica Genocide, the use of anthropology in the forensic investigation of remains grew out of the recognition of anthropology as a distinct scientific discipline and the growth of physical anthropology. The field of anthropology began in the United States and struggled to obtain recognition as a legitimate science during the years of the twentieth century. Earnest Hooton pioneered the field of anthropology and became the first physical anthropologist to hold a full-time teaching position in the United States. He was a committee member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists along with its founder Aleš Hrdlička. Hootons students created some of the first doctoral programs in physical anthropology during the early 20th century, in addition to physical anthropology, Hooton was a proponent of criminal anthropology. Now considered a pseudoscience, criminal anthropologists believed that phrenology and physiognomy could link a persons behavior to specific physical characteristics, the use of criminal anthropology to try to explain certain criminal behaviors arose out of the eugenics movement, popular at the time. The study of information helped shape anthropologists understanding of the human skeleton. Another prominent early anthropologist, Thomas Wingate Todd, was responsible for the creation of the first large collection of human skeletons in 1912. In total, Todd acquired 3,300 human skulls and skeletons,600 anthropoid skulls and skeletons, todds contributions to the field of anthropology remain in use in the modern era and include various studies regarding suture closures on the skull and timing of teeth eruption in the mandible. Todd also developed age estimates based on characteristics of the pubic symphysis
28.
Kathy Reichs
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Kathleen Joan Toelle Kathy Reichs is an American crime writer, forensic anthropologist and academic. She is a professor of anthropology at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte. She is also affiliated with the Laboratoire des Sciences Judiciaires et de Médecine Légale for the province of Quebec and she is one of the eighty-two forensic anthropologists certified by the American Board of Forensic Anthropology and is on the Board of Directors of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Her schedule also involves a number of speaking engagements around the world, Reichs has been a producer for the TV series Bones, which is loosely based on her novels, which in turn, are inspired by her life. She has two daughters, Kerry and Courtney, and one son, Brendan, Reichs earned her Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in anthropology from American University in 1971. In 1972, she completed her Master of Arts in physical anthropology from Northwestern University, in the past, Kathy Reichs has consulted for the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in North Carolina. Reichs has appeared in Tanzania to testify at the United Nationss International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and she has assisted Dr. Clyde Snow and the Foundation for Guatemalan Forensic Anthropology in an exhumation in the area of Lake Atitlan in the highlands of southwest Guatemala. She was a member of the Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team assigned to assist at the World Trade Center disaster, quantified comparison of frontal sinus patterns by means of computed tomography. Effect of age and osteoarthritis on bone mineral in rhesus monkey vertebrae, Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, the American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. Treponematosis, a case from the late prehistoric of North Carolina. Cranial suture eccentricities, a case in which precocious closure complicated determination of sex, ontogenetic plasticity in nonhuman primates, I. Secular trends in the Cayo Santiago macaques, Forensic Osteology, Advances in the Identification of Human Remains. Reichs, Kathy, ed. Hominid Origins, Inquiries Past, in addition to technical books, Reichs has written 19 novels to date, which have been translated into 30 languages. Her first novel, Déjà Dead, won the 1997 Arthur Ellis Award for Best First Novel, the fictional heroine in her novels, Temperance Tempe Brennan, is also a forensic anthropologist. A good portion of the novels are based on life science. She has used experience from her career in her novels, and said about Déjà Dead that Everything I describe in the book, in the novel Grave Secrets, she uses her experience from her visit to Guatemala. She has also written the young adult novels series named Virals centered on Tempes great-niece, Tory Brennan, and a pack of her friends Ben, Hiram, Shelton, and wolfdog Cooper
29.
Hart Hanson
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Hart Hanson is an American-born television writer and producer. His family moved to Canada when he was a child and he received a B. A. from the University of Toronto and a MFA from the University of British Columbia, where he taught briefly. He is the creator, executive producer, and writer of the TV series Bones, in February 2013, Entertainment Weekly reported that Hanson would be writing about an overweight, offensive cop on FOXs television show, Backstrom. Executive producer Backstrom, Creator, writer, executive producer Hanson has won 4 Gemini Awards and he was awarded Austin Film Festivals Outstanding Television Award in 2011. Hart Hanson at the Internet Movie Database Hart Hansons Twitter feed
30.
Genesis Awards
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Presented by the HSUS Hollywood Outreach program, the awards show takes place every March in California. The awards have honored such well-known personalities as Aaron Sorkin, Anderson Cooper, Peter Gabriel, Ellen DeGeneres, Jane Goodall, Michael Jackson, David E. The Genesis Awards were founded as an event in 1986 by the Broadway actress. Wyler believed that members of the media encouraged them to spotlight more animal issues, thus increasing public awareness. The first event, a luncheon, drew 140 attendees, in 1991, Wyler founded the Ark Trust, Inc. to present the Genesis Awards. Dr. Michael A. Giannelli served as the Founding Executive Director from 1991 through 1997, in 1990, it became a television special airing first on the Discovery Channel and then on Animal Planet. In August 2002, the Ark Trust joined with the Humane Society of the United States, Wyler, as Vice President of HSUS Hollywood, continued her role as Chair of the event and Executive Producer of the Genesis Awards television special until her retirement in 2006. Beginning with the first ceremony in 1986, Genesis Awards entries have been submitted by members of the public as well as by media professionals, categories span television, film, print, radio, music, and the arts. The Genesis Awards Committee - via a process of submission, nomination, candidate selection, debate, the 13 committee members are selected based on their personal histories in working for animal causes. The members include people from various organizations and diverse walks of life. The Genesis Awards is the event of its kind honoring the entertainment industry. Celebrating the power of the news and entertainment media to shape and change societal attitudes for the good, Genesis Awards acknowledge outstanding works in TV, film, print, the Genesis Awards is taped for broadcast. The awards ceremony has held at both the Beverly Hilton Hotel in Beverly Hills and the Century Plaza Hotel in Century City. Through the years it has aired on the Discovery Channel, American Life Network, sponsors for the Genesis Awards have included Warner Bros. Gardein, One Car One Difference, Honda, Bank of America, HBO, Market Development Group Incorporated, - Best Feature Film - Family The Corporation - Best Documentary Feature 8 Simple Rules, Finale, Part Deux - Sid Caesar Comedy Award Huff, Is She Dead
31.
Alyson Hannigan
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Alyson Lee Hannigan is an American actress. Hannigan was born in Washington, DC, the child of Emilie Haas, a real estate agent, and Al Hannigan. Her father is of Irish ancestry and her mother is Jewish and her parents divorced when she was two, and she was raised mostly by her mother in Atlanta, Georgia. At age four, Hannigan began appearing in commercials and she moved to Hollywood at age 11. Living with her mother and attending North Hollywood High School, she auditioned for agents while visiting her father in Santa Barbara. After attending North Hollywood High School, she attended California State University, Northridge, then in 1989, her first regular role on a TV series came when she was cast in the short-lived ABC sitcom Free Spirit. As a teenager, Hannigan babysat for the children of her future How I Met Your Mother costar, in 1997, Hannigan was cast to play Willow Rosenberg, Buffy Summers best friend, on the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer. She also had a guest spot on the Buffy spin-off, Angel, reprising her role of Willow in a few episodes, but none after Buffy finished production. In early 2004, Hannigan made her West End debut, starring in an adaptation of When Harry Met Sally. at the Theatre Royal Haymarket. In February 2006, Hannigan starred as Julia Jones in Date Movie and she was also a guest star on the ABC animated sitcom The Goode Family in 2009. In 2012, Hannigan reprised the role of Michelle in American Reunion, since 2016, Hannigan has hosted the television series Penn & Teller, Fool Us. Hannigan married her Buffy the Vampire Slayer recurring co-star Alexis Denisof at Two Bunch Palms Resort in Desert Hot Springs, California, the couple have two daughters, Satyana Marie Denisof, born on March 24,2009 and Keeva Jane Denisof, born May 23,2012. Alyson and Alexis live with their two daughters in Encino, Alyson Hannigan at the Internet Movie Database Alyson Hannigan on Twitter
32.
Jaime King
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Jaime King is an American actress and model. A successful model, King was discovered at age 14 in 1993 and appeared in Vogue, Mademoiselle and Harpers Bazaar, from 1998, she moved into acting, taking small film roles. Her first major role was in Pearl Harbor and her first starring role was in Bulletproof Monk. She has since appeared as a lead in films, such as Sin City and My Bloody Valentine 3D and, from 2011 to 2015. She also voiced the role of Aurra Sing on Star Wars, King was born in the suburbs of Omaha, Nebraska, the daughter of Nancy King, a former beauty queen, and Robert King. She has an older sister Sandi, a younger sister Barry, King was named after Lindsay Wagners character, Jaime Sommers, on the 1970s television series The Bionic Woman. King had attended Nancy Bounds Studios, a school. She later enrolled in a program run by the University of Nebraska. She was discovered in November 1993, at age fourteen, while attending Nancy Bounds Studios, after being spotted at her graduation fashion show by model agent Michael Flutie, King was invited to New York City to begin modeling professionally. She joined Company Management, which already represented Jaime Rishar, an established model. To avoid confusion, King opted to use her childhood nickname, James, for the duration of her career and later. Much of fall and spring 1994 were spent commuting between Omaha and New York, King had a successful early career as a fashion model, and by age fifteen she had been featured in the fashion magazines Vogue, Mademoiselle, Allure, and Seventeen. At sixteen, King had graced the pages of Glamour and Harpers Bazaar and she was featured in the cover story of the New York Times Magazine published on February 4,1996 and had walked the runway for Chanel and Christian Dior. In 1998, she began co-hosting MTVs fashion series, House of Style, despite her success, King noted that she remember the times where I was so alone and thought she was never gonna be able to be a kid. In 2004, King, along with Halle Berry, Julianne Moore, the advertisements were featured in print, television, theatrical, outdoor and Internet venues, banking on their spokeswomens collective star power to sell the cosmetics products. In 2006, King was chosen by Rocawear CEO Jay-Z to become the new face of the line, in 1999, King began her acting career and made her debut in the Daniel Waters comedy Happy Campers, as Pixel. Happy Campers was screened at the Sundance Film Festival in 2001, filmed in 1999, she also appeared in Filters music video for Take a Picture. Following her debut acting roles, King appeared briefly in the film Blow, portraying the adult Kristina Jung, King made her first appearance in a large Hollywood production with her role as the seventeen-year-old nurse, Betty, in the World War II epic romance Pearl Harbor
33.
Minka Kelly
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Minka Dumont Kelly is an American actress. She is most known for her roles in the TV series Friday Night Lights, Parenthood and she is also known for her role in The Roommate. She appeared in the 2013 film The Butler as Jackie Kennedy, Kelly was born in Los Angeles, California. She is the child of former Aerosmith guitarist Rick Dufay and the late Maureen Dumont Kelly. Kelly and her mother moved to various communities before settling in Chicago by the time Kelly was in high school. She has French and Irish ancestry, after graduating from Valley High School in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Kelly returned to Los Angeles. She ultimately decided against the procedure, leading to her being fired and that exposure to the medical field prompted her to attend school for a year to become a surgeons assistant, afterward, she worked as a scrub technician. During the four years she spent in that vocation she continued auditioning for film, in 2003, Kelly made her acting debut as an extra in the short film The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious, a six-minute introduction to the action film 2 Fast 2 Furious. This was followed by a guest appearance on Cracking Up and she has since appeared in a number of television shows such as Entourage, Drake & Josh and American Dreams. In 2005, Kelly landed a recurring role on The WB comedy series What I Like About You. In April 2006, Kelly was cast as a regular on the NBC drama Friday Night Lights. The show, based on the school football movie of the same name. Kelly played the role of school student and cheerleader Lyla Garrity. In preparation for her role as a cheerleader she trained with the Pflugerville High School cheerleading squad, the series premiered on October 3,2006, with Kelly receiving praise for her performance with The New York Times calling her performance heartbreaking. At the end of the third season Kelly left the series as her character left for college. In 2006, Kelly starred in the slasher film The Pumpkin Karver. In 2007, she reunited with Friday Night Lights creator Peter Berg in the film The Kingdom in a role as Ms. Ross alongside Jamie Foxx. In 2009, she made a cameo in the film,500 Days of Summer
34.
Katharine McPhee
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Katharine Hope McPhee is an American actress, singer and songwriter. She gained fame in May 2006 as the runner-up on the season of American Idol. Her self-titled debut album was released on RCA Records on January 30,2007, the albums first single, Over It, was a Pop Top 30 hit and was certified gold in 2008. Her second album, Unbroken, was released on Verve Forecast Records on January 5,2010, the album featured the single Had It All, which peaked at No.22 on the AC chart. It has sold 45,000 copies as of January 2011 and her third album, the holiday-themed Christmas Is the Time to Say I Love You, was released on October 12,2010. The album debuted at eleven on the Billboard Top Holiday Albums chart while the single Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas peaked at number sixteen on the Billboard AC chart. As of January 2011, this album has sold 23,000 copies, McPhee released her fourth album, Hysteria, on September 18,2015. McPhee has also established a career, co-starring in The House Bunny. She has played Karen Cartwright, one of the roles on Smash. Since September 2014, she has starred in Scorpion as Paige Dineen, McPhee was born in Los Angeles, California. Her father, Daniel McPhee, is a television producer and her mother, Peisha McPhee, has been a vocal coach on American Idol since 2011. The family moved to the Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles when she was 12 years old, Peisha McPhee recognized her daughters musical talent and decided to train her. McPhees older sister, Adriana, has been a coach on American Idol since 2012. McPhee is of Irish, Scottish, and German descent, McPhee attended Notre Dame High School in Sherman Oaks, where she performed in school plays and musicals. She attended Boston Conservatory for three semesters, majoring in Musical Theatre and she left college before graduation on the advice of her manager and returned to Los Angeles to try out for television pilots. McPhee was cast in a mall-based MTV soap opera pilot, You Are Here, MTV never aired the pilot and did not pick up the series. In March 2005, McPhee starred as Annie Oakley in a Cabrillo Music Theater production of the musical Annie Get Your Gun, McPhee was nominated for a Los Angeles Stage Ovation Award in the category of Lead Actress in a Musical. McPhee had a role as Paramount Girl in the 2007 musical film Crazy
35.
Funny or Die
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Funny or Die is a comedy video website and film/TV production company founded by Will Ferrell, Adam McKay and Chris Henchy. The production company makes TV shows like truTVs Billy on the Street, Comedy Centrals @midnight, many videos on the site feature well-known actors. Michael Kvamme, a young comedian, came up with a concept for a new kind of comedy site. Funny Or Die launched on April 12,2007 with the sites first video, the Landlord has received over 84 million views and features Ferrell confronted by a swearing, beer-drinking two-year-old landlord. In June 2007, they received venture funding from Sequoia Capital. The video then gets a score of the percent of people who voted the video Funny. If the video receives an 80% or greater Funny rating after 100,000 views, if the video receives a 20% or less Funny rating after 1,000 views, it is relegated to the Crypt section of the site. The Funny Or Die staff can also select a rating of Chosen One, Funny Or Die expanded to include a television and film production company in 2011. Between Two Ferns with Zach Galifianakis is an Emmy Award-winning comedy series featured on Funny Or Die, Galifianakis interviews various celebrities on a low budget set, decorated by a pair of potted ferns. The series often involves interruptions for product promotions and musical guests, the Lonely Island’s Spring Break Anthem music video was embedded into an episode with James Franco and featured actor Edward Norton. Galifianakis has interviewed the likes of Brad Pitt, Justin Bieber, Jennifer Lawrence, Samuel L. Jackson, Richard Branson, Galifianakis interviewed President Barack Obama during the launch of the United States health insurance exchange website www. Healthcare. gov. The video was released on March 11,2014 and garnered over 32 million views, Funny Or Die’s Billy on the Street is a half hour comedy game show hosted by Billy Eichner. The show’s producers include Anna Wenger, Mike Farah and Billy Eichner, Billy on the Street premiered on Fuse TV on December 18,2011. On October 8,2015 the show airing on tru TV. Eichner quizzes people on the streets of New York on pop culture in exchange for cash, many episodes feature a special guest and celebrities Lindsay Lohan, Anne Hathaway, Neil Patrick Harris, and Olivia Wilde have made appearances on the show. In 2013, Eichner received a Daytime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Game Show Host, the series wrapped its third season on May 14,2014. Drunk History is a series on Comedy Central that was released on Funny Or Die in December 2007. The show originated as a web series created by Derek Waters, the show features a drunken narrator who attempts to recount an event from American history
36.
Veganism
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Veganism is both the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. A follower of either the diet or the philosophy is known as a vegan, distinctions are sometimes made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans refrain from consuming animal products, not only meat but also eggs, dairy products and other animal-derived substances. The term ethical vegan is often applied to those who not only follow a diet but extend the philosophy into other areas of their lives. Donald Watson coined the term vegan in 1944 when he co-founded the Vegan Society in England, at first he used it to mean non-dairy vegetarian, but from 1951 the society defined it as the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals. Interest in veganism increased in the 2010s, more vegan stores opened, and vegan options became increasingly available in supermarkets and restaurants in many countries. Well-planned vegan diets can reduce the risk of some types of chronic disease and they are regarded as appropriate for all stages of the life-cycle by the American Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. The German Society for Nutrition cautions against vegan diets for children, because uncontaminated plant foods do not provide vitamin B12, researchers agree that vegans should eat B12-fortified foods or take a supplement. The origin of the English term vegetarian is unknown, the earliest known use is attributed to the actress Fanny Kemble, writing around 1839 in Georgia in the United States. The practice can be traced to Indus valley civilization in 3300 -1300 BCE Ancient India, the earliest known vegan was the Arab poet Al-Maʿarri. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century England and the United States, a minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. Lambe called animal food an habitual irritation, and argued that ilk eating and flesh eating are but branches of a common system, and they must stand or fall together. Sylvester Grahams meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, several vegan communities were established around this time. In 1843 members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food, led by Sophia Chichester, Alcott House also helped to establish the British Vegetarian Society, which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent. Belongs to the more moderate division. The first known vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldons No Animal Food, the consumption of milk and eggs became a battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger, it appears from the pages that many opponents of veganism came from within the vegetarian community. This lent support to the position, although Gandhi himself drank goats milk
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Animal rights
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They maintain that animals should no longer be viewed as property or used as food, clothing, research subjects, entertainment, or beasts of burden. Advocates approach the issue from a variety of perspectives, the abolitionist view is that animals have moral rights, which the pursuit of incremental reform may undermine by encouraging human beings to feel comfortable with using them. Gary Franciones abolitionist position promotes ethical veganism and he argues that animal rights groups that pursue welfare concerns, such as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, risk making the public feel comfortable about its use of animals. He calls such groups the new welfarists, PETA argues that Franciones criticism does little to help alleviate the suffering of individual animals and also trivializes the efforts of workers in the field who handle cruelty cases. It also creates divisiveness within the animal liberation movement instead of focusing on shared goals, sentiocentrism is the theory that sentient individuals are the subject of moral concern and therefore are deserving of rights. Protectionists seek incremental reform in how animals are treated, with a view to ending animal use entirely and this position is represented by the philosopher Peter Singer. Multiple cultural traditions around the world—such as Animism, Taoism, Hinduism, Buddhism, the animals most often considered in arguments for personhood are bonobos and chimpanzees. S. Congress with the enactment of the Animal Enterprise Protection Act, Aristotle argued that animals lacked reason, and placed humans at the top of the natural world, yet the respect for animals in ancient Greece was very high. Some animals were considered divine e. g. dolphins, the 21st-century debates about animals can be traced back to the ancient world, and the idea of a divine hierarchy. Dominion need not entail property rights, but it has been interpreted, by some, contemporary philosopher Bernard Rollin writes that dominion does not entail or allow abuse any more than does dominion a parent enjoys over a child. Rollin further states that the Biblical Sabbath requirement promulgated in the Ten Commandments required that animals be granted a day of rest along with humans, correlatively, the Bible forbids plowing with an ox and an ass together. According to the tradition, this prohibition stems from the hardship that an ass would suffer by being compelled to keep up with an ox. Similarly, one finds the prohibition against muzzling an ox when it treads out the grain and these ancient regulations, virtually forgotten, bespeak of an eloquent awareness of the status of animals as ends in themselves, a point also corroborated by Norm Phelps. The philosopher and mathematician, Pythagoras, urged respect for animals, believing that human and nonhuman souls were reincarnated from human to animal, and vice versa. Against this, Aristotle, student to the philosopher Plato, argued that animals had no interests of their own. Theophrastus, one of Aristotles pupils, argued that also had reasoning. Plutarch in his Life of Cato the Elder comments that while law and justice are strictly to men only, beneficence. This is intended as a correction and advance over the merely utilitarian treatment of animals, according to Richard D. Ryder, the first known animal protection legislation in Europe was passed in Ireland in 1635
38.
Access Hollywood
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Access Hollywood is an American weekday television entertainment news program that premiered on September 9,1996. It covers events and celebrities in the entertainment industry and it was created by former Entertainment Tonight executive producer Jim Van Messel, and is currently produced by Robert Silverstein and directed by Richard Plotkin. In previous years, Doug Dougherty, Christopher A. Berry, Access Hollywood primarily focuses on news in the music, television, and film industries. Access Hollywood has been syndicated in the United States since September 9,1996. It was previously produced by NBC Studios and has changed distributors over the years, first with New World/Genesis Distribution, then 20th Television, Television Distribution, and then to NBC Enterprises when the network started up its own syndication division. Today, NBCUniversal Television Distribution, in association with NBCs owned-and-operated station KNBC has been responsible for its production and distribution since 2004. Warner Bros. continues its involvement with the program, now being responsible for ad sales for Access Hollywood. On September 7,2010, Access Hollywood began broadcasting in high definition, on May 1,2012, NBCUniversal Television Distribution announced it would renew Access Hollywood for three additional years through the 2014-15 season. In Case You Missed It, a recap of the previous night/weekend in pop culture, including film, television, watch This, suggestion segment of films and shows to watch by the shows correspondents and critics. The Final 45, a closing segment with a quick rundown of the days news. Access Express, a segment matching the defunct Entertainment Tonight segment Real or Rumor. where stories are confirmed or debunked, in 2005, Access Hollywood went on a month-long roadtrip called Access Across America while the studio underwent a major overhaul. The shows new set was done in colors with a modern flair, separating its look from other similar shows. The new look included a brand-new graphics package. Access Hollywood is taped at Studio 1 at The Burbank Studios in Burbank, the program has had some short-lived spinoffs in the last few years, including AMC Access for the AMC channel, and Real Access for The N and Nickelodeon. The network most recently produced the African-American oriented TV One Access for the TV One cable channel, the programs formerly did entertainment segments for NBCs cable news channel titled Access MSNBC, though these have been withdrawn as MSNBCs news coverage has become mainly political. A spinoff of Access Hollywood, called Access Hollywood Live, debuted on September 13,2010 in high definition, the daytime talk show, hosted by Natalie Morales and Kit Hoover, features entertainment news stories and in-studio guests. Access Hollywood Live was originally recorded at NBC Studios in Burbank, the show currently airs in two locations,10 Universal City Plaza in Universal City, California starting in June 2015 and at Studio 1A in Rockefeller Center, in New York City. The United Kingdom version began in 2003 hosted by Kate Garraway, there was a short-lived national version for the Republic of Ireland on the TV3 Groups defunct Channel 6 hosted by Jenny Buckley from 2006
39.
Karen Dawn
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Karen Dawn is an American animal rights and welfare advocate and writer. Karen Dawn was born in the United States and grew up and was schooled in Australia and she studied at the University of NSW — a science degree with a major in psychology. Dawn got her first experience working with the media as a researcher and writer for Australias national nightly news magazine show The 7,30 Report. Dawn moved to New York City and pursued her interest in throughout the early 1990s as a singer/songwriter. Dawn is an animal rights spokesperson who speaks at the animal rights conferences. She has appeared on major TV networks discussing animal issues and she is a speaker at colleges. Dawns career in animal rights began in 1999 when she started the DawnWatch. com list serve, Dawn was invited to serve on the voting committee for the Genesis Awards a position which she held from 2001 to 2004. In 2006 she returned to the Genesis Awards voting committee as the print consultant, Dawn was an official spokesperson for Californias Proposition 2, a 2008 election ballot initiative that changed the standards for confining farm animals. On May 17,2008, Dawn was presented with the Outstanding Activist for Farm Animals Award, the award was presented at the Farm Sanctuary 2008 Gala by Karen Dawns friends actress Emily Deschanel and Skinny Bitch author Rory Freedman. Dawn is outspoken in her advocacy for pit bulls and was featured in a Los Angeles Times front page story as a “passionate defender” of the breed. But she also supports the need for pit bull spay-neuter legislation. The bill, SB861, was signed into law in 2006 and it allows for breed specific spay-neuter local ordinances but “prohibits cities and counties from banning any specific breed of dog. ”Karen Dawn may be most widely known for her annual Thanksgiving turkey rescue. It garners much media attention and was picked up by the Associated Press for Thanksgiving 2012. In a radio blog that aired on Washington Post Radio on Thanksgiving Day 2006 and she says that she was surprised that the turkey, Olivia, was so friendly and gentle and that when she crawled into Dawn’s lap and fell asleep, Dawn fell in love. She first brought two live turkeys, who had been destined for slaughter, into her own home for Thanksgiving 2009 and they were later retired to the Animal Acres sanctuary in Acton California. Dawn told ABC World News Now, during an interview that she had done the original rescue largely as a publicity stunt in order to garner that Los Angeles Times story. The ironic thing about the laws in this country is that they actually exempt 95% of the animals who are slaughtered. The Thanksgiving 2012 coverage from Dawn’s local ABC station showed the reporter, Elex Michaelson, petting a turkey, Dawn tells viewers that Turkeys are a lot more adorable than they are delicious and that turkey day is a lot more fun when the turkeys are alive and well
40.
Vegetarian
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Vegetarianism /vɛdʒɪˈtɛəriənɪzəm/ is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat, and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter. Vegetarianism may be adopted for various reasons, many people object to eating meat out of respect for sentient life. Such ethical motivations have been codified under various religious beliefs, as well as animal rights advocacy, other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related, political, environmental, cultural, aesthetic, economic, or personal preference. A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including eggs and dairy, some vegans also avoid other animal products such as beeswax, leather or silk clothing, and goose-fat shoe polish. Often, prior to purchase or consumption, vegetarians will scrutinize products for animal-derived ingredients, vegetarians feelings vary with regard to these ingredients. Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods but may include fish or poultry, or sometimes other meats and those with diets containing fish or poultry may define meat only as mammalian flesh and may identify with vegetarianism. A pescetarian diet has been described as fish but no other meat, the term vegetarian has been in use since 1839 to refer to what was previously described as a vegetable diet. The word is believed to be a compound of vegetable. The term was popularized with the foundation of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester, the earliest occurrences of the term seem to be related to Alcott House, a school on the north side of Ham Common, London, opened in July 1838 by James Pierrepont Greaves. The earliest record of vegetarianism comes from Indus Valley Civilization as early as the 7th century BCE, in the Indian culture, the diet was closely connected with the attitude of nonviolence towards animals and was promoted by religious groups and philosophers. The ancient Indian work of Tirukkural explicitly and unambiguously emphasizes vegetarianism, chapter 26 of the Tirukkural, through couplets 251 to 260, deals exclusively on vegetarianism or veganism. Among the Hellenes, Egyptians and others, it had medical or ritual purification purposes and those nanny goats, ewes and sows which are with young or giving milk to their young are protected, and so are young ones less than six months old. Cocks are not to be caponized, husks hiding living beings are not to be burnt, one animal is not to be fed to another. —Edicts of Ashoka, Fifth Pillar Following the Christianization of the Roman Empire in late antiquity, vegetarianism practically disappeared from Europe, as it did on other continents, except India. Several orders of monks in medieval Europe restricted or banned the consumption of meat for ascetic reasons and it re-emerged during the Renaissance, becoming more widespread in the 19th and 20th centuries. In 1847, the first Vegetarian Society was founded in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, in 1886, the vegetarian colony Nueva Germania was founded in Paraguay, though its vegetarian aspect would prove short-lived. The International Vegetarian Union, an association of the societies, was founded in 1908. In the Western world, the popularity of vegetarianism grew during the century as a result of nutritional, ethical
41.
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
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People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals is an American animal rights organization based in Norfolk, Virginia, and led by Ingrid Newkirk, its international president. A nonprofit corporation with 300 employees, it claims that it has 3 million members and supporters and is the largest animal group in the world. Its slogan is animals are not ours to eat, wear, experiment on, use for entertainment, today it focuses on four core issues—opposition to factory farming, fur farming, animal testing, and animals in entertainment. It also campaigns against eating meat, fishing, the killing of animals regarded as pests, the keeping of chained backyard dogs, cock fighting, dog fighting, the group has been the focus of controversy, both inside and outside the animal rights movement. Newkirk told Salon in 2001 that PETA works toward the ideal, no one, she says, is being exploited. Sexual attraction is a fact of life, and if it can advance the animals cause, Newkirks view is that PETA has a duty to be press sluts. She argues, It is our obligation and we would be worthless if we were just polite and didnt make any waves. Newkirk was born in England in 1949, and raised in Hertfordshire and later New Delhi, India, Newkirk, now an atheist, was educated in a convent, the only British girl there. She became an officer for Montgomery County and then the District of Columbias first woman poundmaster. By 1976, she was head of the division of D. C. s Commission on Public Health. Or I would say, They are stepping on the animals, crushing them like grapes, in the end, I would go to work early, before anyone got there, and I would just kill the animals myself. Because I couldnt stand to let go through that. I must have killed a thousand of them, sometimes every day. Some of those people would take pleasure in making them suffer, driving home every night, I would cry just thinking about it. And I just felt, to my bones, this cannot be right, in 1980, she divorced Steve Newkirk, whom she had married when she was 19, and the same year met Alex Pacheco, a political major at George Washington University. Pacheco had studied for the priesthood, then worked as a member of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Societys first ship. It just didnt sound great to me, he told The Los Angeles Times in 1992, I had been active in Europe. And I thought there were just too many formalities, I thought we should just do things ourselves
