1.
New England town
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The New England town is the basic unit of local government and local division of state authority in each of the six New England states. Without a direct counterpart in most other U. S, New England towns are often governed by a town meeting legislative body. County government in New England states is typically weak at best, Connecticut, for example, has no county governments, nor does Rhode Island. Both of those states retain counties only as geographic subdivisions with no governmental authority, with few exceptions, counties serve mostly as dividing lines for the states judicial systems. Towns are laid out so that all land within the boundaries of a state is allocated to a town or other corporate municipality. Except in some sparsely populated areas of the three northern New England states, all land is incorporated into the bounds of a municipal corporations territory. Towns are municipal corporations, with their powers defined by a combination of municipal charter, state statutes. In most of New England, the laws regarding their authority have historically been very broadly construed. In practice, most New England towns have significant autonomy in managing their own affairs, New Hampshire and Vermont follow Dillons Rule, which holds that local governments are largely creatures of the state. Traditionally, a legislative body is the open town meeting. Only several Swiss cantons with Landsgemeinde remain as democratic as the small New England town meetings, a town almost always contains a built-up populated place with the same name as the town. Additional built-up places with different names are found within towns, along with a mixture of additional urban. There is no territory that is not part of a town between each town, leaving one town means entering another town or other municipality, in most parts of New England, towns are irregular in shape and size and are not laid out on a grid. The town center contains a town common, often used today as a small park. In Connecticut, Rhode Island and most of Massachusetts, county government has been completely abolished, in other areas, some counties provide judicial and other limited administrative services. In many cases, the numbers on rural roads in New England reset to zero upon crossing a town line. Residents usually identify with their town for purposes of identity, thinking of the town in its entirety as a single. There are some cases where residents identify more strongly with villages or sections of a town than with the town itself, particularly in Rhode Island, more than 90% of the municipalities in the six New England states are towns
2.
Hartford County, Connecticut
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Hartford County is a county located in the north central part of the U. S. state of Connecticut. As of the 2010 census, the population was 894,014, Hartford County is included in the Hartford-West Hartford-East Hartford, CT Metropolitan Statistical Area. In Connecticut there is no executive or legislative government, the counties determine probate, civil and criminal court boundaries. Each city or town is responsible for services such as schools, snow removal, sewers, fire department. In Connecticut, cities and towns may agree to provide services or establish a regional school system. Hartford County was one of four counties in Connecticut established on May 10,1666. And it is ordered that the County Court shalbe kept at Hartford on the 1st Thursday in March, as established in 1666, Hartford County consisted of the towns of Windsor, Wethersfield, Hartford, Farmington, and Middletown. The Thirty Miles Island referred to in the constituting Act was incorporated as the town of Haddam in 1668, in 1670, the town of Simsbury was established, extending Hartford County to the Massachusetts border. In 1714, all of the territory north of the towns of Coventry. Windham County was constituted in 1726, resulting in Hartford County losing the towns of Windham, Coventry, Mansfield, northwestern Connecticut, which was originally placed under the jurisdiction of New Haven County in 1722, was transferred to Hartford County by 1738. All of northwestern Connecticut was later constituted as the new Litchfield County in 1751, in 1785, two more counties were established in what was now the U. S. state of Connecticut, Tolland and Middlesex. This mostly resulted in the extent of Hartford County. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the establishment of several more towns resulted in minor adjustments in the bounds of the county, the final adjustment resulting in the modern limits occurred on May 8,1806, when the town of Canton was established. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 751 square miles. It is the second-largest county in Connecticut by land area, the county is divided into two unequal parts by the Connecticut River, and watered by Farmington, Mill, Podunk, Scantic, and other rivers. The surface is very diverse, part of the valleys are alluvial and subject to flooding, while other portions of the county are hilly. The population density was 1,166 people per square mile, there were 353,022 housing units at an average density of 480 per square mile. 11. 55% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,15. 2% were of Italian,11. 2% Irish,9. 1% Polish,6. 5% English,5. 7% French and 5. 3% German ancestry
3.
Connecticut
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Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Connecticut is also often grouped along with New York and New Jersey as the Tri-State Area and it is bordered by Rhode Island to the east, Massachusetts to the north, New York to the west, and Long Island Sound to the south. Its capital city is Hartford, and its most populous city is Bridgeport, the state is named for the Connecticut River, a major U. S. river that approximately bisects the state. The word Connecticut is derived from various anglicized spellings of an Algonquian word for long tidal river, Connecticut is the third smallest state by area, the 29th most populous, and the fourth most densely populated of the 50 United States. It is known as the Constitution State, the Nutmeg State, the Provisions State, and it was influential in the development of the federal government of the United States. Connecticuts center of population is in Cheshire, New Haven County, Connecticuts first European settlers were Dutch. They established a small, short-lived settlement in present-day Hartford at the confluence of the Park, initially, half of Connecticut was a part of the Dutch colony New Netherland, which included much of the land between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers. The first major settlements were established in the 1630s by England, the Connecticut and New Haven Colonies established documents of Fundamental Orders, considered the first constitutions in North America. In 1662, the three colonies were merged under a charter, making Connecticut a crown colony. This colony was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution, the Connecticut River, Thames River, and ports along the Long Island Sound have given Connecticut a strong maritime tradition which continues today. The state also has a history of hosting the financial services industry, including insurance companies in Hartford. As of the 2010 Census, Connecticut features the highest per-capita income, Human Development Index, and median household income in the United States. Landmarks and Cities of Connecticut Connecticut is bordered on the south by Long Island Sound, on the west by New York, on the north by Massachusetts, and on the east by Rhode Island. The state capital and third largest city is Hartford, and other cities and towns include Bridgeport, New Haven, Stamford, Waterbury, Norwalk, Danbury, New Britain, Greenwich. Connecticut is slightly larger than the country of Montenegro, there are 169 incorporated towns in Connecticut. The highest peak in Connecticut is Bear Mountain in Salisbury in the northwest corner of the state, the highest point is just east of where Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York meet, on the southern slope of Mount Frissell, whose peak lies nearby in Massachusetts. At the opposite extreme, many of the towns have areas that are less than 20 feet above sea level. Connecticut has a maritime history and a reputation based on that history—yet the state has no direct oceanfront
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Country
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A country is a region that is identified as a distinct national entity in political geography. Sometimes the word countries is used to both to sovereign states and to other political entities, while other times it refers only to states. The word country comes from Old French contrée, itself derived from Vulgar Latin contrata and it most likely entered the English language after the Franco-Norman invasion during the 11th century. Areas much smaller than a state may be called by names such as the West Country in England, the Black Country, Constable Country. In many European countries the words are used for sub-divisions of the territory, as in the German Bundesländer. The modern Italian contrada is a word with its meaning varying locally, the term country is frequently used to refer to sovereign states. There is no agreement on the number of countries in the world. There are 206 sovereign states, of which 193 states are members of the United Nations, all are defined as states by declarative theory of statehood and constitutive theory of statehood. The latest proclaimed state is South Sudan in 2011, the Kingdom of Denmark, a sovereign state, comprises Metropolitan Denmark and two nominally separate countries—the Faroe Islands, and Greenland—which are almost fully internally self-governing. The Kingdom of the Netherlands, a state, comprises four separate countries, Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao. The degree of autonomy of non-sovereign countries varies widely, some are possessions of sovereign states, as several states have overseas territories, with citizenry at times identical and at times distinct from their own
6.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
7.
U.S. state
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A U. S. state is a constituent political entity of the United States of America. There are 50 states, which are together in a union with each other. Each state holds administrative jurisdiction over a geographic territory. Due to the shared sovereignty between each state and the government, Americans are citizens of both the federal republic and of the state in which they reside. State citizenship and residency are flexible, and no government approval is required to move between states, except for persons covered by certain types of court orders. States range in population from just under 600,000 to over 39 million, four states use the term commonwealth rather than state in their full official names. States are divided into counties or county-equivalents, which may be assigned some local authority but are not sovereign. County or county-equivalent structure varies widely by state, State governments are allocated power by the people through their individual constitutions. All are grounded in principles, and each provides for a government. States possess a number of powers and rights under the United States Constitution, Constitution has been amended, and the interpretation and application of its provisions have changed. The general tendency has been toward centralization and incorporation, with the government playing a much larger role than it once did. There is a debate over states rights, which concerns the extent and nature of the states powers and sovereignty in relation to the federal government. States and their residents are represented in the federal Congress, a legislature consisting of the Senate. Each state is represented in the Senate by two senators, and is guaranteed at least one Representative in the House, members of the House are elected from single-member districts. Representatives are distributed among the states in proportion to the most recent constitutionally mandated decennial census, the Constitution grants to Congress the authority to admit new states into the Union. Since the establishment of the United States in 1776, the number of states has expanded from the original 13 to 50, alaska and Hawaii are the most recent states admitted, both in 1959. The Constitution is silent on the question of states have the power to secede from the Union. Shortly after the Civil War, the U. S. Supreme Court, in Texas v. White, as a result, while the governments of the various states share many similar features, they often vary greatly with regard to form and substance
8.
County (United States)
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In the United States, an administrative or political sub-division of a state is a county, which is a region having specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority. The term county is used in 48 U. S. states, while Louisiana and Alaska have functionally equivalent subdivisions called parishes, most counties have subdivisions which may include municipalities and unincorporated areas. Others have no divisions, or may serve as a singular consolidated city-county. Some municipalities are in multiple counties, New York City is uniquely partitioned into multiple counties/boroughs, the U. S. federal government uses the term county equivalent to describe non-county administrative or statistical areas that are comparable to counties. Alaskas Unorganized Borough is divided into 11 census areas that are equivalent to counties. As of 2013, the United States has 3,007 counties and 137 county equivalents for a total of 3,144 counties, the number of counties per state ranges from the 3 counties of Delaware to the 254 counties of Texas. Counties have significant governmental functions in all states except Rhode Island and Connecticut, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts has removed most government functions from eight of its 14 counties. The county with the largest population, Los Angeles County, counties were among the earliest units of local government established in the Thirteen Colonies that would become the United States. Virginia created the first counties in order to ease the workload in Jamestown. Americas oldest intact county court records can be found at Eastville, Virginia, in Northampton County, maryland established its first county, St. Marys, in 1637, and Massachusetts followed in 1643. When independence came, the framers of the Constitution did not provide for local governments, rather, they left the matter to the states. Subsequently, early state constitutions generally conceptualized county government as an arm of the state, in some states, these powers are partly or mostly devolved to the counties smaller divisions usually called townships, though in New York, New England and Wisconsin they are called towns. The county may or may not be able to override its townships on certain matters, the newest county in the United States is the city and county of Broomfield, Colorado, established in 2001 as a consolidated city-county. The newest county-equivalents are the Alaskan boroughs of Skagway established in 2007, Wrangell established in 2008, there are 40 consolidated city-counties in the U. S. Similarly, some of Alaskas boroughs have merged with their principal cities creating unified city-boroughs. Some such consolidations and mergers have created cities that rank among the geographically largest cities in the world, see also, #County names, regarding Louisiana. Independent cities, These are cities that legally belong to no county, Washington, D. C. outside the jurisdiction of any state, has a special status. The city of Washington comprises the entirety of the District of Columbia, when founded in 1801, the District consisted of two counties and three cities. In 1846, Alexandria County – including the then–City of Alexandria – was given back to Virginia, in 1871, the three remaining entities – the City of Washington, Georgetown City, and Washington County – were merged into a consolidated government by an act of Congress
9.
New England city and town area
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A New England city and town area is a geographic and statistical entity defined by the U. S. federal government for use in the six-state New England region of the United States. NECTAs are classified as metropolitan or micropolitan NECTAs. A micropolitan NECTA has a core with a population of at least 10,000 but less than 50,000. In New England, towns are a more important level of government than counties. Because towns are smaller than counties, a NECTA usually provides a closer approximation to the real metropolitan area than a metropolitan statistical area does. Large NECTAs may be subdivided into smaller groupings known as NECTA Divisions, adjacent NECTAs that have a high degree of employment interchange may also be combined to form Combined NECTAS. NECTAs that are part of a CNECTA retain their separate identities, the following is a list of metropolitan and micropolitan NECTAs as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. Definitions are as of February 2013
10.
Springfield metropolitan area, Massachusetts
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The Springfield metropolitan area is a region that is socio-economically and culturally tied to the City of Springfield, Massachusetts. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget defines the Springfield, as of July 1,2009, the metropolitan areas population was estimated at 631,982. County government in New England is weak at best, and in Connecticut, Rhode Island, in addition, major cities and surrounding towns are often much smaller in land area than in other parts of the United States. For example, the City of Springfield is 33.2 sq. miles, whereas the City of Fort Worth, Texas is 298.9 sq. miles, nearly 10 times larger in land area than Springfield. Because of the discrepancy in land area, in general New England cities like Springfield feature much higher population densities. In addition, New England cities and towns have developed allegiances that transcend state borders, thus and this system is thought to better approximate New Englands metropolitan areas because it uses New Englands geographically smaller building blocks. In Springfields case, its NECTA consists of 51 additional cities, Hampden Hampshire Franklin As of the census of 2000, there were 680,014 people,260,745 households, and 167,924 families residing within the MSA. The racial makeup of the MSA was 83. 50% White,5. 96% African American,0. 25% Native American,1. 74% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,6. 35% from other races, and 2. 13% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 11. 15% of the population, the median income for a household in the MSA was $42,195, and the median income for a family was $52,551. Males had an income of $37,784 versus $28,404 for females. The per capita income for the MSA was $20,633, the Pioneer Valley Transit Authority is the primary operator of public transportation services in the Springfield Metropolitan Area. Headquartered in Springfield, the PVTA maintains a fleet of approximately 174 buses,144 vans, founded in 1974 with the enactment of Massachusetts General Law Chapter 161B, the PVTA serves 24 member communities in Hampden, Hampshire, and Franklin counties. Each member community pays an assessment fee to the PVTA based on the number of miles served in city or town. Alternative sources of revenue mostly originate from federal and state governments, the PVTA itself is governed by an advisory board
11.
Eastern Time Zone
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Places that use Eastern Standard Time when observing standard time are 5 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time. Eastern Daylight Time, when observing daylight saving time DST is 4 hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, in the northern parts of the time zone, on the second Sunday in March, at 2,00 a. m. EST, clocks are advanced to 3,00 a. m. EDT leaving a one-hour gap, on the first Sunday in November, at 2,00 a. m. EDT, clocks are moved back to 1,00 a. m, southern parts of the zone do not observe daylight saving time. The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ruled that daylight saving time would run from the last Sunday of April until the last Sunday in October in the United States, the act was amended to make the first Sunday in April the beginning of daylight saving time as of 1987. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time in the United States beginning in 2007. So local times change at 2,00 a. m. EST to 3,00 a. m. EDT on the second Sunday in March, in Canada, the time changes as it does in the United States. However, a handful of communities unofficially observe Eastern Time because they are part of the Columbus, Georgia metropolitan area – Phenix City, Smiths Station, Lanett, and Valley. Florida, All of Florida is in the Eastern Time zone except for the portion of the Florida Panhandle west of the Apalachicola River, as the Eastern–Central zone boundary approaches the Gulf of Mexico, it follows the Bay/Gulf county line. Indiana, All of Indiana observes Eastern Time except for six counties in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kentucky, Roughly, the half of the state, including all of metropolitan Louisville, is in the Eastern Time Zone. Historically the entire state observed Central Time, when daylight saving time was first introduced, the Lower Peninsula remained on DST after it formally ended, effectively re-aligning itself into the Eastern Time Zone. The Upper Peninsula continued to observe Central Time until 1972, when all, Tennessee, Most of the eastern third of Tennessee is legally on Eastern Time. Eastern Time is also used somewhat as a de facto official time for all of the United States, since it includes the capital and the largest city. Major professional sports leagues also post all game times in Eastern time, for example, a game time between two teams from Pacific Time Zone will still be posted in Eastern time. Most cable television and national broadcast networks advertise airing times in Eastern time, national broadcast networks generally have two primary feeds, an eastern feed for Eastern and Central time zones, and a tape-delayed western feed for the Pacific Time Zone. The prime time is set on Eastern and Pacific at 8,00 p. m. with the Central time zone stations receiving the eastern feed at 7,00 p. m. local time. Mountain Time Zone stations receive a separate feed at 7,00 p. m. local time, as Arizona does not observe daylight saving time, during the summer months, it has its own feed at 7,00 p. m. local time
12.
UTC-5
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UTC−05,00 is a time offset that subtracts five hours from Coordinated Universal Time. In North America, it is observed in the Eastern Time Zone during standard time, the western Caribbean uses it year round. The southwestern and northwestern portions of Indiana Mexico – Central Zone Central, in most of Mexico, daylight time starts a few weeks after the United States. Communities on the U. S. border that observe Central Time follow the U. S. daylight time schedule
13.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
14.
Area codes 860 and 959
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Area code 860 is a telephone area code, overlaid by area code 959, that covers most of Connecticut, except its southwest, which uses area codes 203 and 475. Area code 959 was originally announced in August 1999, to overlay area code 860 when the 860 code nears exhaustion, starting in August 2014. Effective November 14,2009, all calls within Connecticut must be dialed with 10 digits beginning with the area code, use of 860 became mandatory October 4,1996. This proposal was postponed for nearly a due to number conservation measures, in September 2008. In March 2009, it was announced that the 203/475 overlay would be activated on December 12,2009, on August 27,2013, NANPA issued Planning Letter 456 which states that the 959 area code would go into effect on August 30,2014. NANPA Area Code Map of Connecticut List of exchanges from AreaCodeDownload. com,860 Area Code Regulators Have Area Code Plan—1999 news story on planned overlay
15.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
16.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
17.
Longmeadow, Massachusetts
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Longmeadow is a town in Hampden County, Massachusetts, in the United States. The population was 15,784 at the 2010 census, Longmeadow was first settled in 1644, and officially incorporated on October 17,1783. The town was originally farmland within the limits of Springfield and it remained relatively pastoral until the street railway was built circa 1910, when the population tripled over a fifteen-year period. After Interstate 91 was built in the wetlands on the west side of town, during the 19th and early 20th centuries, Longmeadow was best known as the site from which Longmeadow brownstone was mined. Several famous American buildings, including Princeton Universitys Neo-Gothic library, are made of Longmeadow brownstone, in 1894, the more populous and industrialized East Village portion of the town containing the brownstone quarries split off to become East Longmeadow. Designed by famed course architect Donald Ross in 1922, the Longmeadow Country Club was the proving ground for golf equipment designed and manufactured by the Spalding Co. of Chicopee. Bobby Jones, a consultant for Spalding, was also a member in standing at LCC and it extends approximately 3 miles north to south and 2.5 miles east to west. It is approximately 20 miles north of Hartford, more than 30% of the town is permanent open space. Conservation areas on the west side of town more than 750 acres bordering the Connecticut River. The area supports a range of wildlife including deer, beaver, wild turkeys, foxes. Springfields Forest Park, which, at 735 acres, is the largest city park in New England, the private Twin Hills and public Franconia golf courses, plus town athletic fields and conservation land, cover nearly 2/3 of the eastern border of the town. Two large public parks, the Longmeadow Country Club, and three areas account for the bulk of the remaining formal open space. Almost 20% of the houses in town are in proximity to a dingle, Longmeadow has a town common, commonly referred to as The Green located along U. S. Route 5, on the west side of town. Roughly 100 houses date back before 1900, most of which are in the district near the town green. Houses along the main street are set back farther than in most towns of similar residential density. The town has three recently remodeled elementary schools, two schools, and one high school. The commercial center of town is an area called The Longmeadow Shops, including restaurants and clothing stores. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 9.5 square miles
18.
East Longmeadow, Massachusetts
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East Longmeadow is a city in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States situated in the Pioneer Valley region of Western Massachusetts. It has a population of 15,720 at the 2010 census, East Longmeadow is 5 miles southeast of downtown Springfield,25 miles north of Hartford,88 miles southwest of Boston, and 142 miles north of New York City. East Longmeadow is part of the Springfield Metropolitan Statistical Area, directly south of Springfield itself, East Longmeadow hosts an annual Fourth of July Parade. It is the largest Fourth of July parade in western Massachusetts, East Longmeadow High School also serves as host to an annual Fourth of July fireworks display, traditionally held on July 3. East Longmeadow was first settled in 1720 and was incorporated in 1894. It was famous for the Redstone industry, a used for building several places. The railroad closed with the industry and the old depot used for storage, East Longmeadow and Longmeadow compete in an annual Thanksgiving Day football game that routinely attracts a few thousand spectators. The town is also the home to the 2007 Western Massachusetts champions in Varsity High School Baseball, along with the Western Mass champions in Girls Indoor Track in 2010, and 2011. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 13.0 square miles. East Longmeadow is bordered by Enfield and Somers, Connecticut to the south, Hampden to the east, Wilbraham on the northeast, Springfield on the north and northwest, and Longmeadow on the west. As of the census of 2010, there were 16,187 people,5,248 households, the population density was 1,087.1 people per square mile. There were 5,363 housing units at a density of 413.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 97. 52% White,0. 74% African American,0. 04% Native American,0. 88% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,0. 24% from other races, and 0. 52% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 92% of the population,21. 6% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the family size was 3.10. In the town, the population was out with 24. 8% under the age of 18,5. 5% from 18 to 24,26. 4% from 25 to 44,24. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 41 years, for every 100 females there were 90.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males, the median income for a household in the town was $62,680, and the median income for a family was $70,571
19.
Somers, Connecticut
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Somers /ˈsʌmərz/ is a town in Tolland County, Connecticut, USA. The population was 11,444 at the 2010 census, the town center is listed by the U. S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place. In 2007, Money Magazine named Somers, Connecticut 53rd on its list of 100 Best Places to Live, based on economic opportunity, good schools, safe streets, things to do, bordering Massachusetts, Somers is considered part of the City of Springfield, Massachusetts NECTA. Somers is only 9 miles from the City of Springfield, Massachusetts, Somers was originally part of the Agawam Plantation in the 17th century. Agawam Plantation became Springfield, Massachusetts in 1641 and in 1682, in 1706, the first settler came to Somers in what was then East Enfield. In the year 1734, Somers became a town and was named after John Somers, in the year 1749, Somers joined the Connecticut Colony. The Four Town Fair which is held after the third weekend in September is one of the oldest fairs in the Country. Somers is located at 41°59′N 72°27′W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 28.5 square miles, of which,28.3 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water. The town center CDP has an area of 2.1 square miles. The towns highest point, Bald Mountain, at 1,121 feet is the highest point along the Connecticut River Valley in Connecticut, the rounded hill summit was recently purchased by the town and can be seen for many miles around. The population density was 367.6 people per square mile, there were 3,012 housing units at an average density of 106.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 82. 97% White,9. 82% African American,0. 55% Native American,0. 62% Asian,0. 06% Pacific Islander,4. 00% from other races, and 1. 98% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8. 10% of the population,16. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 8. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78 and the family size was 3.11. In the town, the population was out with 20. 8% under the age of 18,9. 4% from 18 to 24,35. 6% from 25 to 44,24. 0% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 154.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 171.0 males, the median income for a household in the town was $65,273, and the median income for a family was $71,757. Males had an income of $49,766 versus $35,329 for females
20.
East Windsor, Connecticut
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East Windsor is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 11,162 at the 2010 census, the town has five villages, Broad Brook, Melrose, Scantic, Warehouse Point and Windsorville. In 1633, Settlers laid claim to the now known as Windsor which included East Windsor. No English settlers lived on the east side of the river, the first English settler in what is today known as East Windsor, was William Pynchon, the founder of Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1636, he erected a warehouse for his settlements transshipment of goods at what is now known as Warehouse Point. Warehouse Point served as the border of Springfield, Massachusetts, for 132 years — until 1768 — when Warehouse Point. By constructing a warehouse at Warehouse Point, Pynchon essentially forced all northern Connecticut River business to run through him, meanwhile, most of todays East Windsor was part of the prominent Windsor settlement on the east side of the river. Settlers avoided the East Side of the doe to the Podunk tribe who inhabited the area. It is unknown who was the first settler in todays East Windsor, East Windsor also included todays Ellington and South Windsor. Eventually in 1768, The East Windsor parish was partitioned from Windsor, the center of town became what is now East Windsor Hill in todays South Windsor. The North Part of town center was Scantic, in 1832, the Broad Brook Mill was created at the waterfall of the Mill Pond. The town has five sections of town, Warehouse Point, Broad Brook, Scantic, Melrose, and Windsorville. The oldest section of town is Warehouse Point, which, as mentioned, was first used by William Pynchon in the 1630s, the Scantic section of town was the center of town until the mills were built. The Windsorville section of town was once its own community, featuring a church, post office, mini-mart, mulnite Farms is a tobacco farm on Graham Road, established in 1905. In 1897, the voluntary fire department was created in the mill. The Broad Brook Elementary school was established in 1951, in 1961 the town hall burned down. The new town hall is on Rye Street across from the elementary school, the new voluntary fire department building and senior center was built on the same site of the old town hall. A new mini strip mall was built on the site of the mill
21.
Ellington, Connecticut
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Ellington is a town in Tolland County, Connecticut, United States. Ellington was incorporated in May,1786, from East Windsor, as of the 2010 census, the town population was 15,602. Mostly known as a community, the Crystal Lake section of town was for a while a popular summer resort location. Ellington still has a significant amount of property dedicated to agriculture including cattle, Ellingtons sole representative to the voting on the adoption of the United States Constitution by Connecticut was Ebenezer Nash. Nash was an anti-federalist and voted against the ratification, which passed 128-40, Ellington is home to one of America’s oldest roadside memorials. A stone in the southwest corner of the marks the site where Samuel Knight was killed by a cartwheel rolling over his head in the 10th year of his age. They built a synagogue, Congregation Knesseth Israel, that is still standing, in 1991, Ellington was proposed as a potential site for a low-level nuclear waste dump. Strong dissent from area residents forced the state to abandon the plan, an independent film entitled The Supermarket, was made about the incident. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 34.6 square miles. Ellington is bordered by the towns of East Windsor, South Windsor, Vernon, Tolland, Willington, Stafford, Somers, the town has a panhandle extending to the east that extends to the Willimantic River and encompasses Crystal Lake. A large portion of the eastern portion is occupied by the Shenipsit State Forest which is bounded on the south by Shenipsit Lake. Ellingtons population increased 20. 8% between 2000 and 2010, making one of just four municipalities in Connecticut to achieve a rate of at least 20% for that period. The population density was 379.4 people per square mile, there were 5,417 housing units at an average density of 159.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the town was 96. 23% White,0. 99% African American,0. 16% Native American,1. 29% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,0. 44% from other races, and 0. 87% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1. 40% of the population,26. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the family size was 3.06. In the town, the population was out with 25. 2% under the age of 18,6. 5% from 18 to 24,35. 0% from 25 to 44,23. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 98.9 males
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Connecticut River
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The Connecticut River is the longest river in the New England region of the United States. Flowing roughly southward for 406.12 miles through four U. S. states, the Connecticut rises at the U. S. border with Quebec, Canada, and discharges at Long Island Sound. Its watershed encompasses five U. S. states and one Canadian province –11,260 square miles – via 148 tributaries,38 of which are major rivers, discharging at 19,600 cubic feet per second, the Connecticut produces 70% of Long Island Sounds fresh water. The word Connecticut is a French corruption of the Mohegan word quinetucket, the word Connecticut came into existence during the early 1600s, describing the river, which was also called simply The Great River. Prior to Dutch exploration beginning in 1614, numerous native tribes lived throughout the fertile Connecticut River valley, information concerning how these tribes lived and interacted stems mostly from English accounts written during the 1630s. In the southernmost region of the Connecticut River valley, the Pequots dominated a territory stretching roughly from the rivers mouth northward to just below the Big Bend. Occasionally, these villages endured invasions from more aggressive confederated tribes living in modern-day New York, such as the Mohawk, Mahican and Iroquois tribes. In the northernmost reaches of the Connecticut River Valley, the Western Abenaki tribe lived in the Green Mountains region of Vermont and they later merged with members of other Algonquin tribes displaced by the wars and famines that accompanied the European settling of the Connecticut River Valley. In 1614, Dutch explorer Adriaen Block became the first European explorer to chart the Connecticut River, in charting the Connecticut, Bloeck called it the Fresh River, and claimed it for the Netherlands as the northeastern border of the New Netherland colony. In 1623, Dutch traders constructed a trading post at the site of modern Hartford, Connecticut. Less than a later, four separate Puritan-led groups settled the fertile Connecticut River Valley. In the process, they founded the two cities that continue to dominate the Connecticut River Valley today – Hartford and Springfield. In 1633, a left the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Watertown. With this in mind, they founded Wethersfield, Connecticut, in 1633 – several miles south of the Dutch fort at modern Hartford, shortly after Hookers arrival, Newtowne annexed Matianuck, based on laws supposedly articulated in Connecticuts settlement charter, the Warwick Patent of 1631. The patent, however, had been physically lost, and the annexation was almost certainly illegal, the fourth English settlement along the Connecticut came out of a 1635 scouting party commissioned by William Pynchon. Of these settlements, Hartford and Springfield quickly emerged as powers, in 1641, Springfield splintered off from the Hartford-based Connecticut Colony, instead allying itself with the Boston-based Massachusetts Bay Colony. For decades, Springfield remained the Massachusetts Bay Colonys westernmost settlement, by 1654 however, the success of these English settlements rendered the Dutch position on the Connecticut untenable. A treaty relocated the boundary between the Connecticut Colony and New Netherland Colony westward, near present-day Greenwich, the treaty allowed the Dutch to maintain their trading post at Foot Huys de Hoop, which they did until the 1664 British takeover of New Netherland
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Suffield, Connecticut
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Suffield is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. It had once been within the boundaries of Massachusetts, the town is located in the Connecticut River Valley with the town of Enfield neighboring to the east. In 1900,3,521 people lived in Suffield, as of the 2010 census, the town center is a census-designated place listed as Suffield Depot in U. S. Census records. Bordering Massachusetts, Suffield is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts NECTA, Suffield is only 8 miles from Springfield, and is more oriented toward it than toward Connecticuts capital of Hartford, which lies 16 miles to the south. Originally known as Southfield—pronounced Suffield, on May 20,1674, the petition was granted by the Massachusetts Bay court on June 3,1674. Suffield was incorporated as a town in March 1682, also on early 17th and 18th century maps, Suffield was also spelled as Suthfield. Suffield and the area was part of the equivalent lands compromise with Massachusetts in 1716. Suffields native and adopted sons include Rev. Ebenezer Gay, a renowned Congregational minister, postmaster General Gideon Granger, real estate speculator Oliver Phelps, once the largest landowner in America, composer Timothy Swan, architect Henry A. Thanks to the towns early prominence and wealth, it boasts a collection of early New England architecture. Slavery was common throughout the Connecticut River Valley during the century. Throughout the Connecticut valley, wealthy merchants, tavern owners and town ministers owned slaves, Suffields third minister, Reverend Ebenezer Devotion, became minister in 1710, and “sixteen years later the town voted to give him £20 to purchase a slave. Reverend Ebenezer Gay, Devotion’s successor, owned six slaves throughout his long term, Reverend Ebenezer Gay Jr. manumitted the family three remaining slaves in 1812. They were Titus, Ginny and Dinah, princess, a slave belonging to early Suffield settler, Lieut. Joshua Leavitt, died November 5,1732, some of Leavitts descendants became ardent abolitionists, including Joshua Leavitt and his cousin Roger Hooker Leavitt, who operated an Underground Railroad station in Charlemont, Massachusetts. One of the earliest graduates of the Yale Medical School was one of Suffields earliest physicians. Dr. Asaph Leavitt Bissell, born in 1791 at Hanover, New Hampshire, to parents originally from Suffield, attended Dartmouth College, Bissell moved to Suffield, where he rode horseback to make house calls on patients. Bissells saddlebags are today in the collection of the Yale Medical Schools Historical Society. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 42.9 square miles, of which 42.3 square miles is land and 0.69 square miles
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Windsor Locks, Connecticut
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Windsor Locks is a town in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 12,498 and it is the site of Bradley International Airport, which serves the Greater Hartford-Springfield region and occupies approximately 1/3 of the town. Windsor Locks is also the site of the New England Air Museum, the Enfield Falls Canal circumvents the Enfield Falls and its nearby shallows. Originally part of Windsor, Windsor Locks broke off into its own settlement in 1854 after the thriving Enfield Locks going around Enfield Falls which opened in 1829, the Bradley International Airport opened in 1940 and to civilian use in 1947. In 1967 the town boundary was altered due to the opening of the Bradley Connector. The 1965 Little League World Series winning team is from Windsor Locks. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 9.4 square miles, of which 9.0 square miles is land and 0.35 square miles. Windsor Locks has a subtropical climate with hot and humid summer days to cold sometimes frigid winter nights. Average January temperature high is 36 °F and a low of 18 °F temps can reach zero degrees or below 4 nights a year, summer in Windsor Locks can be hot with the average July temperature of 87 °F at daytime and 63 °F at nighttime. Temperatures at or above 90 can occur 15 to 25 days per year, the hottest temperature at Windsor Locks was 103 °F on July 22,2011 and the coldest recorded temperature was -26 °F on January 22,1961. Average rainfall in Windsor Locks is 46.27 inches, as of the census of 2000, there are 12,043 people,4,935 households, and 3,306 families residing in the town. The population density is 1,333.8 inhabitants per square mile, there are 5,101 housing units at an average density of 218.1 persons/km². The racial makeup of the town is 92. 47% White,2. 67% African American,0. 12% Native American,2. 57% Asian,0. 00% Pacific Islander,0. 75% from other races, and 1. 42% from two or more races. 2. 22% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race,27. 0% of all households are made up of individuals and 11. 3% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.43 and the family size is 2.97. In the town, the population is out with 23. 7% under the age of 18,6. 2% from 18 to 24,31. 2% from 25 to 44,22. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age is 39 years, for every 100 females there are 94.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 92.1 males, the median income for a household in the town is $48,837, and the median income for a family is $59,054
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Pocomtuc
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Their territory also included much of current-day Hampden and Hampshire Counties, plus areas now in northern Connecticut and southern Vermont. Their principal village, also known as Pocumtuck, was in the vicinity of the present day village of Deerfield and their language, now extinct, was an R-dialect of the Algonquian language family, most likely related to the Wappinger and nearby Mahican tribes of the Hudson River Valley. Little is known about the Pocumtuck people, but it is believed they led a similar to other tribes of New England. They would have engaged in agriculture of maize, beans. They also hunted game and fished in the Connecticut River, which served as a major transportation route. The Pocumtuck were decimated by warfare with the powerful Mohawk, then based in present-day New York. They had no immunity to the new disease and suffered high fatalities, in addition, they lost tribal members due to taking part in wars among the Dutch, English, French, and their respective Native American allies. The Pocumtuck were originally allied with the Tunxis and Narragansett against Chief Uncas of the Mohegan, all these tribes united against the English colonists with the Wampanoag Confederacy in King Philips War. At the close of the war, many Pocumtuck, Nipmuc, and other tribes fled to Schaghticoke and they remained there until the outbreak of the Seven Years War in 1754, when most joined and merged into the Abenaki tribes at Saint-François-du-Lac, Quebec or moved further west. Small bands remained in Massachusetts as late as the 19th century, many of the present-day Abenaki of New Hampshire, Vermont, and Canada are of part-Pocumtuck ancestry. Among the members of the Pocumtuck tribe was Chief Wawanotewat, better known as Greylock, a famous warrior, he continued to lead bands into Massachusetts after most of his followers had left the state. Mount Greylock in the Berkshires is named after him, agawam - present-day Metro Center Springfield, Massachusetts
26.
Salem, Massachusetts
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Salem is a coastal city in Essex County, Massachusetts, in the United States, located on Massachusetts North Shore. It is a New England bedrock of history and is considered one of the most significant seaports in Puritan American history, the citys reported population was 41,340 at the 2010 census. Salem and Lawrence are the county seats of Essex County, though the county government was abolished in 1999, much of the citys cultural identity reflects its role as the location of the Salem witch trials of 1692, as featured in Arthur Millers The Crucible. Tourists know Salem as a mix of important historical sites and a vibrant downtown that has more than 60 restaurants, cafes, in 2012, the Retailers Association of Massachusetts chose Salem for their inaugural Best Shopping District award. President Barack Obama signed executive order HR1339 on January 10,2013, more than one million tourists from all around the world visit Salem annually, bringing in at least $100 million in tourism spending each year. More than 250,000 visited Salem over Halloween weekend in 2016, Salem is located at the mouth of the Naumkeag river at the site of an ancient American Indian village and trading center. It was first settled by Europeans in 1626, when a company of fishermen arrived from Cape Ann, led by Roger Conant. Conants leadership provided the stability to survive the first two years, but he was replaced by John Endecott, one of the new arrivals, Conant graciously stepped aside and was granted 200 acres of land in compensation. These New Planters and the Old Planters agreed to cooperate, in part due to the diplomacy of Conant. In 1628, Endecott ordered that the Great House be moved from Cape Ann, when Higginson arrived in Salem, he wrote that we found a faire house newly built for the Governor which was remarkable for being two stories high. A year later, the Massachusetts Bay Charter was issued creating the Massachusetts Bay Colony with Matthew Craddock as its governor in London, John Winthrop was elected Governor in late 1629, and arrived with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, beginning the Great Migration. In 1639, Endecotts was one of the signatures on the contract for enlarging the meeting house in Town House Square for the First Church in Salem. This document remains part of the records at City Hall. He was active in the affairs of the town throughout his life, Samuel Skelton was the first pastor of the First Church of Salem, which is the original Puritan church in North America. Endecott already had a relationship with Skelton, having been converted by him. Roger Conant died in 1679 at the age of 87, a statue commemorating him stands overlooking Salem Common. Salem originally included much of the North Shore, including Marblehead, most of the accused in the Salem witch trials lived in nearby Salem Village, now known as Danvers, although a few lived on the outskirts of Salem. Salem Village also included Peabody and parts of present-day Beverly, Middleton, Topsfield, Wenham, and Manchester-by-the-Sea were once parts of Salem
27.
Enfield Town
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Enfield Town, also known as Enfield, is the historic centre of the London Borough of Enfield. It is 10.1 miles north-northeast of central London, the area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London. The town was originally in the county of Middlesex, but became part of Greater London on 1 April 1965 when the London Government Act 1963 was commenced, Enfield Town had a population of 115,762 in 2011. Enfield used to be a collection of communities spread around the royal hunting grounds of Enfield Chase. At the time of the Domesday Book the area was spelt Enefelde, by 1572 most of the basic street layout had been completed. The village green became the historic marketplace between the church and where the fountain now stands. A market is operated in this area, which is owned by the parish charity. Its name most likely came from Anglo-Saxon Ēanafeld or similar, meaning open land belonging to a man called Ēana or open land for lambs, the parish church, on the north side of the marketplace, is dedicated to St Andrew. There is some masonry surviving from the century, but the nave, north aisle, choir and tower are late fourteenth century, built of random rubble. The clerestory dates from the sixteenth century, and the south aisle was rebuilt in brick in 1824. Adjacent to the church is the old building of the Tudor period, Enfield Grammar School. A sixteenth century house, known since the eighteenth century as Enfield Palace, is remembered in the name of the Palace Gardens Shopping Centre. It was used as a school from around 1670 until the late nineteenth century. The Market was still prosperous in the eighteenth century. However the trading resumed in the 1870s, in 1904 a new wooden structure was built to replace the stone cross, by now decayed. The market is still in existence, administered by the Old Enfield Charitable trust, the charter of 1303 also gave the right to hold two annual fairs, one on St Andrews Day and the other in September. The New River, built to water to London from Hertfordshire, runs immediately behind the town centre through the Town Park. The Enfield Loop of the New River also passes through the fields of Enfield Grammar School
28.
Middlesex
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Middlesex is a historic county in south-east England. It is now entirely within the wider urbanised area of London and its area is now also mostly within the ceremonial county of Greater London, with small sections in other neighbouring ceremonial counties. It was established in the Anglo-Saxon system from the territory of the Middle Saxons, the largely low-lying county, dominated by clay in its north and alluvium on gravel in its south, was the second smallest county by area in 1831. The City of London was a county in its own right from the 12th century and was able to exert control over Middlesex. Westminster Abbey dominated most of the financial, judicial and ecclesiastical aspects of the county. As London grew into Middlesex, the Corporation of London resisted attempts to expand the city boundaries into the county, in the 18th and 19th centuries the population density was especially high in the southeast of the county, including the East End and West End of London. From 1855 the southeast was administered, with sections of Kent and Surrey, the City of London, and Middlesex, became separate counties for other purposes and Middlesex regained the right to appoint its own sheriff, lost in 1199. In the interwar years suburban London expanded further, with improvement and expansion of public transport, after the Second World War, the population of the County of London and inner Middlesex was in steady decline, with high population growth continuing in the outer parts. Since 1965 various areas called Middlesex have been used for cricket, Middlesex was the former postal county of 25 post towns. The name means territory of the middle Saxons and refers to the origin of its inhabitants. The word is formed from the Anglo-Saxon, i. e. Old English, middel, in an 8th-century charter the region is recorded as Middleseaxon and in 704 it is recorded as Middleseaxan. The Saxons derived their name from seax, a kind of knife for which they were known, the seax has a lasting symbolic impact in the English counties of Essex and Middlesex, both of which feature three seaxes in their ceremonial emblem. Their names, along with those of Sussex and Wessex, contain a remnant of the word Saxon, there were settlements in the area of Middlesex that can be traced back thousands of years before the creation of a county. Middlesex was formerly part of the Kingdom of Essex It was recorded in the Domesday Book as being divided into the six hundreds of Edmonton, Elthorne, Gore, Hounslow, Ossulstone and Spelthorne. The City of London has been self-governing since the century and became a county in its own right. Middlesex also included Westminster, which also had a degree of autonomy. Of the six hundreds, Ossulstone contained the districts closest to the City of London, during the 17th century it was divided into four divisions, which, along with the Liberty of Westminster, largely took over the administrative functions of the hundred. The divisions were named Finsbury, Holborn, Kensington and Tower, the county had parliamentary representation from the 13th century
29.
Secession
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Secession is the withdrawal of a group from a larger entity, especially a political entity, but also any organization, union or military alliance. Threats of secession can also be a strategy for achieving more limited goals, theories of secession relate to a fundamental question of political philosophy, the basis of the states authority. Ramet, Rights of Secession by Daniel Kofman, The Very Idea of Secession by Donald Livingston and Secession, Autonomy, in 2007 the University of South Carolina sponsored a conference called Secession As an International Phenomenon which produced a number of papers on the topic. Some theories of secession emphasize a general right of secession for any reason while others emphasize that secession should be considered only to rectify grave injustices, if it can not live in the affections of the people, it must one day perish. Congress possesses many means of preserving it by conciliation, but the sword was not placed in their hand to preserve it by force, former President of the United States Thomas Jefferson, in a letter to William H. If any State in the Union will declare that it prefers separation with the first alternative, to a continuance in union without it, I have no hesitation in saying, let us separate. I would rather the States should withdraw, which are for unlimited commerce and war, economic enfranchisement of an economically oppressed class that is regionally concentrated within the scope of a larger national territory. e. Tax schemes, regulatory policies, economic programs, etc, cultural Secessionism, any group which was previously in a minority has a right to protect and develop its own culture and distinct national identity through seceding into an independent state. Institutional empowerment - The growing inability of empires and ethnic federations to maintain colonies, relative strength - Increasingly powerful secessionist movements are more likely to achieve statehood. Negotiated consent - Home states and the international community increasingly consent to secessionist demands, during the 19th century, the single British colony in eastern mainland Australia, New South Wales was progressively divided up by the British government as new settlements were formed and spread. Victoria in 1851 and Queensland in 1859, however, settlers agitated to divide the colonies throughout the later part of the century, particularly in central Queensland in the 1860s and 1890s, and in North Queensland in the 1870s. Western Australia Secession movements have surfaced several times in Western Australia, the referendum had to be ratified by the British Parliament, which declined to act, on the grounds that it would contravene the Australian Constitution. The Principality of Hutt River claims to have seceded from Australia in 1970, according to a lexicon on nationalist movements across the world, Macau happened to recognise that Principality. Austria successfully seceded from Nazi Germany on April 27,1945 and this took place after seven years of Austria being part of Adolf Hitlers Third Reich due to the Anschluss annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany in March 1938. On August 25,1830, during the reign of William I, soon after, the Belgian Revolt occurred, which resulted in the Belgian secession from the Netherlands. The peace treaty accepted Uruguay independence, reasserted the rule of both nations over their land and some important points like free navigation in the Silver River, three rather disorganized secessionist rebellions happened in Grão-Pará, Bahia and Maranhão, where the people were unhappy with the Empire. The Malê Revolt, in Bahia, was an Islamic slave revolt and these three rebellions were bloodily crushed by the Empire of Brazil. In the attempts the rebels were crushed, the shot and its territory divided
30.
Jonathan Edwards (theologian)
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Jonathan Edwards was a revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Congregationalist Protestant theologian. Like most of the Puritans, he held to the Reformed theology and his colonial followers later distinguished themselves from other Congregationalists as New Lights, as opposed to Old Lights. Edwards is widely regarded as one of Americas most important and original philosophical theologians, Edwards theological work is broad in scope, but he was rooted in Reformed theology, the metaphysics of theological determinism, and the Puritan heritage. Recent studies have emphasized how thoroughly Edwards grounded his lifes work on conceptions of beauty, harmony, and ethical fittingness, Edwards played a critical role in shaping the First Great Awakening, and oversaw some of the first revivals in 1733–35 at his church in Northampton, Massachusetts. Edwards delivered the sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Edwards died from a smallpox inoculation shortly after beginning the presidency at the College of New Jersey. He was the grandfather of Aaron Burr, third Vice President of the United States, Jonathan Edwards was born on October 5,1703 and was the son of Timothy Edwards, a minister at East Windsor, Connecticut, who eked out his salary by tutoring boys for college. His mother, Esther Stoddard, daughter of the Rev. Solomon Stoddard, of Northampton, Massachusetts, seems to have been a woman of unusual mental gifts, Jonathan, their only son, was the fifth of 11 children. He entered Yale College in 1716, at just under the age of 13, in the following year, he became acquainted with John Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which influenced him profoundly. He was interested in history, and as a precocious 11-year-old, observed. Edwards would edit this text to match the genre of scientific literature. Even though he would go on to study theology for two years after his graduation, Edwards continued to be interested in science, Edwards was fascinated by the discoveries of Isaac Newton and other scientists of his age. Before he undertook full-time ministry work in Northampton, he wrote on topics in natural philosophy, including flying spiders, light. While he was worried about the materialism and faith in reason alone of some of his contemporaries, he saw the laws of nature as derived from God and demonstrating his wisdom and care. In 1722 to 1723, he was for eight months stated supply of a small Presbyterian Church in New York City, the church invited him to remain, but he declined the call. The years 1720 to 1726 are partially recorded in his diary and he now took a great and new joy in taking in the beauties of nature, and delighted in the allegorical interpretation of the Song of Solomon. On February 15,1727, Edwards was ordained minister at Northampton and he was a scholar-pastor, not a visiting pastor, his rule being 13 hours of study a day. In the same year, he married Sarah Pierpont, then 17, Sarah was from a storied New England clerical family, her father was James Pierpont, the head founder of Yale College, and her mother was the great-granddaughter of Thomas Hooker. Sarahs spiritual devotion was without peer, and her relationship with God had long proved an inspiration to Edwards and he first remarked on her great piety when she was 13 years old
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Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God
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Like Edwards other works, it combines vivid imagery of Hell with observations of the world and citations of the scripture. This is a sermon of the Great Awakening, emphasizing the belief that Hell is a real place. Edwards hoped that the imagery and language of his sermon would awaken audiences to the reality that he believed awaited them should they continue life without devotion to Christ. The underlying point is that God has given humanity a chance to rectify their sins, Edwards says that it is the will of God that keeps wicked men from the depths of Hell. This act of restraint has given humanity a chance to mend their ways, there is nothing that keeps wicked men at any one moment out of hell, but the mere pleasure of God. Most of the text consists of ten considerations, God may cast wicked men into hell at any given moment. The Wicked deserve to be cast into hell, divine justice does not prevent God from destroying the Wicked at any moment. The Wicked, at moment, suffer under Gods condemnation to Hell. The Wicked, on earth - at this very moment - suffer a sample of the torments of Hell, at any moment God shall permit him, Satan stands ready to fall upon the Wicked and seize them as his own. If it were not for Gods restraints, there are, in the souls of wicked men, hellish principles reigning which, presently, would kindle, simply because there are not visible means of death before them at any given moment, the Wicked should not feel secure. Simply because it is natural to care for oneself or to think that others may care for them, all that wicked men may do to save themselves from Hells pains shall afford them nothing if they continue to reject Christ. God has never promised to us from Hell, except for those contained in Christ through the covenant of Grace. One church in Enfield, Connecticut had been largely unaffected during the Great Awakening of New England, Edwards was invited by the pastor of the church to preach to them. Edwardss aim was to teach his listeners about the horrors of hell, the dangers of sin, Edwards described the shaky position of those who do not follow Christs urgent call to receive forgiveness. In the final section of Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, Edwards shows his theological argument throughout scripture, invoking stories and examples throughout the whole Bible. Edwards ends the sermon with one final appeal, Therefore let everyone that is out of Christ, now awake, according to Edwards, only by returning to Christ can one escape the stark fate he outlines. Jonathan Edwards was interrupted many times before finishing the sermon by people moaning and crying out, although the sermon has received criticism, Edwards words have endured and are still read to this day. Edwards sermon continues to be the example of a Great Awakening sermon and is still used in religious
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First Great Awakening
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It resulted from powerful preaching that gave listeners a sense of deep personal revelation of their need of salvation by Jesus Christ. It had little impact on most Anglicans, Lutherans, Quakers, throughout the colonies, especially in the south, the revivalist movement increased the number of African slaves and free blacks who were exposed to and subsequently converted to Christianity. The Second Great Awakening began about 1800 and reached out to the unchurched, 18th-century American Christians added an emphasis on outpourings of the Holy Spirit to the evangelical imperatives of Reformation Protestantism. Revivals encapsulated those hallmarks and spread the newly created evangelicalism in the early republic, Evangelical preachers sought to include every person in conversion, regardless of gender, race, and status. The evangelical revival was international in scope, affecting predominantly Protestant countries of Europe, historian Sydney E. Ahlstrom sees it as part of a great international Protestant upheaval that also created Pietism in Germany, the Evangelical Revival and Methodism in England. Revivalism was a component of the Great Awakening, and actually began in the 1620s in Scotland among Presbyterians. The idea of a great awakening has been contested by Butler as vague and exaggerated, the First Great Awakening led to changes in Americans understanding of God, themselves, the world around them, and religion. In the Middle and Southern colonies, especially in the country regions. In the southern Tidewater and Low Country, northern Baptist and Methodist preachers converted both white and black people, whether enslaved or free, evangelist leaders in the southern colonies had to deal with the issue of slavery much more frequently than those in the North. Still, many leaders of the revivals proclaimed that slaveholders should educate their slaves so that they could become literate and be able to read, consequently, many Africans were finally provided with some sort of education. Africans hoped that their newly acquired spiritual equality would translate into earthly equalities, as black people started to make up substantial proportions of congregations, they were given a chance to momentarily forget about their bondage and enjoy a slight sense of freedom. Before the American Revolution, the first black Baptist churches were founded in the South in Virginia, South Carolina, the revival began with Jonathan Edwards in Northampton, Massachusetts. Edwards came from Puritan, Calvinist roots, but emphasized the importance and power of immediate, Religious experience had to be immediate, he taught. Scientific inquiry was useless, he taught that only a personal experience can be valid and his sermons were solemn, with a distinct and careful enunciation, and a slow cadence. His sermons were powerful and attracted a large following, both Edwards and Whitefield were slave owners and believed that blacks would acquire absolute equality with whites in the Millennial church. Winiarski examines Edwardss preaching in 1741, especially his famous sermon Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, at this point, Edwards countenanced the noise of the Great Awakening, but his approach to revivalism became more moderate and critical in the years immediately following. The arrival of young Anglican preacher George Whitefield sparked the Great Awakening, Whitefields reputation preceded his visit as a great pulpit and open-air orator. He traveled through the colonies in 1739 and 1740 and he attracted large and emotional crowds everywhere, eliciting countless conversions as well as considerable controversy
33.
Thompsonville, Connecticut
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Thompsonville is a census-designated place in the town of Enfield in Hartford County, Connecticut, United States. The population of the CDP was 8,577 at the 2010 census, Thompsonville was established in the 19th century as a carpet-manufacturing community. Orrin Thompson, from whom the community takes its name, built a dam across Freshwater Brook in 1828, thompsons first mill, named White Mill, employed skilled weavers brought from Scotland. Initially its product was largely flat-woven ingrain carpeting, a type of carpeting. The mill had 230 looms in operation as of 1846, carpeting continued to be manufactured in Thompsonville until 1971, by which time most production had shifted to the southern United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 2.4 square miles, of which 2.0 square miles is land and 0.31 square miles. Thompsonville is located on the east bank of the Connecticut River and is bounded by Interstate 91 to the east. U. S. Route 5 is the road through the village, leading north to Longmeadow, Massachusetts, and into Springfield. Connecticut Route 190 crosses Route 5, leading west across the Connecticut River into Suffield, as of the census of 2000, there were 8,125 people,3,442 households, and 1,896 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 3,797.9 people per square mile, there were 3,728 housing units at an average density of 1,742.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 90. 01% White,3. 96% African American,0. 33% Native American,1. 61% Asian,0. 05% Pacific Islander,1. 50% from other races, and 2. 54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4. 70% of the population,36. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the family size was 3.02. In the CDP, the population was out with 25. 5% under the age of 18,8. 2% from 18 to 24,34. 0% from 25 to 44,16. 6% from 45 to 64. The median age was 35 years, for every 100 females there were 90.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.6 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $39,154, and the median income for a family was $42,692. Males had an income of $38,000 versus $29,550 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,851, about 7. 3% of families and 9. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11. 8% of those under age 18 and 12. 0% of those age 65 or over
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Hazardville, Connecticut
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Hazardville is a section of the town of Enfield, Connecticut, in Hartford County. It is a place that had a total population of 4,599 as of the 2010 census. Hazardville originated as an industrial village centered around the manufacture of gunpowder using water power from the Scantic River, the first small black powder mill was established in 1835 by Allen Loomis in an area then known as Powder Hollow. A company called Loomis, Denslow and Company, named for Loomis and his business partner, was established the following year, the company manufactured powder from saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. Hazardville takes its name from Colonel Augustus George Hazard, who bought into the company in 1837, the company changed its name to Loomis, Hazard & Company in 1837, and became the Hazard Powder Company in 1843 when Hazard bought Loomis share of the business. Production increased over the years in response to the needs of the U. S, during the American Civil War, the mill was one of the three chief sources of gunpowder for the Union forces, producing up to 12,500 lb/day. At its peak the Hazard Powder Company operated in 125 buildings occupying hundreds of acres of land and it had 25 water wheels and three steam engines along a mile of Scantic River frontage. There were additional mills in East Hartford and Canton, the business declined after the Civil War. However, Hazardville still had a large population of 1,500 in the 1890s. Hazard Powder Company was one of the three largest among the six companies of the United States Gunpowder Trade Association popularly known as the powder trust, duPont gained majority stock control of the company in 1876 after Colonel Hazard died in 1868. A1, 075-acre area of Hazardville was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980 as the Hazardville Historic District, the district is an irregularly shaped area that surrounds two interior areas that are not historical and are not included in the district. The school and the institute are both of Italian Renaissance Revival design and were built in 1864 and 1869, respectively, the Episcopal church is a Gothic Revival structure built in 1863. The Methodist church, built in 1872, is in the Romanesque Revival style, the public school is now used as a day care center. A former horse barn of the Hazard Powder Company, located at 32 South Maple Avenue, was turned into a dancing hall in 1959 and is now used as a venue for special events. The foundations of 21 buildings of the gunpowder factory complex can still be found near the Scantic River within Scantic River State Park. The Hazardville Institute building, at the corner of Hazard and Maple avenues, was used for years as a public hall. It was abandoned in the 1970s and was saved from demolition when it was leased to the Hazardville Institute Conservancy, the building is currently undergoing renovation. When renovation is complete, there are plans for the building to include an exhibit about the history of the Hazard Powder Company
35.
Gunpowder
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Gunpowder, also known as black powder, is the earliest known chemical explosive. It is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate, the sulfur and charcoal act as fuels, and the saltpeter is an oxidizer. Black powder firearms are in limited use today in hunting, shooting, Black powder has been replaced for most industrial uses by high explosives such as dynamite. Black powder is assigned the UN number UN0027 and has a class of 1. 1D. It has a point of approximately 427–464 °C. The specific flash point may vary based on the composition of the gunpowder. Gunpowders specific gravity is 1. 70–1.82 or 1. 92–2.08, Gunpowder is classified as a low explosive because of its relatively slow decomposition rate and consequently low brisance. Low explosives deflagrate at subsonic speeds, whereas high explosives detonate, ignition of the powder packed behind a bullet must generate enough pressure to force it from the muzzle at high speed, but not enough to rupture the gun barrel. Gunpowder thus makes a good propellant, but is suitable for shattering rock or fortifications. Gunpowder was widely used to fill artillery shells and in mining and civil engineering to blast rock until the half of the 19th century. Black powder is used as a delay element in various munitions where its slow-burning properties are valuable. The spread of gunpowder across Asia from China is widely attributed to the Mongols, the earliest record of a written formula for gunpowder appears in the 11th century Song dynasty text, Wujing Zongyao. This discovery led to the invention of fireworks and the earliest gunpowder weapons in China, in the centuries following the Chinese discovery, gunpowder weapons began appearing in the Muslim world and Europe. The technology spread from China through the Middle East or Central Asia, the earliest Western accounts of gunpowder appear in texts written by English philosopher Roger Bacon in the 13th century. The most ardent protagonists were Nathaniel Halhad, Johann Backmann, Quintin Craufurd, however, due to lack of sufficient proof, these theories have not been widely accepted. A major problem confronting the study of the history of gunpowder is ready access to sources close to the events described. The translation difficulty has led to errors or loose interpretations bordering on artistic licence, early writings potentially mentioning gunpowder are sometimes marked by a linguistic process where old words acquired new meanings. For instance, the Arabic word naft transitioned from denoting naphtha to denoting gunpowder, saltpeter was known to the Chinese by the mid-1st century AD and there is strong evidence of the use of saltpeter and sulfur in various largely medicinal combinations
36.
Glory (1989 film)
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Glory is a 1989 American war film directed by Edward Zwick and starring Matthew Broderick, Denzel Washington, Cary Elwes and Morgan Freeman. The regiment is known for its heroic actions at Fort Wagner. The film was nominated for five Academy Awards and won three, including Denzel Washington for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Private Tripp. It won many awards, including from the British Academy, the Golden Globe Awards, the Kansas City Film Critics Circle, Political Film Society. The film was co-produced by TriStar Pictures and Freddie Fields Productions and it premiered in limited release in the U. S. on December 14,1989, and in wide release on February 16,1990, making $26,828,365 on an $18 million budget. The soundtrack, composed by James Horner and performed in part by Boys Choir of Harlem, was released on January 23,1990, the home video was distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment. On June 2,2009, a widescreen Blu-ray version, featuring the directors commentary, during the American Civil War, Captain Robert Gould Shaw is injured in the Battle of Antietam and sent home to Boston on medical leave. He visits his family there, where he meets the abolitionist Frederick Douglass, Shaw is offered a promotion to the rank of Colonel to command one of the first all-black regiments in the Union Army, the 54th Regiment Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry. He accepts and asks his friend, 2nd Lieutenant Cabot Forbes, to serve as his second in command. Their first volunteer is another friend, Thomas Searles, a bookish free African American, other recruits soon follow, including battlefield gravedigger John Rawlins, timid freeman Jupiter Sharts, cantankerous slave escapee Silas Tripp, and a teenage drummer boy who is mute. Tripp instantly clashes with Searles and Rawlins is forced to keep the peace between them, the black soldiers undergo a severe training regimen under Irish Sergeant-Major Mulcahy. When Shaw confronts Mulcahy about his methods he comes to realize that Mulcahy is in training them fairly and is trying to prepare the men for the extreme challenges that they will face. When Tripp goes AWOL and is caught, Shaw orders him flogged in front of the troops, the scars from his beatings as a slave are exposed, giving pause to the abolitionist Shaw. While talking to Rawlins, Shaw discovers that Tripp had left to find shoes to replace his worn ones, Shaw learns that his men are being denied regular supplies and confronts the bases racist quartermaster on their behalf. He further supports them through a pay dispute, as the Federal government decided to pay black soldiers $10/month as opposed to the $13/month that white soldiers earn. Tripp encourages the men to go without pay in protest, and Shaw tears up his own pay stub in solidarity, earning the respect, in recognition for his leadership among the troops, Shaw promotes Rawlins. As black soldiers are forbidden from being commissioned as officers, Rawlins is invested with the rank of Sergeant-Major, once the 54th completes its training, they are transferred under the command of General Charles Garrison Harker. On the way to joining the war in South Carolina, the 54th is ordered, by Harkers second-in-command, Colonel James Montgomery, to sack a Georgia town, and then burn it
37.
Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series)
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Hawaii Five-O is an American police procedural drama series produced by CBS Productions and Leonard Freeman. Set in Hawaii, the originally aired for 12 seasons from 1968 to 1980. At the airing of its very last episode, it was the longest running cop show in history at that time. Jack Lord portrayed Detective Captain Steve McGarrett, the head of a state police task force which was based on an actual unit that existed under martial law in the 1940s. The theme music composed by Morton Stevens became especially popular, many episodes would end with McGarrett instructing his subordinate to Book em, Danno. sometimes specifying a charge such as murder one. The CBS television network produced Hawaii Five-O, which aired from September 20,1968, the program continues to be broadcast in syndication worldwide. Hawaii Five-O was named in honor of Hawaiis being the 50th state, although the shows name has always ended with the numeral 0, the soundtrack album, released in the late 1960s, used the letter O instead of the numeral zero. The letter O is sometimes used to differentiate the series and the remake which premiered in 2010. The show centers on a state police force led by former US naval officer Steve McGarrett, a detective captain. In the show, McGarrett oversees state police officers – the young Danny Williams, veteran Chin Ho Kelly, Honolulu Police Department Officer Duke Lukela joined the team as a regular, as did Ben Kokua, who replaced Kono beginning with season five. Occasionally, McGarretts Five-O team is assisted by officers as needed, medical examiner Doc Bergman, forensic specialist Che Fong. The first secretary was May, then Jenny, and later Malia, Lani, for 12 seasons, McGarrett and his team hounded international secret agents, criminals, and organized crime syndicates plaguing the Hawaiian Islands. With the aid of District Attorney and later Hawaiis Attorney General John Manicote, One such crime syndicate was led by crime family patriarch Honore Vashon, a character introduced in the fifth season. Most episodes of Hawaii Five-O ended with the arrest of criminals and McGarrett snapping, the offense occasionally was added after this phrase, for example, Book em, murder one. In many episodes, this was directed to Danny Williams and became McGarretts catchphrase, Book em, other criminals and organized crime bosses on the islands were played by actors such as Ricardo Montalbán, Gavin MacLeod, and Ross Martin as Tony Alika. By the 12th and final season, series regular James MacArthur had left the show, New characters Jim Kimo Carew, Lori Wilson, and Truck were introduced in season 12 alongside returning regular character Duke Lukela. The Five-O team consists of three to five members, and is portrayed as occupying a suite of offices in the Iolani Palace, Five-O lacks its own radio network, necessitating frequent requests by McGarrett to the Honolulu Police Department dispatchers. McGarretts tousled yet immaculate hairstyle, as well as his proclivity for wearing a suit and tie on all possible occasions
38.
Adventism
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Adventism is a branch of Protestantism with origins in the 19th century American Protestant revival known as the Second Great Awakening. The name refers to belief in the imminent Second Coming of Jesus Christ, William Miller started the Adventist movement in the 1830s. His followers became known as Millerites, the movement has encouraged the examination of the whole Bible, leading Seventh-day Adventists and some smaller Adventist groups to observe the Sabbath. The General Conference of Seventh-day Adventists has compiled that churchs core beliefs in the 28 Fundamental Beliefs, in 2010, Adventism claimed some 22 million believers scattered in various independent churches. The largest church within the movement — the Seventh-day Adventist Church — is one of the largest Christian churches in the world, Adventism began as an inter-denominational movement. Its most vocal leader was William Miller, between 50,000 and 100,000 people in the United States supported Millers predictions of Christs return. After the Great Disappointment of October 22,1844 many people in the movement gave up on Adventism, of those remaining Adventist, the majority gave up believing in any prophetic significance for the October 22 date, yet they remained expectant of the near Advent. Of those who retained the October 22 date, many maintained that Jesus had come not literally but spiritually, a small minority held that something concrete had indeed happened on October 22, but this event had been misinterpreted. This viewpoint later emerged and crystallized with the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the Albany Conference in 1845, attended by 61 delegates, was called to attempt to determine the future course and meaning of the Millerite movement. Following this meeting, the Millerites then became known as Adventists or Second Adventists, however, the delegates disagreed on several theological points. Four groups emerged from the conference, The Evangelical Adventists, The Life and Advent Union, the Advent Christian Church, the largest group was organized as the American Millennial Association, a portion of which was later known as the Evangelical Adventist Church. Unique among the Adventists, they believed in an eternal hell and they declined in numbers, and by 1916 their name did not appear in the United States Census of Religious Bodies. It has diminished to almost non-existence today and their main publication was the Advent Herald, of which Sylvester Bliss was the editor until his death in 1863. It was later called the Messiah’s Herald, the Life and Advent Union was founded by George Storrs in 1863. He had established The Bible Examiner in 1842 and it merged with the Adventist Christian Church in 1964. The Advent Christian Church officially formed in 1861 grew rapidly at first and it declined a little during the 20th century. The Advent Christians publish the four magazines The Advent Christian Witness, Advent Christian News, Advent Christian Missions and they also operate a liberal arts college at Aurora, Illinois, and a one-year Bible College in Lenox, Massachusetts called Berkshire Institute for Christian Studies. The Primitive Advent Christian Church later separated from a few congregations in West Virginia, the Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed in 1863
39.
Enfield Shakers Historic District (Connecticut)
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The Enfield Shakers Historic District in Enfield, Connecticut has significance dating to 1827. It was listed as a district on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The listing included 15 contributing buildings and one contributing site and it is significant for its association with the Shakers who lived there and for the architecture reflecting their social values and Utopian community lifestyle. The Enfield Shaker community was the only Shaker settlement in Connecticut and was significant for its garden-seed business, the Enfield settlement lasted until 1917 when the Shakers departed. The district included all 15 buildings that survive, out of six times as many existing in 1917. Some or all of the location has become the Enfield Correctional Institute. Shaker Seed Company National Register of Historic Places listings in Hartford County, Connecticut
40.
Shakers
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The United Society of Believers in Christs Second Appearing, more commonly known as the Shakers, is a millenarian restorationist Christian sect founded in the 18th century in England. They were initially known as Shaking Quakers because of their behavior during worship services. As early as 1747, women assumed leadership roles within the sect, notably Jane Wardley, Mother Ann Lee, Shakers settled in colonial America, with initial settlements in New Lebanon, New York. They practice a celibate and communal lifestyle, pacifism, and their model of equality of the sexes and they are also known for their simple living, architecture, and furniture. During the mid-19th century, an Era of Manifestations resulted in a period of dances, gift drawings, at its peak in the mid-19th century, there were 6,000 Shaker believers. By 1920, there were only 12 Shaker communities remaining in the United States, at the present time, there is only one active Shaker village, Sabbathday Lake Shaker Village, which is located in Maine. The Shakers were one of a few religious groups formed in 18th century in the Northwest of England, James and Jane Wardley and others broke off from the Quakers at a time when the Quakers were weaning themselves away from frenetic spiritual expression. The Wardleys formed the Wardley Society, which was known as the Shaking Quakers. Future leader Ann Lee and her parents were members of the sect. This group of charismatic Christians became the United Society of Believers in Christs Second Appearing and their belief was based upon spiritualism and included the notion that they received messages from the spirit of God which were expressed during religious revivals. They also experienced what they interpreted as messages from God during silent meditations and they believed in the renunciation of sinful acts and that the end of the world was near. As their numbers grew, members began to be persecuted, mobbed, the members looked to women for leadership, believing that the second coming of Christ would be through a woman. In 1770, Ann Lee was revealed in manifestation of Divine light to be the coming of Christ and was called Mother Ann. Ann Lee joined the Shakers by 1758, then became the leader of the small community, Mother Ann, as her followers later called her, claimed numerous revelations regarding the fall of Adam and Eve and its relationship to sexual intercourse. She said, Having supposedly received a revelation, on May 19,1774, Ann Lee, unable to swear an Oath of Allegiance, as it was against their faith, the members were imprisoned for about six months. Since they were imprisoned because of their faith, this raised sympathy of citizens. Lee, revealed as the coming of Christ, traveled throughout the eastern states. Aside from the first community, Mount Lebanon, a number of new Shaker communities formed during the 5-year-period between 1787 and 1792, also in New York, there was Groveland and Watervliet Shaker Villages
41.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade
42.
Kentucky
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Kentucky, officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the east south-central region of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U. S. states constituted as a commonwealth, originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States, Kentucky is known as the Bluegrass State, a nickname based on the bluegrass found in many of its pastures due to the fertile soil. One of the regions in Kentucky is the Bluegrass Region in central Kentucky. In 1776, the counties of Virginia beyond the Appalachian Mountains became known as Kentucky County, the precise etymology of the name is uncertain, but likely based on an Iroquoian name meaning the meadow or the prairie. Kentucky is situated in the Upland South, a significant portion of eastern Kentucky is part of Appalachia. Kentucky borders seven states, from the Midwest and the Southeast, West Virginia lies to the east, Virginia to the southeast, Tennessee to the south, Missouri to the west, Illinois and Indiana to the northwest, and Ohio to the north and northeast. Only Missouri and Tennessee, both of which border eight states, touch more, Kentuckys northern border is formed by the Ohio River and its western border by the Mississippi River. The official state borders are based on the courses of the rivers as they existed when Kentucky became a state in 1792, for instance, northbound travelers on U. S.41 from Henderson, after crossing the Ohio River, will be in Kentucky for about two miles. Ellis Park, a racetrack, is located in this small piece of Kentucky. Waterworks Road is part of the land border between Indiana and Kentucky. Kentucky has a part known as Kentucky Bend, at the far west corner of the state. It exists as an exclave surrounded completely by Missouri and Tennessee, Road access to this small part of Kentucky on the Mississippi River requires a trip through Tennessee. The epicenter of the powerful 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes was near this area, much of the outer Bluegrass is in the Eden Shale Hills area, made up of short, steep, and very narrow hills. The Jackson Purchase and western Pennyrile are home to several bald cypress/tupelo swamps, located within the southeastern interior portion of North America, Kentucky has a climate that can best be described as a humid subtropical climate. Temperatures in Kentucky usually range from daytime summer highs of 87 °F to the low of 23 °F. The average precipitation is 46 inches a year, Kentucky experiences four distinct seasons, with substantial variations in the severity of summer and winter. The highest recorded temperature was 114 °F at Greensburg on July 28,1930 while the lowest recorded temperature was −37 °F at Shelbyville on January 19,1994, due to its location, Kentucky has a moderate humid subtropical climate, with abundant rainfall
43.
Utopia
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A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens. The opposite of a utopia is a dystopia and you could also say that utopia is a perfect place that has been made so there are no problems. The term has been used to describe intentional communities, the term utopia was coined from Greek by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia, describing a fictional island society in the Atlantic Ocean. The word comes from Greek, οὐ and τόπος and means no-place, however, in standard usage, the words meaning has narrowed and now usually describes a non-existent society that is intended to be viewed as considerably better than contemporary society. Eutopia, derived from Greek εὖ and τόπος, means good place, in English, eutopia and utopia are homophonous, which may have given rise to the change in meaning. Chronologically, the first recorded utopian proposal is Platos Republic, part conversation, part fictional depiction, and part policy proposal, Republic would categorize citizens into a rigid class structure of golden, silver, bronze and iron socioeconomic classes. The golden citizens are trained in a rigorous 50-year-long educational program to be benign oligarchs, plato stressed this structure many times in both quotes by him and in his published works, such as the Republic. The wisdom of these rulers will supposedly eliminate poverty and deprivation through fairly distributed resources, the educational program for the rulers is the central notion of the proposal. It has few laws, no lawyers and rarely sends its citizens to war, during the 16th century, Thomas Mores book Utopia proposed an ideal society of the same name. Some maintain the position that Mores Utopia functions only on the level of a satire, but the homophonic prefix eu-, meaning good, also resonates in the word, with the implication that the perfectly good place is really no place. Ecological utopian society describes new ways in which society should relate to nature and these works perceive a widening gap between the modern Western way of living that destroys nature and a more traditional way of living before industrialization. Ecological utopias may advocate a society that is more sustainable, according to the Dutch philosopher Marius de Geus, ecological utopias could be inspirational sources for movements involving green politics. Particularly in the early 19th century, several ideas arose. These ideas are often grouped in a utopian socialist movement. A once common characteristic is a distribution of goods, frequently with the total abolition of money. Citizens only do work which they enjoy and which is for the good, leaving them with ample time for the cultivation of the arts. One classic example of such a utopia was Edward Bellamys Looking Backward, Another socialist utopia is William Morriss News from Nowhere, written partially in response to the top-down nature of Bellamys utopia, which Morris criticized. However, as the socialist movement developed, it moved away from utopianism, in a materialist utopian society, the economy is perfect, there is no inflation, and only perfect social and financial equality exists
United States
Connecticut
Zhongli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan (Republic of China)
Ronneby, Sweden
Media related to Enfield, Connecticut at Wikimedia Commons
