1.
Encyclopedic knowledge
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Professor Tom Rockmore described Hegel, for example, as a polymath and a modern Aristotle, perhaps the last person to know everything of value that was known during his lifetime. It is no longer considered realistic, or feasible, for any one person to be described as having encyclopedic knowledge. The concept has been subsumed into the discourses on the production of knowledge, instead, we are now preoccupied with knowledge bases distributed as software or web services. The idea of knowledge has made many appearances in popular culture and literature. In 1887, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle introduced his fictional master sleuth, Sherlock Holmes, one of the most celebrated is the fictional Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy by the late Douglas Adams which began its evolution through numerous mediums as a British radio program in 1978. Jacobs published The Know-It-All, about his experience reading the entire Encyclopædia Britannica from start to finish, for example, it has been said of Raphael Lemkin that his knowledge of the logic behind the Nazi war machine was encyclopedic. Edward Said, in his seminal work, Orientalism, examines the encyclopedic endeavor in great detail. Orientalists unremitting ambition was to all of a world, not some easily delimited part of it such as an author or a collection of texts. The idea of knowledge being re-constellated as a community of knowledge is central to the theory of Connectivism as established by George Siemens
2.
Children's literature
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Childrens literature or juvenile literature includes stories, books, magazines, and poems that are enjoyed by children. Modern childrens literature is classified in two different ways, genre or the age of the reader. Childrens literature can be traced to stories and songs, part of an oral tradition. The development of childrens literature, before printing was invented, is difficult to trace. Even after printing became widespread, many childrens tales were originally created for adults. Since the 15th century, a quantity of literature, often with a moral or religious message, has been aimed specifically at children. The late nineteenth and early centuries became known as the Golden Age of Childrens Literature as this period included the publication of many books acknowledged today as classics. There is no single or widely used definition of childrens literature and it can be broadly defined as anything that children read or more specifically defined as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, or drama intended for and used by children and young people. The International Companion Encyclopedia of Childrens Literature notes that the boundaries of genre. are not fixed but blurred, sometimes, no agreement can be reached about whether a given work is best categorized as literature for adults or children. Rowlings Harry Potter series was written and marketed for young adults, the series extreme popularity led The New York Times to create a separate best-seller list for childrens books. Despite the widespread association of childrens literature with picture books, spoken narratives existed before printing, seth Lerer, in the opening of Childrens Literature, A Readers History from Aesop to Harry Potter, says, This book presents a history of what children have heard and read. The history I write of is a history of reception, early childrens literature consisted of spoken stories, songs, and poems that were used to educate, instruct, and entertain children. It was only in the 18th century, with the development of the concept of childhood, that a genre of childrens literature began to emerge, with its own divisions, expectations. French historian Philippe Ariès argues in his 1962 book Centuries of Childhood that the concept of childhood only emerged in recent times. He explains that children were in the past not considered as different from adults and were not given significantly different treatment. Pre-modern childrens literature, therefore, tended to be of a didactic and moralistic nature, with the purpose of conveying conduct-related, educational, during the 17th century, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe. Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection, the English philosopher John Locke developed his theory of the tabula rasa in his 1690 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and he also suggested that picture books be created for children
3.
Mystery fiction
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Mystery fiction is a genre of fiction usually involving a mysterious death or a crime to be solved. In a closed circle of suspects, each suspect must have a credible motive, the central character must be a detective who eventually solves the mystery by logical deduction from facts fairly presented to the reader. Mystery fiction can be detective stories in which the emphasis is on the puzzle or suspense element, Mystery fiction can be contrasted with hardboiled detective stories, which focus on action and gritty realism. Mystery fiction may involve a mystery where the solution does not have to be logical. This contrasted with parallel titles of the names which contained conventional hardboiled crime fiction. The first use of mystery in this sense was by Dime Mystery, the genre of mystery novels is a young form of literature that has developed over the past 200 years. The rise of literacy began in the years of the English Renaissance and, as began to read over time. As people became more individualistic in their thinking, they developed a respect for human reason, perhaps a reason that mystery fiction was unheard of before the 1800s was due in part to the lack of true police forces. Before the Industrial Revolution, many of the towns would have constables, naturally, the constable would be aware of every individual in the town, and crimes were either solved quickly or left unsolved entirely. As people began to crowd into cities, police forces became institutionalized and the need for detectives was realized – thus the mystery novel arose. An early work of mystery fiction, Das Fräulein von Scuderi by E. T. A. Hoffmann, was an influence on The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe as may have been Voltaires Zadig. Wilkie Collins epistolary novel The Woman in White was published in 1860, in 1887 Arthur Conan Doyle introduced Sherlock Holmes, whose mysteries are said to have been singularly responsible for the huge popularity in this genre. The genre began to expand near the turn of century with the development of dime novels, books were especially helpful to the genre, with many authors writing in the genre in the 1920s. An important contribution to fiction in the 1920s was the development of the juvenile mystery by Edward Stratemeyer. Stratemeyer originally developed and wrote the Hardy Boys and Nancy Drew mysteries written under the Franklin W. Dixon, the massive popularity of pulp magazines in the 1930s and 1940s increased interest in mystery fiction. The detective fiction author Ellery Queen is also credited with continuing interest in mystery fiction, interest in mystery fiction continues to this day because of various television shows which have used mystery themes and the many juvenile and adult novels which continue to be published. There is some overlap with thriller or suspense novels and authors in those genres may consider themselves mystery novelists. Comic books and like graphic novels have carried on the tradition, Mystery fiction can be divided into numerous categories, including traditional mystery, legal thriller, medical thriller, cozy mystery, police procedural, and hardboiled
4.
Bullying
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Bullying is the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominate others. The behavior is repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception, by the bully or by others, of an imbalance of social or physical power, behaviors used to assert such domination can include verbal harassment or threat, physical assault or coercion, and such acts may be directed repeatedly towards particular targets. If bullying is done by a group, it is called mobbing, Bullying can be defined in many different ways. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has no definition of bullying. Bullying is divided into four types of abuse – emotional, verbal, physical. It typically involves subtle methods of coercion, such as intimidation, Bullying in school and the workplace is also referred to as peer abuse. Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism, a bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans interact with each other. This includes school, family, the workplace, home, in a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, the strongest predictor was the perception of whether the most influential male in a players life would approve of the bullying behavior. Bullying may thus be defined as the activity of repeated, aggressive behavior intended to hurt another individual, the Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus says bullying occurs when a person is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons. He says negative actions occur when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, individual bullying is usually characterized by a person behaving in a certain way to gain power over another person. Individual bullying can be classified into four types, collective bullying is known as mobbing, and can include any of the individual types of bullying. Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and it is stated that Cyber-bullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school. Individual bullying tactics can be perpetrated by a person against a target or targets. This is any bullying that hurts someone’s body or damages their possessions, stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, and destroying property all are types of physical bullying. Physical bullying is rarely the first form of bullying that a target will experience, often bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying the main weapon the bully uses is their body when attacking their target. Sometimes groups of adults will target. This can quickly lead to a situation where they are being taunted, tortured, physical bullying can lead to a tragic ending and therefore must be stopped quickly to prevent any further escalation
5.
Mischief
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Mischief or malicious mischief is the specific name for different criminal offenses in a number of different jurisdictions. While the wrongful acts will often involve what is described as vandalism there can be a legal differentiation between the two. The etymology of the word comes from Old French meschief, which means misfortune, from meschever, malicious mischief is an offence against the common law of Scotland. In United States criminal law, mischief is an offense against property that does not involve conversion and it typically involves any damage, defacement, alteration, or destruction of property. Common forms include vandalism, graffiti, or some other destruction or defacement of property other than arson, Criminal mischief is usually a misdemeanor. The countrys Criminal Code makes mischief a hybrid offence, punishable by up to, the dictionary definition of mischief at Wiktionary
6.
Larceny
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Larceny is a crime involving the unlawful taking of the personal property of another person or business. It was an offence under the law of England and became an offence in jurisdictions which incorporated the common law of England into their own law. However, larceny remains an offence in parts of the United States and in New South Wales, Australia, the word larceny is a late Middle English word, from the Anglo-Norman word larcin, or theft. Its probable Latin root is latrocinium, a derivative of latro, the common law offence of larceny was abolished on 1 August 2002. However, proceedings for larceny committed before its abolition are not affected by this, the common law offence of larceny was codified by the Larceny Act 1916. It was abolished on 1 January 1969, for all purposes not relating to offences committed before that date and it has been replaced by the broader offence of theft under section 1 of the Theft Act 1968. This offence did incorporate some of the terminology and substance of larceny, the common law offence of larceny was abolished on 1 August 1969, for all purposes not relating to offences committed before that date. It has been replaced by the offence of theft under section 1 of the Theft Act 1969. In the United States, larceny is a common law crime involving theft, under the common law, larceny is the trespassory taking and carrying away of the tangible personal property of another with the intent to deprive him or her of its possession permanently. In almost all states, it has become a crime through codification. In the state of New South Wales, the common law offence of larceny is punishable with up to 5 years imprisonment. Whilst section 117 of the New South Wales Crimes Act specifies the punishment for larceny, it is silent on the elements of the offence, the leading authority on larceny in NSW is the High Court case of Ilich. This case stipulates the mens rea and actus reas elements required to be proven by the prosecution for a successful conviction, Larceny is a crime against possession. Furthermore, it has two elements which must be met, the taking of the property, even if momentarily. Larceny involves the taking of property from possession of another. To understand larceny, one must understand the distinction between custody and possession, a person has possession of property when he has actual physical control over the property or he has the right to exercise considerable control over the disposition or use of the property. A person has custody if he has actual physical control of the property, examples of custody would be a store customer examining the goods of a merchant, or an employee who has been given the property of his employer to be used in his employment. This is to be contested to, for example, a person who has obtained possession of the property by fraud
7.
Confidence trick
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A confidence trick is an attempt to defraud a person or group after first gaining their confidence, used in the classical sense of trust. Confidence tricks exploit characteristics of the human psyche such as dishonesty, vanity, compassion, credulity, irresponsibility, naïveté, the perpetrator of a confidence trick is often referred to as a confidence man, con-artist, or a grifter. Samuel Thompson was the confidence man. Thompson was a swindler who asked his victims to express confidence in him by giving him money or their watch rather than gaining their confidence in a more nuanced way. A few people trusted Thompson with their money and watches, Thompson was arrested in July 1849. Reporting about this arrest, Dr. James Houston, a reporter of the New York Herald, although Thompson was an unsuccessful scammer, he gained reputation as a genius operator mostly because Houstons satirical writing wasnt understood. The National Police Gazette coined the term confidence game a few weeks after Houston first used the name, the confidence man. A confidence trick is known as a con game, a con, a scam, a grift, a hustle, a bunko, a swindle, a flimflam. The intended victims are known as marks, suckers, or gulls, when accomplices are employed, they are known as shills. A short con or small con is a fast swindle which takes just minutes and it typically aims to rob the victim of everything in his or her wallet. A long con or big con is a scam that unfolds over several days or weeks and involves a team of swindlers, as well as props, sets, extras, costumes, and scripted lines. It aims to rob the victim of huge sums of money or valuable things, often by getting him or her to empty out banking accounts, in Confessions of a Confidence Man, Edward H. Smith lists the six definite steps or stages of growth of a confidence game. He notes that some steps may be omitted, foundation Work Preparations are made in advance of the game, including the hiring of any assistants required. Build-up The victim is given an opportunity to profit from a scheme, the victims greed is encouraged, such that their rational judgment of the situation might be impaired. Pay-off or Convincer The victim receives a small payout as a demonstration of the schemes effectiveness and this may be a real amount of money, or faked in some way. In a gambling con, the victim is allowed to win small bets. In a stock market con, the victim is given fake dividends, the Hurrah A sudden crisis or change of events forces the victim to act immediately. This is the point at which the con succeeds or fails, the In-and-In A conspirator puts an amount of money into the same scheme as the victim, to add an appearance of legitimacy to the scheme
8.
Frank Bolle
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With an unknown writer, he co-created the masked, Old West comic-book heroine the Black Phantom. Bolle sometimes used the pen name FWB and, at least once, from 1943 to 1946, Bolle served in the United States Army Air Force, and after his return from World War II attended Pratt Institute on the G. I. Bolle broke into comics in 1943, drawing backgrounds for Funnies Inc. one of a handful of packagers that supplied content to publishers entering the medium of comic books. His first known credits are penciling and inking two Terry Vance detective features for Timely Comics, the precursor of Marvel Comics, in Marvel Mystery Comics #47–48. His comics output became regular soon afterward with a Freddy Freshman story in Fawcett Comics Captain Marvel Jr. #46 and he did additional work for Fawcett, and signed some of his Lev Gleason Publications comics work FWB. Bolle himself, in an interview conducted no earlier than 1992, did not mention his prewar work when asked about the first comic book you worked on. I said, If you need it Monday, Ill bring it in on Monday, and I wrote a little story and they printed it on the back. Those were the first books I worked on when I got out of the service after World War II I was 21 or 22, with an unknown writer, Bolle co-created the masked Old West heroine the Black Phantom in Magazine Enterprises Western comic Tim Holt #25. Through 1954, he drew the title feature as well as the backup feature Redmask, then took over the art for the spinoff series Red Mask. Additionally, for DC Comics, Bolle drew the cyborg-superhero feature Robotman in Detective Comics #167–179, from 1955 to 1957, Bolle drew Robin Hood stories in MEs Robin Hood and the subsequent, TV series-based The Adventures of Robin Hood. For Marvel Comics 1950s forerunner, Atlas Comics, he drew supernatural fantasy stories in the anthologies Mystic, Marvel Tales, Strange Tales, Journey into Mystery and other titles in 1956 and 1957. As well by the mid-1950s, Bolle was illustrating juvenile fiction books, including Gene Autry & Champion, and books starring Lassie and he would later draw for the Choose Your Own Adventure childrens book series. This briefly overlapped his own Sunday comic strip, the McNaught Syndicates Childrens Tales and he recalled it as a Sunday page where I illustrated some classics like Cinderella and Rumplestilskin and I did them in three parts so they would appear in three Sundays. And in-between that I would also write stories, so I wrote about 12 to 15 original stories, then I would switch back. For the same syndicate, he drew the daily and Sunday strip Debbie Deere, I did that for about 4 years, from 1966 to 1969. For the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate, he wrote and drew the strip Quick Quiz from 1964 to 1965, by this time he was also illustrating for magazines, beginning with the mens adventure title Stag from 1961 to 1962. He used the pseudonym F. L. Blake for the dust jacket of the 1963 book Picture Parade of Jewish History. In 1966, Bolle began an association with the magazine Boys Life
9.
Mystery Writers of America
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Mystery Writers of America is an organization of mystery and crime writers, based in New York City. The organization was founded in 1945 by Clayton Rawson, Anthony Boucher, Lawrence Treat and it presents the Edgar Award, a small bust of Edgar Allan Poe, to mystery or crime writers every year. It presents the Raven Award to non-writers, who contribute to the mystery genre, the Grand Master Award is the highest honor bestowed by the Mystery Writers of America. It recognizes lifetime achievement and consistent quality, the Raven Awards are recorded in the Edgars Database of the Mystery Writers of America
10.
WorldCat
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WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, the subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCats database. OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour and that same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat, the first catalog records were added in 1971. It contains more than 330 million records, representing over 2 billion physical and digital assets in 485 languages and it is the worlds largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other subscribtion OCLC services, in 2006, it became possible to search WorldCat directly at its website. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million identities, predominantly authors, WorldCat operates on a batch processing model rather than a real-time model. That is, WorldCat records are synchronized at intermittent intervals with the library catalogs instead of real-time or every day. Consequently, WorldCat shows that an item is owned by a particular library. WorldCat does not indicate whether or not an item is borrowed, lost, undergoing restoration or repair. Furthermore, WorldCat does not show whether or not a library owns multiple copies of a particular title, copac Faceted Application of Subject Terminology Library and Archives Canada Research Libraries UK Online Computer Library Center Grossman, Wendy M. Why you cant find a book in your search engine. Official website OCLC - Web scale discovery and delivery of library resources OCLC Bibliographic Formats and Standards WorldCat Identities
11.
HBO
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Home Box Office is an American premium cable and satellite television network that is owned by Time Warner through its respective flagship company Home Box Office, Inc. HBO is the oldest and longest continuously operating pay television service in the United States, in 2014, HBO had an adjusted operating income of US$1.79 billion, compared to the US$1.68 billion it accrued in 2013. HBO has 49 million subscribers in the United States and 130 million worldwide as of 2016, the network provides seven 24-hour multiplex channels, including HBO Comedy, HBO Latino, HBO Signature and HBO Family. It launched the streaming service HBO Now in April 2015, and has over 2 million subscribers in the United States as of February 2017. In addition to its U. S. subscriber base, HBO distributes content in at least 151 countries, HBO subscribers generally pay for an extra tier of service that includes other cable- and satellite-exclusive channels even before paying for the channel itself. Cable providers can require the use of a converter box – usually digital – in order to receive HBO, many HBO programs have been syndicated to other networks and broadcast television stations, and a number of HBO-produced series and films have been released on DVD. The new system, which Dolan named Sterling Information Services, became the first urban underground cable system in the United States. In that same year, Time-Life, Inc. purchased a 20% stake in Dolans company, in the summer of 1971, while on a family vacation in France, Charles Dolan began to think of ideas to make Sterling Manhattan profitable. He came up with the concept for a television service. Dolan later presented his idea to Time-Life management, though satellite distribution seemed only a distant possibility at the time, he persuaded Time-Life to back him on the project. To gauge whether consumers would be interested in subscribing to a pay television service, in a meeting of Dolan and some Time-Life executives who were working on the project, various other names were discussed for the new service. Home Box Office launched on November 8,1972, however, HBOs launch came without fanfare in the press, as it was not covered by any local or national media outlets. Home Box Office distributed its first sports event immediately after the film, Four months later in February 1973, Home Box Office aired its first television special, the Pennsylvania Polka Festival. Home Box Office would use a network of relay towers to distribute its programming to cable systems throughout its service area. Sterling Manhattan Cable continued to lose money because the company had only a small base of 20,000 customers in Manhattan. Time-Life dropped the Sterling name and the company was renamed Manhattan Cable Television under Time-Lifes control in March 1973, Gerald Levin, who had been with Home Box Office since it began operations as its vice president of programming, replaced Dolan as the companys president and chief executive officer. In September 1973, Time-Life, Inc. completed its acquisition of the pay service. HBO would eventually increase its fortunes within two years, by April 1975, the service had around 100,000 subscribers in Pennsylvania and New York state, in 1974, they settled on using a geostationary communications satellite to transmit HBO to cable providers throughout the United States
12.
Provo, Utah
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Provo /ˈproʊvoʊ/ is the third-largest city in the U. S. state of Utah, located 43 miles south of Salt Lake City along the Wasatch Front. Provo is the largest city and county seat of Utah County and it lies between the cities of Orem to the north and Springville to the south. With a population at the 2010 census of 112,488, Provo is the city in the Provo-Orem metropolitan area. It is the third-largest metropolitan area in Utah after Salt Lake City, the city is the location of Brigham Young University, a private higher education institution, which is operated by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Provo also has the largest Missionary Training Center for the LDS Church, the city is a focus area for technology development in Utah, with several billion dollar startups operating in Provo. Provo was the city in the United States to work with Google Fiber. The citys Peaks Ice Arena was a venue for the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics in 2002, Sundance Resort is located 13 miles northeast at Provo Canyon. In 2015, Provo was cited among the Best Small And Medium-Size Cities For Jobs, and Utah County, in 2013, Forbes ranked Provo the No.2 city on its list of Best Places for Business and Careers. Provo was ranked first for community optimism, first for volunteerism and its metropolitan area was projected to have the greatest population increase in the 2010 United States Census. The area was originally called Timpanogots and was inhabited by the Timpanogos and it was the largest and most settled area in modern-day Utah. The ample food from the Provo River made the Timpanogos a peaceful people, the area also served as the traditional meeting place for the Ute and Shoshone tribes and as a spot to worship their creator. Father Silvestre Velez de Escalante, a Spanish Franciscan missionary-explorer, is considered the first European explorer to have visited the area and he was guided by two Timpanogos Utes, whom he called Silvestre and Joaquin. Escalante chronicled this first European exploration across the Great Basin desert, the Europeans did not build a permanent settlement, but traded with the Timpanogos whom they called Lagunas or Come Pescado. In 1847, the Mormon Pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley, at first, they were friendly with the Mormons. But, as relations deteriorated with the Shoshoni and Utes because of land claims and stealing of livestock by the Indians, tensions rose. Because of the stolen goods of settlers by the Utes, Brigham Young gave a small militia orders to take such measures as would put a final end to their depredations in future. ”This ended in what is known as the Battle Creek Massacre, in modern-day Pleasant Grove. The Mormons continued pushing into Timpanog lands, in 1849,33 Mormon families from Salt Lake City established Fort Utah. In 1850, Brigham Young sent an army from Salt Lake to drive out the Timpanogos in what is called the Provo War, the ruthlessness of the Mormon invaders angered the Timpanog, which contributed to the Walker War and Black Hawk War
13.
VHS
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The Video Home System is a standard for consumer-level analog video recording on tape cassettes. Developed by Victor Company of Japan in the early 1970s, it was released in Japan in late 1976, from the 1950s, magnetic tape video recording became a major contributor to the television industry, via the first commercialized video tape recorders. At that time, the devices were used only in professional environments such as television studios. In the 1970s, videotape entered home use, creating the video industry and changing the economics of the television. The television industry viewed videocassette recorders as having the power to disrupt their business, in the 1980s and 1990s, at the peak of VHSs popularity, there were videotape format wars in the home video industry. Two of the formats, VHS and Betamax, received the most media exposure, VHS eventually won the war, dominating 60 percent of the North American market by 1980 and emerging as the dominant home video format throughout the tape media period. Optical disc formats later began to better quality than analog consumer video tape such as standard. The earliest of these formats, LaserDisc, was not widely adopted, however, after the introduction of the DVD format in 1997, VHSs market share began to decline. By 2008, DVD had replaced VHS as the preferred method of distribution. After several attempts by other companies, the first commercially successful VTR, at a price of US$50,000 in 1956, and US$300 for a 90-minute reel of tape, it was intended only for the professional market. Kenjiro Takayanagi, a broadcasting pioneer then working for JVC as its vice president, saw the need for his company to produce VTRs for the Japan market. In 1959, JVC developed a video tape recorder. In 1964, JVC released the DV220, which would be the companys standard VTR until the mid-1970s, in 1969 JVC collaborated with Sony Corporation and Matsushita Electric in building a video recording standard for the Japanese consumer. The effort produced the U-matic format in 1971, which was the first format to become a unified standard, U-matic was successful in business and some broadcast applications, but due to cost and limited recording time very few of the machines were sold for home use. Soon after, Sony and Matsushita broke away from the collaboration effort, Sony started working on Betamax, while Matsushita started working on VX. JVC released the CR-6060 in 1975, based on the U-matic format, Sony and Matsushita also produced U-matic systems of their own. In 1971, JVC engineers Yuma Shiraishi and Shizuo Takano put together a team to develop a consumer-based VTR, by the end of 1971 they created an internal diagram titled VHS Development Matrix, which established twelve objectives for JVCs new VTR. These included, The system must be compatible with any television set
14.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
15.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
16.
Tomie dePaola
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Thomas Anthony Tomie dePaola /ˈtɒmi dəˈpaʊlə/ is an American writer and illustrator who has created more than 200 childrens books, and is known best for picture books such as Strega Nona. He received the Laura Ingalls Wilder Award for his contribution to American childrens literature in 2011. Though not as known as for illustrations of childrens books, DePaola has also produced significant works of fine art. He also painted a set of frescoes in the refectory of the same abbey, DePaola was born in Meriden, Connecticut to a family of Irish and Italian heritage. He had one brother, Joseph, and two sisters, Judie and Maureen and his book The Baby Sister is about Maureen being born. DePaola was attracted to art at an age and credits his family with encouraging his development as an artist. After high school, dePaola studied art at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, DePaola taught art at Newton College of the Sacred Heart outside Boston from 1962 to 1966, then moved to California, where he taught at San Francisco College for Women from 1967 to 1970. He received a Master of Fine Arts degree from California College of Arts and Crafts in 1969, DePaola relocated to New England in the 1970s, teaching art at Chamberlayne Junior College in Boston from 1972 to 1973. He taught art at New England College in Henniker, New Hampshire, DePaola retired from full-time teaching in 1978 to devote his time to writing and illustrating books. He provided illustrations for Maggie and the Monster Baby by Elizabeth Winthrop, the first published book that dePaola illustrated was a 1965 volume in the Coward-McCann series Science is what and why, Sound, written by Lisa Miller. The first that he wrote and illustrated was The Wonderful Dragon of Timlin, as an actor, dePaola has appeared in several episodes of Barney & Friends as himself. He also starred as himself in the Jim Henson Company series Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola, the Pratt Institute honored him with an honorary doctorate on May 18,2009. DePaola currently resides in New London, New Hampshire, where he taught from 1973 to 1976. The committee noted the range of his stories and his innate understanding of childhood, a distinctive visual style. It called Strega Nona, the wise Grandma Witch, a character who has charmed generations of children. For single works he has won the 1983 Golden Kite Award, Picture Book Illustration, from the Society of Childrens Book Writers and Illustrators for Giorgios Village, which he also wrote. He won the 1994 Aesop Prize from the American Folklore Society for Christopher, the Holy Giant, DePaola has been a runner-up for the 1976 Caldecott Medal, the 1982 Boston Globe-Horn Book Award, the 1987 Golden Kite Award, and the 2000 Newbery Medal. The Caldecott and Newbery Medals are the premier annual American Library Association awards for book illustration
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Dick Bruna
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Hendrik Magdalenus Bruna was a Dutch author, artist, illustrator and graphic designer. Bruna was best known for his childrens books which he authored and illustrated and his most notable creation was Miffy, a small rabbit drawn with heavy graphic lines, simple shapes and primary colors. Bruna also created stories for such as Lottie, Farmer John. Aside from his catalog of childrens books, Bruna also illustrated and designed book covers, posters. His most popular designs graced the covers of the Zwarte Beertjes series of books, well known among his designs are those for Simenons Maigret books, typified by graphic silhouettes of a pipe on various backgrounds. Dick Brunas father, A. W. Bruna, directed the publishing company Bruna. His fathers intentions were for Bruna to follow in his footsteps and he traveled to London and lived for a while in Paris, where he fell under the influence of Ferdinand Leger, Pablo Picasso, and especially Henri Matisse. Back in the Netherlands he attended the Rijksakademie van beeldende kunsten in Amsterdam but soon quit, he said afterwards that he had no talent as a painter, Bruna illustrated over 2,000 covers and over 100 posters for the family business, A. W. His most recognized illustrations were for the Zwarte Beertjes series of books, including The Saint, James Bond, Simenon, in July 2014 he announced his retirement, the rights to the Miffy character will not be sold. In March 2016 he was awarded the Max Velthuijs-prijs, Bruna died in his sleep in Utrecht on 16 February 2017 at the age of 89. Bruna published 120 childrens book titles, the last being Queen Miffy in 2007, at a young age Bruna started drawing, but was also influenced by artists of other art forms. He drew covers for his newspaper in Walt Disney style. Later he admired Rembrandt and Van Gogh, the biggest influence was perhaps Matisse. Dick Brunas first works were based on collages by the French painter, Bruna has also been noted to have been influenced by the Dutch graphic design movement, De Stijl, in particular the work of architect Gerrit Rietveld. Widdershoven, Thomas, Thomas Widdershoven, Gert Staal, Zwarte Beertjes- Book Cover Designs by Dick Bruna. Linders, Joke, Joke Linders, Koosje Sierman, Ivo de Wijs, kees Nieuwenhuijzen, ed. Het paradijs in Pictogram. The eye demands an eye- Reflections about the books by Dick Bruna. Hello Kitty – Reception Online webshop miffy Official Dick Bruna/Miffy site Video portrait and interview with Dick Bruna Dick Bruna Huis – The Permanent Collection at Utrechts Central Museum
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