Empire of China (1915–1916)
The Empire of China, also known in historiography as the Hongxian Monarchy, was a short-lived attempt by Chinese president Yuan Shikai from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate the monarchy in China, with himself as emperor. The attempt ultimately failed, set back the republican cause by several years, and led China into a period of fracture and conflict among various local warlords.
The Hongxian Emperor at his coronation ceremony
Yuan Shikai as the Hongxian Emperor of his new Imperial China.
Yuan Shikai (first from left) offering sacrifices to heaven at a winter solstice ceremony, 23 December 1914
Yuan Shikai was a Chinese general and statesman who served as the second provisional president of the Republic of China, head of the Beiyang government from 1912 to 1916 and Emperor of China from 1915 to 1916. A major political figure during the late Qing dynasty, he spearheaded a number of major modernisation programs and reforms and played a decisive role in securing the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in 1912, which marked the collapse of the Qing monarchy and the end of imperial rule in China.
Yuan in 1915
The President dressed in the traditional chaofu attire, before his subsequent coronation. 1915.
Yuan Shikai and Te Lan in 1910.
Yuan Shikai in Qing dynasty uniform, 1912