1.
Whisky
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Whisky or whiskey is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage made from fermented grain mash. Various grains are used for different varieties, including barley, corn, rye, Whisky is typically aged in wooden casks, generally made of charred white oak. Whisky is a strictly regulated spirit worldwide with many classes and types, the typical unifying characteristics of the different classes and types are the fermentation of grains, distillation, and aging in wooden barrels. The word whiskey is an anglicisation of the Classical Gaelic word uisce meaning water, distilled alcohol was known in Latin as aqua vitae. This was translated to Classical Gaelic as uisce beatha, which became uisce beatha in Irish, early forms of the word in English included uskebeaghe, usquebaugh, usquebath, and usquebae. Much is made of the two spellings, whiskey and whisky. There are two schools of thought on the issue, there is general agreement that when quoting the proper name printed on a label, the spelling on the label should not be altered. Some writers refer to whisky or whisky/whiskey to acknowledge the variation, the spelling whiskey is common in Ireland and the United States, while whisky is used in all other whisky producing countries. In the US, the usage has not always been consistent, from the late eighteenth century to the mid twentieth century, American writers used both spellings interchangeably until the introduction of newspaper style guides. Since the 1960s, American writers have increasingly used whiskey as the spelling for aged grain spirits made in the US. Scotch is the internationally recognized term for Scotch whisky, the earliest certain chemical distillations were by Greeks in Alexandria in the 1st century AD, but these were not distillations of alcohol. The medieval Arabs adopted the technique of the Alexandrian Greeks, and written records in Arabic begin in the 9th century. Distilling technology passed from the medieval Arabs to the medieval Latins, the earliest records of the distillation of alcohol are in Italy in the 13th century, where alcohol was distilled from wine. An early description of the technique was given by Ramon Llull and its use spread through medieval monasteries, largely for medicinal purposes, such as the treatment of colic and smallpox. The art of distillation spread to Ireland and Scotland no later than the 15th century, the practice of medicinal distillation eventually passed from a monastic setting to the secular via professional medical practitioners of the time, The Guild of Barber Surgeons. The earliest Irish mention of whisky comes from the seventeenth-century Annals of Clonmacnoise, between 1536 and 1541, King Henry VIII of England dissolved the monasteries, sending their monks out into the general public. Whisky production moved out of a setting and into personal homes. The distillation process was still in its infancy, whisky itself was not allowed to age, renaissance-era whisky was also very potent and not diluted
2.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
3.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
4.
Liverpool
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Liverpool is a major city and metropolitan borough in North West England.24 million people in 2011. Liverpool historically lay within the ancient hundred of West Derby in the south west of the county of Lancashire and it became a borough from 1207 and a city from 1880. In 1889 it became a county borough independent of Lancashire, Liverpool sits on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary and its growth as a major port is paralleled by the expansion of the city throughout the Industrial Revolution. Along with general cargo, freight, raw materials such as coal and cotton, the city was also directly involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was home to both the Cunard and White Star Line, and was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic and others such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCO in 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City includes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, tourism forms a significant part of the citys economy. Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton, matches between the two being known as the Merseyside derby, the world-famous Grand National horse race takes place annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city. The city is home to the oldest Black African community in the country. Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians and colloquially as Scousers, a reference to scouse, the word Scouse has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect. Pool is a place name element in England from the Brythonic word for a pond, inlet, or pit, cognate with the modern Welsh. The derivation of the first element remains uncertain, with the Welsh word Llif as the most plausible relative and this etymology is supported by its similarity to that of the archaic Welsh name for Liverpool Llynlleifiad. Other origins of the name have suggested, including elverpool. The name appeared in 1190 as Liuerpul, and it may be that the place appearing as Leyrpole, in a record of 1418. King Johns letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, the original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape, Bank Street, Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street, Moor Street, in the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, in 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. Since Roman times, the city of Chester on the River Dee had been the regions principal port on the Irish Sea
5.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name
6.
Single malt whisky
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Single malt whisky is malt whisky from a single distillery, that is, whisky distilled from fermented mash made exclusively with malted grain, as distinguished from unmalted grain. Single malts are typically associated with single malt Scotch, though they are produced in various other countries. While the Scotch model is usually copied internationally, these constraints may not apply to whisky marketed as single malt that is produced elsewhere, all single malt goes through a similar batch production process, as outlined below. These single barrel variants afford the opportunity for the consumer to see the influence of different types of storage on the same whisky. The more common form of Single Malt is a marrying at bottling time of various batches that are mixed or vatted to achieve consistent flavours from one bottling run to the next, water is first added to the barley to promote germination. At a later stage, prior to fermentation, it is mixed with ground barley grist to create a mash, water is also used later in the production process to dilute most whisky before maturation, and added once again before bottling. Most distilleries use different water sources in the steps. Most new-make malt whisky is diluted to about 62. 5% before it is placed in casks to mature and these days, many distilleries are using distilled water for diluting whisky before it is casked as well as for diluting the whisky to bottling strength after maturation. Others, like Jura or Bruichladdich use water from local burns or springs to dilute new-make before it is casked, much new-make whisky is shipped in tanker trucks to central warehouses where local tap water is used to dilute it before casking, and again at bottling time. Since large amounts of water are used during the process of whisky production, barley, yeast and water are the only ingredients required in the production of single malt whisky. The barley used to make the whisky is malted by soaking the grain in water for two to three days and allowing it to germinate and this process releases enzymes, which convert starch to fermentable sugars. Traditionally in Scotland each distillery had its own malting floor where the seeds were regularly turned. The pagoda roof which ventilated the malt kiln can still be seen at many distilleries both in Scotland and in other countries, however, most of the distilleries now use commercial maltsters to prepare their malt. The germination is halted after three to five days, when the amount of starch has been converted to fermentable sugars. The method for drying the germinated barley is by heating it with hot air produced by an oil, in most cases, some level of smoke from a peat-heated fire is introduced to the kiln to add phenols, a smoky aroma and flavour to the whisky. Some of the more intensely smoky malts have phenol levels between 25 and 50 parts per million, islay malts have a reputation for being the most peaty. More subtle malts can have phenol levels of around 2–3 ppm, entirely non-smoked malts are made by the Glengoyne Distillery, which only uses hot air for drying. The malt is milled into a flour which is made of three substances, Husks, Grits, and Flour, to which three courses of hot water are added to extract the sugars
7.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses
8.
Stratford, London
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Stratford is a district in the London Borough of Newham, in East London, England. Historically an agrarian settlement in the county of Essex, it was transformed into an industrial suburb following the introduction of the railway in 1839, Stratford is now East London’s primary retail, cultural and leisure centre. It has also become the second most significant business location in the east of the capital, stratford’s early significance was as the point where the originally Roman road from Aldgate in the City, to Romford, Chelmsford and Colchester, crossed the River Lea. At that time the branches of the river were tidal and unchannelised. The Lea valley formed a boundary between Essex on the eastern bank and Middlesex on the west, and was a formidable obstacle to overland trade. The name is first recorded in 1067 as Strætforda and means ford on a Roman road and it is formed from Old English stræt and ford. The former crossing lay at a location north of Stratford High Street. And Stretford Langthorne after a distinctive thorn tree which was mentioned in a charter of 958 AD, the western Stratford then become suffixed by “-atte-Bow”, eventually becoming known simply as Bow, while over time the eastern Stratford lost its “Langthorne” suffix. The Bridge was repaired and upgraded many times over the centuries until eventually demolished and replaced in the 19th Century, in 1135 the Cistercian Order founded Stratford Langthorne Abbey, also known as West Ham Abbey. This became one of the largest and most wealthy monasteries in England, the Abbey lay between the Channelsea River and Marsh Lane. Nothing visible remains on the site, as after it dissolution by Henry VIII in 1538, local landowners took away much of the stone for their own buildings and the land was subsequently urbanised. A stone window and a carving featuring skulls – thought to have been over the door to the charnel house – remain in All Saints Church, the Great Gate of the abbey survived in Bakers Row until 1825. The coat of arms of the Abbey can be seen over the doorway to the Old Court House, in Tramway Avenue. The chevrons from this device, originally from the arms of the Mountfitchet family, the same arms were adopted by the new London Borough of Newham in 1965. The industrialisation of Stratford started slowly and accelerated rapidly in the early Victorian era, Stratford was originally an agricultural community, whose proximity to London provided a ready market for its produce. By the 18th century, the area around Stratford was noted for potato growing, Stratford also became a desirable country retreat for wealthy merchants and financiers, within an easy ride of the City. When Daniel Defoe visited Stratford in 1722, he reported that it had. increased in buildings to a strange degree and he continues that. this increase is, generally speaking, of hansom large houses. An early industrial undertaking at Stratford was the Bow porcelain factory, the site of the factory was to the north of Stratford High Street near the modern Bow Flyover, it was the subject of archaeological excavations in 1921 and 1969
9.
Diageo
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Diageo plc is a British multinational alcoholic beverages company, with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom. It is the worlds largest producer of spirits and a producer of beer. Diageos brands include Smirnoff, Johnnie Walker, Baileys, and Guinness and it also owns 34% of Moët Hennessy, which owns brands including Moët & Chandon, Veuve Clicquot and Hennessy. It sells its products in over 180 countries and has offices in around 80 countries, Diageo has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE100 Index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Diageo is a name that was created by the branding consultancy Wolff Olins in 1997. The name is composed of the Latin word dia, meaning day, and the Greek root geo, meaning world, Diageo was formed in 1997 from the merger of Guinness and Grand Metropolitan. The creation was driven by the executives Anthony Greener and Philip Yea at Guinness plus George Bull, Anthony Greener was the first executive chairman. Shares in Diageo began trading on the London Stock Exchange on 17 December 1997, Diageo owned Pillsbury until 2000 when it was sold to General Mills. In 2002, Diageo sold the Burger King fast food restaurant chain to a consortium led by US firm Texas Pacific for $1.5 billion, in February 2011 Diageo agreed to acquire the Turkish liquor company Mey Icki for US$2.1 billion. In May 2012, Diageo agreed to acquire Ypioca, the brand of premium cachaça in Brazil. This did not, however, involve retaining the original Johnnie Walker plant, in Kilmarnock, in November 2012 Diageo agreed to acquire a 53. 4% stake in the Indian spirits company United Spirits for £1.28 billion. In 2013 Diageo joined leading alcohol producers as part of a producers commitments to reducing harmful drinking, in November 2014 Diageo agreed to sell Bushmills Irish whiskey in exchange for $408 million and full ownership of tequila brand Don Julio. In October 2015, Diageo announced the sale of most of its business to Treasury Wine Estates. Other brands, such as Navarro Correas and Chalone Vineyard, were sold separately, in March 2016 the company sold Grand Marnier, a cognac and bitter orange-based liqueur, to Italian aperitif maker Campari Group. In February 2017, Diageo announced plans to open a Guinness brewery and tourist attraction Baltimore County, the brewery could potentially create 70 new jobs and host as many as 300,000 visitors per year. It also has a large distillery at Roseisle in Speyside. Furthermore, Diageo owns a 34% stake in the Moet Hennessy drinks division of French luxury goods company LVMH, Diageos head office is in Park Royal, London Borough of Brent, on a former Guinness brewery property
10.
Alfred Barnard
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Alfred Barnard was a British brewing and distilling historian. According to the family records available, Barnard was born in 1837 into a Baptist family in Thaxted. His was one of eight children and his father was a draper and grocer. In 1859, aged 22 he married Fanny Ruffle, also 22, at this time Alfred is thought to have been a grocer residing in Kensington. They had two daughters, Theodora and Edith, and one son, Harold, Barnard is described on the respective birth certificates as a toilet soap exporter, then a merchant and finally as a gentleman. Different addresses are given on the certificates, ranging from Islington in 1861, in the 1881 they are listed as living near Dulwich, London. Curiously, Barnard does not appear on the 1901 census, as secretary of Harpers Weekly Gazette, he visited every working whisky distillery in Great Britain and Ireland from 1885-1887. In all, he visited an incredible 162 distilleries,129 in Scotland,29 in Ireland and 4 in England. The result of which was the monumental 500 page The Whisky Distilleries of the United Kingdom, covering in depth information on the distilleries, along with sketches. Of the original print, only a number of copies survive to this day, some are in presentation binding. Copies of the first edition have changed hands for £2,500, however, a facsimile copy was published in 1987, and has been reprinted three times since. This book has been referred to as possibly the most important book written on whisky, many of the distilleries Barnard visited have since closed, and in most cases, especially in Ireland, the buildings themselves have disappeared. Following publication of Whiskey Distilleries he was commissioned by various distilling companies to produce promotional pamphlets, six are known to still exist and are very rare. They are, How to blend Scotch Whisky for Mackie & Co, Pattisons/Glenfarclas, Johnnie Walker, Watsons of Dundee, there are plans to reprint all 6 pamphlets in time. Following his first success, Barnard undertook a similar tour in 1889-1891 visiting over 110 breweries in Great Britain. The end product of this tour was The noted breweries of Great Britain and Ireland and they give a great description of the scale of industry at the time and also some biographies on some of the distinguished families involved, such as the Guinnesses. In any event, the entries in Noted Breweries are generally far more extensive than those in his Distilleries volume and he died in Croydon, South London on 31 May 1918, aged 81. 1891 A Ramble Through Classic Canongate, 1892/3 How to Blend Scotch Whisky,1904, reprinted 2005 Scotch Whisky Review Further Information about Barnard
11.
Grain whisky
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Grain whisky ordinarily refers to any whisky made, at least in part, from grains other than malted barley, such as whisky made using maize, wheat or rye. Grain whiskies may contain some malted barley Whisky made from only malted barley is generally called malt whisky rather than grain whisky. Most American and Canadian whiskies are grain whiskies, under the regulations governing the production of both Irish and Scotch whisky, malt whisky must be produced from a mash of 100% malted barley, and must be distilled in a pot still. In Scotland, a whisky which either uses other malted or unmalted cereals in the mash, the comparative lightness of the clearer, more-neutral-flavored grain whisky is used in blends to smooth out the often harsher characteristics of single malts and pot still whiskeys. Occasionally well-aged grain whiskies are released as single grain whisky if made at one distillery or blended grain whisky if combining spirits from multiple distilleries. Outside of Ireland and Scotland, the use of column stills. For example, nearly all American whiskey is produced using column stills, because of this constraint, much of the American whiskey may actually be less light than some Scotch or Irish single malt or single pot still products, both produced solely using pot stills. In the United States whiskey produced at greater than 80% abv is formally classified as Light whiskey and cannot be labeled with the name of a grain or called malt, malt Whisky Pot still whiskey American whiskey Canadian whisky Irish whiskey Scotch whisky Distillation
12.
The London Distillery Company
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The London Distillery Company, also known as TLDC, is a distillery based in a former Victorian dairy cold room in Battersea, London. TLDC produce English Whisky, London Gin and British spirits, compounds, TLDC also creates experimental spirits under the TESTBED brand, named after the art space of similar ethos by architect Will Alsop. The company was founded in 2011 by Darren Rook, and angel investment expert and former microbrewery owner, TLDC is London’s first whisky distillery since the Lea Valley distillery closed in 1903. In 1807 Ralph Dodd proposed to build a distillery in Nine Elms, the company, to be called The London Distillery Company, took receipt of monies and share subscriptions for transferable shares. Dodd created a board of directors from prominent peers and engineers and this was after raising funds, assembling staff and acquiring the Old Water Mill at Nine Elms on the Thames for £12,000. As the first case to be made under this act the Crown hired barrister Sir William Garrow as prosecutor, Dodd lost the case and the business was disbanded. After asking the evenings host if he knew the person to start such a project, he was introduced to whisky ambassador and former manager of the London branch of the Society. The London Distillery Company Ltd was incorporated at Companies House on 24 June 2011 by Rook, the London Distillery Company Ltd filed dormant trading accounts from June 2011 to March 2012. Starting in early November 2011 TLDC took part in investment network Envestors Ltds Rising Stars initiative to raise £250,000 against 45% equity, by late January 2012, TLDC had raised £150,000 through the Envestors network and friends and family of both founders. As traditional investment slowed down they decided to seek funding on crowd funding website Crowdcube to help raise a further £100,000, in mid-March 2012 The London Distillery Company completed its funding round with substantial over-subscriptions and closed the round at £258,500. The London Distillery Company is the first distillery in London for over 100 years to produce a whisky, TLDC only uses organic British grown barley varieties such as Golden Promise, Maris Otter and Plumage Archer. These three barley varieties are no longer used in the Scotch industry due to the demands to create higher yields of spirit, TLDC gets it malted barley from Warminster Maltings. TLDC uses two 2,200 litre stainless steel fermenters from Christian CARL, TLDC uses traditional London yeast varieties such as Whitbread B and Youngs which are propagated as a liquid yeast slurry by Surebrew. Both were used for early stage fermentation trails in December 2013 The London Distillery Company Ltd currently operates two pot stills, for whisky production they distill on a 650 litres copper pot still with 4 plate distillation column which was manufactured in Stuttgart Germany. Manufactured by Christian CARL GmbH, Germany’s oldest distillery fabricator since 1869, although deliberately not labelled as such Dodds Gin, is stylistically a London Dry Gin, and is named after Ralph Dodd. The first batch of 141 bottles was sold exclusively at English department store, using a proprietary production method developed by TLDC, the base spirit is distilled in ‘Christina’, a traditional 140-litre copper alembic. A small proportion of the base is used to macerate more delicate botanicals for 24 hours before being re-distilled in ‘Little Albion’. The two spirits are then married for several weeks before being hand-bottled and labelled at the distillery, the label was designed in Manchester, England by United Creative and print pressed by Blush Publishing of Wales
13.
Cornwall
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Cornwall is a ceremonial county and unitary authority area of England within the United Kingdom. It is bordered to the north and west by the Celtic Sea, to the south by the English Channel, Cornwall has a population of 551,700 and covers an area of 3,563 km2. Cornwall forms the westernmost part of the south-west peninsula of the island of Great Britain, and this area was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. It continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age peoples, there is little evidence that Roman rule was effective west of Exeter and few Roman remains have been found. In the mid-19th century, however, the tin and copper mines entered a period of decline, subsequently, china clay extraction became more important and metal mining had virtually ended by the 1990s. Traditionally, fishing and agriculture were the important sectors of the economy. Railways led to a growth of tourism in the 20th century, however, the area is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its long and varied coastline, its attractive villages, its many place-names derived from the Cornish language, and its very mild climate. Extensive stretches of Cornwalls coastline, and Bodmin Moor, are protected as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. Some people question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, and a nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the United Kingdom in the form of a devolved legislative Cornish Assembly. On 24 April 2014 it was announced that Cornish people will be granted minority status under the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The modern English name Cornwall derives from the concatenation of two ancient demonyms from different linguistic traditions, Corn- records the native Brythonic tribe, the Cornovii. The Celtic word kernou is cognate with the English word horn. -wall derives from the Old English exonym walh, the Ravenna Cosmography first mentions a city named Purocoronavis in the locality. This is thought to be a rendering of Duro-cornov-ium, meaning fort of the Cornovii. The exact location of Durocornovium is disputed, with Tintagel and Carn Brea suggested as possible sites, in later times, Cornwall was known to the Anglo-Saxons as West Wales to distinguish it from North Wales. The name appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle in 891 as On Corn walum, in the Domesday Book it was referred to as Cornualia and in c.1198 as Cornwal. Other names for the county include a latinisation of the name as Cornubia, the present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last Ice Age. The area now known as Cornwall was first inhabited in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods and it continued to be occupied by Neolithic and then Bronze Age people. The Common Brittonic spoken at the time developed into several distinct tongues
14.
St Austell Brewery
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St Austell Brewery is a brewery founded in 1851 by Walter Hicks in St Austell, Cornwall, England. The brewerys flagship beer is Tribute Ale, which accounts for around 80% of sales, other popular ales include Proper Job, Tinners Ale and Duchy Bitter. Tribute was created to commemorate the 1999 solar eclipse and it was originally a one-off special named Daylight Robbery but proved to be so popular it was reintroduced as Tribute and has since won several awards around the UK. St Austell Brewery signed a deal in 2008 with Healeys Cornish Cyder Farm, near Truro, St Austell Brewery also produce M&S Cornish IPA, which is bottled and sold in Marks and Spencer stores
15.
Jim Murray (whisky writer)
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Jim Murray is an English writer and journalist. He is best known for his observations on whisky and his annually updated book on the subject, Murray was born in Merstham, Surrey, UK. A keen journalist from an age, he wrote for his local papers while still at school and presented his own television show in Northamptonshire, Murray on Monday. Murray would report and comment on local sporting events and his passion for writing and sport, specifically football, culminated in his first book Millwall, Lions of the South, a history of Murrays beloved and unfashionable Millwall F. C. As a national newspaper journalist with the Sunday People and Daily Star in 1992, having visited his first distillery, Talisker in 1975 it is believed that he has since visited more distilleries globally than any person. He had used his secondments to Scotland in the early and mid-1980s to visit as many distilleries as possible and even work in them during his free time. 1994 saw the release of Jim Murrays Irish Whiskey Almanac, the first of many popular books that he would go on to write in securing his place as possibly the worlds leading authority. This book was revised and extended for a three years later as Classic Irish Whiskey. Other publications include Jim Murrays Complete Book of Whisky, Classic Bourbon, Tennessee & Rye, Classic Blended Scotch, Murray won the Glenfiddich Whisky Writer of the Year award three times. Murray is quoted as saying that he guards his independence. He says that he believes this can be compromised by writing for advertising-dependent media and his recent magazine writings have been selective and only on the understanding that he retains full copyright. To further protect his writing, Murray has trademarked his name, Jim Murrays Whisky Bible is an ongoing project, with the first of the series having been published in 2003. It is a compact guide containing every whisky that Murray and a team of researchers are able to source from the worldwide market, each whisky is tasted by Murray alone and graded out of an overall score of 100. This total is reflective of the four key criteria, nose, taste, finish and balance, each awarded marks out of 25. As well as writing and broadcasting on whisky, and being a judge at the International Wine and Spirit Competition. He claims one of his achievements playing a major role in resurrecting Ardbeg distillery in Islay after it closed in 1996. Murray lives in Northamptonshire, England, and also has a home near Frankfort, Kentucky, United States, Millwall, Lions of the South Murray, Jim. Jim Murrays Irish Whiskey Almanac Murray, Jim, the Complete Guide to Whisky Murray, Jim
16.
Norfolk
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Norfolk /ˈnɔːrfək/ is a county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the west and north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and, to the north-west, The Wash. With an area of 2,074 square miles and a population of 859,400, of the countys population, 40% live in four major built up areas, Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Kings Lynn and Thetford. The Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the east of the county, the area is not a National Park although it is marketed as such. It has similar status to a park, and is protected by the Broads Authority. Norfolk was settled in times, with camps along the higher land in the west. A Brythonic tribe, the Iceni, inhabited the county from the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century AD, the Iceni revolted against the Roman invasion in AD47, and again in 60 led by Boudica. The crushing of the second opened the county to the Romans. During the Roman era roads and ports were constructed throughout the county, situated on the east coast, Norfolk was vulnerable to invasions from Scandinavia and Northern Europe, and forts were built to defend against the Angles and Saxons. Norfolk, Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia, the influence of the Early English settlers can be seen in the many place names ending in -ton and -ham. Endings such as -by and -thorpe are also common, indicating Danish place names, in the 9th century the region came under attack. In the centuries before the Norman Conquest the wetlands of the east of the county began to be converted to farmland, and settlements grew in these areas. Migration into East Anglia must have high, by the time of the Domesday Book survey it was one of the most densely populated parts of the British Isles. During the high and late Middle Ages the county developed arable agriculture, the economy was in decline by the time of the Black Death, which dramatically reduced the population in 1349. During the English Civil War Norfolk was largely Parliamentarian, the economy and agriculture of the region declined somewhat. During the Industrial Revolution Norfolk developed little industry except in Norwich which was an addition to the railway network. In the 20th century the county developed a role in aviation, during the Second World War agriculture rapidly intensified, and it has remained very intensive since, with the establishment of large fields for growing cereals and oilseed rape. Norfolks low-lying land and easily eroded cliffs, many of which are chalk and clay, make it vulnerable to the sea, the low-lying section of coast between Kelling and Lowestoft Ness in Suffolk is currently managed by the Environment Agency to protect the Broads from sea flooding
17.
Battersea
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Battersea is a largely residential inner-city district of south London in the London Borough of Wandsworth, England. It has Battersea Park, one of southwest Londons main parks, noted for the long-awaited bringing of the London Underground in the 21st century, two main railway lines cross here at what was the countrys busiest station. Elsewhere in Battersea are a growing proportion of private architecturally-acclaimed riverside, parkside, in 2001, Battersea had a population of 75,651 people. Landmarks include New Covent Garden Market and the Royal Academy of Dance, Wandsworth Common and Clapham Common border parts of this large district, which traditionally also includes Nine Elms. Railway stations in Battersea are in fare zone 2, Battersea is mentioned in Anglo-Saxon times as Badrices īeg = Badrics Island and later Patrisey. As with many former parishes beside major rivers some land was reclaimed by draining marshland, the original village nucleus is marked by St. Marys Church, which is on a site that has featured churches since the 9th century. The settlement appears in the Domesday Book as Patricesy, held by St Peters Abbey and its Domesday Assets were,18 hides and 17 ploughlands of cultivated land,7 mills worth £42 9s 8d per year,82 acres of meadow, woodland worth 50 hogs. The former parish of Battersea included, in a detached part, the borough dates from the London Government Act of 1899, and includes the greater part of the original ecclesiastical parish of St. Mary Battersea. Penge was a district, over which the tenants of Battersea Manor had common of pasture. At the end of the 18th century, above 300 acres of land in the parish of Battersea were occupied by some 20 market gardeners, who rented from five to near 60 acres each. Bridges erected across the Thames encouraged growth, Putney Bridge, a mile to the west, was built in 1729, inland from the river, the rural agricultural community persisted. Between these were numerous wharfs for shipping, in 1929, construction started on Battersea Power Station, being completed in 1939. Factories have been demolished and replaced with apartment buildings. Some of the council owned properties have been sold off and several working mens pubs have become more fashionable bistros. Battersea neighbourhoods close to the railway have some of the most deprived local authority housing in the Borough of Wandsworth, an area which saw condemned slums after their erection in the Victoria era. Battersea was radically altered by the coming of railways, over the next 22 years five other lines were built, across which all trains from Londons Waterloo and Victoria termini would as today travel. An interchange station was built in 1863 towards the north west of the area, taking the name of a fashionable village a mile and more away, the station was named Clapham Junction, a campaign to rename it Battersea Junction fizzled out as late as the early twentieth century. The area was served by a vast music hall – The Grand – opposite the station as well as a theatre next to the town hall
18.
Companies House
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Companies House is the United Kingdoms registrar of companies and is an executive agency and trading fund of Her Majestys Government. It falls under the remit of the Department for Business, Energy, all forms of companies are incorporated and registered with Companies House and file specific details as required by the current Companies Act 2006. All registered limited companies, including subsidiary, small and inactive companies, must file annual financial statements in addition to annual company returns, only some registered unlimited companies are exempt from this requirement. The United Kingdom has had a system of company registration since 1844, the legislation governing company registration matters is the Companies Act 2006. Company registration in Scotland commenced in 1856, with the first company registered being The Daily Bulletin Limited, the remaining staff were transferred to the office of the Queens and Lord Treasurers Remembrancer, who took on the role of Registrar of Companies for Scotland. England and Wales are treated as an entity with a unified register. Companies must advise Companies House of their registered office, which may be in England and Wales, in Scotland. Consequently, on incorporation, companies will be either Registered in England and Wales, Registered in Scotland, the Companies House office in Cardiff handles companies incorporated in England and Wales. These companies are subject to English law, there was another office at Nantgarw, Wales, however this location was closed in 2011. The London office at Abbey Orchard Street is purely a facility to file and view documents, the Registrar of Companies for England and Wales is the Chief Executive Tim Moss. The role of Chief Registrar is not a one and the incumbent is a civil servant. The previous Chief Executive was Gareth Jones, Companies House is also responsible for dissolving companies. The Edinburgh office handles companies incorporated in Scotland and these companies are subject to Scots law. The Registrar of Companies for Scotland is Aoife Martin, the Companies Act 2006 was fully implemented on 1 October 2009 and the Northern Ireland companies register was fully integrated into Companies House. Companies House maintains an office in Belfast, headed by the Registrar of Companies for Northern Ireland. Before 1 October 2009 all limited companies in Northern Ireland were registered with the Department of Enterprise, Trade, in February 2008, The Times and Computer Weekly broke a story that almost 4,000 of the names on the Companies House register of director. All UK limited companies have at least one person acting in the director role. In this post, we’re going to look at what this position entails, were on international watchlists of alleged fraudsters, money launderers, terror financiers and corrupt officials
19.
Microbrewery
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A microbrewery or craft brewery is a brewery that produces small amounts of beer, typically much smaller than large-scale corporate breweries, and is independently owned. Such breweries are generally characterized by their emphasis on quality, flavor, the microbrewing movement began in the United Kingdom in the 1970s although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew and some breweries expanded their production and distribution, a brewpub is a pub that brews its own beer for sale on the premises. The term and trend spread to the US in the 1980s and was used as a designation of breweries that produce fewer than 15,000 U. S. beer barrels annually. Their influence has been greater than their market share, which amounts to only 2% in the UK. However, when the failed, the corporate breweries invested in microbreweries or, in many cases. Microbreweries gradually appeared in countries, such as New Zealand. The website The Food Section defines a nanobrewery as a microbrewery, often run by a solo entrepreneur. The US Department of the Treasury defines nanobreweries as very small brewery operations that produce beer for sale, Craft brewing is a more encompassing term for developments in the industry succeeding the microbrewing movement of the late 20th century. The definition is not entirely consistent but typically applies to small, independently-owned commercial breweries that employ traditional brewing methods and emphasize flavor. The term is reserved for breweries established since the 1970s. A United States trade group, the Brewers Association, interested in brand transparency, offers a definition of craft breweries as small, independent, according to Russ Phillips, author of Canned. Artwork of the Modern American Beer Can, the use of cans by craft brewers in the US has doubled since 2012, however, since drinking directly from a can may still result in a metallic taste, most craft brewers recommend pouring beer into a glass prior to consumption. In June 2014, the BA estimated 3% of craft beer is sold in cans, 60% is sold in bottles, Brewpub is an abbreviated term combining the ideas of a brewery and a pub or public-house. A brewpub can be a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the premises, Beer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. In 2004, Australia was ranked fourth internationally in per capita consumption, at around 110 litres per year. The most popular style in modern-day Australia is lager. The oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in Tasmania in 1824, fosters Lager is made mostly for export or under licence in other countries, particularly the UK
20.
East London
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East London is a popularly and informally defined part of London, capital of the United Kingdom, lying east of the ancient City and north of the River Thames. East London comprises the whole of six modern London Boroughs – Tower Hamlets, Newham, Waltham Forest, Barking and Dagenham, Redbridge, Havering –, the East End of London is a subset of East London, consisting of areas close to the ancient City of London. The Eastern Postal District is a different subset of East London, the most recent iteration includes the seven boroughs north of the Thames with the addition of three boroughs south of the river. The East End is the old core of East London and there are differing views about how much of East London should be considered part of core area. Aldgate Pump on the edge of the City is a start of East London – more specifically the East End. Tower Bridge is sometimes described in these terms. This well established, but unofficial, definition takes in six modern London boroughs and most of a seventh, the parts of Hackney within East London are, Shoreditch including those parts – notably Hoxton – outside the E postcode area but usually considered part of the core East End. An area closely, but not quite exactly, corresponding to the E5, E8 and this takes in Dalston, central Hackney, Homerton, Hackney Wick and Lower and Upper Clapton. The remaining areas of Hackney are usually considered to be part of north London, as well as extramural parts of the City, East London comprises, The E postcode area was introduced in 1857 to facilitate the distribution of mail. The postcode area is a sub-set of East London, with notable exclusions, Hoxton in Shoreditch which is part of the N postcode area. The eastern suburbs built after the introduction of the E postcode area, London currently has 73 parliamentary constituencies, of which 12 are fully and 4 partially in East London. It is anticipated that after 2018 London’s total will be reduced to 68, the 2011 iteration of the London Plan included an altered ‘East’ region, to be used for planning, engagement, resource allocation and progress reporting purposes. As well as seven boroughs north of the river, the ‘East’ sub-region also includes three boroughs to the south of it, Greenwich, Bexley and Lewisham, East London is located in the lower Thames valley. The marshes along the Thames which once stretched from Wapping to Rainham are almost completely gone. The East End, the old core of modern East London, began with the growth of London beyond the city walls, along the Roman Roads leading from Bishopsgate and Aldgate. Urbanisation accelerated in the 16th century and the area that would become known as the East End began to take shape. The relevance of Strypes reference to the Tower was more than geographical, the East End was the major part of an area called the Tower Division, which owed military service to the Tower of London. Later, as the East End grew and the Tower Division contracted, the westernmost component of the Tower Division was the Ancient Parish of Shoreditch which would become fully urbanised as part of the East End\East London
21.
Fruit brandy
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Fruit brandy is a distilled beverage produced from mash, juice, wine or residues of culinary fruits. The term covers a class of spirits produced across the world, and typically excludes beverages made from grapes. Apples, pears, apricots, plums and cherrys are the most commonly used fruits, in British usage, fruit brandy may also refer to liqueurs obtained by maceration of whole fruits, juice or flavoring in a distilled beverage, for example cherry brandy. Such beverages are used similar to cordials, and as an ingredient in cocktails, fruit brandies obtained by distillation are referred by the French term eau de vie. Fruit brandy usually contains 40% to 45% ABV, fruit brandy is customarily drunk chilled or over ice, but is occasionally mixed. Applejack is an American apple brandy made from the distillation of hard cider and it was once made by fractional freezing which would disqualify it as a proper brandy. Brinjevec is a Slovenian brandy distilled from ground and fermented juniper berries, buchu is a South African brandy flavoured with extracts from Agathosma species. Calvados is an apple brandy from the French region of Lower Normandy, coconut brandy is actually made from the sap of borassus flowers. Damassine brandy is made with the fruit of the Damassinier tree in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland Eau de vie is a French term for colorless fruit brandy. This term is applied to grape-based brandy other than Armagnac and Cognac. Kirschwasser is a brandy made from cherries. Kukumakranka brandy is South African and flavoured with the fruit of the Kukumakranka. Obstler is a German word for brandy and often referred to as Schnapps in English. Pálenka or Pálené is a common description for Slovak brandy. It must be distilled from Slovakian wild or domestic fruits, pálinka is a traditional Hungarian fruit brandy. It can only be made with fruits from Hungary, such as plums, apricots, peaches, elderberries, pears, poire Williams is made from the Williams pear, also known as the Bartlett pear. Slivovitz is a straw to yellow-colored plum brandy produced in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia, Țuică, also known as horincă or turţ, is a clear Romanian plum brandy. Other Romanian fruit brandies, often distilled from apples, pears, apricots, mulberries, peaches, quinces, somerset cider brandy which dates back to 1678 obtained European protected status in 2011
22.
Gin
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Gin is a spirit which derives its predominant flavour from juniper berries. From its earliest origins in the Middle Ages, gin has evolved from use in medicine to an object of commerce in the spirits industry. Gin is one of the broadest categories of spirits, represented by products of various origins, styles, Gin emerged in England in varying forms as of the early 17th century, and at the time of the Restoration, enjoyed a brief resurgence. Gin drinking in England rose significantly after the Government allowed unlicensed gin production and this created a market for poor-quality grain that was unfit for brewing beer, and thousands of gin-shops sprang up throughout England, a period known as the Gin Craze. Because of the price of gin, when compared with other drinks available at the same time and in the same geographic location. Of the 15,000 drinking establishments in London, not including coffee shops and drinking chocolate shops, Beer maintained a healthy reputation as it was often safer to drink the brewed ale than unclean plain water. Gin, though, was blamed for various problems. The reputation of the two drinks was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane, described by the BBC as arguably the most potent anti-drug poster ever conceived. The negative reputation of gin survives today in the English language, in terms like gin mills or the American phrase gin joints to describe disreputable bars, the epithet mothers ruin is a common British name for gin, the origin of which is the subject of ongoing debate. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets, the prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 was more successful, however, it forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers, Gin in the 18th century was produced in pot stills, and was somewhat sweeter than the London gin known today. In London in the early 18th century, much gin was distilled legally in residential houses and was often flavoured with turpentine to generate resinous woody notes in addition to the juniper. As late as 1913, Websters Dictionary states without further comment, another common variation was to distill in the presence of sulphuric acid. Although the acid itself does not distil, it imparts the aroma of diethyl ether to the resulting gin. Sulphuric acid subtracts one water molecule from two molecules to create diethyl ether, which also forms an azeotrope with ethanol. The result is a spirit, and one that may have possessed additional analgesic or even intoxicating effects – see Paracelsus. Dutch or Belgian gin, also known as jenever or genever, evolved from malt wine spirits, Schiedam, a city in the province of South Holland, is famous for its jenever-producing history. The oude style of jenever remained very popular throughout the 19th century, the 19th century gave rise to a style of gin referred to as Old Tom Gin, which is a softer, sweeter style of gin, often containing sugar
23.
Sutton-on-the-Forest
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Sutton-on-the-Forest is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is 8 miles north of York and 4.4 miles south-east of Easingwold, the village is mentioned three times in the Domesday Book as Sudtune in the Bulford hundred. At the time of the Norman invasion the land was split between the manors of Easingwold and Caldenesche, therefore, there were several lordships including Earl Morcar, Gospatric, son of Arnketil, Uthred, Egelfride and Ligulf. Afterweards, all the land was claimed by the Crown, during the reign of Henry I, some land was granted to Bertram de Bulmer of Sheriff Hutton and the lands then passed through the descent of the Nevill family. In the 15th century a settlement was made between the Nevills and Lord Fauconberg to whom the manor passed, the land then passed to Richard, Earl of Warwick until 1471 when it became forfeit and granted to Richard, Duke of Gloucester, later to be King Richard III. Upon taking the throne the lands were maintained by royal bailiffs, in 1629, the manor was sold to the citizens of London while its status was decided. By 1649 the manor was granted to Lord Fauconberg of Newburgh whose family held it up to the 18th century when it was acquired by the Harland family, in 1863 the manor passed to Admiral Duncombe who had married into the family. From 1738 until 1759, the novelist Laurence Sterne was the Anglican vicar of Sutton and he retired from active ministry to pursue his literary career in 1759, writing the first two volumes of his novel Tristram Shandy while living in the village. The origin of the name is derived from the combination of the Old English words sud and tun, the suffix relates to the villages location in the ancient Royal Forest of Galtres. From 1941 to 1946, the RAF operated an air field on the outskirts of the village and it was part of 4 Group, Bomber Command and originally had RAF Squadrons, but then transferred the site to bombers from the RCAF. The village lies within the Thirsk and Malton UK Parliament constituency and it is within the Stillington electoral division of North Yorkshire and the Huby and Sutton District ward of Hambleton District Council within which it lies. The nearest settlements are Huby 1.1 miles to the north west, the 1881 UK Census recorded the population as 1,070. The 2001 UK Census recorded the population as 773, of which 51. 5% were male and 48. 5% were female in 361 dwellings, the area is still largely agricultural. The village has a house and a pub/restaurant. There are two parks on the outskirts of the village. Both located near the Green Park Business Centre on Goose Lane, the Green Park Business Centre houses small to medium size enterprises as does the various industrialist units on Carr Lane. The village is served by the bus route between York and Easingwold, sutton-on-the-Forest CE Primary School is located on Main Street and is within the catchment area of Easingwold School for secondary education. The church in the village is dedicated to All Hallows and was rebuilt in 1877 on the site of the original 13th-century building
24.
Yorkshire
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Yorkshire, formally known as the County of York, is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Due to its size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been undertaken over time by its subdivisions. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory, Yorkshire has sometimes been nicknamed Gods Own County or Gods Own Country. Yorkshire Day, held on 1 August, is a celebration of the culture of Yorkshire. Yorkshire is now divided between different official regions, most of the county falls within Yorkshire and the Humber. The extreme northern part of the county falls within North East England, Small areas in the west of the historic county now form part of North West England, following boundary changes in 1974. Yorkshire or the County of York was so named as it is the shire of the city of York local /ˈjɔːk/ or Yorks Shire, York comes from the Viking name for the city, Jórvík. Shire is from Old English, scir meaning care or official charge, the shire suffix is locally pronounced /-ʃə/ shuh, or occasionally /-ʃiə/, a homophone of sheer. Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were Celts, who formed two tribes, the Brigantes and the Parisi. The Brigantes controlled territory which later became all of the North Riding of Yorkshire, the tribe controlled most of Northern England and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in England. That they had the Yorkshire area as their heartland is evident in that Isurium Brigantum was the town of their civitas under Roman rule. Six of the nine Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the historic county, the Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding of Yorkshire, might have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul. Their capital was at Petuaria, close to the Humber estuary, initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain. Queen Cartimandua left her husband Venutius for his bearer, Vellocatus. Cartimandua, due to her relationship with the Romans, was able to keep control of the kingdom. At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, the fortified city of Eboracum was named as capital of Britannia Inferior and joint-capital of all Roman Britain. During the two years before the death of Emperor Septimius Severus, the Roman Empire was run from Eboracum by him, another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Yorkshire during a visit in 306 AD. This saw his son Constantine the Great proclaimed emperor in the city, in the early 5th century, the Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops
25.
Australian whisky
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Australian whisky is whisky produced in Australia. As of 2012, there were 18 licensed whisky distillers in the whole country, australias largest concentration of whisky distilleries is found on the island state of Tasmania. These distilleries are known in other parts of the world than in their own country. All of them are very small producers, as of 2014, there were nine separate whisky distilleries in Tasmania, with three more due to open by the following year. The best known distilleries in Tasmania are Lark, Sullivans Cove, Nant, Lark, founded in 1992, is the oldest distillery in the state, and Sullivans Cove, established in 1994, is the second oldest. Most Tasmanian whisky distillers use malt obtained from one of the brewers, either Cascade. In 2014, Sullivans Cove French Oak Cask was given the World Whiskies Award for the worlds best single malt whisky and it was the first time a distillery outside Scotland or Japan had won the award. The following is a list of whisky distilleries in Australia.30 segment about whisky production and consumption in WA
26.
Pot still
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A pot still is a type of distillation apparatus or still used to distill alcoholic spirits such as whisky or cognac. Pot stills operate on a batch distillation basis, traditionally constructed from copper, pot stills are made in a range of shapes and sizes depending on the quantity and style of spirit desired. By law, cognac, Irish and Scotch malt whiskies, during first distillation, the pot still is filled about two-thirds full of a fermented liquid with an alcohol content of about 7-12%. In the case of distillation, the liquid used is a beer, while in the case of brandy production. The pot still is then heated so that the liquid boils, the liquid being distilled is a mixture of mainly water and alcohol, along with smaller amounts of other by-products of fermentation, such as aldehydes and esters. Alcohol has a boiling point of 78.4 °C, compared with pure water. As alcohol has a boiling point, it is more volatile. Therefore, the concentration of alcohol in the vapour phase above the liquid, is higher than in the liquid itself and this distillate, called low wines has a concentration of about 25–35% alcohol by volume. These low wines can be distilled a second time in a pot still to yield a distillate with a higher concentration of alcohol. In the case of many Irish whiskeys, the spirit is further distilled a third time, however, Cognac and most single malt scotch whiskys are only distilled twice. During distillation, the initial and final portions of spirit which condense may be captured separately from that in the centre or heart of the distillation and this is because these portions of the distillate may contain high concentrations of methanol, or other congeners. The modern pot still is a descendant of the alembic, a distillation device. The largest pot still ever used was located in the Old Midleton Distillery, County Cork, constructed in 1825, it had a capacity of 31,618 imperial gallons and is no longer in use. The largest pot stills currently in use are located in the neighbouring New Midleton Distillery, County Cork, Ireland
27.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
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The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
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Blended malt whisky
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A blended malt, formerly called a vatted malt, or pure malt, is a blend of different single malt whiskies from different distilleries. These terms are most commonly used in reference to Scotch whisky, or whisky in that style, the legally anachronistic term vatted was used to describe the blending process but does not automatically equate to creation of a vatted malt. Likewise, the use of the term blended did not necessarily refer to the creation of what is referred to as a blended whisky. A blending of different casks or batches of malt whisky produced from the same distillery is still considered a single malt whisky. The malt part of the term refers to the use of a malted grain to make the whisky, in Scotch whisky, this grain is required to be barley. Moreover, in much of the world, whisky is made using grain that is not malted. In practice, unless a different grain is specifically mentioned, a whisky is assumed to be made from barley. When an age statement appears on the label of a Scotch blended malt whisky, it refers to the amount of time spent in wooden aging casks for the youngest whisky used in the product
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Buckwheat whisky
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Buckwheat whisky is a type of distilled alcoholic beverage produced entirely or principally from buckwheat. It is produced in the Brittany region of France and in the United States, soba shōchū is a similar but weaker beverage produced in Japan. Liquor is also produced from buckwheat honey, buckwheat is a plant cultivated for its grain-like seeds. Despite the name, buckwheat is not related to wheat, and is in fact related to sorrel and it is a type of pseudocereal, being a non-grass used in much the same way as a true cereal. Over a million acres of buckwheat were harvested in the United States in 1918 and its cultivation declined sharply in the 20th century with the adoption of nitrogen fertilizer which increased the productivity of other staples. Buckwheat is gluten-free, and pure buckwheat whisky is an alternative for those who report an allergic response to other whiskies, the production of buckwheat whisky is comparable to the production of malt whisky, except that all or most of the barley is replaced with buckwheat. Buckwheat malt is produced by soaking the grains in water allowing them to germinate, once the shoots have appeared, the buckwheat is dried during which process enzymes convert the starch into fermentable sugars. The malt is ground in a mill and is mixed with hot water to produce a sugary liquid, yeast is added to cause fermentation of the sugars into alcohol which is then distilled at least once to produce a colourless heart spirit. The heart is then put into oak casks to mature, distillerie des Menhirs is a family-owned business located in the village of Plomelin in Brittany, France. In 1998 the Le Lay family started producing the Worlds first pure buckwheat whisky, Eddu means buckwheat in the local Breton language. Eddu Silver is produced from a distillation in a pot heated by a direct flame. It is described as having floral scents of rose and heather, fruity touches of honey, marmalade, distillerie des Menhirs now produces a range of buckwheat whiskies, including Eddu Gold and Eddu Grey Rock. Catskill Distilling Company of Bethel, New York is owned by distiller Monte Sachs who uses water from the nearby Catskill Mountains and their buckwheat whisky is produced with 80% buckwheat. Heston Farms Pinchgut Hollow Distillery is located in the town of Fairmont, the distillery has a heritage dating to the prohibition era and uses traditional recipes handed down through the generations. Corsair Artisan Distillery was licensed in 2010 in Nashville, Tennessee in the home of Yazoo Brewery. The facility has a 240-gallon classic pot still, dating from circa 1920 and it produces Buck Yeah buckwheat whiskey
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Corn whiskey
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Corn whiskey is an American liquor made from a mash of at least 80 percent corn and distilled to a maximum strength of 160 proof. Distinct from the stereotypical American moonshine, corn whiskey uses a traditional process and is subject to the tax. Several commercial distillers such as Heaven Hill produce unaged corn whiskeys for retail sale, unlike other American whiskey styles, corn whiskey needs no wood aging at all. Aging usually is brief, six months or less, during which time the whiskey absorbs color and flavor from the barrel while the off-flavors and fusel alcohols are reduced. A variant called straight corn whiskey is produced, in which the whiskey is stored in used or uncharred new oak containers for two years or more. Whiskeys produced in this manner and aged for at least four years can be designated bottled in bond if they meet further requirements, the 1954 rhythm and blues song Fat Back and Corn Liquor was written by Louisiana songwriter Rudy Toombs and sung by Louis Jordan. It was released by Aladdin Records as the A-side of a ten-inch 78rpm record, bourbon whiskey List of whiskey brands List of maize dishes Liquor portal
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Rye whiskey
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In the United States, rye whiskey is, by law, made from a mash of at least 51 percent rye. It is distilled to no more than 160 U. S. proof, the whiskey must be put into such barrels at not more than 125 proof. Rye whiskey that has been so aged for at least two years and has not been blended with other spirits may be designated as straight. Rye whiskey was historically the prevalent whiskey of the states, especially Pennsylvania. Pittsburgh was the center of rye whiskey production in the late 1700s, by 1808, Allegheny County farmers were selling one half barrel for each man, woman and child in the country. Rye whiskey largely disappeared after Prohibition, a few brands, such as Old Overholt, survived it, although by the late 1960s even Pennsylvania names such as Old Overholt were being distilled mostly in Kentucky. Today, a number of brands are produced by Campari Group, Diageo, Heaven Hill, Beam Suntory, The Sazerac Company. One notable producer is MGP of Indiana, which is a distiller for many brands marketed by others, rye has been currently undergoing a small but growing revival in the United States. Since the beginning of the 21st century, many producers have been experimenting with rye whiskey. For example, Brown-Forman has also production of a Jack Daniels rye whiskey, releasing unaged. A distillery at Mount Vernon, the homestead of George Washington, rye grain is known for imparting what many call a spicy or fruity flavor to the whiskey. Bourbon, distilled from at least 51% corn, is noticeably sweeter, all other things being equal, the character of the cocktail will be drier with rye. Canadian whisky is often referred to as rye whisky, since much of the content was from rye. In some cases the ratio may be as high as 9,1. Most contemporary Canadian whiskies contain only a fraction of rye, with the exception of a few brands, such as Alberta Premium and Canadian Club Chairmans Select, Canadian whisky must be aged in wooden barrels for at least 3 years. This requirement differs from regulations for U. S. blended whiskey, in which the bulk base spirits are not required to be aged
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Wheat whiskey
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Wheat whiskey is a style of whiskey defined by having a grain bill which consists primarily of wheat. The United States government only allows a product to be labeled wheat whiskey when the mash is composed of at least 51% wheat. Like other American styles, a wheat whiskey may be labelled as an if it is aged for at least two years in new, charred oak barrels. As of 2013, only a few straight wheat whiskey are mass marketed, including Bernheim Original, some microdistilleries are in production of wheat whiskeys, but are made on a small scale. There are many examples of wheat whiskeys in the German whisky industry, while not true wheat whiskeys, some bourbon whiskeys are wheated, that is they use a certain percentage of wheat in their mashbills instead of the more common rye. Such brands include Cabin Still, Makers Mark, Old Fitzgerald, Pappy Van Winkles Family Reserve, Rebel Yell, and W. L. Weller
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Bottled in bond
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While the regulations apply to all spirits, in practice, most bonded spirits are whiskeys. To be labeled as Bottled-in-Bond or Bonded, the liquor must be the product of one distillation season and it must have been aged in a federally bonded warehouse under U. S. government supervision for at least four years and bottled at 100 proof. The bottled products label must identify the distillery where it was distilled and, if different, only spirits produced in the United States may be designated as bonded. Some consumers consider the term as an endorsement of quality, but many consider it archaic. Even products that could qualify for the designation are not labeled as such, one purpose of the Bottled-in-Bond Act was to create a standard of quality for Bourbon whiskey. Prior to the Acts passage, much of the whiskey sold as straight whiskey was anything, so much of it was adulterated out of greed – flavored and colored with iodine, tobacco, and other substances – that some perceived a need for verifiable quality assurance. The practice was also connected to tax law, which provided the incentive for distilleries to participate. Distilleries were allowed to delay payment of the tax on the stored whiskey until the aging of the whiskey was completed. To ensure compliance, Treasury agents were assigned to control access to so-called bonded warehouses at the distilleries, in addition to producing bonded bourbon, some companies produce bonded rye whiskey, corn whiskey, and apple brandy. Bottled-in-bond products include the brands, Heaven Hill Evan Williams Henry McKenna J. T. S. Brown J. W. E. H. Taylor Brown-Forman Old Forester 1897 Kings County Distillery Kings County Bonded Bourbon Laws Whiskey House A. D, Laws Four Grain Straight Bourbon A. D. Laws Secale Straight Rye Carson, Gerald
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Small batch whiskey
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Small batch whiskey is a term usually referring to American whiskey that denotes a whiskey produced by mixing the contents of a relatively small number of selected barrels. The majority of small batch whiskeys are produced in Kentucky, the state most traditionally associated with whiskey. There are generally no clear criteria as to what defines a small batch – for example, many producers of whiskeys labeled as such do not provide a clear indication of what they mean by the term. Jeffersons Bourbon – Jeffersons Reserve gives its 750ml bottles a number x of 2400 bottles in the batch and this would equate to about 9 typical bourbon barrels, each 53 US gallons in size. George Dickel uses approximately 10 barrels of whiskey to make each batch of its Barrel Select Tennessee Whiskey brand, willett Distillery, a producer of bourbon and rye whiskey, uses at most 12 barrels per batch for its small batch brands. Makers Mark says that the definition is a whiskey produced using approximately 1,000 gallons or less from a mash bill of around 200 bushels of grain. Bernheim Original says that a batch would involve typically no more than 100 barrels. Brands and brand expressions that are advertised as small batch bourbon whiskey include 1792 Ridgemont Reserve, Basil Haydens, Makers Mark, brands and brand expressions that are advertised as small batch Tennessee whiskey include Dickel Barrel Select. Brands and brand expressions advertised as small batch rye whiskey include Rebel Yell Small Batch Rye, bottled in bond Single barrel whiskey Single malt whisky
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American whiskey
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American whiskey is a distilled beverage produced in the United States from a fermented mash of cereal grain. The production and labeling of American whiskey are governed by Title 27 of the U. S. Code of Federal Regulations. S. Canadian law also requires that products labeled as bourbon or Tennessee Whiskey must satisfy the laws of the United States that regulate its manufacture for consumption in the United States, some other countries do not specify this requirement. This distinction can be important, as the U. S. regulations include substantial exemptions for products that are made for rather than for consumption within the United States. Some key types listed in the U. S, all of these except corn whiskey must be aged in charred new oak containers. These restrictions do not exist for some similarly named products in other countries. American corn whiskey does not have to be aged at all – but, if it is aged, it must be aged in used or uncharred oak barrels, in practice, if corn whiskey is aged it usually is aged in used bourbon barrels. A straight whiskey that meets one of the other above definitions is referred to by combining the term straight with the term for the type of whiskey. For example, a rye whiskey that meets this definition is called a straight rye whiskey, for the blended whiskey to be labeled with a particular grain type, at least 51% of the blend must be straight whiskey of that grain type. The part of the content that is not straight whiskey may include un-aged grain distillates, grain neutral spirits, flavorings, light whiskey, which is produced in the United States at more than 80% alcohol by volume and stored in used or uncharred new oak containers. Spirit whiskey, which is a mixture of spirits and at least 5% of certain stricter categories of whiskey. Another important American whiskey labeling is Tennessee whiskey, there are only four brands of Tennessee whiskey that are currently bottled – Jack Daniels, George Dickel, Benjamin Prichards, and Collier and McKeel
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Bourbon whiskey
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Bourbon whiskey /bɜːrbən/ is a type of American whiskey, a barrel-aged distilled spirit made primarily from corn. The name is derived from the French Bourbon dynasty, although it is disputed whether Bourbon County in Kentucky or Bourbon Street in New Orleans inspired the whiskeys name. Bourbon has been distilled since the 18th century, the use of the term bourbon for the whiskey has been traced to the 1820s, and the term began to be used consistently in Kentucky in the 1870s. While bourbon may be anywhere in the United States, it is strongly associated with the American South. The origin of bourbon is not well documented, there are many conflicting legends and claims, some more credible than others. Across the county line in Bourbon County, an early distiller named Jacob Spears is credited with being the first to label his product as Bourbon whiskey, Spears home, Stone Castle, warehouse and spring house survive, one can drive by the Spears home on Clay-Kiser Road. Although still popular and often repeated, the Craig legend is apocryphal, similarly, the Spears story is a local favorite, rarely repeated outside the county. There likely was no single inventor of bourbon, which developed into its present form only in the late 19th century. Essentially any type of grain can be used to make whiskey, the late date of the Bourbon County etymology has led Louisville historian Michael Veach to dispute its authenticity. He proposes that the whiskey was named after Bourbon Street in New Orleans, distilling probably was brought to present-day Kentucky in the late 18th century by Scots, Scots-Irish, and other settlers who began to farm the area in earnest. The spirit they made evolved, and became known as bourbon in the early 19th century due to its association with the geographic area known as Old Bourbon. This area included the current Bourbon County of Kentucky, which became a county of Kentucky when Kentucky was separated from Virginia as a new state in 1792, when American pioneers pushed west of the Allegheny Mountains following the American Revolution, the first counties they founded covered vast regions. One of these original, huge counties was Bourbon, established in 1785, while this vast county was being carved into many smaller ones, early in the 19th century, many people continued to call the region Old Bourbon. Located within Old Bourbon was the port on the Ohio River, Maysville, Kentucky, from which whiskey. Old Bourbon was stencilled on the barrels to indicate their port of origin, Old Bourbon whiskey was different because it was the first corn whiskey most people had ever tasted. In time, bourbon became the name for any corn-based whiskey, a refinement often dubiously credited to James C. Crow was the sour mash process, by each new fermentation is conditioned with some amount of spent mash. Spent mash is also known as spent beer, distillers spent grain, stillage, the acid introduced by using the sour mash controls the growth of bacteria that could taint the whiskey and creates a proper pH balance for the yeast to work
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Tennessee whiskey
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Tennessee whiskey is straight whiskey produced in Tennessee. Tennessee whiskey is one of the top ten exports of Tennessee, there are currently two major producers of Tennessee whiskey – Jack Daniels and George Dickel – and at least two smaller producers. Canadian food and drug laws state that Tennessee whiskey must be a straight Bourbon whisky produced in the State of Tennessee, on a state level, the State of Tennessee has imposed stringent requirements. It is not enough under state law that the whiskey be produced in Tennessee, it must meet quality, the law contained a specific exception for Benjamin Prichards, which doesnt use the Lincoln County process. As federal law requires statements of origin on labels to be accurate, phil Prichard, the owner and distiller of Benjamin Prichards, stated, If I wanted my whiskey to taste like Jack Daniels, I would make it like Jack Daniels. In 2014, legislation was introduced in the Tennessee state legislature that would amend the 2013 law to allow the reuse of barrels in the aging process, Diageo, which owns George Dickel, supported the proposed change. Arnett blasted the proposed amendment, going as far as to accuse Diageo of attempting to weaken the quality of Tennessee whiskey to protect its Scotch, Diageo argued that the 2013 law was an attempt by Jack Daniels to push smaller competitors out of the market. Relatively few brands of Tennessee whiskey survive today, due to a prohibition that lasted longer than the national prohibition. As of 2013, many Tennessee counties still prohibit the sale of alcohol, in 2009, the Tennessee General Assembly amended the statute that had for many years limited the distillation of drinkable spirits to just three of Tennessees 95 counties. The revised law allows distilleries to be established in 41 additional counties and this change was expected to lead to the establishment of small distilleries, thus increasing the number of producers of Tennessee whiskey. As of March 2013, there are four brands with at least one Tennessee whiskey on the market, production was initiated in Indiana rather than Chattanooga due to Prohibition-era laws which prevented distilling within Hamilton County until the law was changed in May 2013. Farrar Distillery All Tennessee Whiskey is from Tennessee, but not all whiskey from Tennessee qualifies as Tennessee Whiskey. Although the Ole Smoky Distillery is located in Tennessee and it produces a product that is a whiskey and their product is instead marketed as Tennessee moonshine. George Dickel began production of a rye whiskey in 2012, which also cannot be labelled as Tennessee whiskey, because it is produced from a rye-based mash, Jack Daniels began production in 2012 of what they dubbed a Tennessee Rye. As it is 70% rye it is not labeled as a Tennessee whiskey, a limited initial release, not aged in wood, bore the label Spirits Distilled from Grain. A second limited release, called Rested Rye, was released two years of aging, and was labeled as a straight rye whiskey. Jack Daniels has said that an aged version will be released in the future. Benjamin Prichards produces other whiskeys, a Tennessee Rye Whiskey and an unaged corn whiskey called Lincoln County Lightning, like their Tennessee whiskey, they are not charcoal filtered prior to aging
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Canadian whisky
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Canadian whisky is a type of whisky produced in Canada. Most Canadian whiskies are blended multi-grain liquors containing a large percentage of corn spirits, while the lighter and smoother Canadian whiskies are the most widely familiar, the range of products is actually broad and includes some robust whiskies as well. Historically, in Canada, whisky that had some rye grain added to the bill to give it more flavour came to be called rye. Occasionally barley whisky is used for flavouring. Flavour may also be derived in other ways, such as flavour development from the aging process and it is a common misconception that Canadian whiskies are primarily made using just rye grain. The use of rye grain is not dictated by law, canadas Food and Drugs Act require that whisky labeled as Canadian Whisky, Canadian Rye Whisky or Rye Whisky be mashed, distilled and aged at least three years in Canada. As with Scotch whisky and Irish whiskey, the content of the spirits used may exceed 90%. Thus, much of the used in making a Canadian whisky, prior to aging. To improve marketability, it may contain caramel colour and flavouring, all spirits used in making a Canadian whisky must be aged for at least three years in wooden barrels of not greater than 700 L capacity. The final whisky must contain at least 40 percent alcohol by volume, no distinction is made between the quality of the barrels – new or used, charred or uncharred barrels may be filled for aging. Canadian whisky is recognized internationally as a product of Canada. Products labelled as Canadian whisky in the United States must satisfy the laws of Canada that regulate the manufacture of Canadian whisky for consumption in Canada. Canadian products aged less than three years or not in small wood barrels cannot be called Canadian whisky within Canada and in other countries. Canadian whisky featured prominently in rum-running into the U. S. during Prohibition, hiram Walkers distillery in Windsor, Ontario, directly across the Detroit River from Detroit, Michigan, easily served bootleggers using small, fast smuggling boats
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