1.
Francis Lieber
–
Francis Lieber, known as Franz Lieber in Germany, was a German-American jurist, gymnast and political philosopher. He was the author of the Lieber Code during the American Civil War, the Lieber Code is considered the first document to comprehensively outline rules regulating the conduct of war, and laid the foundation for the Geneva Conventions. Franz Lieber was born in Berlin, the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia, while still in Germany, Lieber joined the Colberg Regiment of the Prussian Army in 1815 during the Napoleonic Wars, and was wounded during the Battle of Waterloo. The year of his birth has been debated because he lied about his age in order to enlist, Lieber did not receive a normal gentlemans education. Returning to Berlin after the Napoleonic wars, he studied hard, however, he was denied admission because of his membership in the Berliner Burschenschaft, which opposed the Prussian monarchy. Moving to Jena, Lieber entered the University of Jena in 1820, as the Prussian authorities caught up with him, Lieber left Jena for Dresden to study topography with Major Decker. As soon as the Greek Revolution of 1821 broke out, Lieber volunteered his services, Lieber fought briefly in the Greek War of Independence, and then spent one year, 1822–1823, in Rome tutoring the son of the Prussian ambassador, historian Barthold Georg Niebuhr. While there, Lieber wrote about his experiences in Greece, the result was published in Leipzig in 1823 and also in Amsterdam under the title The German Anacharsis. Lieber returned to Germany on a pardon, but was soon imprisoned once again. There he wrote a collection of poems entitled Wein- und Wonne-Lieder, Lieber fled to England in 1825, and supported himself for a year in London by giving lessons and contributing to German periodicals. He also wrote a tract on the Lancasterian system of instruction, Lieber left England upon receiving an offer to manage a gymnasium and swimming program in Boston. Lieber moved to Boston in 1827 and he came with recommendations from Jahn, as well as from General Pfuel who ran a swimming program in Berlin. Lieber was also acquainted with the outgoing gymnasium administrator, Charles Follen, Follen had established the pioneer gymnasium in 1826. The gymnasium had a time once the novelty had worn off. It closed its doors two years. In Boston, Lieber edited an Encyclopaedia Americana, after conceiving of the idea of translating the Brockhaus encyclopedia into English and it was published in Philadelphia in 13 volumes, between the years 1829 and 1833. At this time, he made translations of a French work on the revolution of July,1830. He was also a confident to Alexis de Tocqueville on the customs of the American people, in 1832, he received a commission from the trustees of the newly founded Girard College to form a plan of education
Francis Lieber
–
Francis Lieber
Francis Lieber
2.
Encyclopedia
–
An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name, Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years, the oldest still in existence, AD77 by Pliny the Elder and was not fully revised at the time of his death in AD79. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of dictionaries around the 17th century, some modern encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, are often electronic and freely available. Together, the phrase literally translates as complete instruction or complete knowledge, one of the oldest vernacular uses was by François Rabelais in his Pantagruel in 1532. Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix -pedia, e. g. Banglapedia, in British usage, the spellings encyclopedia and encyclopaedia are both current. In American usage, only the former is commonly used, the spelling encyclopædia—with the æ ligature—was frequently used in the 19th century and is increasingly rare, although it is retained in product titles such as Encyclopædia Britannica and others. The Oxford English Dictionary records encyclopædia and encyclopaedia as equal alternatives, websters Third New International Dictionary features encyclopedia as the main headword and encyclopaedia as a minor variant. In addition, cyclopedia and cyclopaedia are now rarely used shortened forms of the word originating in the 17th century, the modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 18th century. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well-educated, well-informed content experts, a dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words and those related by the matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, allegedly, not written in order to convince, an encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics. General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a variety of topics but from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of reference
Encyclopedia
–
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
Encyclopedia
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Title page of " Lucubrationes..." 1541 edition, the first book to use the word encyclopedia in the title
Encyclopedia
–
Title page of
Skalich's Encyclopaedia, seu orbis disciplinarum, tam sacrarum quam prophanarum, epistemon from 1559, first to use the word encyclopaedia as a noun in the title
Encyclopedia
–
Naturalis Historiæ, 1669 edition, title page
3.
Grolier
–
Grolier is one of the largest U. S. Grolier is an educational publishing company known for its presence in school libraries. It has a presence among parents of children under six years old. In June 2000 Grolier became part of Scholastic Corporation, which now maintains Grolier Online and he split with Hooper in 1908-1909 in a nasty legal fight after failing to wrest control of the Britannica from Hooper. Jackson had founded the Grolier Society, which specialized in making extra-fine editions of classics, after the split with Hooper he acquired the rights to publish the British The Childrens Encyclopædia under the name The Book of Knowledge. Grolier had a US$100 million international business, primarily located in the UK, Canada and it had 1999 revenues of $450 million and earnings of approximately $45 million, with $4.5 million in Internet revenues. By the late 1970s, Grolier has moved its operations to Danbury, in 1988 Grolier was purchased by the French media company Hachette, which owned a well-known French-language encyclopedia, the Hachette Encyclopedia. Hachette was later absorbed by the French conglomerate the Lagardère Group, in 1996, Grolier acquired the Chicago-based Childrens Press. Grolier was then purchased by Scholastic for US$400 million in 2000, the new owners projected a 30% increase in operating income, although historically Grolier had experienced earnings of 7% to 8% on income. Staff reductions as a means of controlling costs followed soon thereafter, cuts occurred every year between 2000 and 2007, leaving a much-depleted work force to carry out the duties of maintaining a large encyclopedia database. Scholastic, which specializes in works for the K-8 market, has sought to position the Encyclopedia Americana as a resource for schools. It remains to be seen whether that strategy, applied to a venerable upper-level publication, the name Grolier is retained as the Scholastic website Grolier Online. The company exists as Grolier Incorporated, Franklin Watts Inc. was formed in 1942. The company was sold to Grolier in 1957, when the namesake founder retired in 1967, he moved to London to start Franklin Watts Ltd. in 1969. Franklin Watts retired again in 1976, when Grolier acquired Childrens Press in 1996, much of Franklin Watts were published under the Childrens Press imprint. When Hachette sold Grolier to Scholastic Corporation in 2000, Scholastic took U. S. rights to Childrens Press, the UK branch exists today as an imprint of Hachette UKs Hachette Childrens Books. Orchard Books was founded in 1986 by Grolier as a childrens publisher, Hachette, which acquired Grolier in 1988, sold Grolier to Scholastic Corporation in 2000, along with the U. S. branch of Orchard Books, while retaining the UK branch. The company produced the Disney Christmas Magic Collection, a popular Christmas ornament line for Disney Consumer Products and this part of the business was sold to Early Moments. Groliers first CD-ROM publication was the text-only Academic American Encyclopedia on CD-ROM in 1985, the text was based on the Academic American Encyclopedia, which comprised 30,000 entries and 9 million words
Grolier
–
Grolier's Academic American Encyclopedia on
Viewtron (1983)
4.
Scholastic Corporation
–
Products are distributed to schools and districts, to consumers through the schools via reading clubs and fairs, and through retail stores and online sales. The business has three segments, Children Book Publishing & Distribution, Education, and International, Scholastic holds the perpetual U. S. publishing rights to Harry Potter and The Hunger Games book series. Scholastic is the worlds largest publisher and distributor of childrens books, Scholastic also publishes instructional reading and writing programs, and offers professional learning and consultancy services for school improvement. Clifford the Big Red Dog serves as the mascot for Scholastic, in 1920, Maurice R. Robbie Robinson founded the business he named Scholastic Publishing Company in his hometown of Wilkinsburg, right outside Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a publisher of magazines, the first publication was The Western Pennsylvania Scholastic. It covered high school sports and social activities and debuted on October 22,1920, in 1926, Scholastic published its first book, Saplings, a collection of selected student writings by winners of the Scholastic Writing Awards. For many years the company continued its focus on serving the market, publishing low-cost magazines. The company continued under the name Scholastic Magazines throughout the 1970s, after World War II, cheap paperback books became available. In 1948, Scholastic entered the book club business with its division T. A. B. or Teen Age Book Club. In 1957, Scholastic established its first international subsidiary in Toronto Scholastic Canada, later moving to Markham, by the 1960s, international publishing locations were added in England, New Zealand and Sydney. In 1974, Richard Dick Robinson, the son of founder M. R. Robinson, named Chief Executive Officer in 1975 and Chairman in 1982, he remains in these positions. Scholastic now publishes 33 classroom magazines including Scholastic News, Action, Scope, Storyworks, SuperScience, Science World, Math and more, classroom Magazines have 15 million subscribers. The EdTech and Services business was sold to Houghton Mifflin Harcourt in 2015 for $575 million and it continues to publish Harry Potter books, each title a best seller. Scholastics growth has continued by acquiring other media companies, in 2015, Scholastic acquired Troubadour, Ltd. in the U. K. During the 2000 presidential election, Scholastic organized the Scholastic News Kids Press Corps, founded in 1923 by Maurice R. These Awards have been the largest source of funding for teenage artists and writers. In the U. S. A, the process begins as young artists, the most outstanding works of art and writing from each region are forwarded to the Alliance for Young Artists & Writers in New York City to be reviewed on a national level. Panels of professional jurors select the award recipients
Scholastic Corporation
–
Scholastic Building (center)
5.
Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia
–
Grolier is one of the largest U. S. Grolier is an educational publishing company known for its presence in school libraries. It has a presence among parents of children under six years old. In June 2000 Grolier became part of Scholastic Corporation, which now maintains Grolier Online and he split with Hooper in 1908-1909 in a nasty legal fight after failing to wrest control of the Britannica from Hooper. Jackson had founded the Grolier Society, which specialized in making extra-fine editions of classics, after the split with Hooper he acquired the rights to publish the British The Childrens Encyclopædia under the name The Book of Knowledge. Grolier had a US$100 million international business, primarily located in the UK, Canada and it had 1999 revenues of $450 million and earnings of approximately $45 million, with $4.5 million in Internet revenues. By the late 1970s, Grolier has moved its operations to Danbury, in 1988 Grolier was purchased by the French media company Hachette, which owned a well-known French-language encyclopedia, the Hachette Encyclopedia. Hachette was later absorbed by the French conglomerate the Lagardère Group, in 1996, Grolier acquired the Chicago-based Childrens Press. Grolier was then purchased by Scholastic for US$400 million in 2000, the new owners projected a 30% increase in operating income, although historically Grolier had experienced earnings of 7% to 8% on income. Staff reductions as a means of controlling costs followed soon thereafter, cuts occurred every year between 2000 and 2007, leaving a much-depleted work force to carry out the duties of maintaining a large encyclopedia database. Scholastic, which specializes in works for the K-8 market, has sought to position the Encyclopedia Americana as a resource for schools. It remains to be seen whether that strategy, applied to a venerable upper-level publication, the name Grolier is retained as the Scholastic website Grolier Online. The company exists as Grolier Incorporated, Franklin Watts Inc. was formed in 1942. The company was sold to Grolier in 1957, when the namesake founder retired in 1967, he moved to London to start Franklin Watts Ltd. in 1969. Franklin Watts retired again in 1976, when Grolier acquired Childrens Press in 1996, much of Franklin Watts were published under the Childrens Press imprint. When Hachette sold Grolier to Scholastic Corporation in 2000, Scholastic took U. S. rights to Childrens Press, the UK branch exists today as an imprint of Hachette UKs Hachette Childrens Books. Orchard Books was founded in 1986 by Grolier as a childrens publisher, Hachette, which acquired Grolier in 1988, sold Grolier to Scholastic Corporation in 2000, along with the U. S. branch of Orchard Books, while retaining the UK branch. The company produced the Disney Christmas Magic Collection, a popular Christmas ornament line for Disney Consumer Products and this part of the business was sold to Early Moments. Groliers first CD-ROM publication was the text-only Academic American Encyclopedia on CD-ROM in 1985, the text was based on the Academic American Encyclopedia, which comprised 30,000 entries and 9 million words
Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia
–
Grolier's Academic American Encyclopedia on
Viewtron (1983)
Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia
–
Grolier
6.
Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus
–
Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus was a German encyclopedia publisher and editor, famed for publishing the Conversations-Lexikon, which is now published as the Brockhaus encyclopedia. Brockhaus was educated at the gymnasium of his native Dortmund, and he then devoted two years at the University of Leipzig to the study of modern languages and literature, after which he set up in Dortmund an emporium for English goods. In 1801 he transferred this business to Arnheim, and in the year to Amsterdam. In 1805, having given up his first line of trade, two journals projected by him were not allowed by the government to survive for any length of time, and in 1810 the complications in the affairs of Holland induced him to return homewards. In 1811 he settled at Altenburg and it was widely imitated as a model for encyclopedias, and is still published today, known as the Brockhaus Encyclopedia. A second edition under Brockhauss editorship was begun in 1812, and was received with universal favour and his business extended rapidly, and in 1818 Brockhaus moved to Leipzig where he established a large printing-house. The business was carried on by his sons, Friedrich Brockhaus, who retired in 1850, Heinrich especially rendered great services to literature and science, which the University of Jena recognized by making him, in 1858, honorary Doctor of Philosophy. In the years 1842–1848, Heinrich Brockhaus was member of the Saxon second chamber, as representative for Leipzig, was honorary citizen of that city in 1872. His firm continues under the name F. A. Brockhaus AG in his honor and he is also the namesake of 27765 Brockhaus, a main-belt asteroid discovered in 1991. F. A. Brockhaus AG Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Brockhaus, Friedrich Arnold
Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus
–
Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus
Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus
–
Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon, 14th edition, ca. 1910
Friedrich Arnold Brockhaus
–
Monument to Brockhaus with bust at the inner courtyard of the Brockhaus-Zentrum in
Leipzig
7.
Scientific American
–
Scientific American is an American popular science magazine. Many famous scientists, including Albert Einstein, have contributed articles in the past 170 years and it is the oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the United States. Scientific American was founded by inventor and publisher Rufus M. Porter in 1845 as a weekly newspaper. Throughout its early years, much emphasis was placed on reports of what was going on at the U. S, current issues include a this date in history section, featuring excerpts from articles originally published 50,100, and 150 years earlier. Topics include humorous incidents, wrong-headed theories, and noteworthy advances in the history of science, Porter sold the publication to Alfred Ely Beach and Orson Desaix Munn a mere ten months after founding it. Until 1948, it remained owned by Munn & Company, under Munns grandson, Orson Desaix Munn III, it had evolved into something of a workbench publication, similar to the twentieth-century incarnation of Popular Science. In the years after World War II, the fell into decline. Thus the partners—publisher Gerard Piel, editor Dennis Flanagan, and general manager Donald H. Miller, Miller retired in 1979, Flanagan and Piel in 1984, when Gerard Piels son Jonathan became president and editor, circulation had grown fifteen-fold since 1948. In 1986, it was sold to the Holtzbrinck group of Germany, in the fall of 2008, Scientific American was put under the control of Nature Publishing Group, a division of Holtzbrinck. Donald Miller died in December 1998, Gerard Piel in September 2004, Mariette DiChristina is the current editor-in-chief, after John Rennie stepped down in June 2009. Scientific American published its first foreign edition in 1890, the Spanish-language La America Cientifica, a Russian edition V Mire Nauki was launched in the Soviet Union in 1983, and continues in the present-day Russian Federation. Kexue, a simplified Chinese edition launched in 1979, was the first Western magazine published in the Peoples Republic of China, founded in Chongqing, the simplified Chinese magazine was transferred to Beijing in 2001. Later in 2005, an edition, Global Science, was published instead of Kexue. A traditional Chinese edition, known as 科學人, was introduced to Taiwan in 2002, the Hungarian edition Tudomány existed between 1984 and 1992. In 1986, an Arabic edition, Oloom magazine, was published, in 2002, a Portuguese edition was launched in Brazil. From 1902 to 1911, Scientific American supervised the publication of the Encyclopedia Americana and it originally styled itself The Advocate of Industry and Enterprise and Journal of Mechanical and other Improvements. On the front page of the first issue was the engraving of Improved Rail-Road Cars, the masthead had a commentary as follows, Scientific American published every Thursday morning at No.11 Spruce Street, New York, No.16 State Street, Boston, and No. 2l Arcade Philadelphia, by Rufus Porter, five copies will be sent to one address six months for four dollars in advance
Scientific American
–
Cover of the March 2005 issue
Scientific American
–
PDF of first issue: Scientific American Vol. 1, No. 01 published August 28, 1845
Scientific American
–
Special Navy Supplement, 1898
8.
George Edwin Rines
–
George Edwin Rines was a Canadian-born editor who grew up and worked in the United States. Coming to the United States when 11 years old, his education was obtained in the public schools of Brooklyn. For several years after graduation from the school there he was engaged in mercantile life. In 1890, he entered the full Hebrew and Greek course in theology and was graduated from the Hamilton Theological Seminary in 1893. He was for two years pastor at Binghamton, New York, afterward accepting a call to the pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Ridgewood, New Jersey, where he remained for three years. He resigned from the ministry in 1899 to devote himself to literary work, in 1903, he was appointed managing editor of the Encyclopedia Americana, to which he contributed many articles. Subsequently Rines was managing editor of the United Editors Encyclopedia, from 1913 to 1915, Rines was managing editor of The German Classics, and after 1916 was editor-in-chief of the second edition of Encyclopedia Americana. Encyclopedia of Latin America card at Johns Hopkins University and it gives a date of death, but it gives 1858 as the date of birth. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Rines, George Edwin, ed. Rines. Works by or about George Edwin Rines at Internet Archive
George Edwin Rines
–
George Edwin Rines
9.
The Book of Knowledge
–
The Childrens Encyclopædia was an encyclopædia originated by Arthur Mee, and published by the Educational Book Company, a subsidiary of Amalgamated Press of London. It was published from 1908 to 1964, walter M. Jacksons company Grolier acquired the rights to publish it in the U. S. under the name The Book of Knowledge. The encyclopædia was originally published in parts between March 1908 and February 1910. Some readers could have bound their collections, but the first eight-volume sets were published in 1910, each section contained a variety of articles, developing topics as it progressed. The work could be used as a reference library, as the last volume had an alphabetical index. It was originally organised into sections but there were changes in subsequent editions, some titles covered scientific subjects such as geology, biology and astronomy but such scientific terms were generally avoided. Familiar Things, by many writers Wonder, by the Wise Man Nature, by Ernest Bryant and Edward Step The Child’s Own Life, by Dr. Caleb Saleeby The Earth, by Dr. He took a strong interest in the Book of Wonder, in which the Wise Man answered questions posed by children, the books used photographs by Frank Hinkins, engravings, maps and graphics. The encyclopædia broke ground in the approach to education, aiming to make learning interesting and its articles were clearly written and intended to develop character and sense of duty. The article expressed pride for Great Britain and its empire, christianity was held to be the only true religion. Europeans were clearly the most advanced and there were hints of the ideas of Caleb Saleeby. At a time when the relation between science and religion was controversial, the encyclopædia supported evolution, but it did not admit any contradiction between religious teachings and Darwins views and it was used by schools and for teacher training. It gives insight into the values of the society that created it. As the initial run ended, it was reissued as the monthly New Childrens Encyclopædia, the title changed, becoming Childrens Encyclopædia Magazine, Childrens Magazine and, finally, My Magazine in 1914. From September 1910, the magazine included a supplement of news entitled The Little Paper, the Childrens Encyclopædia sold 800,000 copies in 12 editions before being extensively revised in the early 1920s. Translations appeared in France, Italy, Spain and China, New editions of the encyclopedia continued after Mees death in 1943, the final, much revised, edition, still entitled Arthur Mees Childrens Encyclopedia, appeared in 1964. The initial release of The Childrens Encyclopædia featured the spelling Encyclopædia and was initially an 8 volume collection, all other revisions used the spelling Encyclopedia and were a 10 volume collection. By the 1940s the binding is brown in colour, and displays a flaming torch on each books spine, by the 1950s, the binding is red
The Book of Knowledge
–
The Goblins in the Gold-Mine
10.
Manhattan
–
Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
Manhattan
–
View from
Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward
Lower Manhattan
Manhattan
–
Peter Minuit, early 1600s.
Manhattan
–
The
Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of
New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.
Manhattan
–
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of
George Washington in front of
Federal Hall (on
Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first
U.S. President in 1789.
11.
Lexington Avenue
–
Along its 5. 5-mile, 110-block route, Lexington Avenue runs through Harlem, Carnegie Hill, the Upper East Side, Midtown, and Murray Hill to a point of origin that is centered on Gramercy Park. South of Gramercy Park, the axis continues as Irving Place from 20th Street to East 14th Street, the portion of Lexington Avenue between 14th and 20th Streets is known as Irving Place. Ruggles had purchased land in the area, and was developing it as a community of townhouses around a private park. He was also developing property around the planned Union Square, the legislation approved, and, as the owner of most of the land along the route of the new street, Ruggles was assessed for the majority of its cost. Ruggles named the section, below 20th Street, which opened in 1833. The northern section, which opened three years later, in 1836, was named after the Battle of Lexington in the Revolutionary War. Lexington saw the first arrest in New York for speeding, in 1899, when a bicycle patrolman overtook cabdriver Jacob German, the portion of Lexington Avenue above East 42nd Street was reconstructed at the same time as the IRT Lexington Avenue Line of the New York City Subway. The widened street and the line both opened on July 17,1918. Parallel to Lexington Avenue lies Park Avenue to its west and Third Avenue to its east, the avenue is largely commercial at ground level, with offices above. There are clusters of hotels in the 30s and 40s, roughly from the intersection with 30th Street through to its intersection with 49th Street. Portions of the avenue were widened in 1955, which required eminent domain takings of the facades of some structures along Lexington, Lexington Avenue has carried one-way traffic since July 17,1960. The July 18,2007 New York City steam explosion sent a geyser of hot steam up from beneath the avenue at 41st Street resulting in one death and more than 40 injuries. In contrast to Lexington Avenue, the stretch of Irving Place. Irving Plaza, on East 15th Street and Irving, hosts concerts for both well-known and indie bands and draws a crowd almost every night. Another component of the avenue are the apartment buildings which line the street from Gramercy Park to 17th Street. Also at 17th, a small bed-and-breakfast, the Inn at Irving Place, offices located on Irving Place include those of The Nation magazine, the New York branch of the Rosicrucian Order and the Seafarers and International House mission. There are also a number of clinics and official city buildings along the street, including Washington Irving High School, the bottom of the street is anchored by the rear of the Zeckendorf Towers condominium apartment complex on the west side, and the Consolidated Edison Building on the east. M101 and M103 run to 125th Street, M102 runs to 116th Street, Lexington Avenue became part of a classic American cinematic moment, in the 1955 movie The Seven Year Itch, the scene in which Marilyn Monroe shot what would become her most famous scene
Lexington Avenue
–
View northward from the top floors of the
Chrysler Building
Lexington Avenue
–
View of Lexington Avenue south from 50th street, with the
Chrysler Building in the background
Lexington Avenue
–
Pete's Tavern
12.
Mail-order
–
Mail order is the buying of goods or services by mail delivery. The buyer places an order for the products with the merchant through some remote method such as through a telephone call or web site. Then, the products are delivered to the customer, some merchants also allow the goods to be shipped directly to a third party consumer, which is an effective way to send a gift to an out-of-town recipient. A mail order catalogue is a publication containing a list of general merchandise from a company, companies who publish and operate mail order catalogues are referred to as cataloguers within the industry. Cataloguers buy or manufacture goods then market those goods to prospects, cataloguers may rent names from list brokers or cooperative databases. The catalogue itself is published in a fashion as any magazine publication and distributed through a variety of means, usually via a postal service. Sometimes supermarket products do mail order promotions, whereby people can send in the UPC plus shipping and handling to get a product made especially for the company, in 1498, the publisher Aldus Manutius of Venice printed a catalogue of the books he was printing. In 1667, the English gardener, William Lucas, published a seed catalogue, Catalogues spread to colonial America, where Benjamin Franklin is believed to have been the first cataloguer in British America. In 1744 he produced a catalogue of scientific and academic books. The Welsh entrepreneur Pryce Pryce-Jones set up the first modern mail order in 1861, starting off as an apprentice to a local draper in Newtown, Wales, he took over the business in 1856 and renamed it the Royal Welsh Warehouse, selling local Welsh flannel. The establishment of the Uniform Penny Post in 1840, and the extension of the network to Newtown. In 1861, Pryce-Jones hit upon a method of selling his wares. He distributed catalogues of his wares across the country, allowing people to choose the items they wished and order them via post, he would then dispatch the goods to the customer via the railways. It was a way of meeting the needs of customers in isolated rural locations who were either too busy or unable to get into Newtown to shop directly. This was the worlds first mail order business, an idea which would change the nature of retail in the coming century, the further expansion of the railways in the years that followed allowed Pryce Jones to greatly expand his customer base and his business grew rapidly. He supplied his products to a variety of famous clientele, including Florence Nightingale and Queen Victoria. He also began exporting drapery to the US and British colonies, by 1880, he had more than 100,000 customers and his success was rewarded in 1887 with a knighthood. In 1845, Tiffanys Blue Book was the first mail-order catalogue in the United States, in 1872, Aaron Montgomery Ward of Chicago produced a mail-order catalogue for his Montgomery Ward mail order business
Mail-order
–
The cover of the first
Eaton's catalog, published in 1884. The Eaton's catalog would continue to be published until 1976.
Mail-order
–
Cover of a mail-order catalogue for scientific equipment.
Mail-order
–
Sears, Roebuck and Company catalog, 1918
Mail-order
–
The Outlook, American magazine advertisement from 1916 offering mail delivery of fish and seafood.
13.
Telemarketing
–
Telemarketing can also include recorded sales pitches programmed to be played over the phone via automatic dialing. The term telemarketing was first used extensively in the late 1970s to describe Bell System communications which related to new uses for the outbound WATS, the rise of telemarketing can be traced back to the 19th century telephonists, or switchboard operators. Trans-cultural hiring of switchboard operators became especially popular in North America throughout the 20th century, after the shift from public switched telephone network to computer-based electronic switching system, the job of switchboard operators gradually diminished. However, with the rise of advertising and with the popularity of the use, new jobs. Telemarketing, as it was the case with telephone operators, is one of the known to be occupied mostly by women. The central reason for hiring women operators lay in the fact that work was considered a form of cheap labor. It was also highlighted, however, that women were more polite, moreover, the calming, more delicate nature of a womans voice was considered to be womens natural quality, although no scientific evidence supports this statement. This naturalization led to normalizing the perception of women as operators and consultants. The two major categories of telemarketing are business-to-business and business-to-consumer, demand is generally created by advertising, publicity, or the efforts of outside salespeople. Call to Action, the implementation of outbound telemarketing to activate or elicit an action or response from prospects, appointment Setting, utilizing inbound or outbound telemarketing to create face-to-face or telephone appointments for sales purposes. Database Cleansing, the calling of databases with the particular purpose to clean and prepare data. Surveys, the implementation of telemarketing with the purpose of collecting data. Telesales, telemarketing with the intention of making an actual sale/transaction over the phone. Often includes the collection of credit card details over the phone for payment purposes, Telemarketing may be done from a company office, from a call center, or from home. It may involve a live operator voice broadcasting which is most frequently associated with political messages, an effective telemarketing process often involves two or more calls. The first call determines the customer’s needs, the final call motivates the customer to make a purchase. Prospective customers are identified by means, including past purchase history, previous requests for information, credit limit, competition entry forms. Names may also be purchased from another companys consumer database or obtained from a directory or another public list
Telemarketing
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Author and activist
Bob Wood places one of his numerous phone calls to residents in
Muskegon County,
Michigan.
Telemarketing
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Telemarketing office
Telemarketing
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Telemarketing agent sitting in a cubicle. The brightly colored rebuttal sheets are used to answer most questions a customer might have.
14.
Danbury, Connecticut
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Danbury is a city in northern Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, approximately 70 miles from New York City. Danburys population at the 2010 census was 80,893, Danbury is the fourth most populous city in Fairfield County, and seventh among Connecticut cities. The city is within the New York metropolitan area, the city is named for Danbury, England, the place of origin of many of its early settlers. It is nicknamed the Hat City because of its prominent history in the hat industry, the mineral danburite is named for Danbury. Danbury is home to Danbury Hospital, Western Connecticut State University, Danbury Fair Mall, Danbury was settled by colonists in 1685, when eight families moved from what are now Norwalk and Stamford, Connecticut. The Danbury area was then called Pahquioque by its namesake, the Pahquioque Native Americans, one of the original settlers was Samuel Benedict, who bought land from the Paquioques in 1685, along with his brother James Benedict, James Beebe, and Judah Gregory. Also called Paquiack by local Native Americans, the settlers chose the name Swampfield for their town, but in October 1687, the general court appointed a committee to lay out the new towns boundaries. A survey was made in 1693, and a formal patent was granted in 1702. During the American Revolution, Danbury was an important military depot for the Continental Army. On April 26,1777, the British, under Major General William Tryon, the central motto on the seal of the City of Danbury is Restituimus, a reference to the destruction caused by the Loyalist army troops. The American General David Wooster was mortally wounded at the Battle of Ridgefield by the same British forces which had attacked Danbury and he is buried in Danburys Wooster Cemetery, the private Wooster School in Danbury also was named in his honor. It is the first known instance of the expression in American legal or political writing, the letter is on display at the Unitarian-Universalist Congregation of Danbury. The first Danbury Fair was held in 1821, in 1869, it became a yearly event, the last edition was in 1981. The fairgrounds were cleared to make room for the Danbury Fair Mall, in 1835, the Connecticut Legislature granted a rail charter to the Fairfield County Railroad, which saw no construction as investment was slow. In 1850, the plans were scaled back, and renamed the Danbury. Work moved quickly on the 23 mi railroad line, in 1852, it, the first railroad line in Danbury, opened, with two trains making the 75-minute trip to Norwalk. The central part of Danbury was incorporated as a borough in 1822, the borough was reincorporated as the city of Danbury on April 19,1889. The city and town were consolidated on January 1,1965, the dam impounding the Kohanza Reservoir, one of many reservoirs built to provide water to the hat factories, broke on January 31,1869
Danbury, Connecticut
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Flag
Danbury, Connecticut
Danbury, Connecticut
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Kohanza Reservoir disaster, January 31, 1869
Danbury, Connecticut
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"Scene of the Disaster at Danbury", January 31, 1869
15.
Hachette (publishing)
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Hachette, French pronunciation, , is a French publisher. It was founded in 1826 by Louis Hachette as Brédif, a bookshop and it became L. Hachette et Compagnie on 1 January 1846, Librairie Hachette in 1919, and Hachette SA in 1977. It was acquired by the Lagardère Group in 1981, in 1992 the publishing assets of Hachette SA were grouped into a subsidiary called Hachette Livre, the flagship imprint of Lagardère Publishing. Hachette has its headquarters in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, in 1996 it merged with the Hatier group. In 2004, Hachette acquired dictionary publisher Éditions Larousse, in 2006, it expanded into the United States when it purchased Time Warners book-publishing division, which was then renamed Hachette Book Group USA. In June 2013, Hachette announced that it would acquire Hyperion Books from Disney and it is one of the largest English-language publishers, known as the Big Five. In May 2014, Amazon. com stopped taking pre-order sales of Hachette books, citing a breakdown in negotiations over commission and ebook pricing. According to Hachette, Amazon had also stopped discounting its books, Hachette has its headquarters in the Beaugrenelle district in the 15th arrondissement of Paris. Hachettes head office previously occupied a building at the intersection of Saint-Germain and it later moved to its current location. Hachette planned to lease 9,900 square metres of space at a building in Malakoff, Hauts de Seine around 2011, in June 2014, the companys U. S. Financial details of the deal were not disclosed, however, in August 2014, the deal was called off because Hachette and the other parties involved decided the deal was too complicated
Hachette (publishing)
–
Hachette head office, 43 quai de Grenelle, Paris 15th arr.
16.
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a US labor law that prohibits unjustified discrimination based on disability. The final version of the bill was signed into law on July 26,1990 and it was later amended in 2008 and signed by President George W. Bush with changes effective as of January 1,2009. ADA disabilities include both mental and physical medical conditions, a condition does not need to be severe or permanent to be a disability. Additionally, other conditions, such as gender identity disorders, are also excluded under the definition of disability. The ADA states that an entity shall not discriminate against a qualified individual with a disability. This applies to job application procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, job training, and other terms, conditions, covered entities include employers with 15 or more employees, as well as employment agencies, labor organizations, and joint labor-management committees. Prohibited discrimination may include, among other things, firing or refusing to hire someone based on a real or perceived disability, segregation, covered entities are also required to provide reasonable accommodations to job applicants and employees with disabilities. An employee or applicant who currently engages in the use of drugs is not considered qualified when a covered entity takes adverse action based on such use. There are many ways to discriminate against people based on disabilities, anyone known to have a history of mental disorders can be considered disabled. Employers with more than 15 employees must take care to all employees fairly. Even when an employee is doing a job well, she or he is not necessarily no longer disabled. The Court determined that state employees cannot sue their employer for violating ADA rules, state employees can, however, file complaints at the Department of Justice or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, who can sue on their behalf. Title II prohibits disability discrimination by all entities at the local level, e. g. school district, municipal, city, or county. Public entities must comply with Title II regulations by the U. S. Department of Justice and these regulations cover access to all programs and services offered by the entity. Access includes physical access described in the ADA Standards for Accessible Design, Title II applies to public transportation provided by public entities through regulations by the U. S. Department of Transportation. It includes the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, along all other commuter authorities. This section requires the provision of services by public entities that provide fixed route services. ADA also sets minimum requirements for space layout in order to facilitate wheelchair securement on public transport, Title II also applies to all state and local public housing, housing assistance, and housing referrals
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1988, S. 2346, Page 1
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Page 1
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Page 2
17.
Baltimore News
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The Baltimore News-American was a Baltimore broadsheet newspaper with a continuous lineage of more than 200 years of Baltimore newspapers. For much of the century, it had the largest circulation in the city. Its final edition was published on May 27,1986, the News American was formed by a final merger of two papers, the Baltimore News-Post and The Baltimore American, in 1964, after a long 191-year history and weaning process. Built opposite later in 1873, was The News office/printing establishment with its mansard roof, all this perished in smoke with the Great Baltimore Fire in February 1904, which burned out both buildings to a shell. Publication had to be shifted to other neighboring cities such as Washington. The South Street complex was torn down several years after the closing in 1986. Paul and East Fayette Streets consumed by the blaze although the new massive City Circuit Courthouse just to the east across the street, mencken described his early reporting years in the second volume of his autobiographical trilogy Newspaper Days published in 1941. The Baltimore American, claimed to be a descendent of the original Maryland Journal. Fulton during the middle 19th Century, after the American Civil War, Felix Agnus, returned from the war and settled in Baltimore and became manager of the American and eventually married the Fultons daughter. Within a decade, he became the editor and publisher following the death of Fulton and he was also very proud that his new skyscraper for the American was the first to be completed in early 1905 in the burnt district. He died in October 1925 at 86, several years after selling the paper to a very controversial, william Randolph Hearsts Hearst Company newspaper empire acquired the morning American from Agnus and the afternoon News from Grasty in 1923 from another newspaper mogul Frank A. Munsey. It became one of the city and states largest financial empires into the 1990s, now the newly revamped News American is published seven days a week with the usually thick special Sunday edition of many sections. Masthead is redesigned with new vignette with old Phoenix Shot Tower in center and city buildings behind. For the first time, paper is referred to without city name on masthead, entrances on Pratt and Lombard are closed. Paper uses postal new address on South Street, john L. Carey, was editor of the Baltimore American in 1845. He published a number of books and pamphlets on the question of prior to the American Civil War. Baltimore News American Photograph Collection, University of Maryland Libraries, College Park, Maryland
Baltimore News
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April 1912
18.
Baltimore Evening Sun
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The Baltimore Sun is the largest general-circulation daily newspaper based in the American state of Maryland and provides coverage of local and regional news, events, issues, people, and industries. Founded in 1837, it is owned by tronc, abell was born in Rhode Island, where he began journalism with the Providence Patriot. He later worked with newspapers in New York City and Boston, from 1947 to 1986, The Sun was the owner of Marylands first television station, WMAR-TV. In the postwar years, The Sun significantly expanded its overseas presence, the newspaper opened its first foreign bureau in London in 1924. Between 1955 and 1961, it added four new foreign offices, as Cold War tensions grew, it set up shop in Bonn, West Germany, in February 1955. Eleven months later, The Sun opened a Moscow bureau, becoming one of the first U. S. newspapers to do so, a Rome office followed in July 1957, and in 1961, The Sun expanded to New Dehli. At its height, The Sun ran eight foreign bureaus, giving rise to its boast in a 1983 ad that The Sun never sets on the world, the paper was sold in 1986 to the Times-Mirror Company of the Los Angeles Times. The same week, the rival News American, with publishing antecedents since 1773, the oldest paper in the city, it had been owned by the Hearst Corporation since the 1920s. In 1997, The Sun acquired the Patuxent Publishing Company, a suburban newspaper publisher that had a stable of weekly papers. In the 1990s and 2000s, The Sun began cutting back its foreign coverage, in 1995 and 1996, closed its Tokyo, Mexico City and Berlin bureaus. Two more — Beijing and London — fell victim to cost-cutting in 2005, the final three bureaus — Moscow, Jerusalem, and Johannesburg, South Africa — fell a couple years later. All were closed by 2008, as the Tribune Co. streamlined and downsized the newspaper chains foreign reporting, some material from The Suns foreign correspondents is archived at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. In 2000, the Times-Mirror company was purchased by the Tribune Company of Chicago, I,2014 it transferred its newspapers, including The Sun, to Tribune Publishing. On September 19,2005, and again on August 24,2008 and its circulation as of 2010 was 195,561 for the daily edition and 343,552 on Sundays. On April 29,2009, the Tribune Company announced that it would lay off 61 of the 205 staff members in the Sun newsroom. On September 23,2011, it was reported that the Baltimore Sun would be moving its web edition behind a paywall starting October 10,2011, BSMG content reaches more than one million Baltimore-area readers each week and is the regions most widely read source of news. On February 20,2014, The Baltimore Sun Media Group announced they are going to buy the alternative weekly City Paper, in April, the Sun acquired the Maryland publications of Landmark Media Enterprises. The Evening Sun was first published in 1910 under the leadership of Charles H. Grasty, former owner of the Evening News, for most of its existence, The Evening Sun led its morning sibling in circulation
Baltimore Evening Sun
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The Baltimore Sun, North Calvert Street
Baltimore Evening Sun
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Front page of The Baltimore Sun, June 16, 2009
Baltimore Evening Sun
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Sun Park in Port Covington
19.
New York Herald Tribune
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The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966. It was created in 1924 when the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald and it was widely regarded as a writers newspaper and competed with the The New York Times in the daily morning market. The paper won at least nine Pulitzer Prizes during its lifetime, editorially, the newspaper was the voice for eastern Republicans, later referred to as Rockefeller Republicans, and espoused a pro-business, internationalist viewpoint. However, it enjoyed prosperity during World War II and by the end of the conflict had pulled close to the Times in ad revenue. A series of business decisions, combined with aggressive competition from the Times and poor leadership from the Reid family. In 1958, the Reids sold the Herald Tribune to John Hay Whitney, under his leadership, the Tribune experimented with new layouts and new approaches to reporting the news, and made important contributions to the body of New Journalism that developed in the 1960s. Combined with investments in the World Journal Tribune, Whitney spent $39.5 million in his attempts to keep the newspaper alive. After the Herald Tribune closed, the Times and The Washington Post, joined by Whitney, entered an agreement to operate the International Herald Tribune, the International Herald Tribune was renamed the International New York Times in 2013. New York magazine, created as the Herald Tribunes Sunday magazine in 1963, was revived by editor Clay Felker in 1968, the New York Herald was founded on May 6,1835 by James Gordon Bennett, a Scottish immigrant who came to the United States at age 24. The fight over access eventually overshadowed the trial itself, Bennett founded the New York Globe in 1832 to promote the re-election of Andrew Jackson to the White House, but the paper quickly folded after the election. Bennett, who wrote much of the newspaper himself, perfected the fresh, Bennett put his profits back into his newspaper, establishing a Washington bureau and recruiting correspondents in Europe to provide the first systematic foreign coverage in an American newspaper. By 1839, the Heralds circulation exceeded that of the The London Times, the New York Tribune was founded by Horace Greeley in 1841. Greeley, a native of New Hampshire, had begun publishing a paper called The New-Yorker in 1834. Joining the Whig Party, Greeley published The Jeffersonian, which helped elect William H, with Whigs in power, Greeley saw the opportunity to launch a daily penny newspaper for their constituency. The New York Tribune launched on April 10,1841, however, his moralism appealed to rural America, with six months of beginning the Tribune, Greeley combined The New-Yorker and The Log Cabin into a new publication, the Weekly Tribune. The weekly version circulated nationwide, serving as a digest of news melded with agriculture tips, offering prizes like strawberry plants and gold pens to salesmen, the Weekly Tribune reached a circulation of 50,000 within 10 years, outpacing the Heralds weekly edition. The Tribunes ranks included Henry Raymond, who later founded The New York Times, and Charles Dana, Dana served as second-in-command to Greeley, but Greeley abruptly fired him in 1862, after years of personality conflicts between the two men. After the Civil War, Bennett turned over operations of the Herald to his son James Gordon Bennett, Jr
New York Herald Tribune
New York Herald Tribune
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James Gordon Bennett, Sr., founder of the New York Herald.
New York Herald Tribune
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Horace Greeley, editor and publisher of the New York Tribune.
New York Herald Tribune
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James Gordon Bennett, Jr., publisher of the New York Herald from 1866 to 1918.
20.
Educational Testing Service
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Educational Testing Service, founded in 1947, is the worlds largest private nonprofit educational testing and assessment organization. It is headquartered in Lawrence Township, New Jersey, but with a Princeton address, in total, ETS annually administers 20 million exams in the U. S. and in 180 other countries. ETS is a U. S. ETS was formed in 1947 to take over the activities of its founders. This broad-based research program attracted many individuals who distinguished themselves in their fields, often while at ETS, patricia Cross, Samuel Ball, and David Rosenhan. Not including its subsidiaries, ETS employs about 2,700 individuals, including 240 with doctorates. To help support its educational mission, ETS, like many other nonprofits, conducts business activities that are unrelated to that mission. Under US tax law, these activities may be conducted by the nonprofit itself, about 25% of the work carried out by ETS is contracted by the College Board, a private, nonprofit membership association of universities, colleges, school districts, and secondary schools. The most popular of the College Boards tests is the SAT, since 1983, ETS has conducted the National Assessment of Educational Progress, known as the Nations Report Card, under contract to the US National Center for Education Statistics. NAEP is the only representative and continuing assessment of what US students know. ETS is responsible for coordination among the nine NAEP Alliance contractors, for development, and for design, data analysis. These tests include the Graduate Record Examinations, the Test of English as a Foreign Language, the Test of English for International Communication, and the Praxis Series. In England and Wales ETS Europe, a unit of the ETS Global for-profit subsidiary, was contracted to mark and process the National Curriculum assessments on behalf of the government. ETS Global took over this role in 2008 from Edexcel, a subsidiary of Pearson, the opposition Conservative party criticized the awarding of the contracts to ETS, and produced a dossier listing previous problems with ETSs service. The ETS contract with the QCA was terminated in August 2008, with an agreement to pay back £19. 5m, subsequently, the contract for National Curriculum assessment marking and processing was again awarded to Edexcel. In 2009, ETS released the My Credentials Vault Service with Interfolio, ETS has been criticized for being a highly competitive business operation that is as much multinational monopoly as nonprofit institution. Due to its status as a non-profit organization, ETS is exempt from paying federal corporate income tax on many. Problems administering Englands national tests in 2008 by ETS Europe were the subject of thousands of complaints recorded by the Times Educational Supplement and their operations were also described as a shambles in the UK Parliament, where a financial penalty was called for. Complaints included papers not being marked properly, or not being marked at all and it has even been suggested that the quality of service is so poor that the Department for Children, Schools and Families might not be able to publish the 2008 league tables of school performance
Educational Testing Service
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ETS' welcome sign, as seen from Rosedale Road in Lawrence Township
Educational Testing Service
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Messick Hall at ETS headquarters
Educational Testing Service
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Lord Hall at ETS headquarters
Educational Testing Service
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Pond behind Messick and Lord Halls.
21.
Macmillan Publishers
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Macmillan Publishers Ltd is an international publishing company owned by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. It has offices in 41 countries worldwide and operates in more than thirty others, Macmillan was founded in 1843 by Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, two brothers from the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Alfred Tennyson joined the list in 1884, Thomas Hardy in 1886, other major writers published by Macmillan included W. B. Chaudhuri, Seán OCasey, John Maynard Keynes, Charles Morgan, Hugh Walpole, Margaret Mitchell, C. P. Snow, Rumer Godden and Ram Sharan Sharma. Beyond literature, the company created such enduring titles as Nature, Macmillan established an office in New York City. It sold its American division in 1896, which published as the Macmillan Company, Macmillan Publishers re-entered the American market in 1954 under the name St. Martins Press. After retiring from politics in 1964, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan became chairman of the company and he had been with the family firm as a junior partner from 1920 to 1940, and from 1945 to 1951 while he was in the opposition in Parliament. The company was one of the oldest independent publishing houses until 1995, Holtzbrinck purchased the remaining shares in 1999, ending the Macmillan familys ownership of the company. Even with the split of the American company from its parent company in England, George Brett, Jr. and he came to the United States with his family in the service of Macmillans of England and built up a business of approximately $50,000 before he died. By my father, who eventually incorporated The Macmillan Company of New York, I succeeded my father, and we currently doing a business of approximately $12,000,000. So then, the name of Brett and the name of Macmillan have been and are synonymous in the United States, pearson acquired the Macmillan name in America in 1998, following its purchase of the Simon & Schuster educational and professional group. Holtzbrinck purchased it from them in 2001, mcGraw-Hill continues to market its pre-kindergarten through elementary school titles under its Macmillan/McGraw-Hill brand. The US operations of Georg von Holtzbrinck are now known as Macmillan, one of the leading companies is Macmillan, that started by selling British English dictionaries and textbooks that were adapted for Russian readers. Their site website provides Russian teachers and students with an access for tests, competitions, contests and information on scheduled online seminars. By some estimates, as of 2009 e-books account for three to five per cent of total sales, and are the fastest growing segment of the market. Following the announcement of the Apple iPad on 27 January 2010—a product that comes with access to the iBookstore—Macmillan gave Amazon, in the latter case, Amazon. com would receive a 30 per cent commission. Amazon responded by pulling all Macmillan books, both electronic and physical, from their website, on 31 January 2010, Amazon chose the agency model preferred by Macmillan. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, Macmillan, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law
Macmillan Publishers
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2008 conference booth
Macmillan Publishers
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This logo appeared in
Leslie Stephen's biography of
Alexander Pope, published by Macmillan & Co in 1880.
22.
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press is the largest university press in the world, and the second oldest after Cambridge University Press. It is a department of the University of Oxford and is governed by a group of 15 academics appointed by the known as the delegates of the press. They are headed by the secretary to the delegates, who serves as OUPs chief executive, Oxford University has used a similar system to oversee OUP since the 17th century. The university became involved in the print trade around 1480, and grew into a printer of Bibles, prayer books. OUP took on the project became the Oxford English Dictionary in the late 19th century. Moves into international markets led to OUP opening its own offices outside the United Kingdom, by contracting out its printing and binding operations, the modern OUP publishes some 6,000 new titles around the world each year. OUP was first exempted from United States corporation tax in 1972, as a department of a charity, OUP is exempt from income tax and corporate tax in most countries, but may pay sales and other commercial taxes on its products. The OUP today transfers 30% of its surplus to the rest of the university. OUP is the largest university press in the world by the number of publications, publishing more than 6,000 new books every year, the Oxford University Press Museum is located on Great Clarendon Street, Oxford. Visits must be booked in advance and are led by a member of the archive staff, displays include a 19th-century printing press, the OUP buildings, and the printing and history of the Oxford Almanack, Alice in Wonderland and the Oxford English Dictionary. The first printer associated with Oxford University was Theoderic Rood, the first book printed in Oxford, in 1478, an edition of Rufinuss Expositio in symbolum apostolorum, was printed by another, anonymous, printer. Famously, this was mis-dated in Roman numerals as 1468, thus apparently pre-dating Caxton, roods printing included John Ankywylls Compendium totius grammaticae, which set new standards for teaching of Latin grammar. After Rood, printing connected with the university remained sporadic for over half a century, the chancellor, Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, pleaded Oxfords case. Some royal assent was obtained, since the printer Joseph Barnes began work, Oxfords chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, consolidated the legal status of the universitys printing in the 1630s. Laud envisaged a unified press of world repute, Oxford would establish it on university property, govern its operations, employ its staff, determine its printed work, and benefit from its proceeds. To that end, he petitioned Charles I for rights that would enable Oxford to compete with the Stationers Company and the Kings Printer and these were brought together in Oxfords Great Charter in 1636, which gave the university the right to print all manner of books. Laud also obtained the privilege from the Crown of printing the King James or Authorized Version of Scripture at Oxford and this privilege created substantial returns in the next 250 years, although initially it was held in abeyance. The Stationers Company was deeply alarmed by the threat to its trade, under this, the Stationers paid an annual rent for the university not to exercise its full printing rights – money Oxford used to purchase new printing equipment for smaller purposes
Oxford University Press
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Oxford University Press on
Walton Street.
Oxford University Press
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2008 conference booth
23.
Merriam-Webster
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Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, is an American company that publishes reference books, especially known for its dictionaries. In 1831, George and Charles Merriam founded the company as G & C Merriam Co. in Springfield, in 1843, after Noah Webster died, the company bought the rights to An American Dictionary of the English Language from Websters estate. All Merriam-Webster dictionaries trace their lineage to this source, in 1964, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. acquired Merriam-Webster, Inc. as a subsidiary. The company adopted its current name in 1982, in 1806, Webster published his first dictionary, A Compendious Dictionary of the English Language. In 1807 Webster started two decades of work to expand his publication into a fully comprehensive dictionary, An American Dictionary of the English Language. To help him trace the etymology of words, Webster learned 26 languages, Webster hoped to standardize American speech, since Americans in different parts of the country used somewhat different vocabularies and spelled, pronounced, and used words differently. Webster completed his dictionary during his year abroad in 1825 in Paris and his 1820s book contained 70,000 words, of which about 12,000 had never appeared in a dictionary before. He also added American words, including skunk and squash, that did not appear in British dictionaries, at the age of 70 in 1828, Webster published his dictionary, it sold poorly, with only 2,500 copies putting him in debt. However, in 1840, he published the edition in two volumes with much greater success. He shows ways that American poetry inherited Websters ideas and draws on his lexicography to develop the language, in 1843, after Websters death, George Merriam and Charles Merriam secured publishing and revision rights to the 1840 edition of the dictionary. They published a revision in 1847, which did not change any of the text but merely added new sections. This began a series of revisions that were described as being unabridged in content, in 1884 it contained 118,000 words,3000 more than any other English dictionary. With the edition of 1890, the dictionary was retitled Websters International, the Collegiate Dictionary was introduced in 1898 and the series is now in its eleventh edition. Following the publication of Websters International in 1890, two Collegiate editions were issued as abridgments of each of their Unabridged editions, with the ninth edition, the Collegiate adopted changes which distinguish it as a separate entity rather than merely an abridgment of the Third New International. Some proper names were returned to the word list, including names of Knights of the Round Table, the most notable change was the inclusion of the date of the first known citation of each word, to document its entry into the English language. The eleventh edition includes more than 225,000 definitions, a CD-ROM of the text is sometimes included. This dictionary is preferred as a source for general matters of spelling by the influential The Chicago Manual of Style, the Chicago Manual states that it normally opts for the first spelling listed. Merriam overhauled the dictionary again with the 1961 Websters Third New International under the direction of Philip B, gove, making changes that sparked public controversy
Merriam-Webster
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Merriam-Webster's eleventh edition of the Collegiate Dictionary
Merriam-Webster
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Merriam-Webster
24.
Wikisource
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Wikisource is an online digital library of free content textual sources on a wiki, operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikisource is the name of the project as a whole and the name for each instance of that project, the projects aims are to host all forms of free text, in many languages, and translations. Originally conceived as an archive to store useful or important historical texts, the project officially began in November 24,2003 under the name Project Sourceberg. The name Wikisource was adopted later that year and it received its own domain name seven months later, the project has come under criticism for lack of reliability but it is also cited by organisations such as the National Archives and Records Administration. The project holds works that are either in the domain or freely licensed, professionally published works or historical source documents, not vanity products. Verification was initially made offline, or by trusting the reliability of digital libraries. Now works are supported by online scans via the ProofreadPage extension, some individual Wikisources, each representing a specific language, now only allow works backed up with scans. While the bulk of its collection are texts, Wikisource as a whole hosts other media, some Wikisources allow user-generated annotations, subject to the specific policies of the Wikisource in question. Wikisources early history included several changes of name and location, the original concept for Wikisource was as storage for useful or important historical texts. These texts were intended to support Wikipedia articles, by providing evidence and original source texts. The collection was focused on important historical and cultural material. The project was originally called Project Sourceberg during its planning stages, in 2001, there was a dispute on Wikipedia regarding the addition of primary source material, leading to edit wars over their inclusion or deletion. Project Sourceberg was suggested as a solution to this, perhaps Project Sourceberg can mainly work as an interface for easily linking from Wikipedia to a Project Gutenberg file, and as an interface for people to easily submit new work to PG. Wed want to complement Project Gutenberg--how, exactly, and Jimmy Wales adding like Larry, Im interested that we think it over to see what we can add to Project Gutenberg. It seems unlikely that primary sources should in general be editable by anyone -- I mean, Shakespeare is Shakespeare, unlike our commentary on his work, the project began its activity at ps. wikipedia. org. The contributors understood the PS subdomain to mean either primary sources or Project Sourceberg, however, this resulted in Project Sourceberg occupying the subdomain of the Pashto Wikipedia. A vote on the name changed it to Wikisource on December 6,2003. Despite the change in name, the project did not move to its permanent URL until July 23,2004, since Wikisource was initially called Project Sourceberg, its first logo was a picture of an iceberg
Wikisource
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The original Wikisource logo
Wikisource
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Screenshot of wikisource.org home page
Wikisource
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::: Original text
Wikisource
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::: Action of the modernizing tool
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Rines, George Edwin". Encyclopedia Americana.
Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "
