Enrique Carlos Alberto Mosconi was an Argentine military engineer, who is best known as the pioneer and organizer of petroleum exploration and extraction in Argentina.

Petroleum politics have been an increasingly important aspect of diplomacy since the rise of the petroleum industry in the Middle East in the early 20th century. As competition continues for a vital resource, the strategic calculations of major and minor countries alike place prominent emphasis on the pumping, refining, transport, sale and use of petroleum products.