1.
International Standard Book Number
–
The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
International Standard Book Number
–
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an
EAN-13 bar code
2.
OCLC
–
The Online Computer Library Center is a US-based nonprofit cooperative organization dedicated to the public purposes of furthering access to the worlds information and reducing information costs. It was founded in 1967 as the Ohio College Library Center, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat, the largest online public access catalog in the world. OCLC is funded mainly by the fees that libraries have to pay for its services, the group first met on July 5,1967 on the campus of the Ohio State University to sign the articles of incorporation for the nonprofit organization. The group hired Frederick G. Kilgour, a former Yale University medical school librarian, Kilgour wished to merge the latest information storage and retrieval system of the time, the computer, with the oldest, the library. The goal of network and database was to bring libraries together to cooperatively keep track of the worlds information in order to best serve researchers and scholars. The first library to do online cataloging through OCLC was the Alden Library at Ohio University on August 26,1971 and this was the first occurrence of online cataloging by any library worldwide. Membership in OCLC is based on use of services and contribution of data, between 1967 and 1977, OCLC membership was limited to institutions in Ohio, but in 1978, a new governance structure was established that allowed institutions from other states to join. In 2002, the structure was again modified to accommodate participation from outside the United States. As OCLC expanded services in the United States outside of Ohio, it relied on establishing strategic partnerships with networks, organizations that provided training, support, by 2008, there were 15 independent United States regional service providers. OCLC networks played a key role in OCLC governance, with networks electing delegates to serve on OCLC Members Council, in early 2009, OCLC negotiated new contracts with the former networks and opened a centralized support center. OCLC provides bibliographic, abstract and full-text information to anyone, OCLC and its member libraries cooperatively produce and maintain WorldCat—the OCLC Online Union Catalog, the largest online public access catalog in the world. WorldCat has holding records from public and private libraries worldwide. org, in October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project, WikiD, allowing readers to add commentary and structured-field information associated with any WorldCat record. The Online Computer Library Center acquired the trademark and copyrights associated with the Dewey Decimal Classification System when it bought Forest Press in 1988, a browser for books with their Dewey Decimal Classifications was available until July 2013, it was replaced by the Classify Service. S. The reference management service QuestionPoint provides libraries with tools to communicate with users and this around-the-clock reference service is provided by a cooperative of participating global libraries. OCLC has produced cards for members since 1971 with its shared online catalog. OCLC commercially sells software, e. g. CONTENTdm for managing digital collections, OCLC has been conducting research for the library community for more than 30 years. In accordance with its mission, OCLC makes its research outcomes known through various publications and these publications, including journal articles, reports, newsletters, and presentations, are available through the organizations website. The most recent publications are displayed first, and all archived resources, membership Reports – A number of significant reports on topics ranging from virtual reference in libraries to perceptions about library funding
OCLC
–
Fred Kilgour (1st director of OCLC)
OCLC
–
Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)
OCLC
–
OCLC headquarters (Ohio)
OCLC
–
OCLC offices in Leiden (the Netherlands)
3.
Encyclopedia
–
An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name, Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years, the oldest still in existence, AD77 by Pliny the Elder and was not fully revised at the time of his death in AD79. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of dictionaries around the 17th century, some modern encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, are often electronic and freely available. Together, the phrase literally translates as complete instruction or complete knowledge, one of the oldest vernacular uses was by François Rabelais in his Pantagruel in 1532. Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix -pedia, e. g. Banglapedia, in British usage, the spellings encyclopedia and encyclopaedia are both current. In American usage, only the former is commonly used, the spelling encyclopædia—with the æ ligature—was frequently used in the 19th century and is increasingly rare, although it is retained in product titles such as Encyclopædia Britannica and others. The Oxford English Dictionary records encyclopædia and encyclopaedia as equal alternatives, websters Third New International Dictionary features encyclopedia as the main headword and encyclopaedia as a minor variant. In addition, cyclopedia and cyclopaedia are now rarely used shortened forms of the word originating in the 17th century, the modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 18th century. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well-educated, well-informed content experts, a dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words and those related by the matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, allegedly, not written in order to convince, an encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics. General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a variety of topics but from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of reference
Encyclopedia
–
Brockhaus Enzyklopädie
Encyclopedia
–
Title page of " Lucubrationes..." 1541 edition, the first book to use the word encyclopedia in the title
Encyclopedia
–
Title page of
Skalich's Encyclopaedia, seu orbis disciplinarum, tam sacrarum quam prophanarum, epistemon from 1559, first to use the word encyclopaedia as a noun in the title
Encyclopedia
–
Naturalis Historiæ, 1669 edition, title page
4.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
–
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
–
Church members believe that
Joseph Smith was called to be a modern-day prophet through, among other events, a
visitation from
God the Father and
Jesus Christ.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
–
Brigham Young led the LDS Church from 1844 until his death in 1877.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
–
The
Salt Lake Temple, which took 40 years to build, is one of the most iconic images of the church.
5.
Mormon
–
After Smiths death in 1844, the Mormons followed Brigham Young to what would become the Utah Territory. Today, most Mormons are understood to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, some Mormons are also either independent or non-practicing. The center of Mormon cultural influence is in Utah, and North America has more Mormons than any other continent, Mormons have developed a strong sense of communality that stems from their doctrine and history. Mormons dedicate large amounts of time and resources to serving in their church, Mormons have a health code which eschews alcoholic beverages, tobacco, coffee, tea, and other addictive substances. They tend to be very family-oriented, and have connections across generations and with extended family. Mormons also have a law of chastity, requiring abstention from sexual relations outside of heterosexual marriage. Mormons self-identify as Christian, although some non-Mormons consider Mormons non-Christian, Mormons believe in the Bible, as well as other books of scripture, such as the Book of Mormon. They have a view of cosmology, and believe that all people are spirit-children of God. Mormons believe that returning to God requires following the example of Jesus Christ and they believe that Christs church was restored through Joseph Smith and is guided by living prophets and apostles. Central to Mormon faith is the belief that God speaks to his children, due to their high birth and conversion rates, the Mormon population has grown significantly in recent decades rising from around three million in 1970 to over 15 million in 2015. The term Mormons has been embraced by most adherents of Mormonism, most notably Mormon fundamentalists, while other Latter Day Saint denominations, both LDS Church members and members of fundamentalist groups commonly use the word Mormon in reference to themselves. The LDS Church, however, disagrees with this self-characterization, Church leaders also encourage members to use the churchs full name to emphasize its focus on Jesus Christ. Today, polygamy is practiced within Mormonism only by people that have broken with the LDS Church, the history of the Mormons has shaped them into a people with a strong sense of unity and communality. From the start, Mormons have tried to establish what they call Zion, in the first period, Smith had tried literally to build a city called Zion, in which converts could gather. During the pioneer era, Zion became a landscape of villages in Utah, in modern times, Zion is still an ideal, though Mormons gather together in their individual congregations rather than a central geographic location. Mormons trace their origins to the visions that Joseph Smith reported having in the early 1820s while living in upstate New York, in 1823, Smith said an angel directed him to a buried book written on golden plates containing the religious history of an ancient people. Smith published what he said was a translation of these plates in March 1830 as the Book of Mormon, named after Mormon, on April 6,1830, Smith founded the Church of Christ. The early church grew westward as Smith sent missionaries to proselytize, in 1833, Missouri settlers, alarmed by the rapid influx of Mormons, expelled them from Jackson County into the nearby Clay County, where local residents were more welcoming
Mormon
–
Orson Scott Card
Mormon
–
M. Russell Ballard
Mormon
–
Mia Love
Mormon
–
Wally Herger
6.
Essay
–
An essay is, generally, a piece of writing that gives the authors own argument — but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet, and a short story. Essays have traditionally been sub-classified as formal and informal, Essays are commonly used as literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays, while brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like John Lockes An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Thomas Malthuss An Essay on the Principle of Population are counterexamples. In some countries, essays have become a part of formal education. The concept of an essay has been extended to other mediums beyond writing, a film essay is a movie that often incorporates documentary filmmaking styles, and focuses more on the evolution of a theme or idea. A photographic essay covers a topic with a series of photographs that may have accompanying text or captions. An essay has been defined in a variety of ways, one definition is a prose composition with a focused subject of discussion or a long, systematic discourse. It is difficult to define the genre into which essays fall, aldous Huxley, a leading essayist, gives guidance on the subject. He notes that the essay is a device for saying almost everything about almost anything, and adds that by tradition, almost by definition. Furthermore, Huxley argues that essays belong to a species whose extreme variability can be studied most effectively within a three-poled frame of reference. Their art consists of setting forth, passing judgment upon, the abstract-universal, In this pole we find those essayists who do their work in the world of high abstractions, who are never personal and who seldom mention the particular facts of experience. Huxley adds that the most satisfying essays. make the best not of one, the word essay derives from the French infinitive essayer, to try or to attempt. In English essay first meant a trial or an attempt, for the rest of his life, he continued revising previously published essays and composing new ones. Francis Bacons essays, published in form in 1597,1612. Ben Jonson first used the word essayist in English in 1609, English essayists included Robert Burton and Sir Thomas Browne. In France, Michel de Montaignes three volume Essais in the mid 1500s contain over 100 examples widely regarded as the predecessor of the modern essay, in Italy, Baldassare Castiglione wrote about courtly manners in his essay Il Libro del oregano. In the 17th century, the Jesuit Baltasar Gracián wrote about the theme of wisdom, in the 18th and 19th centuries, Edmund Burke and Samuel Taylor Coleridge wrote essays for the general public. In the 20th century, a number of essayists tried to explain the new movements in art, whereas some essayists used essays for strident political themes, Robert Louis Stevenson and Willa Cather wrote lighter essays
Essay
–
John Locke 's 1690
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Essay
–
Essays of
Michel de Montaigne
Essay
–
University students, like these students doing research at a university library, are often assigned essays as a way to get them to analyse what they have read.
Essay
–
Malthus' Essay on the Principle of Population
7.
Academic
–
Academy is a type of secondary or tertiary education institutions. The word comes from the Academy in ancient Greece, which derives from the Athenian hero, outside the city walls of Athens, the gymnasium was made famous by Plato as a center of learning. The sacred space, dedicated to the goddess of wisdom, Athena, had formerly been an olive grove, in these gardens, the philosopher Plato conversed with followers. Plato developed his sessions into a method of teaching philosophy and in 387 BC, by extension academia has come to mean the cultural accumulation of knowledge, its development and transmission across generations and its practitioners and transmitters. In the 17th century, British, Italian and French scholars used the term to describe types of institutions of higher learning, in ancient Greece, after the establishment of the original Academy, Platos colleagues and pupils developed spin-offs of his method. Arcesilaus, a Greek student of Plato established the Middle Academy, carneades, another student, established the New Academy. In 335 BC, Aristotle refined the method with his own theories, the library of Alexandria in Egypt was frequented by intellectuals from Africa, Europe and Asia studying various aspects of philosophy, language and mathematics. The University of Timbuktu was a university in Timbuktu, present-day Mali. During its zenith, the university had an attendance of around 25,000 students within a city of around 100,000 people. In China a higher education institution Shang Xiang was founded by Shun in the Youyu era before the 21st century BC, in the 8th century another kind of institution of learning emerged, named Shuyuan, which were generally privately owned. There were thousands of Shuyuan recorded in ancient times, the degrees from them varied from one to another and those advanced Shuyuan such as Bailudong Shuyuan and Yuelu Shuyuan can be classified as higher institutions of learning. Taxila or Takshashila, in ancient India, modern-day Pakistan, was an early Buddhist centre of learning and it is considered as one of the ancient universities of the world. According to scattered references which were only fixed a millennium later it may have dated back to at least the 5th century BC, some scholars date Takshashilas existence back to the 6th century BC. The school consisted of several monasteries without large dormitories or lecture halls where the instruction was most likely still provided on an individualistic basis. Takshashila is described in detail in later Jātaka tales, written in Sri Lanka around the 5th century AD. It became a centre of learning at least several centuries BC. Takshashila is perhaps best known because of its association with Chanakya, the famous treatise Arthashastra by Chanakya, is said to have been composed in Takshashila itself. Chanakya, the Maurya Emperor Chandragupta and the Ayurvedic healer Charaka studied at Taxila, generally, a student entered Takshashila at the age of sixteen
Academic
–
Students and scholars at the entrance to the
University of Concepción,
Chile.
Academic
–
Nalanda, ancient center of higher learning in
Bihar,
India from 427 to 1197
8.
Professors
–
Professor is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, professor derives from Latin as a person who professes being usually an expert in arts or sciences, in much of the world, the unqualified word professor is used formally to indicate the highest academic rank, informally known as full professor. Professors conduct original research and commonly teach undergraduate, graduate, or professional courses in their fields of expertise, in universities with graduate schools, professors may mentor and supervise graduate students conducting research for a thesis or dissertation. Professors typically hold a Ph. D. another doctorate or a different terminal degree, some professors hold a masters degree or a professional degree, such as an M. D. as their highest degree. The term professor was first used in the late 14th century to one who teaches a branch of knowledge. As a title that is prefixed to a name, it dates from 1706, the hort form prof is recorded from 1838. The term professor is used with a different meaning, ne professing religion. This canting use of the word comes down from the Elizabethan period, a professor is an accomplished and recognized academic. In most Commonwealth nations, as well as northern Europe, the professor is the highest academic rank at a university. In the United States and Canada, the title of professor is also the highest rank, in these areas, professors are scholars with doctorate degrees or equivalent qualifications who teach in four-year colleges and universities. An emeritus professor is a given to selected retired professors with whom the university wishes to continue to be associated due to their stature. Emeritus professors do not receive a salary, but they are often given office or lab space, and use of libraries, labs, the term professor is also used in the titles assistant professor and associate professor, which are not considered professor-level positions in some European countries. In Australia, the associate professor is used in place of reader, ranking above senior lecturer. However, such professors usually do not undertake academic work for the granting institution, in general, the title of professor is strictly used for academic positions rather than for those holding it on honorary basis. Other roles of professorial tasks depend on the institution, its legacy, protocols, place, a professor typically earns a base salary and a range of benefits. In addition, a professor who undertakes additional roles in her institution earns additional income, some professors also earn additional income by moonlighting in other jobs, such as consulting, publishing academic or popular press books, or giving speeches or coaching executives. Some fields give professors more opportunities for outside work, the anticipated average earnings with performance-related bonuses for a German professor is €71,500. The salaries of civil servant professors in Spain are fixed in a basis, but there are some bonus related to performance and seniority
Professors
–
A science professor lecturing to university students.
Professors
–
The Ancient Greek philosopher
Socrates was one of the earliest recorded professors.
9.
Brigham Young University
–
Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, many students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, BYU offers a variety of academic programs, including liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges. The universitys primary focus is on education, but it also has 68 masters and 25 doctoral degree programs. BYUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent, while their other teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYUs sports teams have won a total of fourteen national championships, on October 16,1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah, in 1867. Hence, October 16,1875, is held as BYUs founding date. The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maesers direction the school educated many luminaries including future U. S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland, the school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluffs term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18,1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion, however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named Brigham Young University. The suggestion received an amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasnt large enough to be a university. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, in 1903 Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions, Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU and he had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer, under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called Temple Hill. After some controversy among locals over BYUs purchase of property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus
Brigham Young University
–
Brigham Young, the school's
eponym.
Brigham Young University
–
Brigham Young University
Brigham Young University
–
The Brigham Young Academy building circa 1900
Brigham Young University
–
The Abraham O. Smoot Administration Building
10.
Leonard J. Arrington
–
Leonard James Arrington was an American author, academic and the founder of the Mormon History Association. He is known as the Dean of Mormon History and the Father of Mormon History because of his many contributions to the field. Arrington grew up in a family in Idaho, where he. After high school, he studied economics at the University of Idaho. While teaching at the Utah State Agricultural College in Logan, Utah, Harvard University Press published his book Great Basin Kingdom, An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830–1900 in 1958. In writing the Mormon history classic, Arrington started performing research in the LDS Church library archives, in Great Basin Kingdom, Arrington wrote that Mormon pioneer communal irrigation practices were a reflection of their communal values, which also affected their city planning. After a Fulbright professorship at the University of Genoa in Italy, Arrington raised funds to pay for research, in 1959, Arringtons article An Economic Interpretation of The Word of Wisdom caused the fletchling BYU Studies to be suspended for a year. In 1965, Arrington helped establish the Mormon History Association, which adopted Dialogue as their publication venue and he taught Western American History at Brigham Young University from 1972–1987. In conjunction with his appointment at BYU, Arrington was also appointed as the first Church Historian for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1972 to 1982. It was the first time a professional historian was given this job, the Historical Department was not subject to the churchs Correlation Program and enjoyed some freedom of research. The new director of the Historical Department, G. Homer Durham, required that all publications go through him, in 1982, the Church released Arrington as Church Historian and transferred the History Division to BYU, creating the Joseph Fielding Smith Institute for Church History. Arrington published over 20 other books and articles, including several biographies, Arrington wrote Brigham Young, American Moses with the help of many research assistants, some Mormons consider it a definitive biography, but it excludes discussion of the Mountain Meadows massacre. Half of a box of the collection was given to the church archives, Leonard Arrington was born in Twin Falls, Idaho on July 2,1917, the third of eleven children. His parents, Noah and Edna, were devout Latter-day Saints and he grew up as an aspiring farmer and active member and one of the first national officers of the National FFA Organization. For his FFA independent project, he raised several hundred Rhode Island Red chickens, the chicken project helped him win a Union Pacific Railroad scholarship. Arrington was also a member of the Boy Scouts and read books by Ernest Thompson Seton, in the summers, he slept outside in the family orchard to have a quiet place to read and enjoyed an idyllic country life. During the Great Depression, Arrington was curious about the price of potatoes, several people responded, and one person had paid two dollars for the same sack of potatoes. Noah offered to pay for Leonard to serve and LDS mission, Leonard did not serve an LDS mission, but considered his educational endeavors a form of church service
Leonard J. Arrington
–
Leonard J. Arrington
11.
Salt Lake City
–
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858
Salt Lake City
–
Clockwise from top: The skyline in July 2011,
Utah State Capitol,
TRAX,
Union Pacific Depot, the
Block U, the
City and County Building, and the
Salt Lake Temple.
Salt Lake City
–
Map showing Salt Lake as
Mexican territory in 1838. Source:
Britannica 7th Ed.
Salt Lake City
–
Part of Main Street 1890
Salt Lake City
–
Men lounging outside saloon & Chinese laundry, 1910
12.
List of mayors of Salt Lake City
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This is a list of mayors of Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Salt Lake City was incorporated on January 6,1851, the mayor of Salt Lake City is a non-partisan position. Harold Schindler, Mayoral History Awaits Corradini Chapter, Colorful Mayoral History Awaits Unprecedented Corradini Chapter, the Salt Lake Tribune, p. A1
List of mayors of Salt Lake City
List of mayors of Salt Lake City
List of mayors of Salt Lake City
List of mayors of Salt Lake City
13.
Ted Wilson (mayor)
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Ted Lewis Wilson is an American politician who served as the 30th mayor of Salt Lake City, Utah, US, from 1976 until July 1985. Wilson resigned during his term to become the director of the Hinckley Institute of Politics at the University of Utah where he held an adjunct assistant professorship of Political Science. His terms were noted by an election in May,1979 to change the five member commission form of government to a mayor/council form and this initiative was created by a city scandal involving the take-over of the city personnel department by the chief of police. Wilson also initiated and passed the first historical and foothill preservation ordinances in the citys history, currently, Wilson is the Executive Director of the Utah Rivers Council, a Utah-based environmental organization. Ted Wilson was born May 18,1939, in Salt Lake City and he attended schools in Salt Lake City, graduating from South High School in 1957 and from the University of Utah in 1964, with a B. S. degree in Political Science. He received a Masters Degree in Education from the University of Washington in 1969, in 1983, he received an honorary Doctorate of Laws from Westminster College of Salt Lake City. From 1957 to 1963, he served in the Utah Army National Guard and was activated to full-time status during the Berlin Crisis and he was an instructor at the Leysin American School, Leysin, Switzerland for one year. He also taught economics at Skyline High School, Salt Lake City, during the summer months of 1966 to 1969 he was a mountaineering park ranger in Grand Teton National Park. He was appointed Chief of Staff to U. S, congressman Wayne Owens in March 1973. In April 1975 he was appointed to direct the Department of Social Services in Salt Lake County, in November 1975 he was elected as Mayor of Salt Lake City. He served as Mayor until July 1,1985, when he became the Director of the Hinckley Institute of Politics at the University of Utah. Retiring from the Hinckley Institute in September 2003, Wilson retains status as Professor Emeritus of political science, Wilson is a founder of the Exoro Co. He ran against Orrin Hatch for the Senate in 1982, in 1988, he was the Democratic candidate for Governor of the State of Utah. In 1991, Wilson was selected by the Harvard University John F. Kennedy Institute of Politics as an institute fellow during the Autumn Semester, personal travel to India has allowed Wilson to study and understand the Indian system of government. Wilson has made ten trips to India leading university student expeditions, during those visits, he has met with the Dalai Lama, and led efforts to build housing for Tibetan Refugees in Bir, a community hall in Leh, Ladhk and a school in Kotwara. Wilson loves the sport of mountaineering and has climbed routes in Utah, in the Tetons, and in other ranges including the Alps, Alaska, Wilson has established three climbing schools still in operation and was a climbing ranger in Grand Teton National Park. He guided in the Tetons for Exum Mountain Guides and owned the Jackson Hole Mountain Guides in 1970 and he received the Department of the Interior Valor award for a mountain rescue on the North Face of the Grand Teton in 1967. Wilson is married to former Salt Lake Tribune columnist Holly Mullen, from his previous marriage to Kathryn Carling, Wilson has five children
Ted Wilson (mayor)
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Wilson in 1984
14.
Jan Shipps
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Jo Ann Barnett Jan Shipps is an American historian specializing in Mormon History, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century to the present. Shipps is generally regarded as the foremost non-Mormon scholar of the Latter Day Saint movement and her first book on the subject was Mormonism, The Story of a New Religious Tradition published by the University of Illinois Press. Shipps has a Ph. D. in history and she taught at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis for many years and is now professor emeritus of history and religious studies. Her interest in Mormonism was sparked when she lived briefly with her family in Logan, Utah in the 1950s. Shipps served as an editor of The Journals of William McLellin, 1831-1836. She was the first non-Mormon and the first woman elected president of the Mormon History Association and her articles about the Latter-day Saints have been published in a number of both academic and popular journals, and she speaks frequently about Mormonism to both Mormon and non-Mormon audiences. Shipps has studied how perceptions of Mormons have changed over time and this syndrome, Shipps argues, may be due to the fact that Utah and Mormon history is dramatically different from the settlement of the rest of the West. In her 2000 book Sojourner in the Promised Land, Forty Years Among the Mormons, Shipps documents what she calls, the gathering of the scattered and the scattering of the gathering. Shipps details how the LDS church changed its central gathering point from Utah to local stakes anywhere in the world as spiritual, cultural and physical gathering points. Since retiring from her career as a professor, Shipps continues to write about Latter-day Saint history and consults with journalists about news on the Latter-day Saints. In 2005 she gave a paper on the LDS Church as a religion at a conference commemorating Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. She also keynoted an April 2007 conference in Arkansas honoring early apostle Parley P. Pratt, the conference marked the sesquicentennial of Pratts 1857 murder and the bicentennial of Pratts birth. Shipps has long been a promoter of scholarly associations. She has served as president of the Mormon History Association, the John Whitmer Historical Association, as author, Mormonism, The Story of a New Religious Tradition. ISBN 0-252-01417-0 Sojourner in the Promised Land, Forty Years among the Mormons, ISBN 0-252-02590-3 – collected essays As editor, with Welch, John W. The Journal of William E. McLellin, 1831-1836, religion and Public Life in the Mountain West, Sacred Landscapes in Transition. ISBN 0-7591-0626-6 Collections, Howard R. Lamar, Richard L. Bushman, Donald Worster, collected Leonard J. Arrington Mormon History Lectures. Gerald D. Nash, Eugene England, Dean L. May, Jan Shipps, twentieth Century American West, Contributions to an Understanding
Jan Shipps
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Historian Jan Shipps addresses a meeting of the
John Whitmer Historical Association.
15.
Stephen Covey
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Stephen Richards Covey was an American educator, author, businessman, and keynote speaker. His most popular book was The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People and he was a professor at the Jon M. Huntsman School of Business at Utah State University at the time of his death. Covey was born to Stephen Glenn Covey and Irene Louise Richards Covey in Salt Lake City, Utah, Louise was the daughter of Stephen L Richards, an apostle and counselor in the first presidency of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under David O. McKay. Covey was the grandson of Stephen Mack Covey who founded the original Little America near Granger, Covey was athletic as a youth but contracted slipped capital femoral epiphysis in junior high school, requiring him to change his focus to academics. He was a member of the team and graduated from high school early. Covey earned a Bachelor of Science degree in administration from the University of Utah, an MBA from Harvard University. He was a member of Pi Kappa Alpha International Fraternity and he was awarded ten honorary doctorates. The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People, Coveys best-known book, has more than 25 million copies worldwide since its first publication in 1989. The audio version became the first non-fiction audio-book in U. S. publishing history to more than one million copies. Covey argues against what he calls The Personality Ethic, something he sees as prevalent in many modern self-help books and he promotes what he labels The Character Ethic, aligning one’s values with so-called universal and timeless principles. Covey adamantly refuses to conflate principles and values, he sees principles as external natural laws, while values remain internal, Covey proclaims that values govern peoples behavior, but principles ultimately determine the consequences. Covey presents his teachings in a series of habits, manifesting as a progression from dependence via independence to interdependence, Coveys 2004 book The 8th Habit, From Effectiveness to Greatness was published by Free Press, an imprint of Simon & Schuster. It is the sequel to The 7 Habits, Covey posits that effectiveness does not suffice in what he calls The Knowledge Worker Age. He says that he challenges and complexity we face today are of a different order of magnitude, the 8th habit essentially urges, Find your voice and inspire others to find theirs. Covey released The Leader in Me — How Schools and Parents Around the World Are Inspiring Greatness and it tells how some schools, parents and business leaders are preparing the next generation to meet the great challenges and opportunities of the 21st Century. In 1985 Covey established Stephen R and their mission statement reads, We enable greatness in people and organizations everywhere. In 2009 Covey launched a career development webinar series to help people struggling in the economic downturn and its purpose was to offer timely and current topics on a regular basis. In March 2008, Covey launched the Stephen Coveys Online Community, the site was a collection of online courses, goal management and social networking
Stephen Covey
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Stephen Covey
16.
Hugh Nibley
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Hugh Winder Nibley was an American author, Mormon apologist, and professor at Brigham Young University. A prolific author and professor of Biblical and Mormon scripture at BYU, Nibley wrote and lectured on LDS scripture and doctrinal topics, publishing many articles in LDS Church magazines. Hugh Nibley was born in Portland, Oregon, son of Alexander Nibley, among their other sons were Sloan Nibley, Richard Nibley, and Reid N. Nibley. Their father Alexander was the son of Charles W. Nibley, Presiding Bishop of the church, alexanders mother, wife of Charles, was Rebecca Neibaur. Rebecca was the daughter of Alexander Neibaur, a Jewish native of Alsace who had moved to England, Alexander Nibley served as mission president of the Netherlands in 1906 and 1907. At 17, Nibley served an LDS mission in Germany for two-and-a-half years, Nibleys memoirs, edited by his son, state as he departed for his mission, LDS Apostle Melvin Ballard told the missionaries to warn the Germans to repent or they would be burnt by fire. A woman in Karlsruhe was so angry at hearing this prophecy from Nibley that she chased him with a butchers cleaver, when Nibley returned in 1945, he found many German cities had been destroyed, including the butchers shop. Nibley enrolled at University of California, Los Angeles, and earned a doctorate as a University Fellow at the University of California, Berkeley in 1938, graduating summa cum laude. Enlisting in the United States Army for World War II, he became a Master Sergeant working in military intelligence for the 101st Airborne Division of the famed Screaming Eagles. Part of the Utah Beach division during the D-Day invasion, he landed by glider at Eindhoven as part of Operation Market Garden, a fellow sergeant remarked, Everything happens to Nibley, but nothing happens to him. He was fortunate in the war, as he was never captured, killed or wounded, after his return from war, he married Phyllis Draper in September 1946, and eventually the couple had eight children. At the request of Apostle John A. Widtsoe, he became a professor at Brigham Young University in 1946, teaching history, foreign language, retiring from a staff position in 1975, he continued working as a professor emeritus until 1994. He maintained an office in the Harold B. Lee Library, working on his magnum opus, titled One Eternal Round. Late in life, Nibley gave authorization to have his biography written, bedridden by illness for the last two years of his life, Nibley died on 24 February 2005 in his home in Provo, Utah at the age of 94. His son Alex Nibley later edited his World War II memoirs and he gave the materials for his final book to FARMS in the fall of 2002, which was published in March 2010 as commemoration for what would have been his 100th birthday. Nibley had long been aware of the allegations and denied them, Becks seven siblings responded saying the accusations were false. Boyd Petersen, Nibleys biographer and son-in-law, also rejected Becks claims, Nibley was an active Democrat and an ardent conservationist, often criticizing Republican policies. He was strongly opposed to the United States involvement in the Vietnam War and he authored Approaching Zion, critiquing capitalism and socialism, and endorsing the law of consecration
Hugh Nibley
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Hugh Winder Nibley
17.
Jeffery R. Holland
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Jeffrey Roy Holland is an American educator and religious leader. He served as the ninth President of Brigham Young University and is a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. As a member of the Quorum of the Twelve, Holland is accepted by the LDS Church as a prophet, seer, currently, he is the sixth most senior apostle in the church. Holland was born in St. George, Utah and his father, Frank D. Holland, was a convert to the LDS Church while his mother, Alice, came from a long line of Latter-day Saints. As a young man, Holland served a mission to England, his mission president was Marion D. Hanks and he and Quentin L. Cook were missionary companions. Holland graduated from Dixie High School and he helped the Flyers capture state high school championships in football and basketball. He began his education at Dixie College before his mission. After returning from his mission, he served as co-captain of the Dixie basketball team, in 2011, the school broke ground for the Jeffrey R. Holland Centennial Commons Building, a building to honor both Holland and the schools 2011 centennial. The completed building was dedicated in September 2012, Holland transferred to Brigham Young University where he graduated with a BA in English. He received an MA in Religious Education from BYU, while also teaching religion classes part-time, after earning his masters degree, Holland became an Institute of Religion teacher in Hayward, California. He worked as a director in Seattle, Washington. Holland attended Yale University and earned a masters degree in American Studies. At Yale, Holland studied with American literary scholar and critic R. W. B. Lewis, while studying at Yale, Holland served as a counselor in the presidency of the LDS Churchs Hartford Connecticut Stake. Holland served as a director in Salt Lake City after earning his Ph. D. He served as director of the Melchizedek Priesthood MIA, in 1974, Holland was appointed Dean of Religious Education at BYU, during which period of time, he was the youngest dean at BYU. He served as the commissioner of the Church Educational System from 1976 to 1980. In 1980, Holland was appointed to succeed Dallin H, a significant achievement during Hollands presidency was the founding of the BYU Jerusalem Center. Holland also led a $100,000,000 fundraising campaign, during his presidency, the BYU Center for International Studies was renamed the David M. Kennedy Center for International Studies and had its role at BYU re-emphasized
Jeffery R. Holland
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Holland, while commissioner of the Church Educational System (1977)
Jeffery R. Holland
18.
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy is a type of doctoral degree awarded by universities in many countries. Ph. D. s are awarded for a range of programs in the sciences, engineering. The Ph. D. is a degree in many fields. The completion of a Ph. D. is often a requirement for employment as a university professor, researcher, individuals with an earned doctorate can use the title of Doctor with their name and use the post-nominal letters Ph. D. The requirements to earn a Ph. D. degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, a person who attains a doctorate of philosophy is automatically awarded the academic title of doctor. A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions. A Ph. D. candidate must submit a project, thesis or dissertation often consisting of a body of academic research. In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of examiners appointed by the university. Universities award other types of doctorates besides the Ph. D. such as the Doctor of Musical Arts, a degree for music performers and the Doctor of Education, in 2016, ELIA launched The Florence Principles on the Doctorate in the Arts. The Florence Principles have been endorsed are supported also by AEC, CILECT, CUMULUS, the degree is abbreviated PhD, from the Latin Philosophiae Doctor, pronounced as three separate letters. In the universities of Medieval Europe, study was organized in four faculties, the faculty of arts. All of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees and final degrees, the doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current Ph. D. degree in that they were awarded for advanced scholarship, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements, besides these degrees, there was the licentiate. According to Keith Allan Noble, the first doctoral degree was awarded in medieval Paris around 1150, the doctorate of philosophy developed in Germany as the terminal Teachers credential in the 17th century. Typically, upon completion, the candidate undergoes an oral examination, always public, starting in 2016, in Ukraine Doctor of Philosophy is the highest education level and the first science degree. PhD is awarded in recognition of a contribution to scientific knowledge. A PhD degree is a prerequisite for heading a university department in Ukraine, upon completion of a PhD, a PhD holder can elect to continue his studies and get a post-doctoral degree called Doctor of Sciences, which is the second and the highest science degree in Ukraine. Scandinavian countries were among the early adopters of a known as a doctorate of philosophy
Doctor of Philosophy
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A Doctor of Philosophy of the
University of Oxford in full
academic dress
19.
Richard P. Howard
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Richard P. Howard is historian emeritus of Community of Christ, having served as world church historian of that organization from 1966–1994. He was the first professionally trained scholar to occupy that position, Howard has frequently been compared to Leonard Arrington, his counterpart in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Both church historians are recognized as pioneering scholars of the New Mormon History, Howards contributions include foundational work on Latter Day Saint scripture and the professionalization of the history of the Reorganization and the Community of Christ. His research into the origins of Mormon polygamy helped change his churchs stance on the subject. Howard earned a degree from Graceland College, a B. A. in education from the University of Kansas. He pursued further studies at the University of Kansas, American University in Washington, D. C. and Saint Paul School of Theology in Kansas City. This change took place against the backdrop of a trend of professionalization in the history of the Latter Day Saint movement commonly known as the New Mormon History. In the RLDS context, major participants in the New Mormon History included Howard, Robert Flanders, Alma Blair, Barbara Higdon, Paul M. Edwards, William D. Russell, and W. Grant McMurray. Howards first major contribution was a study of the produced by Joseph Smith Jr. entitled Restoration Scriptures. In this work, Howard noted evolutionary changes in the Joseph Smith Translation or Inspired Version of the Bible and similar changes in the recorded in the Doctrine. More provocative was his comparison of the texts of the Book of Mormon from the 1829 manuscript through the 1840 printed version. Howards study received the Best Book Award from the Mormon History Association in 1969/1970, while serving as church historian, Howard contributed articles to the independent, progressive RLDS periodical, Courage, A Journal of History, Thought, and Action. Published quarterly between 1970 and 1973, Courage anticipated many of the changes that would occur within the RLDS Church as it transformed into the Community of Christ. He served as president of JWHA in 1985 and as president of MHA in 1990–91, also among the founders of JWHA was Howards assistant in the Church Historians Office, W. Grant McMurray. McMurray later became a member of the churchs First Presidency, rising ultimately to become prophet-president of the church. By the 1960s and 1970s, the traditional RLDS view that Brigham Young rather than Joseph Smith Jr. was the origin of Mormon polygamy had been called into question by scholars of the New Mormon History. Flanders, a professor of history at Graceland College published Nauvoo, Flanders concluded that the traditional RLDS view was incorrect, asserting instead that the practice had indeed originated with Joseph Smith. In 1977, the First Presidency of the RLDS Church directed Howard to investigate the issue, several years of careful study led Howard to generally agree with Flanders conclusions
Richard P. Howard
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Richard P. Howard attending the annual Restoration Studies Symposium in April 2011.
20.
Community of Christ
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Community of Christ is an American-based international church with roots in the Latter Day Saint movement. The church reports approximately over 250,000 members in 60 nations, the church traces its origins to Joseph Smiths establishment of the Church of Christ on April 6,1830, with the church formally reorganizing on April 6,1860, following the death of Smith in 1844. The Community of Christ is rooted in Restorationist traditions, although in some respects it is congruent with mainline Protestant Christian attitudes, it is in many ways theologically distinct, continuing such features as prophetic revelation. It is the second-largest denomination within the Latter Day Saint movement, Community of Christ follows a largely non-liturgical tradition based loosely on the Revised Common Lectionary. From its headquarters in Independence, Missouri, the church offers a focus on evangelism, peace and justice ministries, spirituality and wholeness, youth ministries. Church teachings emphasize that all are called as persons of worth to share the peace of Christ, the church was legally organized on April 6,1830, in Fayette, New York. The formal reorganization occurred on April 6,1860, in Amboy, Illinois, as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, adding the word Reorganized to the church name in 1872. The Community of Christ today considers the period from 1830 to 1844 to be a part of its history and from 1844. Since 1844, the doctrines and practices of the Community of Christ have evolved separately from the denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. Since the 1960s, the churchs proselytizing outside North America forced a re-assessment, howard estimated that 25,000 members had left to join such groups. Between the mid-1960s and the late 1990s, there was a decline in new baptisms in the United States along with a 50 percent drop in contributions in the decade before 1998. The church owns two temples, the Kirtland Temple, dedicated in 1836 in Kirtland, Ohio, and the relatively new Independence Temple and these structures are open to the public and are also used for education and gatherings. The church also owns and operates some Latter Day Saint historic sites in Lamoni, Iowa, the Auditorium in Independence houses the Childrens Peace Pavilion and is the site of the major legislative assembly of the Community of Christ, which convenes during the World Conference. The church sponsors Graceland University, with a campus in Lamoni and another in Independence, where the School of Nursing, in its mission statement, the church declares that e proclaim Jesus Christ and promote communities of joy, hope, love and peace. The vision statement states that We will become a church dedicated to the pursuit of peace, reconciliation. The Community of Christ states that it recognizes that perception of truth is qualified by human nature and experience. Nevertheless, the Community of Christ offers a number of the commonly held beliefs of its members and leaders as the generally accepted beliefs of the church. As Stephen M. Veazey, current president of the church states, the Community of Christ generally accepts the doctrine of the Trinity and other commonly held Christian beliefs
Community of Christ
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The Community of Christ Temple in Independence, Missouri, USA. Dedicated in 1994.
Community of Christ
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Community of Christ
Community of Christ
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Church seal on a set of doors to the Independence Temple
21.
Latter Day Saint movement
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The Latter Day Saint movement is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian primitivist movement founded by Joseph Smith in the late 1820s. Collectively, these churches have over 15 million members, the vast majority of adherents belong to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, with their predominant theology being Mormonism. The LDS Church self-identifies as Christian, based on the teachings of this book and other revelations, Smith founded a Christian primitivist church, called the Church of Christ. The Book of Mormon attracted hundreds of followers, who later became known as Mormons, Latter Day Saints. In 1831, Smith moved the headquarters to Kirtland, Ohio. After the church in Ohio collapsed due to dissensions, in 1838, Smith and the body of the moved to Missouri. After Smiths death in 1844, a crisis led to the organization splitting into several groups. The largest of these, the LDS Church, migrated under the leadership of Brigham Young to the Great Basin, the LDS Church officially renounced this practice in 1890, and gradually discontinued it, resulting in the Utah Territory becoming a U. S. state. This change resulted in the formation of a number of small sects who sought to maintain polygamy and other 19th-century Mormon doctrines and practices, other groups originating within the Latter Day Saint movement followed different paths in Missouri, Illinois, Michigan, and Pennsylvania. For the most part these groups rejected plural marriage and some of Smiths later teachings, the largest of these, the Community of Christ, was formed in Illinois in 1860 by several groups uniting around Smiths son, Joseph Smith III. Most existing denominations that adhere to the teachings of Smith have some relationship with the movement. The driving force behind and founder of the Latter Day Saint movement was Joseph Smith, Smith and Cowdery also explained that the angels John the Baptist, Peter, James, and John visited them in 1829 and gave them priesthood authority to reestablish the Church of Christ. The first Latter Day Saint church was formed on April 6,1830, consisting of a community of believers in the western New York towns of Fayette, Manchester, the church was formally organized under the name of the Church of Christ. In 1844, William Law and several other Latter Day Saints in church leadership positions publicly denounced Smiths secret practice of polygamy in the Nauvoo Expositor, the city council of Nauvoo, Illinois, led by Smith, subsequently had the printing press of the Expositor destroyed. In spite of Smiths later offer to pay damages for destroyed property, critics of Smith, some called for the Latter Day Saints to be either expelled or destroyed. These various claims resulted in a succession crisis, many supported Brigham Young, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, others Sidney Rigdon, the senior surviving member of the First Presidency. These various groups are referred to under two geographical headings, Prairie Saints and Rocky Mountain Saints. Today, the vast majority of Latter Day Saints belong to the Utah-based The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the second-largest denomination is the Missouri-based Community of Christ which reports over 250,000 members
Latter Day Saint movement
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The
Book of Mormon.
22.
Constitutional law
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Constitutional law is the body of law which defines the relationship of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. Not all nation states have codified constitutions, though all such states have a jus commune, or law of the land and these may include customary law, conventions, statutory law, judge-made law, or international rules and norms. Constitutional law deals with the principles by which the government exercises its authority. In some instances, these principles grant specific powers to the government, such as the power to tax, other times, constitutional principles act to place limits on what the government can do, such as prohibiting the arrest of an individual without sufficient cause. In most nations, including the United States, constitutional law is based on the text of a document ratified at the time the nation came into being, Constitutional laws may often be considered second order rule making or rules about making rules to exercise power. It governs the relationships between the judiciary, the legislature and the executive with the bodies under its authority, one of the key tasks of constitutions within this context is to indicate hierarchies and relationships of power. Human rights or civil liberties form a part of a countrys constitution. Most jurisdictions, like the United States and France, have a codified constitution, a recent example is the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union which was intended to be included in the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, that failed to be ratified. Perhaps the most important example is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights under the UN Charter and these are intended to ensure basic political, social and economic standards that a nation state, or intergovernmental body is obliged to provide to its citizens but many do include its governments. Some countries like the United Kingdom have no entrenched document setting out fundamental rights, in those jurisdictions the constitution is composed of statute, case law, a case named Entick v. Carrington is a constitutional principle deriving from the common law. John Enticks house was searched and ransacked by Sherriff Carrington, Carrington argued that a warrant from a Government minister, the Earl of Halifax was valid authority, even though there was no statutory provision or court order for it. The court, led by Lord Camden stated that, The great end and that right is preserved sacred and incommunicable in all instances, where it has not been taken away or abridged by some public law for the good of the whole. By the laws of England, every invasion of private property, if no excuse can be found or produced, the silence of the books is an authority against the defendant, and the plaintiff must have judgment. The commonwealth and the civil law jurisdictions do not share the same constitutional law underpinnings, another main function of constitutions may be to describe the procedure by which parliaments may legislate. For instance, special majorities may be required to alter the constitution, in bicameral legislatures, there may be a process laid out for second or third readings of bills before a new law can enter into force. Alternatively, there may further be requirements for maximum terms that a government can keep power before holding an election, Constitutional law is a major focus of legal studies and research. The doctrine of the rule of law dictates that government must be conducted according to law and this was first established by British legal theorist A. V. Dicey. Dicey’s rule of law formula consists of three classic tenets, the first is that the regular law is supreme over arbitrary and discretionary powers
Constitutional law
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The principles from the French
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen still have constitutional value
23.
Sport
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SPORT was an American sports magazine. Launched in September 1946 by New York-based publisher Macfadden Publications, SPORT pioneered the use of color photography – it carried eight full-color plates in its first edition. SPORT predated the launch of Sports Illustrated by eight years, and is remembered for bringing several editorial innovations to the genre, as well as creating, in 1955, the SPORT Magazine Award. What made SPORT the most distinctive from Sports Illustrated, however, was that it was a magazine as opposed to SIs weekly distribution. SPORT was published continually between its launch and August 2000, when its then-owner, British publisher EMAP PLC, made the decision to close the money-losing title. Launched in September 1946, Macfaddens SPORT magazine broke new ground, as the first mainstream national sports publication, the emphasis was not on the games or the teams, but on the elements of human drama that lay beneath. SPORT was an icon in the league of LIFE, Look and it continued to thrive for a quarter-century or so, as SI struggled to reach profitability, and to find the right blend of spectator and participatory sports. Ogden Nash wrote his baseball poem Line-Up for Yesterday for the magazine in 1949, the concept was expanded over the years until a SPORT magazine award was presented to the outstanding post-season performer in all four major team sports, as sanctioned by the leagues. But by the early 1970s, Macfadden, lacking Time Magazines deep pockets, was fading, in 1976, Downe and its family of magazines that included Ladies Home Journal and Redbook, was acquired by The Charter Company. Under Downe and Charter, there was a zig-zag in editorial direction, and gradually SPORT lost its way, its distinctive voice, and circulation declined. In 1980, SPORT was purchased from the Charter Company by its VP of Corporate and Investor Relations, Park Beeler, Beeler quickly restructured the personnel of SPORT and named Don Hanrahan, a former publisher under Downe, to return to that role. Beeler and Hanrahan immediately implemented a plan of editorial and circulation repositioning with a return to a sports in depth theme as opposed to attempts to cover sports news. Beeler and Hanrahan also solidified SPORTs historic role of awarding of the MVP Awards for the Super Bowl, World Series, Stanley Cup, circulation practices were improved and re-validated. This quickly revived the magazine and its advertising base, Beeler then sold MVP Sports to Raymond Hunt of Dallas, who integrated it into his existing publishing enterprises, Southwest Media, which included the very successful D Magazine, which was headed by. Hanrahan, Allison and Bauer all moved on to other projects after a few years, the magazine was sold by Ray Hunt to Peterson Publishing Company in 1988, at which time SPORTs decline resumed. In August 2000, after appearing every month for 54 years under 10 different owners, allen Barra, writing in Salon. com, put it this way, Though it didnt make any headlines, the news of the death of SPORT magazine. Must have put a lump in the throat of those old enough to remember the greatest of all American sports magazines. Sports Illustrated was great, but SI, in an era when you couldnt see all the highlights every night, was read for news, there is also a second location in Vancouver, Canada
Sport
24.
Science
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Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations, disciplines which use science, like engineering and medicine, may also be considered to be applied sciences. However, during the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the method were laid by Ibn al-Haytham in his Book of Optics. In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of physical laws, over the course of the 19th century, the word science became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was during this time that scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, Science in a broad sense existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is distinct in its approach and successful in its results, Science in its original sense was a word for a type of knowledge rather than a specialized word for the pursuit of such knowledge. In particular, it was the type of knowledge which people can communicate to each other, for example, knowledge about the working of natural things was gathered long before recorded history and led to the development of complex abstract thought. This is shown by the construction of calendars, techniques for making poisonous plants edible. For this reason, it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and they were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly interested in astronomy. In contrast, trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature was seen by scientists as a more appropriate interest for lower class artisans. A clear-cut distinction between formal and empirical science was made by the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides, although his work Peri Physeos is a poem, it may be viewed as an epistemological essay on method in natural science. Parmenides ἐὸν may refer to a system or calculus which can describe nature more precisely than natural languages. Physis may be identical to ἐὸν and he criticized the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in self-criticism. He was particularly concerned that some of the early physicists treated nature as if it could be assumed that it had no intelligent order, explaining things merely in terms of motion and matter. The study of things had been the realm of mythology and tradition, however. Aristotle later created a less controversial systematic programme of Socratic philosophy which was teleological and he rejected many of the conclusions of earlier scientists. For example, in his physics, the sun goes around the earth, each thing has a formal cause and final cause and a role in the rational cosmic order. Motion and change is described as the actualization of potentials already in things, while the Socratics insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being, they did not argue for any other types of applied science
Science
–
Maize, known in some English-speaking countries as corn, is a large
grain plant domesticated by
indigenous peoples in
Mesoamerica in
prehistoric times.
Science
–
The scale of the universe mapped to the branches of science and the hierarchy of science.
Science
–
Aristotle, 384 BC – 322 BC, - one of the early figures in the development of the
scientific method.
Science
–
Galen (129—c.216) noted the optic chiasm is X-shaped. (Engraving from
Vesalius, 1543)
25.
Standard Works
–
The standard works of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints are the four books that currently constitute its open scriptural canon. Under the LDS Churchs doctrine of continuing revelation, Latter-day Saints believe in the principle of revelation from God to his children, individual members are entitled to divine revelation for confirmation of truths, gaining knowledge or wisdom, meeting personal challenges, and so forth. Parents are entitled to revelation for raising their families, members are encouraged to ponder these revelations and pray to determine for themselves the truthfulness of doctrine. The Doctrine and Covenants teaches that all things must be done in order and this applies to adding new scripture. There are several instances of this happening in the LDS Church, April 6,1830, When the church was organized it is presumed that the Bible and Book of Mormon were unanimously accepted as scripture. June 9,1830, First conference of the Church, The Articles and Covenants of the Church of Christ, if the Bible and Book of Mormon were not sustained on April 6th then they were by default when the Articles and Covenants were sustained. August 17,1835, Select revelations from Joseph Smith were unanimously accepted as scripture and these were later printed in the Doctrine and Covenants. October 10,1880, The Pearl of Great Price was unanimously accepted as scripture, october 6,1890, Official Declaration 1 was accepted unanimously as scripture. It later began to be published in the Doctrine and Covenants, April 3,1976, Two visions were accepted as scripture and added to the Pearl of Great Price. September 30,1978, Official Declaration 2 was accepted unanimously as scripture and it immediately was added to the Doctrine and Covenants. When a doctrine undergoes this procedure, the LDS Church treats it as the word of God, and it is used as a standard to compare other doctrines. Lee taught, It is not to be thought that every word spoken by the General Authorities is inspired, or that they are moved upon by the Holy Ghost in everything they speak, now you keep that in mind. And if he says something that contradicts what is found in the works, you may know by that same token that it is false. In 2010 this was written into the churchs Handbook, which directs official church policy, a Spanish version, with a similar format and using a slightly revised version of the 1909 Reina-Valera translation, was published in 2009. Latter-day Saints in other non-English speaking areas may use other versions of the Bible, though the Bible is part of the LDS canon and members believe it to be the word of God, they believe that omissions and mistranslations are present in even the earliest known manuscripts. They claim that the errors in the Bible have led to incorrect interpretations of certain passages, thus, as church founder Joseph Smith explained, the church believes the Bible to be the word of God as far as it is translated correctly. The church teaches that he most reliable way to measure the accuracy of any biblical passage is not by comparing different texts, however, it is still printed in every version of the King James Bible published by the church. Although the Apocrypha was part of the 1611 edition of the KJV, Joseph Smith taught that while the contemporary edition of the Apocrypha was not to be relied on for doctrine, it was potentially useful when read with a spirit of discernment
Standard Works
–
Quadruple Combination format of the Standard Works
Standard Works
–
Quadruple combination opened to the
Book of Isaiah (note the cross references between Biblical and Latter-day Saint scripture in the footnotes).
Standard Works
–
Cover page of The Book of Mormon from an original 1830 edition, by
Joseph Smith (Image from the U.S. Library of Congress Rare Book and Special Collections Division.)
26.
Scripture
–
Religious texts are texts which religious traditions consider to be central to their religious practice or set of beliefs. It is not possible to create an exhaustive list of religious texts, one of the oldest known religious texts is the Kesh Temple Hymn of Ancient Sumer, a set of inscribed clay tablets which scholars typically date around 2600 BCE. For example, the content of a Protestant Bible may differ from the content of a Catholic Bible, the word canon comes from the Sumerian word meaning standard. Hierographology is the study of sacred texts, the following is an in-exhaustive list of links to specific religious texts which may be used for further, more in-depth study. The writings of Franklin Albert Jones a. k. a, some denominations also include the Apocrypha. For Protestantism, this is the 66-book canon - the Jewish Tanakh of 24 books divided differently, some denominations also include the 15 books of the Apocrypha between the Old Testament and the New Testament, for a total of 81 books. For Catholicism, this includes seven deuterocanonical books in the Old Testament for a total of 73 books, called the Canon of Trent. For the Eastern Orthodox Church, this includes the anagignoskomena, which consist of the Catholic deuterocanon, plus 3 Maccabees, Psalm 151, the Prayer of Manasseh,4 Maccabees is considered to be canonical by the Georgian Orthodox Church. Some Syriac churches accept the Letter of Baruch as scripture, christian Scientists The Bible Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures by Mary Baker Eddy. This textbook, along with the Bible, serves as the permanent impersonal pastor of the church, the Community of Christ uses the Joseph Smith Translation, which it calls the Inspired Version, as well as updated modern translations. Seventh-day Adventists The Bible The writings of Ellen White are held to a status, though not equal with the Bible. Also known as the Gospel of Mani and The Living Gospel the Treasure of Life the Pragmateia the Book of Mysteries The Book of Giants the Epistles the Psalms, the Shabuhragan The Arzhang The Kephalaia, Discourses, found in Coptic translation. Odù Ifá Jaap Verduijns Odu Ifa Collection Primary religious texts, that is, the Avesta collection, The Yasna, the Visperad, a collection of supplements to the Yasna. The Yashts, hymns in honor of the divinities, the Vendidad, describes the various forms of evil spirits and ways to confound them. Shorter texts and prayers, the Yashts the five Nyaishes, the Sirozeh, there are some 60 secondary religious texts, none of which are considered scripture. The Khordeh Avesta, Zoroastrian prayer book for lay people from the Avesta, religious full text online library Ancient texts library Internet Sacred Text Archive
Scripture
–
Ancient style of scripture used for the
Pāli Canon
Scripture
–
The Chinese
Diamond Sutra, the oldest known dated
printed book in the world, printed in the 9th year of Xiantong Era of the
Tang Dynasty, or 868 CE.
British Library.
Scripture
–
Christian
Bible, 1407 handwritten copy
Scripture
–
The Bible (left) and Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures (right) serve as the pastor of the
Christian Science church.
27.
Dallin H. Oaks
–
Dallin Harris Oaks is an American attorney, jurist, author, professor, and religious leader. Since 1984, he has been a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was president of Brigham Young University, a professor of law at the University of Chicago Law School, throughout the 1970s and 1980s, Oaks was considered by Republican U. S. presidential administrations as a top prospect for appointment to the United States Supreme Court. Currently, he is the third most senior apostle in the LDS Church, Oaks was born in Provo, Utah, to Stella Harris and Lloyd E. Oaks. Through his mother, he is a 2nd great-grand-nephew of one of the three witnesses to the Book of Mormon, Martin Harris and his father, who was an ophthalmologist, died of tuberculosis when Dallin was seven years old. Both of Oakss parents were graduates of BYU, after Oakss father died, his mother pursued a graduate degree at Columbia University and later served as head of adult education for the Provo School District. In 1956, she became the first woman to sit on the Provo City Council, in 1958, she also briefly served as Provos assistant mayor. Oaks graduated from Brigham Young High School in 1950, while in high school he played football and became a certified radio engineer. He then attended BYU, where he served as a radio announcer at high school basketball games. It was at one of these games where he met June Dixon, a senior at the high school. Due to his membership in the Utah National Guard and the threat of being called up to serve in the Korean War, in 1952, Oaks married Dixon in the Salt Lake Temple. He graduated from BYU with a degree in accounting in 1954, Oaks then went on to the University of Chicago Law School, where he served as editor-in-chief of the University of Chicago Law Review. Oaks graduated with a Juris Doctor in 1957, Oaks clerked for Chief Justice Earl Warren of the United States Supreme Court from 1957 to 1958. After his clerkship, he practiced at the law firm of Kirkland & Ellis in Chicago, Oaks left Kirkland & Ellis to become a professor at the University of Chicago Law School in 1961. During part of his time on the faculty of the Law School and he taught primarily in the fields of trust and estate law, as well as gift taxation law. He worked with George Bogert on a new edition of a casebook on trusts, in 1968, he became a founding member of the editorial board of Dialogue, A Journal of Mormon Thought, he resigned from the journal in early 1970. In 1969, Oaks served as chairman of the University of Chicago disciplinary committee, in conducting hearings against those who had been involved in a sit-in at the administration building, Oaks was physically attacked twice. Oaks left the University of Chicago Law School upon being appointed president of BYU in 1971, Oaks also served five years as chairman of the Board of Directors of the Public Broadcasting Service and eight years as chairman of the Board of Directors of the Polynesian Cultural Center
Dallin H. Oaks
–
Dallin H. Oaks, February 26, 2010, speaking at
Harvard Law School on the foundations of
Mormonism.
Dallin H. Oaks
Dallin H. Oaks
–
Oaks (far right) with
Church President Thomas S. Monson (left) and
U.S. President Barack Obama (center) in the
Oval Office on 20 July 2009, presenting a personal volume of President Obama's family history as a gift from the
LDS Church.
28.
Neal A. Maxwell
–
Neal Ash Maxwell was an apostle and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1981 until his death. During World War II, Maxwell served as an infantryman in the United States Army, after the war, Maxwell served for two years as an LDS Church missionary in Canada. While pursuing an education at the University of Utah before leaving on his mission. After Maxwell returned from his mission he resumed courting Colleen and they were married in the Salt Lake Temple on November 22,1950 and they are the parents of four children and twenty-four grandchildren. Maxwell earned bachelors and masters degrees in science from the University of Utah. From 1952 to 1956, he worked in Washington D. C. first for the US government, Maxwell was a professor of political science at the University of Utah. He also held many roles at the university. He first joined the university staff as assistant director of public relations in 1956, in 1958 he became Assistant to the President. In 1961 he was secretary to the Board of Trustees, followed by dean of students in 1962, in 1967 he became Executive Vice-President of the University of Utah. From 1959 to 1962, Maxwell served as bishop of Salt Lake City’s University Sixth Ward and he was a member of the General Board of the YMMIA and a member of the Adult Correlation Committee for the next five years. In 1967, Maxwell was called to be one of the first 69 regional representatives, from 1970 to 1974, he served as the tenth Commissioner of Church Education overseeing the Church Educational System. Under his direction the system received its current name, Maxwell began serving as an LDS general authority in 1974, when he was called as an Assistant to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. In 1976, Maxwell became one of the seven presidents of the seventy, Maxwell was ordained an apostle by N. Eldon Tanner on July 23,1981, after Gordon B, Hinckley, became a counselor in the First Presidency. He was sustained a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 3,1981, among the many assignments Maxwell had as a general authority was to preside over the organization of new stakes of the church. One of the notable of these was the Aba Nigeria Stake in 1988, with David W. Eka as president. Maxwell wrote approximately thirty books concerning religion and authored articles on politics. He is well known for his extensive vocabulary and elegant style of speaking and writing and his highly alliterative talks have always presented a great challenge to translators
Neal A. Maxwell
–
Neal A. Maxwell
Neal A. Maxwell
Neal A. Maxwell
–
Grave marker of Neal A. Maxwell.
29.
Sterling M. McMurrin
–
Sterling Moss McMurrin was a liberal Mormon theologian and Philosophy professor at the University of Utah. He served as United States Commissioner of Education in the administration of President John F. Kennedy, born in Woods Cross, Utah, McMurrins family moved to Los Angeles, California in the 1920s while he was at a young age. There he attended school and the University of California at Los Angeles. Returning to California for doctoral studies, the University of Southern California awarded him a Ph. D. in philosophy in 1946, McMurrin also did postdoctoral studies at Columbia University, Princeton University, and Union Theological Seminary. Regarding his religion, McMurrin argued that the LDS Church concealed parts of its history and had been declining in intellectual freedom and he believed that an honest study of religion would erode faith, and he personally did not believe in the historicity of the Book of Mormon. However, he remained devoted to Mormonism, despite his lack of faith, in McMurrins noted career, he worked with universities, large corporations, foundations, and governmental agencies, as a teacher, an administrator, and an advisor. A Critical Exposition of the Epistemological Function of Faith in the Philosophy of Augustine, Anselm and Aquinas McMurrin, a History of Philosophy, New York, Holt, OCLC181576 McMurrin, Sterling M. Branch, C. H. Hardin, Is There Freedom of the Will, contemporary Philosophy, a Book of Readings, New York, Holt, OCLC1490475 McMurrin, Sterling M. ed. The Conditions for Educational Equality, New York, Committee for Economic Development, ISBN0669745006 ——, on Mormon Theology, Dialogue,1, 135–40 ——, Brigham H. Roberts, A Biographical Essay, in Madsen, Brigham D. Tanner, Symbol of Freedom, Sunstone, 13–15 Blankly, Thomas A, the Swearing Elders, The First Generation of Mormon Intellectuals, Sunstone,10, 8–13 Madsen, Brigham D. Against the Grain, Memoirs of a Western Historian, Salt Lake City, Signature Books, ISBN 1-56085-113-9 Madsen, Brigham D
Sterling M. McMurrin
–
McMurrin in 1962
Sterling M. McMurrin
–
McMurrin (left) with Executive Secretary of the National Education Association William G. Carr (center) and President Kennedy, 1962
30.
Sunstone Magazine
–
Sunstone is a magazine published by the Sunstone Education Foundation, Inc. a 501 nonprofit corporation, that discusses Mormonism through scholarship, art, short fiction, and poetry. The foundation began the publication in 1974 and considers it a vehicle for free, the magazines motto is Faith Seeking Understanding. In the 1960s-70s, independent Mormon studies associations and publications were emerging, including the Mormon History Association and Dialogue, gathering student volunteers but lacking funding, the team produced and sold a Mormon history calendar in Utah and California. They were encouraged by the Dialogue staff, including editor Robert Rees, who suggested the name Sunstone, after struggles and delays, the first issue was printed in November 1975. The time and effort to produce each issue was demanding on the staff. For Orson Scott Cards ghost-edited issue in Summer 1977, Card had convinced the board to change to a cheaper and more accessible magazine format. Facing financial troubles later that year, Sunstone merged with the New Messenger and Advocate, a new LDS news magazine with plenty of advertising, which further influenced the Sunstone format. In 1978 Kenney returned to three more issues before retiring from the venture, and passing the editorship to Fletcher and Allen D. Roberts who would also go on to start its symposia. The magazine kept its approach for an audience while emphasizing intellectual issues. In 1979, Sunstone began sponsoring an annual symposium in Salt Lake City, since the 1980s, Sunstone has also held regular regional symposia in Washington, D. C. California, Seattle, Chicago, Dallas, and Boston, with a lack of participation from moderate and conservative voices, Sunstone experienced an unbalancing of many presentations toward liberal causes and points of view. The magazine is published four times per year, and in addition to the annual Salt Lake symposium
Sunstone Magazine
–
Sunstone Issue 127, cover dated May 2003
31.
Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia
–
Reeve is a professor of history at the University of Utah and Parshall is an independent historian, newspaper columnist, and freelance researcher. It is published by ABC-CLIO, a Santa Barbara, California-based publisher of reference works, school Library Journal contributor Donna Cardon wrote, Controversial issues, such as polygamy, are handled objectively and explored more extensively than other topics. Non-Mormon Views of Mormonism and Mormonism and Other Faiths are also considered, occasional use of church-specific jargon occurs without explanation
Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia
–
Mormonism: A Historical Encyclopedia
32.
Ensign (LDS magazine)
–
The Ensign of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly shortened to Ensign /ˈɛnsaɪn/, is an official periodical of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Unlike some of its predecessors, the Ensign contains no advertisements, as an official church publication, the Ensign contains faith-promoting and proselytizing information, stories, sermons, and writings of church leaders. The May and November editions of the Ensign provide reports of the proceedings of the annual and semi-annual general conferences. These issues contain the full sermons and business of the conferences, as well as a current photographic list general authorities, the text of every issue of the magazine is available on the churchs web site. Each issue since January 2001 is also available in PDF format, list of Latter Day Saint periodicals Herald Ensign official homepage Ensign archive
Ensign (LDS magazine)
–
Ensign
33.
Sunstone (magazine)
–
Sunstone is a magazine published by the Sunstone Education Foundation, Inc. a 501 nonprofit corporation, that discusses Mormonism through scholarship, art, short fiction, and poetry. The foundation began the publication in 1974 and considers it a vehicle for free, the magazines motto is Faith Seeking Understanding. In the 1960s-70s, independent Mormon studies associations and publications were emerging, including the Mormon History Association and Dialogue, gathering student volunteers but lacking funding, the team produced and sold a Mormon history calendar in Utah and California. They were encouraged by the Dialogue staff, including editor Robert Rees, who suggested the name Sunstone, after struggles and delays, the first issue was printed in November 1975. The time and effort to produce each issue was demanding on the staff. For Orson Scott Cards ghost-edited issue in Summer 1977, Card had convinced the board to change to a cheaper and more accessible magazine format. Facing financial troubles later that year, Sunstone merged with the New Messenger and Advocate, a new LDS news magazine with plenty of advertising, which further influenced the Sunstone format. In 1978 Kenney returned to three more issues before retiring from the venture, and passing the editorship to Fletcher and Allen D. Roberts who would also go on to start its symposia. The magazine kept its approach for an audience while emphasizing intellectual issues. In 1979, Sunstone began sponsoring an annual symposium in Salt Lake City, since the 1980s, Sunstone has also held regular regional symposia in Washington, D. C. California, Seattle, Chicago, Dallas, and Boston, with a lack of participation from moderate and conservative voices, Sunstone experienced an unbalancing of many presentations toward liberal causes and points of view. The magazine is published four times per year, and in addition to the annual Salt Lake symposium
Sunstone (magazine)
–
Sunstone Issue 127, cover dated May 2003
34.
Frontline (U.S. TV series)
–
Frontline is a public affairs television program which produces and broadcasts in-depth documentaries about various subjects. Produced at WGBH-TV in Boston, Massachusetts, and distributed through the Public Broadcasting Service in the United States, some programs are made by independent filmmakers and broadcast as part of the Frontline series. Since the debut of the series, there have more than 500 films released. Traditionally viewed via the medium of television, today some of the episodes are available on the web. The program debuted in 1983, with NBC anchorwoman Jessica Savitch as the shows first host, but Savitch died later after the first season finale. PBS NewsHours Judy Woodruff took over as host in 1984, and hosted the program for five years, in 1990, episodes of Frontline began airing without a host, and the narrator was left to introduce each episode. The Choice 2016 is the most recent installment, aired on September 27,2016, featuring Hillary Clinton, the previous version aired on October 9,2012, and featured a dual biography tracing the lives and careers of incumbent President Barack Obama and his challenger, Mitt Romney. A prior installment aired on October 14,2008, using the same format for Barack Obama. Most Frontline reports are an hour in length, but some are extended to 90 minutes,2 hours, Frontline also produces and transmits such occasional specials as From Jesus to Christ, The Farmers Wife, and Country Boys. Since 1995, Frontline has been producing deep-content, companion web sites for all of its documentaries, Frontline has made many of its documentaries available via streaming Internet video, from their website. Will Lyman is the voice who has narrated most of the installments of the series since its inception in 1983. However, certain reports have been narrated by David Ogden Stiers, also sometimes the reporter puts their voice on some reports like Michael Kirk. The show is produced by the WGBH Educational Foundation, the parent company of WGBH-TV in Boston, WGBH is the creator of The Documentary Consortium, with another 4 PBS stations, including WNET in New York and KCTS in Seattle. Fanning, however, remains editor-at-large of Frontline as a founding member, frontline/World is a spin-off series from Frontline, first transmitted on May 23rd,2002, which was transmitted four to eight times a year on Frontline until it was canceled in 2010. It focused on issues from around the globe, and used a magazine format and its tagline was, Stories from a small planet. Frontline/World also streamed stories on its website, which won two Webby awards in 2008 for its series of online videos called Rough Cuts. In 2005, the Overseas Press Club of America gave the series its Edward R. Murrow Award for the best TV coverage of international events. The series broke new ground in 2007 by winning two Emmys, one of these was for a broadcast story, Saddams Road to Hell, other Frontline reports focus on political, social, and criminal justice issues
Frontline (U.S. TV series)
–
The crew of FRONTLINE United States of Secrets at the 74th Annual Peabody Awards
35.
WGBH-TV
–
WGBH-TV, channel 2, is a non-commercial educational PBS member television station located in Boston, Massachusetts. WGBHs studios are located on Guest Street in Boston, and its transmitter is located in Needham, WGBH is one of six local Boston television stations that are available in Canada on satellite provider Bell TV. WGBH-TV produces more than two-thirds of the nationally distributed programs broadcast by PBS and these include shows such as Nova, Frontline, Masterpiece, American Experience, The Victory Garden, and This Old House. WGBH was home to The French Chef featuring Julia Child, the Scarlet Letter mini-series was a major costume drama produced on-location and was the first challenger to the British dominance in such programming in America. It was PBSs highest rated series for many years, since then, the station has co-produced many period dramas with British production companies. Broadcasts with the Boston Symphony established the genre as a staple on television, a Roomful of Music, produced by Greg Harney, featured Pete Seeger and other musicians. WGBHs experiments helped develop the medium of television, WGBH operates a Shaw Broadcast Services satellite uplink facility which provides broadcast television stations from the Boston area to cable and satellite television providers in Canada. As a Canadian company, Shaw is not legally entitled to operate a facility in the United States. As a result, the company pays WGBH to perform service on its behalf. This facility is located at the stations transmitter tower in Needham. Calling for free public lectures for the citizens of Boston, wGBH-FM first signed on the air on October 6,1951, with a live broadcast of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. WRTB never made it on the air, paving the way for the Federal Communications Commission to allocate channel 2 for non-commercial purposes and for WGBH to receive a license to operate on that channel. WGBH-TV went on the air at 5,20 p. m. on May 2,1955, initial funding for starting WGBH-TV, the first public television station in Boston and New Englands first non-commercial television station, came from the Lincoln and Therese Filene Foundation. WGBH-TV and WGBH FM both began operating from a new building on August 29,1963, a new studio facility for the WGBH station was then built at 125 Western Avenue in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Design Squad Dont Look Now FETCH.7 and WGBH. org. The Scrum Security Mom Julia Child, The French Chef Robert J. Vincent Price, thomas J. MacDonald, Rough Cut - Woodworking with Tommy Mac Michael Dukakis, The Advocates Roger Fisher, The Advocates William A. Reunions were held in 2000 and 2006
WGBH-TV
–
WGBH Guest Street studios (with "digital mural" LED screen).
WGBH-TV
–
WGBH newsroom.
36.
Public Broadcasting Service
–
The Public Broadcasting Service is an American non-profit public broadcaster and television program distributor headquartered in Arlington, Virginia. PBS is funded by member dues, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, government agencies, corporations, foundations. All proposed funding is subjected to a set of standards to ensure the program is free of influence from the funding source, since the mid 2000s, Roper polls commissioned by PBS have consistently placed the service as the most-trusted national institution in the United States. This arbitrary distinction is a frequent source of viewer confusion and it also operates National Datacast, a subsidiary which offers datacasting services via member stations, and provides additional revenue for PBS and its member stations. Founded by Hartford N. Gunn Jr, in 1973, it merged with Educational Television Stations. Each station is charged with the responsibility of programming content for their individual market or state that supplements content provided by PBS. By contrast, PBS member stations pay fees for the acquired and distributed by the national organization. Under this relationship, PBS member stations have greater latitude in local scheduling than their commercial broadcasting counterparts, scheduling of PBS-distributed series may vary greatly depending on the market. This can be a source of tension as stations seek to preserve their localism, however, PBS has a policy of common carriage, which requires most stations to clear the national prime time programs on a common programming schedule to market them nationally more effectively. Management at former Los Angeles member KCET cited unresolvable financial and programming disputes among its reasons for leaving PBS after over 40 years in January 2011. Most PBS stations timeshift some distributed programs, once PBS accepts a program offered for distribution, PBS, rather than the originating member station, retains exclusive rebroadcasting rights during an agreed period. Suppliers retain the right to sell the program in non-broadcast media such as DVDs, books, in 1991, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting resumed production for most PBS shows that debuted prior to 1977, with the exceptions of Washington Week in Review and Wall Street Week. In 1994, The Chronicle of Philanthropy released the results of the largest study on the popularity and credibility of charitable, the strategy began that fall, with the intent to expand the in-program breaks to the remainder of the schedule if successful. In 2011, PBS released apps for iOS and Android to allow viewing of videos on mobile devices. An update in 2015 added Chromecast support, PBS initially struggled to compete with online media such as YouTube for market share. In a 2012 speech to 850 top executives from PBS stations, in the speech, later described as a “seminal moment” for public television, he laid out his vision for a new style of PBS digital video production. Station leadership rallied around his vision and Seiken formed PBS Digital Studios, which began producing educational but edgy videos, something Seiken called “PBS-quality with a YouTube sensibility. ”The studio’s first hit, in 2012, PBS began organizing much of its prime time programming around a genre-based schedule. PBS broadcasts childrens programming as part of the morning and afternoon schedule
Public Broadcasting Service
–
PBS
37.
Macmillan Publishing
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Macmillan Publishers Ltd is an international publishing company owned by Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. It has offices in 41 countries worldwide and operates in more than thirty others, Macmillan was founded in 1843 by Daniel and Alexander Macmillan, two brothers from the Isle of Arran, Scotland. Alfred Tennyson joined the list in 1884, Thomas Hardy in 1886, other major writers published by Macmillan included W. B. Chaudhuri, Seán OCasey, John Maynard Keynes, Charles Morgan, Hugh Walpole, Margaret Mitchell, C. P. Snow, Rumer Godden and Ram Sharan Sharma. Beyond literature, the company created such enduring titles as Nature, Macmillan established an office in New York City. It sold its American division in 1896, which published as the Macmillan Company, Macmillan Publishers re-entered the American market in 1954 under the name St. Martins Press. After retiring from politics in 1964, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Harold Macmillan became chairman of the company and he had been with the family firm as a junior partner from 1920 to 1940, and from 1945 to 1951 while he was in the opposition in Parliament. The company was one of the oldest independent publishing houses until 1995, Holtzbrinck purchased the remaining shares in 1999, ending the Macmillan familys ownership of the company. Even with the split of the American company from its parent company in England, George Brett, Jr. and he came to the United States with his family in the service of Macmillans of England and built up a business of approximately $50,000 before he died. By my father, who eventually incorporated The Macmillan Company of New York, I succeeded my father, and we currently doing a business of approximately $12,000,000. So then, the name of Brett and the name of Macmillan have been and are synonymous in the United States, pearson acquired the Macmillan name in America in 1998, following its purchase of the Simon & Schuster educational and professional group. Holtzbrinck purchased it from them in 2001, mcGraw-Hill continues to market its pre-kindergarten through elementary school titles under its Macmillan/McGraw-Hill brand. The US operations of Georg von Holtzbrinck are now known as Macmillan, one of the leading companies is Macmillan, that started by selling British English dictionaries and textbooks that were adapted for Russian readers. Their site website provides Russian teachers and students with an access for tests, competitions, contests and information on scheduled online seminars. By some estimates, as of 2009 e-books account for three to five per cent of total sales, and are the fastest growing segment of the market. Following the announcement of the Apple iPad on 27 January 2010—a product that comes with access to the iBookstore—Macmillan gave Amazon, in the latter case, Amazon. com would receive a 30 per cent commission. Amazon responded by pulling all Macmillan books, both electronic and physical, from their website, on 31 January 2010, Amazon chose the agency model preferred by Macmillan. In April 2012, the United States Department of Justice filed United States v. Apple Inc. naming Apple, Macmillan, the suit alleged that they conspired to fix prices for e-books, and weaken Amazon. coms position in the market, in violation of antitrust law
Macmillan Publishing
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2008 conference booth
Macmillan Publishing
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Macmillan Publishers
Macmillan Publishing
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This logo appeared in
Leslie Stephen's biography of
Alexander Pope, published by Macmillan & Co in 1880.
38.
Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
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Dialogue, A Journal of Mormon Thought is an independent quarterly journal of Mormon thought that addresses a wide range of issues on Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint Movement. The journal publishes peer-reviewed academic articles that run the gamut from anthropology and sociology to theology, history, the journal also publishes fiction, poetry, and graphic arts. Dialogue authors regularly include both members of the Mormon community and non-Mormon scholars interested in Mormon Studies, douglas Davies and Jan Shipps are some of the non-Mormon academics that publish in Dialogue. Examples of Mormon authors are Eugene England, Richard Bushman, Claudia Bushman, Gregory Prince, Dialogue, A Journal of Mormon Thought, is the oldest independent journal in Mormon Studies. Dialogue was originally the creation of a group of young Mormon scholars at Stanford University led by Eugene England, Dialogues original offices were located at Stanford. Brent Rushforth aided in Dialogues initiation, oaks, Cherry Silver, Karen Rosenbaum, and Laurel Thatcher Ulrich. Dialogue is known for publishing groundbreaking articles from respected Mormon scholars and writers such as Armand Mauss, Hugh Nibley, Lester Bush, and D. Michael Quinn. Two key sponsors and advisors from the beginning were Lowell L. Bennion, of the LDS Institute at the University of Utah, Dialogue has nevertheless remained totally independent of church auspices over the years thanks to loyal readers and the generosity of its donors. The founding and subsequent editorial boards have been composed mainly of scholars, the Mormon History Association was founded in 1966, and for the first 6–7 years of its existence, MHA members published their Mormon-related studies principally in Dialogue. MHA then founded the Journal of Mormon History, since then, Dialogue and The Journal of Mormon History, along with BYU Studies Quarterly have been some of the main venues for historical studies of Mormonism. Both BYU Studies Quarterly and Sunstone Magazine are periodicals that, like Dialogue, in 2005 Dialogue dipped its toe into the Bloggernacle with several of its editorial and board members participating as long-term guest contributors to the Mormon blog By Common Consent. Then in early 2006 Dialogue introduced Dialogue Paperless at Dialoguejournal. com, with sections for ePapers, News, Letters, the e-Papers section intended to supplement the printed journal by housing digital documents that qualify as papers. complete pieces, duly refereed and edited and hitherto unpublished. In 2005, Dialogue received 1,332 responses to a subscriber survey, Dialogue reports the following responses, The geographic location of respondents was, Utah, California, other Western states—Rockies to the Coast, the Northeast, elsewhere. Less than 1% lived outside the U. S. though there is indication that the availability of the on-line subscriptions may be changing the level of international readership. The terminal education degree of respondents was, doctoral degree, Master’s, Bachelor’s degree, 66% of respondents attend worship service every week, another 12% attend “most weeks”. 59% of today’s readers are returned missionaries, 90% of respondents are members of the LDS Church. Around 6% of respondents described themselves as having left the LDS Church, 81% of respondents either “strongly” or “somewhat” agreed that Dialogue contributes to their personal spiritual or religious enrichment. 84% of respondents viewed the Book of Mormon as “authentic in any sense. ”In collaboration with the University of Utahs J. Willard Marriott Library, the librarys Special Collections now hosts the digital archive in pdf and text-searchable form
Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought
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Dialogue
39.
The FARMS Review
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Mormon Studies Review is an annual academic journal covering Mormon studies published by the Neal A. Maxwell Institute for Religious Scholarship at Brigham Young University. The Review of Books on the Book of Mormon was established in 1989 by the Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, under Petersons editorship, the journal specialized in LDS apologetics. When FARMS joined with BYU in 1997, Peterson said to the Salt Lake Tribune, FARMS has often had a polemical edge, in 2012, Peterson was removed as editor and the journal entered hiatus as it sought to become more mainstream to Mormon studies. In March 2013, the Maxwell Institute announced the journal would relaunch as a new religious studies review journal, J. Spencer Fluhman, from BYUs department of history, was appointed editor-in-chief with a new broad-based advisory board. The new Review changed from biannual to annual publication, and restarted its numbering, beginning at volume 1 in 2014, signifying its change in editorial direction as a new publication
The FARMS Review
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Mormon Studies Review
