1.
Burntwood
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Burntwood is a town in Staffordshire, England, approximately 4 miles west of Lichfield. The town had a population of 26,049 at the time of the 2011 census, the town forms one of the largest urbanised parishes in England. Samuel Johnson opened an academy in nearby Edial in 1736, the town is home to the smallest park in the UK, Princes park, which is located next to Christ Church on the junction of Farewell Lane and Church Road. The town expanded in the nineteenth century around the mining industry. Areas of Burntwood are Boney Hay, Chase Terrace, Chasetown, Gorstey Lea, nearby places are Brownhills, Cannock, Cannock Wood, Norton Canes, Gentleshaw, Hammerwich and Lichfield. In September 2009 it was announced that a Burntwood man, Terry Herbert, had discovered a hoard of Saxon treasure with a detector in a field in the adjoining village of Hammerwich. Known as the Staffordshire Hoard, it is the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold yet found, and 2 high schools which are Erasmus Darwin Academy and Chase Terrace Technology College. Both schools fell victim to arson attacks in 2002 and 2004, Chasetown High School lost its sports gym facility and most of Chase Terrace High School was destroyed. Sonia Lannaman Ex British international 100 metre and 200 metre sprinter, alan Wiley former English football referee
2.
Switzerland
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Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
3.
Clay Regazzoni
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Gianclaudio Giuseppe Clay Regazzoni was a Swiss racing driver. He competed in Formula One races from 1970 to 1980, winning five Grands Prix and his first win was the Italian Grand Prix at Monza in his debut season, driving for Ferrari. He remained with the Italian team until 1972, after a single season with BRM, Regazzoni returned to Ferrari for a further three years,1974 to 1976. He was replaced by Carlos Reutemann at Williams for 1980 and moved back to Ensign, following an accident at the 1980 United States Grand Prix West he was left paralyzed from the waist down, ending his career in Formula One. Regazzoni did not stop racing, however, he competed in the Paris-Dakar rally and Sebring 12 hours using a hand controlled car during the late 1980s, in 1996, Regazzoni became a commentator for Italian TV. He was known as a hard charging racer, Jody Scheckter stated that if hed been a cowboy hed have been the one in the black hat, Regazzoni died in a car accident in Italy on 15 December 2006. Gianclaudio Regazzoni was born in Mendrisio, Switzerland on 5 September 1939, Regazzoni grew up in Porza, in the Canton of Ticino, part of the Italian speaking region of Switzerland. He was married to Maria Pia, with whom he had two children, Alessia and Gian Maria, Regazzoni first started competing in car races in 1963, at the comparatively late age of 24. Many of his early experiences were across the border in Italy. His first outings were in his own Austin-Healey Sprite, with which he took two podium finishes from only his first three races and this instant success encouraged Regazzoni to move up to a Mini Cooper for the 1964 club racing season. 1965 saw Clay Regazzoni behind the wheel of a car for the first time. This first season brought success, and improving form during 1966 brought him to the attention of ambitious Italian constructor Tecno. Tecno offered Regazzoni the use of one of their F3 chassis for 1967, despite this, Regazzoni continued to drive in Formula Three events during 1968 and, not for the last time, was lucky to survive a major accident. Exiting the chicane during the Monaco Grand Prix Formula 3 support race, Regazzoni lost control of his car, the diminutive size of the Formula 3 machine allowed it to pass under the rail, the sharp metal edge of the Armco slicing across the top of the open cockpit. Regazzoni managed to duck down low enough in the seat for the rail to pass above him. The car eventually came to a halt when the hoop, behind Regazzonis head and significantly lower than the top of his helmet. In Formula Two, Regazzoni had found the ideal partner in Tecno and his hard-charging style perfectly matched the forward thinking Tecno ambitions, and Regazzoni quickly developed a reputation as a tough competitor. Regazzoni was implicated in the death of young British driver Chris Lambert at the 1968 Formula Two Dutch Grand Prix, some observers accused Regazzoni, who was running well up the field, of deliberately running Lamberts Brabham off the track while lapping him
4.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
5.
Chris Amon
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Christopher Arthur Chris Amon MBE was a New Zealand motor racing driver. He was active in Formula One racing in the 1960s and 1970s and is regarded as one of the best F1 drivers never to win a championship Grand Prix. His reputation for bad luck was such that fellow driver Mario Andretti once joked that if he became an undertaker, former Ferrari Technical Director Mauro Forghieri stated that Amon was by far the best test driver I have ever worked with. He had all the qualities to be a World Champion but bad luck just wouldnt let him be, apart from driving, Chris Amon also ran his own Formula One team for a short period in 1974. Away from Formula One, Amon had some success in sports car racing, winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans race in 1966, Amon was born in Bulls, and attended Wanganui Collegiate School. He was the child of wealthy sheep-owners Ngaio and Betty Amon. He learned to drive at the age of six, taught by a worker on the family farm. On leaving school, he persuaded his father to buy him an Austin A40 Special, in 1962 Amon entered the Cooper for the New Zealand winter series, but was hampered by mechanical problems. However, Scuderia Veloce entered him in a car, and, in the rain at Lakeside. One of the spectators there was the English racing driver Reg Parnell who persuaded Amon to come to England, in a test at Goodwood Amon continued to impress and was on the pace in the Goodwood International Trophy and Aintree 200 pre-season races. For the 1963 Formula One season the Parnell team were using the year old Lola Mk4A, at the 1963 Belgian Grand Prix, Amon was partnered by Lucien Bianchi and started ahead of him from 15th position. After nine laps, however, an oil fire ended his race, Amon usually qualified in the midfield and generally outpaced his team-mates, who included his good friend Mike Hailwood. His best results of the year were seventh at the French, during this time, however, Amons social life was attracting as much attention as his driving. He was a member of the Ditton Road Flyers, the social set named after the road in London where Amon shared an apartment with American Peter Revson, Hailwood, Parnell was nonetheless impressed with Amons results in what was regarded as less-than-competitive machinery and promoted him to team leader. Parnell died from peritonitis in January 1964 and his son Tim took over the team, in a series of four pre-season races in Britain and Italy, Amon recorded three fifth places at Snetterton, Silverstone and Syracuse. He failed to qualify for the first F1 race of the season, the Monaco GP, but at the next race, the rest of his season, however, was blighted by mechanical problems. Parnell was offered BRM engines for 1965, but only if it ran Richard Attwood as its regular driver, reluctantly, Parnell agreed and Attwood took Amons place. Spotting an opportunity, Bruce McLaren quickly signed Amon for his new McLaren team, at the French GP Amon rejoined Parnell to stand in for an injured Attwood
6.
Marc Surer
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Marc Surer is a former racing driver from Switzerland currently working as TV commentator and racing school instructor. He participated in 88 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 9 September 1979 and he scored a total of 17 championship points. Surer started his career in karting in 1972, due to the racing ban established in Switzerland after the 1955 Le Mans disaster, he moved to Germany in 1974 where he finished second in the local Formula Vee Championship. In 1976 he switched to European Formula 3, where he was noticed by Jochen Neerpasch who hired him as a member of the BMW Junior Team alongside Eddie Cheever and Manfred Winkelhock. In 1978 he finished second in the Formula 2 Championship, eventually winning the series the year in a works March-BMW. Surers debut in Formula 1 took place at the end of 1979 and was somewhat troubled and he broke his legs in qualifying at the South African Grand Prix in an ATS at Kyalami in 1980, and again racing there in 1981 for Ensign. He recovered to give Ensign their best result with a 4th place at the 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix and he later drove for Theodore before establish himself at Arrows for a couple of seasons, until BMWs support earned him a seat at Brabham for 1985. Surer returned to Arrows in 1986 but eventually retired from Formula One halfway through the season, Surer moved on to rallying, but a serious accident at the 1986 ADAC Hessen-Rallye in his Ford RS200 severely injured him and killed his co-driver and friend Michel Wyder. BMW retained him as a driver, coach and later director of motorsport activities, in 1994 and 1995 Surer, alongside Johnny Cecotto and Jo Winkelhock won the German Super Touring Car Championship. In 1996 he began working as a commentator at all Formula 1 events for Sky Sport next to the lead commentator. Surer has been married twice to former Playboy models, first to Playmate Jolanda Egger, on 3 December 2011 he married his longtime partner Silvia Renée Arias Profile at www. grandprix. com
7.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie
8.
Jacky Ickx
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Jacky Ickx was introduced to the sport when he was taken by his father, motoring journalist Jacques Ickx, to races which he covered. Despite this family background, Jacky had limited interest in the sport until his father bought him a 50 cc Zündapp motorcycle, soon afterwards, Ickx won 8 of 13 races at the first season and the European 50 cc trials title. He also competed in car races where he had already significant experience from taking part in the 1000 km races at the Nürburgring. Ickx entered his first Grand Prix at the Nürburgring in 1966, driving a Matra MS5-Cosworth one-litre Formula Two car, however, a first lap collision with John Taylor caused both cars to retire and Taylor later died as a result of burns received in the accident. In 1967, Ickx again drove at the Nurburgring, with an F2 Matra MS7-Cosworth 1. 6-litre, despite the greater power of the Formula One cars, only two F1 drivers qualified with a faster time than Ickx, Denny Hulme and Jim Clark. As Ickx was racing in the separate F2 class, he started the race all of the F1 cars. He was forced to retire after 12 laps with broken front suspension, at Monza in 1967, he made his F1 debut in a Cooper T81B-Maserati, finishing sixth, despite suffering a puncture on the last lap. He also drove for Cooper in the United States Grand Prix at Watkins Glen, in 1968 Ickx drove in Formula 1 for Ferrari. He retired from his first two races, but at his race at Spa-Francorchamps he started from the front row. At the French Grand Prix at Rouen he took his first win, in heavy rain, Ickx also finished third at Brands Hatch and fourth at the Nürburgring after driving almost the entire race in heavy rain without his helmet visor. At Monza he finished the race in third position, in Canada he crashed and broke his left leg during practice, thus did not start and also missed the subsequent United States Grand Prix. He returned in time for the race of the season in Mexico. Ickx scored 27 points in the 1968 Formula One season finishing in place behind Graham Hill, Jackie Stewart. In 1969, Ickx moved to Brabham, partly at the instigation of the John Wyer team for whom hed had considerable success in sports cars. Wyers main sponsor, Gulf Oil were keen to ensure that they retained his services rather than lose him to Ferraris sports car team. In the 1969 Mexican Grand Prix Ickx finished second and ended the year as runner-up in the world championship. He returned to the Ferrari team for the 1970 season, a move he had been considering since the Italian Grand Prix, as in 1969, Ickx had a disappointing start to the 1970 season. On the first lap of the Spanish Grand Prix he collided with the BRM of Jackie Oliver and it took at least 20 seconds for him to leave the burning car and he was hospitalized with severe burns
9.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
10.
Nelson Piquet
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Nelson Piquet Souto Maior, known as Nelson Piquet, is a Brazilian former racing driver and businessman. Since his retirement, Piquet has been ranked among the greatest Formula One drivers in various motorsport polls, Piquet had a brief career in tennis before losing interest in the sport and subsequently took up karting and hid his identity to prevent his father discovering his hobby. He became the Brazilian national karting champion in 1971-72 and won the Formula Vee championship in 1976, with advice from Emerson Fittipaldi, Piquet went to Europe to further success by taking the record number of wins in Formula Three in 1978, defeating Jackie Stewarts all-time record. In the same year, he made his Formula One debut with the Ensign team and drove for McLaren, in 1979, Piquet moved to the Brabham team and finished the runner-up in 1980 before winning the championship in 1981. Piquets poor performances in 1982 saw a resurgence for 1983 and his world championship. For 1984–85, Piquet had once again lost chances to win the championship and he moved to the Williams team in 1986 and was a title contender until the final round in Australia. Piquet took his third and final championship in 1987 during a battle with team-mate Nigel Mansell which left the pairs relationship sour. Piquet subsequently moved to Lotus for 1988–89 where he experienced his third drop in form and he eventually went to the Benetton team for 1990-91 where he managed to win three races before retiring. After retiring from Formula One, Piquet tried his hand at the Indianapolis 500 for two years and he also tried his hand at sports car racing during and after his Formula One career. Piquet is currently retired and runs several businesses in Brazil and manages his sons Nelson Piquet Jr. Piquet was born in Rio de Janeiro, then the capital of Brazil, the son of Estácio Gonçalves Souto Maior, a Brazilian physician. His father moved his family to the new capital, Brasília, in 1960, Piquet had two brothers, Alexis, and Geraldo, and a sister Genusa. Piquet was the youngest of the children, Piquet started kart racing at the age of 14, but because his father did not approve of his racing career, he used his mothers maiden name Piquet misspelt as Piket to hide his identity. His father wanted Piquet to be a tennis player and was given a scholarship at a school in Atlanta. Piquet started playing tennis at the age of 11 and he won tournaments in Brazil and eventually took a trip to California to test his skill against tougher American players. During his time, he had learned to speak English and greatly matured and his short tennis career saw Piquet to be prized as a good player, but not thought sufficiently exciting for the sport to devote his career to motor racing. Piquet dropped out of a University two years into a course in 1974. In the 1978 British Formula 3 season he broke Jackie Stewarts record of the most wins in a season, Piquet made his Formula One debut for Ensign in Germany, starting 21st only to retire on lap 31 with a broken engine. After the race, Piquet signed a deal with the McLaren of BS Fabrications to race in the three races, where he left good impressions
11.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
12.
Jan Lammers
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Johannes Jan Lammers is a racing driver and team principal from the Netherlands. In 1979, Lammers made his debut in Formula One driving for Shadow and he moved to Ensign midway through the season but rejoined ATS for four races in 1981. Ten years later he returned to Formula One for the two races of the 1992 season. He won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1988 and later participated in the race with his own team Racing for Holland and he was also the seatholder of the Dutch A1 Grand Prix team. Lammers grew up as a kid washing cars at a school in Zandvoort. As a 12-year-old he started to show customers how to safely, encouraged by sliding school owner. When he was 16 years old, he started his first race at the racing track. In the following years he starred in Dutch touring car and Formula Ford races before moving up to European Formula 3 in 1977 and he did not get good results with his Hawke and for his second season he joined Racing Team Holland run by Alan Docking. The other drivers of the team were fellow future Formula 1 driver Huub Rothengatter and later Indy 500 winner Arie Luyendijk and it was a successful move as Lammers won the 1978 European Formula 3 Championship after a close battle with Swede Anders Olofsson. Lammers began his Formula One career with Shadow in 1979 with Elio de Angelis as his teammate and he did not have a great debut as de Angelis was the teams number one driver. His best result was a place in Canada. In 1980 he moved to Günther Schmidts ATS team, in the first three races he failed to qualify but in Long Beach he qualified a very strong fourth. This would be the highlight of his F1 career, later that year he moved to the Ensign Team but there he only managed to qualify three times. In 1981 he returned to ATS but only raced the first four races of the year, for 1982, he moved to Theodore but his season was something of a disaster. He did manage to start in his home race and he scored no championship points during his F1 career. In 1985 and 1986, Lammers made 10 CART World Series starts for four different teams and his best finish was fifth at Laguna Seca Raceway in 1985 for Forsythe Racing. He was entered and practiced for the 1986 Indianapolis 500 in a Mike Curb entry and he finished 26th and 22nd in points in his two seasons, respectively. After that he turned his attention to car racing
13.
Liechtenstein
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Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein, is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in Central Europe. It is a monarchy with the rank of principality, headed by the Prince of Liechtenstein. Liechtenstein is bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and Austria to the east and it has an area of just over 160 square kilometres and an estimated population of 37,000. Divided into 11 municipalities, its capital is Vaduz and its largest municipality is Schaan, the unemployment rate is one of the lowest in the world at 1. 5%. Liechtenstein has been known in the past as a tax haven, however. An alpine country, Liechtenstein is mainly mountainous, making it a winter sport destination, many cultivated fields and small farms are found both in the south and north. The country has a financial sector centered in Vaduz. Liechtenstein is a member of the European Free Trade Association, and while not being a member of the European Union and it also has a customs union and a monetary union with Switzerland. The oldest traces of human existence in Liechtenstein date back to the Middle Paleolithic era, neolithic farming settlements were founded in the valleys around 5300 BC. Hallstatt and La Tène cultures flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC possibly under influence from the Greek. One of the most important tribal groups in the Alpine region were the Helvetii, in 58 BC, at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar defeated the Alpine tribes, bringing the region under closer control of the Roman Empire. By 15 BC, Tiberius, who was destined to be the second Roman emperor, Liechtenstein was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. The area was maintained by the Roman military, which maintained a large legionary camp called Brigantium near Lake Constance, a Roman road ran through the territory. In 259/60 Brigantium was destroyed by the Alemanni, a Germanic people who settled in the area in around 450. In the Early Middle Ages, the Alemanni had settled the eastern Swiss plateau by the 5th century, Liechtenstein was at the eastern edge of Alemannia. In the 6th century, the region became part of the Frankish Empire following Clovis Is victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504. The area that later became Liechtenstein remained under Frankish hegemony until the empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843 AD following the death of Charlemagne. The territory of present-day Liechtenstein belonged to East Francia until it was reunified with Middle Francia under the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD
14.
Rikky von Opel
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Frederick Rikky von Opel is a former racing driver from Liechtenstein, the only driver from that nation to have competed in the Formula One World Championship. He won the Lombard North British Formula 3 Championship in 1972 and he participated in 14 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix for the Ensign and Brabham teams, debuting on July 1,1973. He is the son of Fritz von Opel and a great-grandson of Adam Opel,1973 Opels Formula One debut coincided with that of the team that provided him with his big break, Ensign. Both began at Paul Ricard in France, the race of the 1973 season, with Opel qualifying his N173 25th and finishing 15th. Great Britain was next, while Opel finished 13th, six laps down, however, on the morning of the race, cracks were found in the chassis. With too little time to make repairs, Opel was unable to start, fuel system issues curtailed Opels Austrian Grand Prix where he qualified 19th, and an overheating engine ended his Italian Grand Prix, after qualifying 17th. Opels debut season produced no points, and he was unclassified in the Drivers Championship. 1974 Ensigns car for the new season, the N174, was much like the N173 and he qualified 26th, again dead last, more than seven seconds slower than pole-sitter Ronnie Peterson and almost one and a half seconds slower than Guy Edwards, who qualified 25th. The handling of the car was so flawed that his team withdrew it from the meeting and he sat out the races in the Brazilian Grand Prix and South Africa until he took over the second Brabham seat from Richard Robarts, starting with the Spanish Grand Prix. Their BT44 was powered by the same Cosworth DFV V8 as the Ensign, however, Opel couldnt make the most of it and he struggled to match the performance of new team-mate, Argentine Carlos Reutemann. Retiring with an oil leak in Spain, after qualifying 24th, monaco was worse still, where he was the only driver that failed to qualify. Brief respite was found in Sweden and the Netherlands with his first top-10 finishes, the promise was short-lived though, as failure to qualify next time out in France was the final straw for Brabham boss Bernie Ecclestone, and Opel was replaced by Carlos Pace. For the second year running he was unclassified in the Drivers Championship with no points, a little over a year after his debut, the career of Liechtensteins sole Formula One driver was over
15.
Gijs van Lennep
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Gijsbert van Lennep is a Dutch esquire and former racing driver who competed in eight Formula One races. However his main achievements were in sports car racing and he is a member of the Dutch nobility with the title Jonkheer. Van Lennep drove for the Porsche sportscar team beginning in 1967 and he shared the number 22 Martini Racing Porsche 917K with Helmut Marko, winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1971. They set a record, covering 5,335 km. Also in 1971, the Stichting Autoraces Nederland hired a Surtees TS7 for him to make his F1 debut in his home GP where he finished a creditable eighth in a very wet GP. The following year Van Lennep won the 1972 Rothmans European Formula 5000 Championship driving a Surtees TS11 and he also drove twice for the Williams GP team, earning his first World Championship point with sixth place in the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix. In 1973 he won the last Targa Florio, sharing the Martini Porsche Carrera RSR with Herbert Müller and he continued with sportscar racing]], sharing a Porsche 936 Turbo with Jacky Ickx to win Le Mans 24 for a second time in 1976, before retiring from racing
16.
Roelof Wunderink
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Roelof Wunderink is a Dutch former racing driver. He participated in six Formula One World Championship Grands Prix for Ensign, Wunderink began his career with a Simca in 1970 subsequently moving into Formula Ford and winning the Dutch championship in 1972. With sponsorship from the HB alarm company, he moved into Formula Three, in 1975, with HB backing, he moved into Formula One with the Ensign team, but was hampered by using obsolete machinery and injuries sustained in a Formula 5000 testing incident. In six attempts, he qualified on three occasions retiring from two races with mechanical problems, in his only finish, in Austria, he was not classified, four laps behind having pit-stopped for tyres. At the end of the season, Wunderink withdrew from top-level motorsport and he was subsequently known to be involved in the property business. Profile at grandprix. com Roelof Wunderink at oldracingcars. com
17.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
18.
1973 French Grand Prix
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The 1973 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Paul Ricard Circuit on July 1,1973. It was the race of the 1973 World Championship of Drivers. This race was notable for a collision involving Jody Scheckter and Emerson Fittipaldi, Scheckter, who was given an opportunity to drive a factory McLaren for this event was leading from the start in just his third Formula One race. On lap 41, Fittipaldi had closed and attempted to pass the South African, Scheckter continued but spun out shortly after. Fittipaldi ran to the McLaren pits, eventually resulting in fierce words between the two drivers, Scheckter claimed years later that Fittipaldi had called him a young hooligan for his role in the incident. Many drivers wanted him banned from the sport, but McLaren instead decided to put him on the sidelines for a number of races. Meanwhile, after so many promising races turned to nothing, Swedish driver Ronnie Peterson finally celebrated victory for the first time in his career, tyrrell driver François Cevert finished in second place, whilst Carlos Reutemann finished in third place, driving a Brabham. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 7 results from the first 8 races and the best 6 results from the last 7 races counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
19.
1977 Formula One season
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The 1977 Formula One season was the 31st season of the FIAs Formula One motor racing. Niki Lauda won his championship, despite Mario Andretti winning more races. Jody Scheckters Wolf won first time out, Shadow took their only victory, renault entered grand prix racing with a turbocharged car which was initially not very successful. The German ATS team took over the Penske cars and the South African Grand Prix was the last race a BRM ever qualified to start. Lauda departed Ferrari even before the season ended, so did not complete the season, Ferrari won its third consecutive Constructors title with new driver Carlos Reutemann having a solid season. The season was marred by one of the most horrific accidents in Formula One history. During the South African GP on 5 March, TV cameras captured how Tom Pryce was unable to avoid 19-year-old race marshall Frederik Jansen van Vuuren, there was further tragedy as Carlos Pace lost his life in an aviation accident only a couple of weeks after Pryces accident. The 1977 season started in Argentina, returning after a years absence and it was reigning world champion James Hunt who started off his title defence with pole position in his McLaren. Countryman John Watson shared the front row with him in the Brabham, the weather was, as was very often the case in Buenos Aires oppressively hot, which contributed to the attrition of this race. Watson took the lead at the start with Hunt second, Watson led for the first 10 laps until Hunt moved ahead and pulled away, with Mario Andrettis Lotus third, but soon the other McLaren of Jochen Mass took the place. Mass had to soon after with an engine failure which caused him to spin. Watson took the lead again, but he also had suspension failures, Watson eventually retired, and Pace struggled towards the end due to heat in his cockpit and was passed by Jody Scheckters Wolf and Andretti, but the latter retired then with a wheel bearing failure. Scheckter took the first win of 1977, with Pace second, the second round took place at the longest circuit of the year – the very demanding and difficult 5-mile Interlagos circuit in São Paulo, Brazil. Hunt took pole again with Reutemann second and Andretti third on the grid, home hero Pace took the lead at the start, with Hunt dropping behind Reutemann as well but soon Hunt was back behind Pace and attacking. There was contact, and Hunt took the lead whereas Pace had to pit for repairs, Hunt led Reutemann until he began to suffer from tyre troubles and was passed by Reutemann. Hunt pitted for new tyres, and rejoined fourth and soon passed Niki Lauda in the Ferrari, Reutemann marched on to victory, Hunt was second and Lauda third after Watson crashed out. The race in South Africa was over a month later, but Hunt still continued his streak of poles, with Pace alongside, Hunt led off at the start, with Lauda and Scheckter following him after Pace struggled. The order stayed put until the lap when Lauda took the lead and was never headed again
20.
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
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The Drivers Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953, the current Drivers Champion is Nico Rosberg, who won his one and only World Championship in 2016. A driver becomes the World Champion each season as soon as it is no longer possible for another to beat him whatever the outcome of the remaining races. The Drivers Championship has been won in the race of the season 29 times in the 67 seasons it has been awarded. The earliest in a season that the Drivers Championship has been clinched was in 2002, overall, thirty-three different drivers have won the Championship, with German Michael Schumacher holding the record for most titles, at seven. Schumacher also holds the record for most consecutive Drivers Championships, winning five from 2000 to 2004, the United Kingdom has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with ten, Brazil, Germany and Finland are next with three each. Of the 33 drivers to win the World Championship,20 are still alive, the most recently deceased is John Surtees. Among teams, Scuderia Ferrari has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with 15, bold indicates the team also won the Constructors Championship. ^ The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations, ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. ^ Rindts championship was confirmed two rounds after he had killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points, Drivers in bold will compete in the 2017 World Championship. Drivers in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship, Constructors in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship. ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati and this shared championship is counted for each of these constructors. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the tyre supplier. Of those, Michael Schumacher is the driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers Championships
21.
1981 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1981 Brazilian Grand Prix was the second motor race of the 1981 Formula One season and was held on 29 March 1981 at Jacarepaguá in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Argentine driver Carlos Reutemann won the race in contentious circumstances, he ignored his pit signals to give up the lead to his teammate, Jones, who finished in 2nd, did not show up on the podium afterwards. Colombian driver Ricardo Londoño was denied a superlicense, was not allowed to participate in official practice, First fastest lap, Marc Surer First entry, Ricardo Londoño First Points, Marc Surer Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
22.
Pole position
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The game was designed by Tōru Iwatani, who had also designed the Gee Bee games and Pac-Man. It was the most popular arcade game of 1983. Pole Position was released in two configurations, an upright cabinet, and an environmental/cockpit cabinet. By 1983, it had become the highest-grossing arcade game that year in North America and it was the most successful racing game of the classic era, spawning ports, sequels, and a Saturday morning cartoon, although the cartoon had nothing in common with the game. The game established the conventions of the game genre and its success inspired numerous imitators. Pole Position is regarded as one of the most influential games of all time. In this game, the controls a Formula One race car. After qualifying, the player races against seven other CPU-controlled cars in a championship race, the player must also avoid going off the road so that he or she will not crash into the billboards. Pole Position was the first racing game to feature a track based on a real racing circuit. It was also the first game to feature a qualifying lap, once the player has qualified, they must complete the race in the time allowed, avoiding collisions with CPU-controlled opponents and billboards along the sides of the track. The games publisher Atari publicized the game for its unbelievable driving realism in providing a Formula 1 experience behind a racing wheel, for manufacture and distribution in the United States, Namco approached Bally Midway with a choice of two games in 1982. Bally Midway chose Mappy while Atari was left to publish Pole Position, the game ran on the Namco Pole Position hardware, which was the first to use 16-bit microprocessors, with two Zilog Z8002 processors. It was also capable of displaying up to 3840 colors, the game was an early example of product placement within a video game, with billboards around the track advertising actual companies. Other billboards appeared in both versions, the game was also featured in a TV commercial shown only on MTV. It was part of a series of TV spots that Atari created in the 1980s exclusively for MTV and they also praised the sound effects and solid, realistic graphics, stating it has very rich color images and dimensional depth to the graphics. They also praised the graphics and breathtaking scenery as well as the two-heat format for the race itself. Computer and Video Games also reviewed the version in 1983. They compared it favorably with Turbo, stating that, while Turbo featured better landscapes, it cant match the speed, thrills and skill behind this new race game
23.
1976 Swedish Grand Prix
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The 1976 Swedish Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Scandinavian Raceway in Anderstorp, Sweden on 13 June 1976. It was the round of the 1976 Formula One season. The race was contested over 72 laps of the 4.0 km circuit for a distance of 290 kilometres. It saw the first and only win of a six-wheel car – the Tyrrell P34, the theory was that its four front wheels would increase mechanical front-end grip – with more rubber on the road – and thus eliminate understeer while at the same time improve cornering and braking. When it was revealed it was the instant sensation of the 1976 season, Tyrrells Jody Scheckter took pole, with Patrick Depailler in fourth. In the race it was Mario Andretti in the Lotus 77 who led for much of the race, Andretti however had been penalised sixty seconds for jumping the start. Andrettis engine failed on lap 46 while attempting to build his lead over the two Tyrrells and they went on to finish first and second, Jody Scheckter leading Patrick Depailler to the line for his second Swedish Grand Prix victory. Jacques Laffite continued to show the promise of the Ligier JS5 in fourth, james Hunt was fifth in his McLaren M23 and Clay Regazzoni climbed into the final point in the second Ferrari late in the race. Points are accurate at the conclusion of the race and do not reflect final results of the 1976 Spanish Grand Prix as it was under appeal, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
24.
1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix
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The 1982 Caesars Palace Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on September 25,1982, in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was won by Michele Alboreto for Tyrrell and this was also Mario Andrettis last F1 race. For the first time since the World Championship began in 1950, the final race of the year, and the third in the US, would once again decide the Championship. Keke Rosberg of Williams had 42 points, to 33 for McLarens John Watson, meanwhile, the race was former world champion Mario Andrettis final grand prix. The courses tight turns and short straights allowed the cars to be more competitive than usual, with Michele Alboretos Tyrrell. The turbocharged Renaults of Alain Prost and René Arnoux took first and second positions in qualifying, the two Championship contenders, Rosberg and Watson, meanwhile, were in sixth and ninth places respectively, separated by the Ferraris of Mario Andretti and Patrick Tambay. At the green light for the race on Saturday, Prost led from the pole, cheever, from the fourth spot on the grid, was determined to get around the outside of Alboreto on the first left-hander. They touched wheels, but both continued with Alboreto still in front, Cheevers Ligier sporting a front wheel and the Tyrrell of Alboreto bearing a tire mark on the right sidepod. For the first ten laps, the Renaults steadily pulled away from Alboreto, the Tyrrell began to match Arnouxs times, however, and then to close on him, as Prost took back the lead on lap 15. Speculation of a problem with Arnouxs car proved true, as the Renault was faltering, among the leaders, Alboreto began inching closer to Prost again, and Watson continued to close on both of them. Niki Laudas McLaren retired on lap 54, while Alboreto had eliminated the gap to Prost, prosts tires were picking up rubber and had developed a vibration. In four more laps, Watson had also caught and passed him, but he was having the problem as Prost. Alboreto cruised to a victory, his first ever and the first for Tyrrell in four years. Alboreto was the 11th different victor that year, cheever was also able to overtake the ailing Prost for third, nine laps from the end. Less than three seconds behind Prost, and the last car on the lap, was Rosberg. Rosberg and Watson both entered this race with a chance of winning the Drivers Championship, Rosberg needed either 6th or higher Watson 2nd or lower Watson needed 1st, with Rosberg 7th or lower. For the first time in 18 years, three entered the final race with a chance of the Constructors Championship. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, 2nd Las Vegas Grand Prix, King Keke
25.
Champ Car
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Such racing had been sanctioned by the AAA, USAC, SCCA, the CRL, CART, and IndyCar. In its most popular and recent contemporary usage, Champ Car was the given to a governing body formerly known as Championship Auto Racing Teams. The CART series was founded in 1979 by team owners who disagreed with the direction, at the height of the popularity of the series in the late 1980s and early 1990s, it was known as the CART/PPG Indy Car World Series. The term Champ Car temporarily disappeared from use, with the more marketable term Indy Car being utilized, in 1996, the open wheel split saw the CART series take a different direction from the newly created Indy Racing League IRL and the Indy 500. Thereafter, it re-branded itself as CART again, and re-booted the term Champ Car as the moniker for the machines used, the series was advertised as CART FedEx Championship Series from 1997 to 2002. CART went bankrupt at the end of the 2003 season, a trio of CART team owners acquired the assets of the sanctioning body and renamed it as the Champ Car World Series, again highlighting the historic Champ Car term. In 1905 the AAA established the national driving championship and became the first sanctioning body for auto racing in the United States, the AAA ceased sanctioning auto racing in the general outrage over motor racing safety that followed the 1955 Le Mans disaster. In response, Indianapolis Motor Speedway president Tony Hulman formed USAC to take over the sanctioning of what was called championship auto racing, USAC sanctioned the championship exclusively until 1978, when a split between USAC and some of the car owners prompted the formation of the rival CART series. The split from USAC was spurred by a group of activist car owners who had grown disenchanted with what they saw as a sanctioning body. Gurney took his inspiration from the improvements Bernie Ecclestone had forced on Formula One with his creation of the Formula One Constructors Association. The White Paper called for the owners to form CART as a group to promote USACs national championship. The group would work to negotiate television rights and race purses. USACs rejection of the led the owners to form a new series in late 1978 under the principles laid out in the Gurney White Paper. The first race was held in March 1979, the newness of the organization, however, prevented it from being recognized by ACCUS, the United States representative to the FIA. An arrangement was reached such that the SCCA would act as the body for the new series. This would allow the events to be listed on the International Motorsports Calendar, the new series quickly gained the support of the majority of team and track owners, with the only notable holdout being A. J. Foyt. This meant that the front and mid-pack teams would be racing in the new CART series, of the 20 races held in 1979,13 were part of the 1979 CART Championship. Of the 10 tracks to host races, five would host CART events exclusively and one, Ontario, by 1982, the CART series was almost universally recognized as the American national championship
26.
Alex Zanardi
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Alessandro Alex Zanardi is an Italian professional racing driver and paracyclist. He won the CART championship in 1997 and 1998 in North America and he also had a less successful career as a Formula One driver. More recently, he has attracted praise for his return to competition in the aftermath of a crash in 2001 that resulted in the amputation of his legs. He returned to racing less than two years after the accident, competing in the FIA World Touring Car Championship for BMW Team Italy-Spain between 2003 and 2009. Switching sports, Zanardi took up competition in handcycling, a form of paralympic cycling, in September 2011, Zanardi won his first senior international handcycling medal, the silver medal in the H4 category time trial at the UCI World Road Para-Cycling Championships. Alex Zanardi was born in Bologna, Italy, son of Dino and his family moved to the town of Castel Maggiore on the citys outskirts when he was four. His sister Cristina was a promising swimmer prior her death in a collision in 1979. Zanardi began racing karts at age 13 and he built his kart from the wheels of a dustbin and pipes from his fathers work. In 1988, he joined the Italian Formula 3 series, with a place as his highest finish. In 1989, Zanardi took two pole positions and three podiums despite his teams switching to unleaded fuel, which reduced his cars engine power, in 1991, he moved up to the Formula 3000 series with the Il Barone Rampante team, themselves newcomers to the series. He won his F3000 debut race, scoring two wins that season and finishing second in the championship. 1991 Zanardi had his first taste of Formula One at a test session for Paul Ricard, by the end of that year, he had begun his career in Formula One. Three starts for Jordan were his reward for a strong F3000 campaign,1992 In 1992, however, Zanardi had to be content with guest drives for Minardi, replacing the injured Christian Fittipaldi. In the off-season, he tested for Benetton, but he contracted with Lotus for 1993,1993 Zanardi compared reasonably to teammate Johnny Herbert and was important in fine-tuning the teams active suspension system, scoring his only F1 point at the Brazilian Grand Prix. Zanardi was injured when an elderly motorist collided with his bicycle, knocking him down, despite suffering several broken bones, Zanardi raced in Germany, but he spun out and did not finish. Zanardis season ended prematurely after he sustained a concussion as a result of a crash in practice for the Belgian Grand Prix. 1994 Still recovering, Zanardi missed the beginning of the 1994 season, but he returned in the Spanish Grand Prix, replacing Pedro Lamy, however, that years Lotus lacked pace and reliability, and Zanardi failed to score a single point or qualify higher than 13th. With Lotus Formula One having folded, Zanardi took time to race in Sports car racing and his first meeting was at a Porsche Supercup event at Imola
27.
Juan Pablo Montoya
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Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán is a Colombian racing driver. He currently competes in the Verizon IndyCar Series driving for Team Penske, Montoya is one of two drivers to have won the CART title in his rookie year, the first being Formula One World Champion Nigel Mansell in 1993. He is the active driver who has won two legs of the Triple Crown of Motorsport in its original definition. In October 2009, Montoya was ranked 30th on Times Onlines list of the Top 50 Formula One drivers of all time. Montoya was born in Bogotá, Colombia, where he was taught the techniques of karting from an age by his father Pablo. Montoya moved to the Colombian Formula Renault Series in 1992, while racing there he won four of eight races and had five poles, the same year he also participated in the U. S. Skip Barber driving school, and was hailed by driving instructors as being one of the best pupils to come through their school. 1993 saw Montoya switch to the Swift GTI Championship, a series he dominated by winning seven of eight races, in 1994, Montoya raced in three separate series, The Sudam 125 Karting, Barber Saab Pro Series, and Formula N in Mexico. He graduated from the Colegio San Tarsicio in Bogotá in the same year, Montoya developed into a strong qualifier, in some cases taking 80% of a seasons pole positions. For the next three years Montoya raced in various divisions, continually progressing upward and he raced in the 1995 British Formula Vauxhall Championship, winning three races and finishing third in the championship. Montoya got the opportunity to advance in his racing career when he was hired by the RSM Marko. In the ten races during the season, Montoya had three wins and three pole positions and he finished his rookie season second in the championship points standings, just 1.5 points shy of taking the overall season title. During this time, Williams noticed his potential and invited him to test with the team at Jerez, Montoya was the fastest of them all and he and Max Wilson were signed by WilliamsF1 to be test drivers for the following season. Alongside his Formula One testing duties for Williams, he competed again in F3000, during the 1998 F3000 season, Montoya opened the season up with a record four straight pole positions. He also achieved another record that year by being the first driver to lap the entire grid, Montoya won the 1998 F3000 season with four wins, seven pole positions, and nine podium finishes in twelve races. Renault, Williamss engine supplier for most of the 1990s, left Formula One at the end of the 1997 season, with no major engine suppliers available, Williams were forced to sign a contract to run customer engines for the 1998 and 1999 seasons. In 1998 the team failed to win a race for the first time in a decade, while Zanardi had a miserable year in Formula One, Montoya, with Honda power and a great Reynard chassis at his disposal, took the American motorsport scene by storm. He took the 1999 title in his year, something accomplished six years earlier by former Formula One Champion Nigel Mansell
28.
Lime Rock Park
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Lime Rock Park is a natural-terrain motorsport road racing venue located in Lakeville, Connecticut, United States, a hamlet in the town of Salisbury, in the states northwest corner. Built in 1956, it is the nations oldest continuously operating road racing venue, the track is owned by Skip Barber, a former race car driver who started the Skip Barber Racing School in 1975. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, the first race, a mix of G-Production class and an MG class, was held on April 28,1957. The winner of the G-Production was Ted Sprigg in an Alfa Romeo Giulietta, the winner of the MG class was Charles Callanan in an MG TC. In 1959, Lime Rock hosted the Little Le Mans race, won by Charles Callanan, in 2008, the track was re-paved and two new corner complexes were added. The track has a following, though it did face some resistance from the local community shortly after it opened. In 1959, the Lime Rock Protective Association, with support from the nearby Trinity Episcopal Church, the court issued a permanent injunction against Sunday racing, and its decision was upheld by the Connecticut Supreme Court. While restrictive, the carefully crafted injunction was also enabling and it preserved the tracks right to conduct unmuffled sports car racing on Fridays and Saturdays, plus testing on Tuesdays and other operating benefits. The injunction stands to this day, the track has featured many well-known racers including Paul Newman, who supported his own Newman-Haas team with Bob Sharp, Mario Andretti, Stirling Moss, Dan Gurney, Sam Posey, and Mark Donohue. The Rolex Sports Car Series, American Le Mans Series, IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship have used a configuration which included the chicane at turn five and West Bend. Following the 2008 reconstruction, Lime Rocks operations people measured all four possible configurations, the classic configuration is seven turns, while the three optional layouts are eight, nine and ten turns, respectively. National Register of Historic Places listings in Litchfield County, Connecticut Lime Rock Park website Skip Barber Racing School
29.
1973 Formula One season
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The 1973 Formula One season was the 27th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The season also included two races which were open to both Formula One and Formula 5000 cars. The World Championship of Drivers was won by Jackie Stewart and the International Cup for F1 Manufacturers was awarded to John Player Special. In the World Championship, John Player Team Lotus teammates Emerson Fittipaldi, Stewart and Tyrrell withdrew from the race, handing the Manufacturers title to Lotus. At the end of the season Stewart made public his decision to retire, there were two new races for the 1973 season – the Brazilian Grand Prix at Interlagos in São Paulo and the Swedish Grand Prix at Anderstorp. Briton Roger Williamson died in a crash at the Dutch Grand Prix, for the first time in Formula Ones history, this season saw the intervention of a Safety Car in the form of a Porsche 914 at the Canadian Grand Prix. The sport, however, would introduce this safety concept only 20 years later during the 1993 season. The following competitors contested the 1973 World Championship, the following races counted towards both the 1973 World Championship of Drivers and the 1973 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers. The Belgian Grand Prix also carried the title of European Grand Prix for 1973, points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers in each race. For classification, only the seven best results from the first eight races, Drivers scoring an equal number of points were awarded equal championship classifications, regardless of the relative number of wins, second places, etc. scored by each driver. The FIA did not award a championship classification to those drivers who did not score points in the championship, points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers in each race. Points were only awarded for the position filled by the best placed car from each manufacturer, for classification, only the seven best results from the first eight races and the six best results from the last seven races were retained. Ensign, which did not score points during the championship, was not given a classification in the official FIA results, the 1973 Formula One season included two non-championship races which were open to both Formula One and Formula 5000 cars
30.
Formula Three
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Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America, F3 is not cheap, but is regarded as a key investment in a young drivers future career. Success in F3 can lead directly to a GP2 seat or even a Formula One test or race seat, Formula Three evolved from postwar auto racing, with lightweight tube-frame chassis powered by 500 cc motorcycle engines. Cooper came to dominate the formula with mass-produced cars, and the income this generated enabled the company to develop into the senior categories, other notable marques included Kieft, JBS and Emeryson in England, and Effyh, Monopoletta and Scampolo in Europe. John Cooper, along with most other 500 builders, decided to place the engine in the middle of the car, the 500cc formula was the usual route into motor racing through the early and mid-1950s. Other notable 500 cc Formula 3 drivers include Stuart Lewis-Evans, Ivor Bueb, Jim Russell, Peter Collins, Don Parker, Ken Tyrrell, from a statistical point of view, Don Parker was the most successful F3 driver. Although coming to motor racing late in life, he won a total of 126 F3 races altogether, and was described by Motor Sport magazine as the most successful Formula 3 driver in history. Although Stirling Moss was already a star by 1953, Parker beat him more than any driver, and was Formula 3 Champion in 1952, again in 1953. He took the title for a time in 1959. In 1954, Parker took on a man named Norman Graham Hill as his mechanic and general assistant. Some years later, now using his name of Graham. Parker retired from Formula Three after the 1959 season, and chose not to move to Formula 2 or Formula 1 because of his age. However, he did race for one season, representing Jaguar in the British Saloon Car Championships. As a retirement gift in 1961, Jaguars Lofty England presented him with a specially-designed 3.8 litre Jaguar Mark 2 and it was claimed to be the fastest Mark 2 Jaguar had built, being tested at 140 mph on the newly opened M4 motorway in 1963. 500cc Formula Three declined at an international level during the late 1950s, although it continued at a level into the early 60s. A one-litre Formula Three category for four-cylinder carburetted cars, with heavily tuned production engines, was reintroduced in 1964 based on the Formula Junior rules and these engines tended to rev very highly and were popularly known as screamers, F3 races tended to involve large packs of slipstreaming cars. The screamer years were dominated by Brabham, Lotus and Tecno, early one-litre F3 chassis tended to descend from Formula Junior designs but quickly evolved. For 1971 new regulations allowing 1600 cc engines with an air intake were introduced
31.
1973 British Grand Prix
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The 1973 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Silverstone on 14 July 1973. It was the race of the 1973 World Championship of Drivers. The race is known for the first lap pile-up which ultimately caused eleven cars to retire. The accident happened when Jody Scheckter spun out of place and into the center of the track coming out of Woodcote at the end of the first lap, causing many other cars to collide. The race was stopped at the end of the lap, because of the pile-up. Andrea de Adamich retired from the sport after this due to injuries received in the first lap accident. Nine cars were eliminated in the pile-up, and 18 cars started on the second out of 29 cars that started. On the first start, a start by Jackie Stewart brought him from fourth to first in less than half a lap. At Becketts corner Stewart out-braked race leader Ronnie Peterson and took the lead, unfortunately for Stewart, the massive pile-up at the end of the first lap caused the race to be restarted and he had to start from fourth again. This time it was Niki Lauda who had an excellent start and moved up behind Peterson into second, Stewart passed Lauda on lap two, and charged after Peterson. On lap six, Stewart tried again to pass Peterson for the lead, although he was able to continue, Stewart recorded his worst finish of the season, 10th place out of 13 finishers. American driver Revson won his first Grand Prix by 2.8 seconds from Peterson, but just 8 months after his maiden F1 victory at Silverstone, he would die in a pre-testing accident at Kyalami in South Africa driving a Shadow. Last championship race held on the original Silverstone circuit, before the chicane at Woodcote was added for the next Grand Prix at Silverstone, motoGP, which would come to Silverstone from the Isle of Man in 1977, would use the original circuit until 1986. Only race with 4 New Zealand drivers, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Only the best 7 results from the first 8 races and the best 6 results from the last 7 races counted towards the Championship, numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
32.
1974 Formula One season
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The 1974 Formula One season was the 28th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. The season also included three non-championship races and this was also the first title for McLaren and the first of many titles for a team sponsored by the Marlboro cigarette brand. Fittipaldi, Ronnie Peterson and Carlos Reutemann each won three races, Jody Scheckter and Niki Lauda two each, Regazzoni and Denny Hulme, who retired at the end of the season, chris Amons own car, like the Token and the Trojan, was not a success. Two F1 drivers died over the course of the season, Peter Revson in a practice accident at the South African GP in March. The 1974 season was the first in which drivers had permanent racing numbers from race to race, the following teams and drivers contested the 1974 World Championship. In qualifying for the round in Argentina, Ronnie Peterson took pole in his Lotus ahead of Clay Regazzonis Ferrari. Peterson led at the start, whereas fellow front-row starter Regazzoni spun, Fittipaldi was hit by teammate Mike Hailwood and lost two laps while repairing his car, and James Hunt inhereited second whereas Peter Revson, who started fourth, retired in the chaos. Hunt spun before the first lap was over, and second place went to Carlos Reutemanns Brabham, Reutemann passed Peterson on the third lap, and soon the Swede began to fade badly with brake problems. As a result, Mike Hailwood and Denny Hulme in their McLarens were second and third, ahead of Jacky Ickx and Niki Lauda in the second Lotus, Hulme, Ickx and Lauda all passed Hailwood and then Ickx suffered a puncture mid-race and had to pit. Regazzoni was recovering from his spin, and passed Hailwood soon after, Reutemann continued to lead until his engine began to misfire, with Hulme closing in and taking the lead on the penultimate lap. Hulme went on to win, with Lauda and Regazzoni completing the podium after Reutemann ran out of fuel on the last lap, Fittipaldi took a popular home pole in Brazil, beating Reutemann and Lauda. Reutemann, eager to make up after his bad luck in Argentina, took the lead at the start, Reutemann led early on, but was passed by both Peterson and Fittipaldi on lap 4. Peterson battled with former Lotus teammate Fittipaldi for the next 12 laps, Fittipaldi passed him and took the lead, whereas Peterson dropped backwards. Fittipaldi went on to take a victory, with Regazzoni getting second. The field went to South Africa after a two-month break, Lauda took pole position, with Carlos Paces Surtees also on the front row. Arturo Merzario in the Iso-Marlboro team was a third on the grid. At the start, Lauda took the lead, whereas surprise packages Pace, Reutemann was up to second, and he took the lead from Lauda on the tenth lap, and he would remain ahead for the rest of the afternoon. Regazzoni was third ahead of Fittipaldi and Hailwood, but soon Jean-Pierre Beltoises BRM soon passed the two McLarens, as Fittipaldi began to drop back
33.
Brabham
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Motor Racing Developments Ltd. commonly known as Brabham /ˈbræbəm/, was a British racing car manufacturer and Formula One racing team. Founded in 1960 by two Australians, driver Jack Brabham and designer Ron Tauranac, the team won four Drivers, Jack Brabhams 1966 Drivers Championship remains the only such achievement using a car bearing the drivers own name. In the 1960s, Brabham was the worlds largest manufacturer of open wheel racing cars for sale to customer teams, during this period, teams using Brabham cars won championships in Formula Two and Formula Three. Brabham cars also competed in the Indianapolis 500 and in Formula 5000 racing, the team won two more Formula One Drivers Championships in the 1980s with Brazilian Nelson Piquet. He won his first championship in 1981 in the Ground effects BT49-Ford, in 1983 the Brabham BT52, driven by Piquet and Italian Riccardo Patrese, was powered by the BMW M12 Straight-4 engine, and powered Brabham to four of the teams 35 Grand Prix victories. British businessman Bernie Ecclestone owned Brabham during most of the 1970s and 1980s, Ecclestone sold the team in 1988. Its last owner was the Middlebridge Group, a Japanese engineering firm, midway through the 1992 season, the team collapsed financially as Middlebridge was unable to make repayments against loans provided by Landhurst Leasing. The case was investigated by the United Kingdom Serious Fraud Office, in 2009, an unsuccessful attempt was made by a German organisation to enter the 2010 Formula One season using the Brabham name. The Brabham team was founded by Jack Brabham and Ron Tauranac, Brabham was the more successful driver and went to the United Kingdom in 1955 to further his racing career. In 1959 and 1960, Brabham won the Formula One World Drivers Championship in Coopers revolutionary mid-engined cars, despite their innovation of putting the engine behind the driver, the Coopers and their Chief Designer Owen Maddock were generally resistant to developing their cars. Brabham pushed for further advances, and played a significant role in developing Coopers highly successful 1960 T53 lowline car, Brabham describes Tauranac as absolutely the only bloke Id have gone into partnership with. Later, Brabham offered a Coventry-Climax FWE-engined version of the Herald, with 83 hp, to meet that aim, Brabham and Tauranac set up Motor Racing Developments Ltd. deliberately avoiding the use of either mans name. Unveiled in the summer of 1961, the MRD was soon renamed, motoring journalist Jabby Crombac pointed out that way a Frenchman pronounces those initials—written phonetically, em air day—sounded perilously like the French word. Gavin Youl achieved a finish at Goodwood and another at Mallory Park in the MRD-Ford. The cars were known as Brabhams, with type numbers starting with BT for Brabham Tauranac. By the 1961 Formula One season, the Lotus and Ferrari teams had developed the approach further than Cooper. The Brabham Racing Organisation started the year fielding a customer Lotus chassis, Brabham took two points finishes in Lotuses, before the turquoise-liveried Brabham BT3 car made its debut at the 1962 German Grand Prix. It retired with a problem after 9 of the 15 laps
34.
Vern Schuppan
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Vernon Vern Schuppan is a retired Australian motor racing driver. Schuppan drove in various categories, participating in Formula One, the Indianapolis 500, after a successful karting career in which he won numerous Australian state and national titles, Schuppan made the decision to pursue a career in motor racing. He and his wife Jennifer ventured to Great Britain to allow him to participate in the British Formula Atlantic Championship, in 1974 Schuppan went to Team Ensign, débuting again in the Belgian Grand Prix where he finished in 15th position. In Monaco he retired on lap four because of an accident, Schuppan failed to qualify in France or Britain. He retired in Germany on lap four because of gearbox problems, in 1975 he raced in one race in Sweden for Embassy Racing With Graham Hill team, retiring from the race with transmission problems. In 1977 Schuppan raced for Surtees, finishing 12th in Britain and he finished 16th in Austria, but failed to qualify for his final Formula One race in the Netherlands. Schuppan has had a successful sports car career, winning the 198324 Hours of Le Mans for Porsches official factory team with Al Holbert. Holbert drove the final lap of the race with an engine caused by an airflow blockage to the radiator that cooled the heads. The second placed car, the #1 Rothmans Porsche of defending winners Jacky Ickx, by winning Le Mans in 1983, Schuppan became only the second Australian to win the French classic, following in the footsteps of 1928 winner Bernard Rubin. Although Rubin was born in Australia, Schuppan is often mistaken for being the first Aussie winner. Vern Schuppan also finished second at Le Mans in 1977 driving a Mirage GR8-Renault turbo with French F1 driver Jean-Pierre Jarier and he also finished third in 1975 with Jean-Pierre Jaussaud in a Mirage GR8-Ford Cosworth DFV. After winning at Le Mans, Schuppan went on to win the 1983 Japanese Sports-Prototype Championship and he then pitted for Schuppan to run the car to the flag. Schuppan got in one and a half laps before the car broke a conrod with just 90 minutes left to run. Schuppan also placed third in the All Japan Sports Prototype Championship in 1984,1985 and 1986, Schuppan competed in three Indianapolis 500 races. These were 1976,1979 and 1981, with a best result of third in 1981 driving a McLaren-Ford, in all, he started 32 CART and USAC Championship races. He won the 1974 and 1976 Macau Grand Prix races, dominating the 1974 race and he also won the 1971 British Formula Atlantic Championship and the Singapore Grand Prix in 1973. He was second in 1972 and also second in the Malaysian Grand Prix in 1972 and he raced Formula 5000 in Europe between 1974-1975 and in North America 1974-1976 with some success. In his home country Australia, Schuppan won the 1976 Rothmans International Series run for Formula 5000 cars, driving a Lola T332-Chevrolet
35.
1975 Austrian Grand Prix
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The 1975 Austrian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Österreichring on 17 August 1975. It was the eighth Austrian Grand Prix and the sixth to be held at the Österreichring and it was held over 29 of the scheduled 54 laps of the six kilometre circuit for a race distance of 171 kilometres. The race was shortened by rain, meaning that only half points were awarded. Mastering the wet weather, the race was won by Italian driver Vittorio Brambilla driving a March 751 and it was Brambillas only Formula One win in his seven-year Grand Prix career. He took a 27-second win over British driver James Hunt in his Hesketh 308, eight seconds further back was the Shadow DN5 of British driver Tom Pryce in the first of just two podiums in his abbreviated career. With neither Carlos Reutemann nor Emerson Fittipaldi featuring in the points, if Lauda scored any points at all at the Italian Grand Prix the Austrian driver could claim the championship. Niki Lauda delighted his home crowd by claiming his seventh position of the year. Rolf Stommelen returned after his crash in Spain, Chris Amon had returned for Ensign, practice was marred by a series of accidents, Brian Henton crashing his Lotus when he hit an oil patch and Wilson Fittipaldi breaking two bones in his hand. During the final session, Mark Donohue crashed at Vost-Hugel. The catch fencing balled up under the car, catapulting it into an advertising hoarding, both Donohue, who had suffered a brain hemorrhage, and a track marshal who had been hit by debris died two days later. As the grid formed up, there were reports of rain at the far side of the track, thunderclouds were forming ominously and the cars were returned to the pits to change to wet tyres. After 45 minutes, the grid reformed, Lauda led off the start from James Hunt and Patrick Depailler who had shot up from the fourth row. Mario Andretti spun off, whilst Bob Evans retired the BRM, Vittorio Brambilla had shot through the spray to gain a magnificent third place, with Ronnie Peterson leaping from tenth to fourth. By lap 12, it was obvious that Laudas car was not set up fully to cope with wet conditions, however, this was to be short-lived. The Heskeths engine was running on seven cylinders and Brambilla was clambering all over the back of the car. Ahead of them Lunger was driving carefully in his first wet race, Brambilla seized the lead and it took a further two laps for Hunt to finally pass his team-mate. Peterson had to pit to replace a faulty visor, whilst the Brabham drivers found they had been racing with one of their own rear tyres, as Brambilla took the flag, he crashed into the barriers and the March team celebrated a historic victory. However, behind the scenes, there was confusion, some teams were preparing for a restart, but as the race had been stopped with a chequered flag only, this could not happen
36.
1975 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1975 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monza on 7 September 1975. It was the 45th Italian Grand Prix and the 41st to be held at Monza, the race held over 52 laps of the five kilometre circuit for a race distance of 300 kilometres. The race was won by Swiss driver Clay Regazzoni in his Ferrari 312T in a day for Scuderia Ferrari. It was Regazzonis third win, Ferraris fifth win for the season, Regazzoni took a sixteen-second win over the McLaren M23 of outgoing world champion, Brazilian driver Emerson Fittipaldi. Behind Fittipaldi was the second Ferrari of Austrian driver Niki Lauda, third place was enough for Lauda to secure his first world championship. Laudas 16.5 point lead would be too much for Fittipaldi to bridge at the round of the championship at the United States Grand Prix. With Regazzoni and Lauda scoring 13 points between them, Ferrari also secured the championship, their first such win since 1964. Tony Brise delighted his boss Graham Hill by gaining a third-row spot, Lauda only needed to finish 5th or higher to be champion, but Argentine Carlos Reutemann and Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi both needed to win with Lauda out of the points. Fittipaldi, who had won in Argentina and Great Britain, was Laudas strongest challenger, on Sunday morning there was a cloudburst and for some time the future of the race was in jeopardy, but fortunately the rain dried up with about an hour to go before the start. Clay Regazzoni led from Lauda and Jody Scheckter, vittorio Brambillas clutch burnt out on the first lap, whilst Bob Evans halted with a failed engine plug. There was an accident at the chicane-Scheckter had to take to the escape road as around him Jochen Mass hit the kerb. Ronnie Peterson collided with car, jamming his throttle open. Mario Andretti and Rolf Stommelen retired with accident damage and Brise spun across the chicane, harald Ertl soared over the top of Hans-Joachim Stucks car, damaging the uprights. After six laps, Carlos Pace retired with a broken link, soon joined by Hans-Joachim Stuck. The Ferraris were circulating 1–2 with Clay Regazzoni leading majestically from Niki Lauda, on lap 14, Emerson Fittipaldi passed Carlos Reutemann for third place, and Reutemanns involvement in the championship was effectively over, he finished 4th in the race. Despite the Ferraris being way ahead, Fittipaldi would not give up the chase, with just six laps left, he managed to pass Lauda. Meanwhile, Patrick Depailler had taken James Hunt for fifth only to spin off down the escape road, Hunt, Tom Pryce and Reutemann were duelling, Pryce taking the place when Hunt spun off on lap 27 – but ceding it to him after a further ten laps. Harald Ertl was a lap down, but drove so well that Pryce could not overtake him, Regazzoni took the flag, Lauda was third and champion and Ferrari won the championship for the first time since 1961 in front of their home crowd
37.
Danny Ongais
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Danny Ongais is an American former racing driver. Ongais is the only native Hawaiian to compete in the Indianapolis 500, a flamboyant figure on the racing circuit, Ongais was nicknamed On-Gas and The Flyin Hawaiian. In Formula One, Ongais in six Grands Prix, debuting on October 2,1977, and recorded a best result of seventh. In 1996, at the age of 54, he served as the driver for Scott Brayton in the Indianapolis 500. Starting last, Ongais finished 7th in what was his final 500, at the 1981 Indianapolis 500, Ongais was involved in a near-fatal wreck, which caused several arm and leg fractures as well as internal injuries. Four years later, at the Michigan 500, he spun on the exit of two and barrel-rolled down the back straight, during a race which had several crashes throughout its duration. Ongais was born in Kahului, Hawaii, when he was aged 14, he tested out motorbike racing with some success. In the late 1950s, Ongais enlisted in the United States Army as a paratrooper stationed in Europe and he was later discharged and returned to Hawaii for motor racing. Ongais became the Hawaiian motorcycle champion in 1960 and was in the top three positions in the class from 1960 to 1962. Ongais made his CART debut during the 1979 season driving the #25 Panasonic/Interscope Racing Parnelli 6C-Cosworth DFX and he first raced at the Arizona Republic/Jimmy Bryan 150 at Phoenix International Raceway where he qualified 4th and led for several laps only to drop out after 128 laps due to engine problems. He then competed at the Gould Twin Dixie 125 however bad luck hit Ongais in both races, at the Indianapolis 500 Ongais crashed in practice and this put Ongais in jeopardy of not being able to compete. Ongais qualified 27th and finished 4th, as the season progressed the Parnelli 6C started to struggle due its age. Ongais scored another 4th-place finish at the Kent Oil 150 at Watkins Glen International, for the 1980 season Interscope was intending to use their own chassis with a Porsche V6 engine. The car was disallowed and Interscope brought out their Parnelli 6C-Cosworth DFX, at his first race of the season, the Indianapolis 500 Ongais started 16th and finished 7th. Ongais endured a season highlighted by a 3rd-place finish at Watkins Glen. Ongais also made a start for AMI Racing driving the #43 Armstrong Mould Orbiter 80C-Cosworth DFX at the Michigan 400 at Michigan International Speedway. Ongais ended the season in 15th place in points, in 1981 at the Indianapolis 500 Danny Ongais was involved in a very serious accident on lap 63. Ongais came into the pits on lap 63 as the leader of the race, after finally leaving the pits, Ongais approached a slower car at the end of the backstretch
38.
Derek Daly
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Derek Daly is a former racing driver from Ireland. He won the 1977 British Formula 3 Championship, and competed as a racing driver for 17 years participating in 64 World Championship Formula One Grands Prix. He scored a total of 15 championship points and he also participated in several non-Championship Formula One races. Daly later became a US citizen and now resides in Noblesville, Indiana with his wife, Rhonda. After honing his skills in the Irish Formula Ford Championship, Daly had his first drive in the European Formula Two Championship in 1977, in 1978 and 1979, he competed in both Formula Two and Formula One, finishing third in the Formula Two championship in both seasons. From 1980 to 1982, he focussed on Formula One, his best year being 1980, in 1982, Daly began driving in the CART series and continued through 1989. He started 66 CART races, including each Indianapolis 500 from 1983–1989 and he finished in the top ten a total of 21 times, including one podium finish, 3rd position, at Milwaukee in 1987. In September 1984 he was killed in a horrible crash in the CART PPG Detroit News Grand Prix 200 at Michigan International Speedway. In 1990, Daly had the result of finish both first and second at the 12 Hours of Sebring, driving for Nissan. Daly is known in sports circles around the world as a driver, writer, broadcaster, racing advisor. He runs a professional services company called MotorVation, and had been a commentator for American broadcasts of the Champ Car series, One of the agencies that represents him is the National Speakers Bureau. He was also part of the ESPN Speedworld Coverage of the Grand Prix of San Marino in 1994, official site Derek Daly Designs Profile at grandprix. com
39.
1978 German Grand Prix
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The 1978 German Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 30 July 1978 at Hockenheimring. This was the race of the future world champion Nelson Piquet. There were no surprises in qualifying, with Mario Andretti on pole and Ronnie Peterson alongside him, at the start, Peterson got off better and took the lead from Andretti, but he held it for only four laps before Andretti retook it. Lauda ran third in the stages, but he was passed by Alan Jones. The two Lotus cars were cruising at the front, and Jones ran third comfortably until he retired with a fuel vaporization problem. Lotuss hopes of a 1-2 ended when Petersons gearbox failed, but Andretti was unaffected by that and cruised to his win of the season, with Jody Scheckter second. Lap Leaders, Ronnie Peterson 4 laps, Mario Andretti 41 laps, the Rebaque team scored their only points finish at this race. First Race, Nelson Piquet James Hunt and Rolf Stommelen were both disqualified for entering the pits via another route, not the pit entrance, note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
40.
Hockenheimring
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The Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg is a motor racing circuit situated in the Rhine valley near the town of Hockenheim in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, located on Bertha Benz Memorial Route. Amongst other motor racing events, it hosts the German Grand Prix. The circuit has very little change in elevation, the circuit has FIA Grade 1 license. The Hockenheimring was originally built in 1932 using roads in the forest as an alternative to the Wildpark-Circuit in Karlsruhe, the Hockenheimring was used for motorcycle racing and was expanded to be used as test track for Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union in 1936. In 1938 it was renamed the Kurpfalzring and that name was used until 1947, after World War II, former DKW and NSU factory rider and world record setter Wilhelm Herz promoted the track successfully. Grand Prix motorcycle racing events were held, with the German motorcycle Grand Prix alternating between Hockenheim and other tracks, the original circuit was almost eight kilometres long and consisted of two long straights with a long Eastern corner in the forest and a U-turn inside Hockenheim joining them together. In 1965, when the new Autobahn A6 separated the village from the part of the track. After Jim Clark was killed on 7 April 1968 in a Formula 2 racing accident, a small memorial was placed near the first chicane, at the site of his accident. In 1982, another chicane was added at the Ostkurve, after Patrick Depailler was killed there in 1980, and the first chicane was made slower as well. The long track length also meant that a typical Formula One race had only 45 laps, prost ran out at the end of the 1986 race, pushing his McLaren towards the line before giving up. He was placed 3rd when he ran dry and was eventually classified 6th, many problems came to light during the 2000 German Grand Prix, where Brazilian driver Rubens Barrichello won from having started 18th on the grid, in changeable weather conditions. All the overtaking moves that took place during the race were in the chicanes of the forest sector, a former Mercedes employee, who had been dismissed, breached the tracks security barriers on the first main straight, showing vulnerable security facilities in the forest. The state government of Baden-Württemberg secured the financing for the redesign by Hermann Tilke for the 2002 German Grand Prix, the stadium section remained mostly intact, despite a new surface and a tighter Turn 1. However, the circuit was shortened, with the long. In an extremely controversial move, the old forest section was torn up and replanted with trees, several drivers and team principals, including Ron Dennis, Jarno Trulli and Juan Pablo Montoya, criticised the changes and stated their preference for the old circuit. The new track has a capacity of 120,000. The complex also features a track for drag racing. The Hockenheim Circuit hosted the German Grand Prix for the first time in 1970 when the F1 drivers decided at the French Grand Prix to boycott the Nürburgring unless major changes were made
Clay Regazzoni
Chris Amon
Jacky Ickx
Nelson Piquet
Jan Lammers
Rikky von Opel
Patrick Tambay
Geoff Lees
Harald Ertl
