1.
EPCOT (concept)
–
The Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow was an unfinished concept being developed by Walt Disney. Its purpose was to be a city that would never cease to be a blueprint of the future. A portion of the architectural model of the concept can be viewed on the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover in the Magic Kingdom. In the early 1960s, entertainment industry magnate Walt Disney, who by this time had many grandchildren and he worried especially about modern cities, which were hectic, disorganized, dirty, and crime-ridden, a far cry from his clean and controlled Disneyland Park in California. Around the same time, Disney had given the East Coast a glimpse of his style of entertainment, the success of these exhibitions convinced him that the time was right for an East Coast Disneyland. However, Disney did not want simply to build a second Disneyland and he wanted to create something entirely different, a community for people to live in. Walt Disney determined that Florida was the best location for his new project, through various dummy corporations, he purchased 27,800 acres of Florida swampland located between Orlando and Kissimmee. Commenting on this choice, he said, Here in Florida weve enjoyed something weve never enjoyed at Disneyland, theres enough land here to hold all the ideas and plans we could possibly imagine. Disney also petitioned the Florida State Legislature to give Walt Disney Productions municipal jurisdiction over the land they had acquired and this ensured that Walt Disney would have full control over every aspect of the development of the property, including building construction. The jurisdiction thus created eventually became known as the Reedy Creek Improvement District, a recording on October 27,1966, less than two months before Disneys death, was a 25-minute film about his plans for the Florida Project, then dubbed Disney World. In the film, Walt himself explains briefly how the Florida property will be utilized, Disney made this film primarily to persuade and encourage American industry and various corporations to opt in and help Walt Disney Productions in the creation and running of EPCOT. Disney also encouraged the industrial companies to come up with their best ideas in technology, with the help of concept art and animation, Disney showed what the city would look like and how it would work. But the basic philosophy of what were planning for Disney World is going to very much as it is right now. The film itself can be found on Walt Disney Treasures - Tomorrow Land in its entirety, the Carousel of Progress was one of Walt Disneys attractions developed for the New Yorks World Fair in 1963-64. Guests stayed in their seats as a ring of six theaters moved around a fixed. When the Fair ended, Walt Disney had an attraction to export to Disneyland. Walt Disney died in December 1966 and he never saw the July 1967 re-opening of the attraction this time at Disneyland. In Disneyland, the show concluded with an act, featuring the detailed model of what was known as Progress City
2.
Spaceship Earth (Epcot)
–
Spaceship Earth is the iconic and symbolic structure of Epcot, the second of four theme parks built at the Walt Disney World Resort. The 15-minute dark ride demonstrates to guests how advancements in human communication have helped to create the one step at a time. At the conclusion of the ride, passengers have the chance to design their own future using touch screens that are embedded into the ride cars. The structure is similar in texture to the United States pavilion from Expo 67 in Montreal, the architectural design was conceived by Wallace Floyd Design Group. The structural designs of both Expo 67 and Spaceship Earth were completed by Simpson Gumpertz & Heger Inc. of Boston, geometrically, Spaceship Earth is derived from the Class 2 geodesic polyhedron with frequency of division equal to 8. Each face of the polyhedron is divided into three isosceles triangles to form each point, in theory, there are 11,520 total isosceles triangles forming 3840 points. In reality, some of those triangles are partially or fully nonexistent due to supports and doors, there are actually only 11,324 silvered facets, the appearance of being a monolithic sphere is an architectural goal that was achieved through a structural trick. Spaceship Earth is in two structural domes. Six legs are supported on groups that are driven up to 160 feet into Central Floridas soft earth. Those legs support a steel box-shaped ring at the spheres perimeter, the upper structural dome sits on this ring. A grid of trusses inside the ring supports two structures of the ride and show system. Below the ring, a dome is hung from the bottom. The ring and trusses form a structure which separates the upper dome from the lower. Supported by and about three feet off the structural domes is a sphere to which the shiny Alucobond panels. The cladding was designed so that when it rains, no water pours off the sides onto the ground, all water is collected through one-inch gaps in the facets into a gutter system, and finally channeled into the World Showcase Lagoon. The structure was designed with the help of science fiction writer Ray Bradbury, the term Spaceship Earth was popularised by Buckminster Fuller, who also popularized the geodesic dome. Extending upwards from the table are quadropod structures, which support smaller beams which form the shell of the steel skeleton, pipes stand the aluminum skin panels away from the skeleton and provide space for utilities. A small service car is parked in the space between the structural and cladding surfaces, and can carry a prone technician down the sides to access repair locations
3.
Walt Disney World
–
The Walt Disney World Resort is an entertainment complex in Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando and Kissimmee, Florida. The resort is the destination of Disneys worldwide corporate enterprise. Opened on October 1,1971, Walt Disney World is the most visited vacation resort in the world, the resort is owned and operated by Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, a division of The Walt Disney Company. It was initially operated by Walt Disney World Company, Magic Kingdom was the first theme park to open in the complex, in 1971, followed by Epcot in 1982, Disneys Hollywood Studios in 1989, and the most recent, Disneys Animal Kingdom in 1998. Designed to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955, the Florida Project, as it was known, was intended to present a distinct vision with its own diverse set of rides. Walt Disneys original plans called for the inclusion of an Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow. Walt Disney died on December 15,1966, before construction began, without Disney spearheading the construction, the company created a resort similar to Disneyland, abandoning experimental concepts for a planned community. In 1959, Walt Disney Productions began looking for land to house a second resort to supplement Disneyland in Anaheim, California, which had opened in 1955. Market surveys at the revealed that only 5% of Disneylands visitors came from east of the Mississippi River. Additionally, Walt Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, Walt Disney flew over a potential site in Orlando, Florida – one of many – in November 1963. To avoid a burst of land speculation, Walt Disney World Company used various dummy corporations to acquire 30,500 acres of land, in May 1965, some of these major land transactions were recorded a few miles southwest of Orlando in Osceola County. In addition, two tracts totaling $1. Some are now memorialized on a window above Main Street, U. S. A. in Magic Kingdom, the smaller parcels of land acquired were called outs. They were 5-acre lots platted in 1912 by the Munger Land Company, most of the owners in the 1960s were happy to get rid of the land, which was mostly swamp at the time. Another issue was the rights to the land, which were owned by Tufts University. Without the transfer of rights, Tufts could come in at any time. Eventually, Disneys team negotiated a deal with Tufts to buy the rights for $15,000. Working strictly in secrecy, real estate agents unaware of their clients identity began making offers to landowners in April 1964 in parts of southwest Orange and northwest Osceola counties
4.
Bay Lake, Florida
–
Bay Lake is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. The population was 47 at the 2010 census and it is named after a lake located east of the Magic Kingdom. All four of the Walt Disney World theme parks, and one of the two parks, are located in Bay Lake. Bay Lake is one of two Florida municipalities controlled by the Walt Disney Company, the other being Lake Buena Vista, the city is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area. It was and still is located fully inside the RCID, as fully described in Reedy Creek Improvement District, the city has always been controlled by the Walt Disney Company and has allowed them powers that other area attractions have not had. Chapter 69-836, which became a law on July 3,1969, without the governors approval, chapter 69-1527, which became a law the same day, completely moved the city of Reedy Creek, with the land given up by Bay Lake included in the new city. Since then, Bay Lake has expanded to fill the original RCID west of Bonnet Creek, the RCID had all the powers of the city and more, raising the question of why cities were incorporated inside of it. Walt Disneys original plans for the site included at least one living area. This was never built, but some of the ideas were incorporated into the EPCOT theme park, the later Celebration, Florida, was deannexed from the city and the RCID in 1994 so the Walt Disney Company would not lose control of the district. The only residents of the city are Disney employees and their family members who live in a community on the north shore of Bay Lake. Bay Lake is located at 28°23′29″N 81°34′0″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 22.8 square miles, of which 21.5 square miles is land and 1.4 square miles is water. The principal border that divides the cities of Lake Buena Vista to the east and Bay Lake to the west is the canal called Bonnet Creek, adjacent to Bonnet Creek Parkway. Most of the associated with the Walt Disney World Resort are actually located within the City of Bay Lake. As of the census of 2000, there were 23 people,9 households, the population density was 1.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 9 housing units at a density of 0.5 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was twenty-two whites and one black, none of the people in Bay Lake were Hispanics or Latinos. Three households were made up of individuals and one consisted of living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the family size was 3.00
5.
Geographical coordinates
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
7.
The Walt Disney Company
–
The Walt Disney Company, commonly known as Disney, is an American diversified multinational mass media and entertainment conglomerate, headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California. It is the second largest media conglomerate in terms of revenue. Disney was founded on October 16,1923 – by brothers Walt Disney, the company also operated under the names The Walt Disney Studio and then Walt Disney Productions. Taking on its current name in 1986, it expanded its operations and also started divisions focused upon theater, radio, music, publishing. In addition, Disney has since created corporate divisions in order to more mature content than is typically associated with its flagship family-oriented brands. The company is best known for the products of its studio, Walt Disney Studios. Disneys other three divisions are Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, Disney Media Networks, and Disney Consumer Products. The company has been a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average since May 6,1991, Mickey Mouse, an early and well-known cartoon creation of the company, is a primary symbol and mascot for Disney. In early 1923, Kansas City, Missouri, animator Walt Disney created a film entitled Alices Wonderland. After the bankruptcy in 1923 of his previous firm, Laugh-O-Gram Studios, Disney moved to Hollywood to join his brother, Walt and Roy Disney formed Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio that same year. More animated films followed after Alice, in January 1926, with the completion of the Disney studio on Hyperion Street, the Disney Brothers Studios name was changed to the Walt Disney Studio. The distributor owned Oswald, so Disney only made a few hundred dollars, Disney completed 26 Oswald shorts before losing the contract in February 1928, due to a legal loophole, when Winklers husband Charles Mintz took over their distribution company. After failing to take over the Disney Studio, Mintz hired away four of Disneys primary animators to start his own animation studio, Snappy Comedies. In 1928, to recover from the loss of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, Disney came up with the idea of a character named Mortimer while on a train headed to California. The mouse was later renamed Mickey Mouse and starred in several Disney produced films, ub Iwerks refined Disneys initial design of Mickey Mouse. Disneys first sound film Steamboat Willie, a cartoon starring Mickey, was released on November 18,1928 through Pat Powers distribution company and it was the first Mickey Mouse sound cartoon released, but the third to be created, behind Plane Crazy and The Gallopin Gaucho. Disney used Pat Powers Cinephone system, created by Powers using Lee De Forests Phonofilm system, Steamboat Willie premiered at B. S. Mosss Colony Theater in New York City, now The Broadway Theatre. Disneys Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho were then retrofitted with synchronized sound tracks, Disney continued to produce cartoons with Mickey Mouse and other characters, and began the Silly Symphonies series with Columbia Pictures signing on as Symphonies distributor in August 1929
8.
Magic Kingdom
–
Magic Kingdom is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division, initialized by Walt Disney and designed by WED Enterprises, its layout and attractions are based on Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California, and is dedicated to fairy tales and Disney characters. The park is represented by Cinderella Castle, inspired by the fairy tale castle seen in the 1950 film, Walt Disney World is a tribute to the philosophy and life of Walter Elias Disney. And to the talents, the dedication, and the loyalty of the entire Disney organization that made Walt Disneys dream come true, may Walt Disney World bring Joy and Inspiration and New Knowledge to all who come to this happy place. A Magic Kingdom where the young at heart of all ages can laugh and play, although Walt Disney had been highly involved in planning the Florida Project, Walt Disney Productions began construction on Magic Kingdom and the entire resort in 1967 after his death. The park was built as a larger, improved version of Disneyland Park in California, there are several anecdotes relating to reasons for some of the features of Walt Disney World, and Magic Kingdom specifically. According to one story, Walt Disney once saw a Frontierland cowboy walking through Tomorrowland at Disneyland and he disliked that the cowboy intruded on the futuristic setting of Tomorrowland and wanted to avoid situations like this in the new park. The area around the utilidors was filled in with dirt removed from the Seven Seas Lagoon, the utilidors were built in the initial construction and were not extended as the park expanded. The tunnels were intended to be designed into all subsequent Walt Disney World parks, future World at Epcot and Pleasure Island each have a smaller network of utilidors. Magic Kingdom opened as the first part of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1,1971, commencing concurrently with Disneys Contemporary Resort, the Walt Disney Company promised to increase this number with a combination of replicas and unique attractions. While there is no dedication to Magic Kingdom, the dedication by Roy O. Disney for the entire resort was placed within its gates. The first, and as of today, only added to the original roster of lands in the park was Mickeys Toontown Fair. The land originally opened in 1988 as Mickeys Birthdayland to celebrate Mickey Mouses 60th birthday, later the land was renovated as Mickeys Starland and eventually to Mickeys Toontown Fair. The land was home to such as Mickeys Country House, Minnies Country House, The Barnstormer at Goofys Wiseacre Farm. It closed on February 12,2011, to make way for the expansion of Fantasyland, the Walt Disney World Railroad station in Mickeys Toontown Fair, which opened with Mickeys Birthdayland in 1988, was closed for the duration of the construction. In 2012, the space where Mickeys Toontown Fair sat reopened as a part of Fantasyland, in a called the Storybook Circus. The Barnstormer was retained and was re-themed to The Great Goofini, since opening day, Magic Kingdom has been closed temporarily because of six hurricanes, Floyd, Frances, Charley, Jeanne, Wilma, and Matthew. It was also closed in the middle of the day on September 11,2001, in addition, there are four phases of park closure when Magic Kingdom exceeds capacity, ranging from restricted access for most guests to full closure for everyone, even cast members
9.
Disney's Hollywood Studios
–
Disneys Hollywood Studios, originally Disney-MGM Studios, is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. It is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks, based on an idea by Marty Sklar, Randy Bright, and Michael Eisner, the park opened on May 1,1989, and was the third of four theme parks built at Walt Disney World. To increase public interest and the variety of representation within the park, Disney entered into a licensing agreement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The parks current name took effect in 2008, with the removal of the MGM-branding throughout the park, the parks icon was originally the Earffel Tower from the parks opening until 2001 when the Sorcerers Hat—a stylized version of the magical hat from Fantasia—was erected in the parks central hub. It then served as the icon until its removal in January 2015. The tower was removed in April 2016. Currently, the park remains without an official designated icon, although both the Great Movie Ride and the Twilight Zone Tower of Terror are represented as such in marketing materials. In 2015, the park hosted approximately 10.8 million guests, ranking it the fifth most-visited theme park in North America and we welcome you to a Hollywood that never was—and always will be. A team of Walt Disney Imagineers led by Marty Sklar and Randy Bright had been given an assignment to two new pavilions for Epcots Future World section. The brainstorming sessions led to Wonders of Life and Great Movie Ride pavilions, the latter was to look like a soundstage backdrop, with a movie theater-style entrance in the middle and would have sat between the Land and Journey Into Imagination pavilions. In 1988, MGM/UA responded by filing a lawsuit that claimed Disney violated the agreement by operating a working movie, when the park first opened, the only two attractions were the Studio Backlot Tour and The Great Movie Ride. Disney later filed a countersuit, claiming that MGM/UA and MGM Grand, on October 23,1992, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Curtis B. The 33-acre MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park opened in 1993 at the Las Vegas site, on August 9,2007, Walt Disney World President Meg Crofton announced that Disney-MGM Studios would be re-branded as Disneys Hollywood Studios, effective January 7,2008. On March 12,2015, during a shareholders meeting. Disneys Hollywood Studios is divided into six themed areas, the parks original layout featured a large Hidden Mickey, which was visible in aerial photographs of the park and on the parks early guide maps. Construction and other changes have eliminated much of this image. Hollywood Boulevard, inspired by the street in Los Angeles, serves as the main entrance and operates in the same vein as Main Street. It is lined with themed streetscape facades and venues selling Disney merchandise, guests enter through the main entrance gate, which resembles the Pan-Pacific Auditorium
10.
Disney's Animal Kingdom
–
Disneys Animal Kingdom is a zoological theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. Owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division, it is the largest theme park in the world, the park opened on Earth Day, April 22,1998, and was the fourth theme park built at Walt Disney World. The park is dedicated and themed entirely around the environment and animal conservation. The park is represented by the Tree of Life, a 145-foot-tall, in 2015 it had 10.9 million visitors, ranking it the fourth-most visited amusement park in the United States, behind the other three Walt Disney World parks, and seventh-most visited in the world. Welcome to a kingdom of animals, Disneys Animal Kingdom is divided into six themed areas. The Oasis is the main entrance, providing guest services. The main paths lead deeper into the park, and onto Discovery Island, a Rainforest Cafe is located at the entrance prior to entering Oasis and the park proper through the turnstiles. Discovery Island is located at the center of the park, in the middle of the Discovery River waterway and it is the central hub connecting the other sections of the park, with the exception of Rafikis Planet Watch. It was originally called Safari Village, as Discovery Island was the name for the zoological park located in Walt Disney Worlds Bay Lake. The Tree of Life, the sculpted, man-made Baobab tree, is located in this section and is surrounded by trails. Beneath the Tree of Life lies Its Tough to Be a Bug, a 4D film based on the 1998 Disney·Pixar film, A Bugs Life. The parks largest gift shops and two of its restaurants are on Discovery Island. Africa is one of the areas of the park. Set in the fictional east African port village of Harambe, this area contains several animal exhibits, the village is the namesake of the Harambe Wildlife Preserve, the fictional home of Africas main attraction, Kilimanjaro Safaris. Guests climb aboard a safari vehicle for an expedition to see African species in savanna, rivers. On the western side of Africa is the Harambe Theater, which is home to the Festival of the Lion King, Rafikis Planet Watch is the only section of the park not connected to Discovery Island, it connects only to Africa. Guests board the 3 ft narrow gauge Wildlife Express Train for the trip to and from the area. Guests first encounter Habitat Habit. where they can see cotton-top tamarins, along the way, guests can also learn how to provide animal habitats in and around their own homes
11.
Disney's Typhoon Lagoon
–
Disneys Typhoon Lagoon is a water theme park located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista in Orlando, Florida and is one of two operating water parks at the resort. It is the water park to open at the resort after Disneys River Country. The park, which opened on June 1,1989, is home to one of the worlds largest outdoor wave pools, the theme of the park is the Disney legend of a typhoon that wreaked havoc upon a formerly pristine tropical paradise. Ships, fishing gear and surfboards are strewn about where the storm flung them, Typhoon Lagoons mascot is “Lagoona Gator. In 2015, Typhoon Lagoon admitted approximately 2,294,000 visitors, Typhoon Lagoon operates year-round with an annual maintenance closure during either the fall or winter, during the closure, its sister park, Blizzard Beach, will remain open. Of the major parks at Disney World, Typhoon Lagoon is the one that lies within the city limits of Lake Buena Vista. Blizzard Beach and the four parks are within the adjacent city of Bay Lake. However, Lake Buena Vista is the address for the entire Walt Disney World Resort. Mount Mayday, located behind the pool, features “Miss Tilly” as well as many of the parks waterfalls. It is a mountain which not only provides launching areas for the waterslides. The main engineering works performed in 1988 and 1989 featured studies, design, as the Typhoon Lagoon was one of the first wave-makers applied to a theme park, one of its prime objectives was to produce surfable waves. Waves are generated by a 12-cell prestressed concrete tank in the background of the lagoon covered with the wreck scene. Computer modeling techniques were used at the time to study fluid-structure interaction, stress concentrations, humunga Kowabunga, Three enclosed speed slide flumes that send riders downward five stories in seconds reaching speeds of 39 mph. Storm Slides, Three body slides that send riders from a height of three stories down twisting, winding channels to a pool at the bottom. Gang Plank Falls, Family raft ride featuring large four-person inner tubes, Mayday Falls, Tube slide flume with winding rough rapids feel. Keelhaul Falls, Tube slide flume with smoother ride, spiraling down through a water fall, forgotten Grotto, A cave walkway through Mt. Mayday Overlook Pass, A walkway across the slope of Mt. Mayday, with small waterfalls. Hideaway Bay, formerly “Out of the Way Cay”, is a beach area located behind the dressing rooms. Crush n Gusher, Water coaster where one to two person rafts are propelled by water jets through hairpin turns and drop-offs and this attraction includes a choice of the water coaster slide Banana Blaster, Coconut Crusher, or Pineapple Plunger
12.
Disney's Blizzard Beach
–
Disneys Blizzard Beach is a water theme park located at the Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida. All water areas are heated, with the exception of the snow in the ice cave of Cross Country Creek. The park opened on April 1,1995 and was the third Walt Disney World water park, in 2015, the park hosted approximately 2,107,000 guests, ranking it the third-most visited water park in the world, behind its sister park, Typhoon Lagoon. Blizzard Beach is open year-round with an annual maintenance closure in either the fall or winter, during the closure, its park, Typhoon Lagoon. The majority of the attractions at the park are hosted atop of Mount Gushmore. Mount Gushmore is split into three colored slopes to aid guests navigating around the park, Green, Red and Purple, according to Disney legend, a freak snowstorm in the area led to the development of Floridas first ski resort. Naturally, the snow did not last long and this left behind a collection of waterlogged but snow-less ski jumps and chair lifts. The operators were preparing to cut their losses and walk away, however, they were interrupted by an echoing YAHHOOO. Coming from the mountain of melting snow and they looked up to see a blue alligator, wearing a red scarf and gold innertube, careening down the mountain at top speed. Ice Gator, the mascot, then landed in a pool of melted snow at the base of the mountain with a thunderous splash. The ski resort operators suddenly saw the potential, and the mountain of snow became Blizzard Beach. The Green Slope attractions, are found at the uppermost point of Mount Gushmore and they can be accessed by foot, or by chairlift. The chairlift is a ride, except for guests with disabilities. Summit Plummet is the attraction at 120 feet tall. Its the third-tallest and fastest free fall slide in the world, there is a minimum height requirement of 48 in. Summit Plummet is one of the highest and fastest water slides on Earth and this attraction sends guests down a twisting series of rushing waterfalls. Water park guests sit in large blue rubber rafts, which can hold a minimum of four and maximum of six people, no infants are allowed and other health restrictions are advised. Slush Gusher is a 90-foot-tall, 250-foot-long snow-banked mountain gully body slide attraction that reaches speeds up to 35 miles per hour and it has two places where it almost levels off, only to drop back down again
13.
Disney Springs
–
Disney Springs is an outdoor shopping, dining, and entertainment complex at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. The complex includes four areas, Marketplace, The Landing, Town Center. Buses and water taxis operated by Disney Transport provide transportation between Disney Springs and other areas of Walt Disney World, the Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village, which opened on March 22,1975, was originally envisioned as an area shopping mall. Two years after its opening, the complex was renamed Walt Disney World Village, construction began the following August and Pleasure Island was opened on May 1,1989, the same day as the Disneys Hollywood Studios theme park. Later that year, the complex was renamed Disney Village Marketplace, in the mid-1990s, the growth of Walt Disney World created the potential for further expansion, leading to a $1 billion investment in projects across the resort. The first World of Disney store opened October 2,1996, the re-branding was introduced on September 7,1997. On September 15, Downtown Disney West Side, a 66 acres expansion, opened as a shopping, dining, and entertainment area featuring venues such as La Nouba, DisneyQuest. On September 27,2008, the Pleasure Island nightclubs closed, the Downtown Disney complex gained a sister district in California on January 12,2001, with the addition of Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort. On March 14,2013, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts chairman Tom Staggs announced that Downtown Disney would be redesigned and renamed as Disney Springs, the 3-year renovation and expansion project would include 150 new tenants, two parking structures, and a near-doubling of mall area. Prior to this announcement, the last renovation of Downtown Disney had been in 1997, in order to facilitate the construction of the area and the increase in capacity, two large parking structures were constructed in previous surface parking lot areas. High Line structures were built across the West Side in order to both theme and shade. The complex was renamed Disney Springs on September 29,2015, Town Center, built just south of The Landing in the surface parking lots, was opened on May 15,2016, completing the major construction on the project. The complex is bordered by Lake Buena Vista to the north, Walt Disney Imagineering took inspiration for Disney Springs from real coastal towns found throughout Florida, such as St. Augustine and Coral Gables. Creative director Dave Hoffman said about the area, Each neighborhood reflects its function, the Marketplace houses many shops and restaurants reminiscent of the American Craftsman-style of the 1930s. The first restaurant in the Earl of Sandwich chain is located here, t-Rex Cafe is a dinosaur-themed restaurant operated by Landrys Restaurants, which features animatronic dinosaurs. It opened on October 14,2008, Landrys Restaurants also operates Rainforest Cafe at this location. A walkway spanning the Village Lake and connecting Rainforest Cafe with the Lego Store—The Marketplace Causeway—was constructed and opened in 2015, the Landing depicts the fictional towns transportation hub and marina. The Landing was formerly the site of Pleasure Island, an entertainment district with two comedy clubs and four dance clubs
14.
ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex
–
The ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex is a 220 acres athletic complex located in the Walt Disney World Resort, in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando, Florida. The complex includes 9 venues and hosts numerous amateur and professional sporting events throughout the year and it was known as Disneys Wide World of Sports Complex from 1997 until 2010 when it was re-branded with the Disney-owned ESPN brand. The rebranding was unveiled on February 25,2010 and it served as the home of the Orlando City Soccer Club for the 2014 season. Disney built the US$100 million facility on former wetlands under the direction of Disney Vice President Reggie Williams, the venue opened in March 1997 with an exhibition baseball game between the Atlanta Braves and the Cincinnati Reds. Initial tenants were Braves, the Harlem Globetrotters, NFL Experience, on May 13,2008, The Walt Disney Company announced plans to rebrand Disneys Wide World of Sports using the ESPN brand. On November 5,2009, Disney announced that the complex would be renamed ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex, the rebranding was officially unveiled during Disneys ESPN the Weekend festivities. The complex received an upgrade including the installation of HD video scoreboards at several of the venues, a new complex-wide audio system. The current admission price for ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex is $17.50 for adults, some events, particularly those at Champion Stadium, HP Field House, and Jostens Center, may require higher ticket fees, but still permit entry to the complex as a whole. A ticket is required to eat at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Grill, the Clubhouse Gift Shop can be accessed without paying for entry to the complex. A9,500 seat baseball stadium built in 1997, one of the original components of Wide World of Sports, it was formerly known as Cracker Jack Stadium and The Ballpark at Disneys Wide World of Sports. It is the training home of the Atlanta Braves and the recurring home for the Gulf Coast Braves. The stadium has hosted two regular season Major League Baseball series in 2007 and 2008 featuring the Tampa Bay Rays as the home team and it is sponsored by Hanes with their Champion brand. A5, 000-seat multi-purpose arena, formerly the Milk House and it hosts the AdvoCare Invitational college basketball tournament annually. The HP Field House has 70,000 square feet with stadium seating with the highest row 35 feet off the floor. It also features a smaller gymnasium behind the arena with retractable seating. It was formerly sponsored by the California Milk Processor Board, progenitors of the famous Got Milk, first announced in March 2007, the complexs 10th anniversary year, the Jostens Center is a 44, 800-square-foot arena that opened in the fall of 2008. Sponsored by the manufacturer, the center features six college-size basketball courts, twelve volleyball courts. Presented by Hess Corporation, these fifteen multi-purpose fields can host a number of different sports, two fields are equipped for night play, and four are made to international soccer dimensions
15.
Amusement park
–
An amusement park or theme park is a group of entertainment attractions, rides, and other events in a location for the enjoyment of large numbers of people. Theme parks, a type of amusement park, are usually much more intricately themed to a certain subject or group of subjects than normal amusement parks. Amusement parks evolved from European fairs and pleasure gardens, which were created for peoples recreation, Worlds fairs and expositions were another influence on the development of the amusement park industry. In common language, the theme park and amusement park are often synonymous. However, a park can be regarded as a distinct style of amusement park. A theme park has landscaping, buildings, and attractions that are based on one or more specific themes or stories. The amusement park evolved from three earlier traditions, the oldest being the periodic fair of the Middle Ages - one of the earliest was the Bartholomew Fair in England, the worlds oldest amusement park appeared in the Continent. Bakken at Klampenborg, north of Copenhagen, Denmark, opened in 1583, a wave of innovation in the 1860s and 1870s created mechanical rides, such as the steam-powered carousel, and its derivatives. This inaugurated the era of the modern funfair ride, as the classes were increasingly able to spend their surplus wages on entertainment. The second influence was the pleasure garden, one of the earliest gardens was the Vauxhall Gardens, founded in 1661 in London. By the late 18th century, the site had a fee for its many attractions. It regularly drew crowds, with its paths being noted for romantic assignations, tightrope walkers, hot air balloon ascents, concerts. Although the gardens were designed for the elites, they soon became places of great social diversity. Public firework displays were put on at Marylebone Gardens, and Cremorne Gardens offered music, dancing, prater in Vienna, Austria, was opened in 1766. The concept of a park for amusement was further developed with the beginning of the worlds fairs. The first World fair began in 1851 with the construction of the landmark Crystal Palace in London, the purpose of the exposition was to celebrate the industrial achievement of the nations of the world and it was designed to educate and entertain the visitors. American cities and business saw the worlds fair as a way of demonstrating economic. The Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, Illinois was an precursor to the modern amusement park
16.
Walt Disney
–
Walter Elias Walt Disney was an American entrepreneur, animator, voice actor and film producer. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons, as a film producer, Disney holds the record for most Academy Awards earned by an individual, having won 22 Oscars from 59 nominations. He was presented with two Golden Globe Special Achievement Awards and an Emmy Award, among other honors, several of his films are included in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. Born in Chicago in 1901, Disney developed an early interest in drawing and he took art classes as a boy and got a job as a commercial illustrator at the age of 18. He moved to California in the early 1920s and set up the Disney Brothers Studio with his brother Roy, with Ub Iwerks, Walt developed the character Mickey Mouse in 1928, his first highly popular success, he also provided the voice for his creation in the early years. As the studio grew, Disney became more adventurous, introducing synchronized sound, full-color three-strip Technicolor, feature-length cartoons, the results, seen in features such as Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Fantasia, Pinocchio, Dumbo and Bambi, furthered the development of animated film. New animated and live-action films followed after World War II, including the critically successful Cinderella and Mary Poppins, in the 1950s, Disney expanded into the amusement park industry, and in 1955 he opened Disneyland. In 1965, he began development of theme park, Disney World, the heart of which was to be a new type of city. Disney was a smoker throughout his life, and died of lung cancer in December 1966 before either the park or the EPCOT project were completed. Disney was a shy, self-deprecating and insecure man in private and he had high standards and high expectations of those with whom he worked. Although there have been accusations that he was racist or anti-semitic and his reputation changed in the years after his death, from a purveyor of homely patriotic values to a representative of American imperialism. Nevertheless, Disney is considered an icon, particularly in the United States. Walt Disney was born on December 5,1901, at 1249 Tripp Avenue and he was the fourth son of Elias Disney—born in the Province of Canada, to Irish parents—and Flora, an American of German and English descent. Aside from Disney, Elias and Calls sons were Herbert, Raymond and Roy, in 1906, when Disney was four, the family moved to a farm in Marceline, Missouri, where his uncle Robert had just purchased land. In Marceline, Disney developed his interest in drawing when he was paid to draw the horse of a neighborhood doctor. Elias was a subscriber to the Appeal to Reason newspaper, Disney also began to develop an ability to work with watercolors and crayons. He lived near the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway line and he and his younger sister Ruth started school at the same time at the Park School in Marceline in late 1909. In 1911, the Disneys moved to Kansas City, Missouri, before long, he was spending more time at the Pfeiffers house than at home
17.
Innovation
–
Innovation can be defined simply as a new idea, device or method. However, innovation is also viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs. This is accomplished through more-effective products, processes, services, technologies, or business models that are available to markets, governments. The term innovation can be defined as something original and more effective and, as a consequence, new and it is related to, but not the same as, invention. Innovation is often manifested via the engineering process, the opposite of innovation is exnovation. In industrial economics, innovations are created and found empirically from services to meet the consumer demand. A2013 survey of literature on innovation found over 40 definitions and it is both a process and an outcome. In business and economics, innovation can be a catalyst to growth and he famously asserted that creative destruction is the essential fact about capitalism. One prime example was the boom of Silicon Valley startups out of the Stanford Industrial Park. In 1957, dissatisfied employees of Shockley Semiconductor, the company of Nobel laureate and co-inventor of the transistor William Shockley, left to form an independent firm, after several years, Fairchild developed into a formidable presence in the sector. Eventually, these founders left to start their own based on their own, unique, latest ideas. Over the next 20 years, this snowball process launched the momentous startup company explosion of technology firms. Essentially, Silicon Valley began as 65 new enterprises born out of Shockley’s eight former employees, since then, hubs of innovation have sprung up globally with similar metonyms, including Silicon Alley encompassing New York City. In the organizational context, innovation may be linked to changes in efficiency, productivity, quality, competitiveness. However, recent research findings highlight the role of organizational culture in enabling organizations to translate innovative activity into tangible performance improvements. Organizations can also improve profits and performance by providing work groups opportunities and resources to innovate and it is the means by which the entrepreneur either creates new wealth-producing resources or endows existing resources with enhanced potential for creating wealth. –Drucker According to Clayton Christensen, disruptive innovation is the key to success in business. The organisation requires a structure in order to retain competitive advantage
18.
Culture
–
Culture can be defined in numerous ways. In the words of anthropologist E. B, Tylor, it is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. The Cambridge English Dictionary states that culture is the way of life, especially the customs and beliefs. As a defining aspect of what it means to be human, culture is a concept in anthropology. The word is used in a sense as the evolved ability to categorize and represent experiences with symbols. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes seen to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of culture that emerged in the 20th century. When used as a count noun, a culture is the set of customs, traditions, in this sense, multiculturalism is a concept that values the peaceful coexistence and mutual respect between different cultures inhabiting the same planet. Sometimes culture is used to describe specific practices within a subgroup of a society. Samuel Pufendorf took over this metaphor in a context, meaning something similar. His use, and that of many writers after him, refers to all the ways in which human beings overcome their original barbarism, and through artifice, become fully human. To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensive to cultivate it—to be responsible for it, to respond to it, thus a contrast between culture and civilization is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such. Cultural invention has come to any innovation that is new and found to be useful to a group of people and expressed in their behavior. Humanity is in a global accelerating culture change period, driven by the expansion of commerce, the mass media, and above all. Culture repositioning means the reconstruction of the concept of a society. Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change, Social conflict and the development of technologies can produce changes within a society by altering social dynamics and promoting new cultural models, and spurring or enabling generative action. These social shifts may accompany ideological shifts and other types of cultural change, for example, the U. S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. Environmental conditions may also enter as factors, Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies, which may also produce—or inhibit—social shifts and changes in cultural practices
19.
World's fair
–
A worlds fair, world fair, world exposition, or universal exposition is a large international exhibition designed to showcase achievements of nations. These exhibitions vary in character and are held in varying parts of the world, the next world Expo is Expo 2020 and is to be held in Dubai, UAE. Since the 1928 Convention Relating to International Exhibitions came into force, bIE-approved fairs are of three types, universal, specialized and horticultural. They usually last from three weeks to six months, Worlds fairs originated in the French tradition of national exhibitions, a tradition that culminated with the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 held in Paris. This fair was followed by other exhibitions in continental Europe. The best-known first World Expo was held in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, United Kingdom, in 1851, under the title Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations. The Great Exhibition, as it is called, was an idea of Prince Albert, Queen Victorias husband. It influenced the development of aspects of society, including art-and-design education, international trade and relations. This expo was the most obvious precedent for the international exhibitions, later called worlds fairs. Since their inception in 1851, the character of world expositions has evolved, three eras can be distinguished, the era of industrialization, the era of cultural exchange, and the era of nation branding. The first era could be called the era of industrialization and covered, roughly, in these days, world expositions were especially focused on trade, and were famous for the display of technological inventions and advancements. World expositions were the platforms where the state-of-the-art in science and technology from around the world were brought together, inventions such as the telephone were first presented during this era. An important part of the image of worlds fairs stems from this first era, the 1939–40 New York Worlds Fair diverged from the original focus of the worlds fair expositions. From then on, worlds fairs adopted specific cultural themes, they forecasted a future for society. Technological innovations were no longer the primary exhibits at fairs, the fairs encouraged effective intercultural communication for the exchange of innovation. The 1967 International and Universal Exposition in Montreal was promoted under the name Expo 67, event organizers retired the term worlds fair in favor of expo. From Expo 88 in Brisbane onwards, countries started to use world expositions more widely, finland, Japan, Canada, France and Spain are cases in point. A large study by Tjaco Walvis called Expo 2000 Hanover in Numbers showed that improving national image was the primary goal for 73% of the countries at Expo 2000
20.
Planned community
–
A planned community, or planned city, is any community that was carefully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undeveloped area. This contrasts with settlements that evolve in an ad hoc fashion. Land use conflicts are less frequent in these communities, the term new town refers to planned communities of the new towns movement in particular, mainly in the United Kingdom. It was also common in the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a plan either on ground or on the ruins of earlier Native American cities. C. in the United States. In Egypt, a new capital city east of Cairo has been proposed, the federal administrative centre of Malaysia, Putrajaya, is also a planned city. Abu Dhabi and some of the recently built cities in the Persian Gulf region are also planned cities, prior to the boom, these were just villages or towns. The city of Gaborone was planned and constructed in the 1960s, in 2012, President Teodoro Obiang decided to move the capital to a new jungle site at Oyala. Konza Technology City is a city that is hoped to become a hub of African science. The capital, Abuja, is a city and was built mainly in the 1980s. Upon completion, the new city which is still under development is anticipating 250,000 residents, centenary City, in the Federal Capital Territory, is another planned smart city under development. The city is designed to become a major tourist attraction to the country, a list of Nigerian cities and neighbourhoods that went through a form of planning are as follows, Abuja, one of the most populous planned cities, and the fastest growing city in the world. Ikeja, the capital of Lagos State Lekki, a new city in Lagos State Lekki Free Zone, a trade zone in the Lekki Orange Island. Victoria Island in Lagos, Lagos State A number of cities were set up during the apartheid-era for a variety of ethnic groups, Planned settlements set up for white inhabitants included Welkom, Sasolburg and Secunda. Additionally the majority of settlements in South Africa were planned in their early stages, some settlements were also set up for non whites such as the former homeland capital of Bhisho. Naypyidaw is the capital of Myanmar, also known as Burma and it is administered as the Naypyidaw Union Territory, as per the 2008 Constitution. On 6 November 2005, the capital of Burma was officially moved to a greenfield 3.2 km west of Pyinmana, and approximately 300 km north of Yangon. The capitals official name was announced on 27 March 2006, Burmese Armed Forces Day, much of the city was still under construction as late as 2012. As of 2009, the population was 925,000, which makes it Burmas third largest city, after Yangon, famous examples are Changan in Tang dynasty and Beijing
21.
Walt Disney Imagineering
–
Imagineering is responsible for designing and building Disney theme parks, resorts, cruise ships, and other entertainment venues at all levels of project development. Imagineering also manages various properties held by units within the Walt Disney Company including Disneys Burbank Studios, New Amsterdam Theater, when Disney was in the sports team ownership that included Edison Field and the Mighty Ducks Disney Ice practice rink in Anaheim. Disney filed for a copyright for the term in 1967, claiming first use of the term in 1962, Walt Disney Inc. was formed by Walt Disney in 1953 with the Disneyland designing engineering division. In light of objections from Roy as well as those of potential stockholders, in 1961, WED moved into the Grand Central Business Park, the site of the former Grand Central Air Terminal, in 1961. The unit was renamed as of January 1986 to Walt Disney Imagineering, in 1996, Disney Development Company, the Disney conglomerates real estate development subsidiary, merged into Imagineering. Imagineering created Disney Fair, a U. S. traveling attraction, with poor attendance, the fair was pulled after a few stops. Disney Entertainment Projects Inc. a new Disney Asian Pacific subsidiary, by 1997, Imagineers were in several buildings in Grand Central Business Park when Disney purchased the park. In September 1999, Disney Imagineering announced the Grand Central Creative Campus redesign of the park with a new office-studio complex anchored by Disney Imagineering. Some of the building were demolished to make way for new buildings, the additional space would be for sound stages, production facilities and offices. Imagineers are governed by a few key principles when developing new concepts, often, new concepts and improvements are created to fulfill specific needs. Many solutions to problems are designed in this way, such as the vehicle of the attraction Soarin Over California. An Imagineer found an Erector set in his attic, and was able to envision, Imagineers are also known for returning to ideas for attractions and shows that, for whatever reason, never came to fruition. These ideas are often reworked and appear in a different form – like the Museum of the Weird, finally, there is the principle of blue sky speculation, a process where Imagineers generate ideas with no limitations. The custom at Imagineering has been to start the process with what is referred to as eyewash--the boldest, wildest, best idea one can come up with. Many Imagineers consider this to be the beginning of the design process and operate under the notion that if it can be dreamt. Imagineers are always seeking to improve upon their work--what Walt Disney called plussing and he firmly believed that Disneyland will never be completed as long as theres imagination left in the world, meaning there is always room for innovation and improvement. During an Imagineering workshop in 1991, Marty Sklar presented ten commandments attributed to Mickey Steinberg, WDI is responsible for technological advances such as the Circle-Vision 360° film technique and the FastPass virtual queuing system. The idea sprang from Disney’s fascination with a bird he purchased in New Orleans
22.
Geodesic dome
–
A geodesic dome is a hemispherical thin-shell structure based on a geodesic polyhedron. The triangular elements of the dome are structurally rigid and distribute the stress throughout the structure. A first, small dome was patented, constructed by the firm of Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Zeiss plant in Jena, a larger dome, called The Wonder of Jena opened to the public in July 1926. Some 20 years later, R. Buckminster Fuller named the dome geodesic from field experiments with artist Kenneth Snelson at Black Mountain College in 1948 and 1949. Although Fuller was not the inventor, he is credited with the U. S. popularization of the idea for which he received U. S. patent 2,682,23529 June 1954. Howard of Synergetics, Inc. and specialty buildings like the Kaiser Aluminum domes, auditoriums, weather observatories, the dome was soon breaking records for covered surface, enclosed volume, and construction speed. Marines experimented with helicopter-deliverable geodesic domes, a 30-foot wood and plastic geodesic dome was lifted and carried by helicopter at 50 knots without damage, leading to the manufacture of a standard magnesium dome by Magnesium Products of Milwaukee. The dome was introduced to an audience as a pavilion for the 1964 Worlds Fair in New York City designed by Thomas C. Howard of Synergetics. This dome is now used as an aviary by the Queens Zoo in Flushing Meadows Corona Park after it was redesigned by TC Howard of Synergetics, another dome is from Expo 67 at the Montreal Worlds Fair, where it was part of the American Pavilion. The structures covering later burned, but the structure still stands and, under the name Biosphère. In the 1970s, Zomeworks licensed plans for structures based on other geometric solids, such as the Johnson solids, Archimedean solids and these structures may have some faces that are not triangular, being squares or other polygons. In 1975, a dome was constructed at the South Pole, on October 1,1982, one of the most famous geodesic domes, Spaceship Earth at the EPCOT Center in Walt Disney World, opened. The building is Epcots icon, and is included in the parks logo. In the year 2000 the worlds first fully sustainable geodesic dome hotel, the hotels dome design is key to resisting the regions strong winds and is based on the dwellings of the indigenous Kaweskar people. Wooden domes have a hole drilled in the width of a strut, a stainless steel band locks the struts hole to a steel pipe. With this method, the struts may be cut to the length needed. Triangles of exterior plywood are then nailed to the struts, the dome is wrapped from the bottom to the top with several stapled layers of tar paper, in order to shed water, and finished with shingles. This type of dome is called a hub-and-strut dome because of the use of steel hubs to tie the struts together
23.
Utopia
–
A utopia is an imagined community or society that possesses highly desirable or nearly perfect qualities for its citizens. The opposite of a utopia is a dystopia and you could also say that utopia is a perfect place that has been made so there are no problems. The term has been used to describe intentional communities, the term utopia was coined from Greek by Sir Thomas More for his 1516 book Utopia, describing a fictional island society in the Atlantic Ocean. The word comes from Greek, οὐ and τόπος and means no-place, however, in standard usage, the words meaning has narrowed and now usually describes a non-existent society that is intended to be viewed as considerably better than contemporary society. Eutopia, derived from Greek εὖ and τόπος, means good place, in English, eutopia and utopia are homophonous, which may have given rise to the change in meaning. Chronologically, the first recorded utopian proposal is Platos Republic, part conversation, part fictional depiction, and part policy proposal, Republic would categorize citizens into a rigid class structure of golden, silver, bronze and iron socioeconomic classes. The golden citizens are trained in a rigorous 50-year-long educational program to be benign oligarchs, plato stressed this structure many times in both quotes by him and in his published works, such as the Republic. The wisdom of these rulers will supposedly eliminate poverty and deprivation through fairly distributed resources, the educational program for the rulers is the central notion of the proposal. It has few laws, no lawyers and rarely sends its citizens to war, during the 16th century, Thomas Mores book Utopia proposed an ideal society of the same name. Some maintain the position that Mores Utopia functions only on the level of a satire, but the homophonic prefix eu-, meaning good, also resonates in the word, with the implication that the perfectly good place is really no place. Ecological utopian society describes new ways in which society should relate to nature and these works perceive a widening gap between the modern Western way of living that destroys nature and a more traditional way of living before industrialization. Ecological utopias may advocate a society that is more sustainable, according to the Dutch philosopher Marius de Geus, ecological utopias could be inspirational sources for movements involving green politics. Particularly in the early 19th century, several ideas arose. These ideas are often grouped in a utopian socialist movement. A once common characteristic is a distribution of goods, frequently with the total abolition of money. Citizens only do work which they enjoy and which is for the good, leaving them with ample time for the cultivation of the arts. One classic example of such a utopia was Edward Bellamys Looking Backward, Another socialist utopia is William Morriss News from Nowhere, written partially in response to the top-down nature of Bellamys utopia, which Morris criticized. However, as the socialist movement developed, it moved away from utopianism, in a materialist utopian society, the economy is perfect, there is no inflation, and only perfect social and financial equality exists
24.
Urban planning
–
Urban planning is also referred to as urban and regional planning, regional planning, town planning, city planning, rural planning or some combination in various areas worldwide. It takes many forms and it can share perspectives and practices with urban design, urban planning guides orderly development in urban, suburban and rural areas. Practitioners of urban planning are concerned with research and analysis, strategic thinking, architecture, urban design, public consultation, policy recommendations, implementation and management. Urban planners work with the fields of architecture, landscape architecture, civil engineering. Early urban planners were often members of these cognate fields, today urban planning is a separate, independent professional discipline. The discipline is the category that includes different sub-fields such as land-use planning, zoning, economic development, environmental planning. There is evidence of planning and designed communities dating back to the Mesopotamian, Indus Valley, Minoan. Archeologists studying the ruins of cities in these areas find paved streets that were out at right angles in a grid pattern. The idea of a planned out urban area evolved as different civilizations adopted it, beginning in the 8th century BCE, Greek city states were primarily centered on orthogonal plans. The ancient Romans, inspired by the Greeks, also used orthogonal plans for their cities, city planning in the Roman world was developed for military defense and public convenience. The spread of the Roman Empire subsequently spread the ideas of urban planning, as the Roman Empire declined, these ideas slowly disappeared. However, many cities in Europe still held onto the planned Roman city center, cities in Europe from the 9th to 14th centuries, often grew organically and sometimes chaotically. But many hundreds of new towns were built according to preconceived plans. Most of these were realized from the 12th to 14th centuries, from the 15th century on, much more is recorded of urban design and the people that were involved. In this period, theoretical treatises on architecture and urban planning start to appear in which questions are addressed and designs of towns. During the Enlightenment period, several European rulers ambitiously attempted to redesign capital cities, during the Second French Republic, Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, under the direction of Napoleon III, redesigned the city of Paris into a more modern capital, with long, straight, wide boulevards. Planning and architecture went through a shift at the turn of the 20th century. The industrialized cities of the 19th century grew at a tremendous rate, the pace and style of this industrial construction was largely dictated by the concerns of private business
25.
Ebenezer Howard
–
The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, and the building of the First Garden City, Letchworth Garden City, commenced in 1903. Howard aimed to reduce the alienation of humans and society from nature, Howard is believed by many to be one of the great guides to the town planning movement, with many of his garden city principles being used in modern town planning. Howard was born in Fore Street, City of London, the son of Ebenezer Howard, a baker and he was sent to schools in Suffolk and Hertfordshire. Howard left school at 15 and began working as a stenographer in London, Howard subsequently had several clerical jobs, including one with Dr Parker of the City Temple. In 1871, at the age of 21, influenced partly by a farming uncle and he went to Nebraska, and after his farming efforts failed, discovered he did not wish to be a farmer. He then relocated to Chicago and worked as a reporter for the courts, in the US he became acquainted with, and admired, poets Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Howard began to ponder ways to improve the quality of life, by 1876 he was back in England, where he found a job with Hansard company, which produces the official verbatim record of Parliament, and he spent the rest of his life in this occupation. Howards time in parliament exposed him to ideas about social reform, in August 1879 he married Eliza Ann Bills. Howard has been described as a humble and practical inventor who used his time to create outlines of new cities. It was the milieu of the 1800s which led Howard to consider the social problems of the time. Howard mingled with free thinkers, anarchists and socialists, whose revolutionary, following the death of his wife Eliza Ann Bills in 1907 he married Edith Annie Hayward, who ended her days as Edith, Lady Howard, and with whom he is buried in Letchworth Cemetery. Howard read widely, including Edward Bellamys 1888 utopian novel, Looking Backward, and Henry Georges economic treatise, Progress and Poverty, and thought much about social issues. He disliked the way cities were being developed and thought people should live in places that should combine the best aspects of both cities and the countryside. The only publication he wrote in his life was titled To-Morrow, A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, Garden Cities of To-morrow was based on ideas of social and urban reform. This book offered a vision of free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town and country. He illustrated the idea with his famous Three Magnets diagram, which addressed the question Where will the people go, the choices being Town, Country or Town-Country. Garden Cities of Tomorrow proposed that society be reorganised with networks of cities that would break the strong hold of capitalism. It proposed the creation of new towns of limited size, planned in advance
26.
Garden Cities of To-morrow
–
Garden Cities of To-morrow is a book by the British urban planner Ebenezer Howard. When it was published in 1898, the book was titled To-morrow, in 1902 it was reprinted as Garden Cities of To-Morrow. The book gave rise to the garden city movement and this book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town and country. Howard illustrated the idea with his Three Magnets diagram and his ideas were conceived for the context of a capitalist economic system, and sought to balance individual and community needs. Two English towns were built as garden cities, Letchworth and Welwyn, though they did not completely measure up to the ideal, they provided a model for controlling urban sprawl. Benton MacKaye, Conservationist, Planner, and creator of the Appalachian Trail, baltimore, The Johns Hopkins University Press. London, S. Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd.1902
27.
Monorail
–
A monorail is a railway in which the track consists of a single rail. The term is used to describe the beam of the system. Colloquially, the monorail is often used to describe any form of elevated rail or people mover. More accurately, the term refers to the style of track, not its elevation, with Mono meaning one, monorails have found applications in airport transfer and medium capacity metros. To differentiate monorails from other modes, the Monorail Society says “Monorail n. A single rail serving as a track for passenger or freight vehicles, in most cases rail is elevated, but monorails can also run at grade, below grade or in subway tunnels. Vehicles either are suspended from or straddle a narrow guide way. Monorail vehicles are wider than the way that supports them. ”Monorails are often elevated, sometimes leading to confusion with other elevated systems such as the Docklands Light Railway, Vancouver SkyTrain and the AirTrain JFK. Monorail vehicles often appear similar to light vehicles, and can be staffed or unstaffed. They can be individual rigid vehicles, articulated single units, or multiple units coupled into trains, unlike some trams and light rail systems, modern monorails are always separated from other traffic and pedestrians. From the passengers perspective, monorails can have advantages over trains, buses. As with other grade-separated transit systems, monorails avoid red lights, intersection turns, as with other elevated transit systems, monorail passengers enjoy sunlight and views and by watching for familiar landmarks, they can know better when to get off to reach their destinations. As with other systems, expensive and noisy ventilation systems are not necessary if the cars have traditional windows that can be opened by passengers, monorails can be quieter than diesel buses and trains. They obtain electricity from the structure, eliminating costly and unsightly overhead power lines and poles. Compared to the train systems of New York, Chicago and elsewhere. See Chicago L Under the Monorail Society beam width criterion, some but not all systems are considered monorails, such as the Transrapid. Maglevs differ from other monorails in that they do not physically contact the beam, the first monorail prototype was made in Russia in 1820 by Ivan Elmanov. Attempts at creating monorail alternatives to conventional railways have been made since the part of the 19th century
28.
PeopleMover
–
Guests boarded small trains that ran on elevated tracks for a grand circle tour above Tomorrowland. The rides station and track infrastructure remain standing but not operating, the term people mover, now in wider use to describe many forms of normally automated public transport, was first coined as the name for this attraction. PeopleMover was originally only a title but became attached to the project over time. Originally the attraction was seen as a prototype for intra-city public transport. The attractions vehicles were always moving, passengers boarded and alighted by a large speed-matched rotating platform inside the station. The trains were not powered by motors within themselves, but rather by being pushed by rotating tires each with its own electric motor, each car included its own sound system which broadcast a continuous audio commentary and soundtrack, relative to the trains location. The commentary pointed out Disneylands attractions along the way as well as announcing promotional items, the attraction used an updated WEDway system based on the WEDway used for the Ford Magic Skyway at the 1964-65 New York Worlds Fair. Goodyear was then approached to sponsor it, and accepted, the wheels used in the WEDway system were replaced by Goodyears tires. The PeopleMovers logo was then fashioned after Goodyears logo, sharing a similar type face, Goodyear sponsored the PeopleMover from its opening until December 31,1981. However, Goodyears instrumental Go Go Goodyear advertising jingle still served as part of the soundtrack until at least 1990. The PeopleMover opened as part of New Tomorrowland in 1967, originally, each four-car train was colored either red, blue, yellow or green with white roofs. They were repainted all white with colored stripes in 1987, in 1968, each of the 62 trains were retrofitted with safety rails for each car, to deter guests from climbing out. They semi wrapped around each car, in 1985, these safety rails were modified to completely wrap around each car, making it even more difficult for possible accidents to occur. In 1977, the SuperSpeed Tunnel was added to the PeopleMover and it was located in the upper level of the Carousel Building, which then housed America Sings. Race cars were projected on the walls of the all around the trains. In 1982, the projections were changed to scenes from the film Tron, after this addition, the attraction was advertised as the PeopleMover Thru the World of Tron. In August 1967, a 17-year-old boy from Hawthorne, California, was killed while jumping between two moving PeopleMover cars as the ride was passing through a tunnel. He stumbled and fell onto the track, where a train of cars crushed him beneath its wheels
29.
Tomorrowland
–
Tomorrowland is one of the many themed lands featured at all of the Magic Kingdom styled Disney theme parks around the world owned or licensed by The Walt Disney Company. Each version of the land is different and features attractions that depict views of the future. Disneyland Park in Paris includes an area called Discoveryland, which shares some elements with other Tomorrowlands. Walt Disney was known for his futurist views and, through his television programs, Tomorrowland was the realized culmination of his views. In his own words, Tomorrow can be a wonderful age and our scientists today are opening the doors of the Space Age to achievements that will benefit our children and generations to come. The Tomorrowland attractions have been designed to give you an opportunity to participate in adventures that are a living blueprint of our future and it is this movement into the future that has, on occasion, left Tomorrowland mired in the past. Disneylands Tomorrowland is now in its generation, and the Magic Kingdoms Tomorrowland is in its second. The Walt Disney Company has mentioned that it wanted to keep Tomorrowland from becoming Yesterdayland, a vista into a world of wondrous ideas, signifying Mans achievements. A step into the future, with predictions of constructed things to come, Tomorrow offers new frontiers in science, adventure and ideals. The Atomic Age, the challenge of Outer Space and the hope for a peaceful, during the dedication, Walt Disney started speaking, was told that he wasnt yet on air, and then had to restart once the television viewers were watching. The first Tomorrowland opened at Disneyland on July 17,1955, with several of its planned attractions open. The construction of the park was rushed, so Tomorrowland was the last land to be finished and it became something of a corporate showcase, despite Walt Disneys reluctance. Monsanto Company, American Motors, Richfield Oil, and Dutch Boy Paint were some of the companies to open showcases in Tomorrowland in the first few years. Since the park was on a budget, one cost-cutting idea was to reuse the sets of the Nautilus from Disneys 1954 movie 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea as a walkthrough attraction. For the first four years, most of Tomorrowland was generally open space, however, the area gained more attractions as time passed, many of which have since been removed. When Disneyland opened, Tomorrowland represented the future in the year 1986, Tomorrowlands showpiece was the TWA Moonliner, derived from Disneys Man In Space television episodes developed in the 1950s. The Moonliner was the tallest structure in the park at the time, the Moonliner hosted Rocket To The Moon which was a ride to the moon. The entrance showpiece was the clock of the showing the time anywhere on earth
30.
Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover
–
Themed as an urban mass transit system of the future, the ride takes passengers on a tour around the second floor of many attractions in Tomorrowland. It is also the lone remaining Magic Kingdom attraction to still have corporate sponsorship as a result of Kodak ending its sponsorship with Mickeys Philharmagic on December 31,2012. The ride has a sole loading/unloading station, in the center of Rocket Tower Plaza, the Peoplemovers leisurely pace, lack of long queue lines, and the sneak previews it offers of other more extreme Tomorrowland attractions make it a favorite attraction among repeat visitors. After passing by the Tomorrowland entrance, the track enters a tunnel through the show building, passing a large diorama containing a portion of the Progress City or E. P. C. O. T. Model that originally resided in the level of the Carousel of Progress at Disneyland in 1967. Leaving the north building, the TTA croses over the walkway from Tomorrowland to Fantasyland followed by the Tomorrowland Speedway. After crossing the Speedway, the crosses the railroad, makes a right turn. The vehicles then pass two lighted signs reading Starport, Seven Five, before open space to the left allows a view down into the post-show. After the view of the post-show, the track makes a turn and travels along the back side of the dome, during which it is possible to look up. After this, the exit, and run along the outside of the dome to return to the railroad bridge. The Space Mountain segment of the TTA has gained notoriety among Disney park guests for offering the only easily accessible view of Space Mountain when the domes interior work lights are on. After exiting Space Mountain, the vehicles then turn to the portion of Tomorrowland. Guests then return to Rocket Tower Plaza where they disembark, the WEDWay PeopleMover opened on July 1,1975, based on the PeopleMover attraction at Disneyland in California. Because it did not utilize the system of rotating Goodyear tires used in the original. The Edison Electric Institute was the sponsor of the ride. Instead of a track with covered cars, this ride was designed the opposite from the Disneyland version. The original narration track was provided by longtime Disney voice, Jack Wagner. In June 1985, his narration was replaced by the voice of ORAC One - The Commuter Computer, which was used until June 11,1994, when the attraction received a makeover for the New Tomorrowland
31.
Stitch's Great Escape!
–
Stitchs Great Escape. is a Tomorrowland attraction at the Magic Kingdom theme park within the Walt Disney World Resort. It is a theater-in-the-round experience starring the title alien from Walt Disney Animation Studios 2002 film Lilo & Stitch and it opened November 16,2004 and is the fourth attraction to occupy the site in Tomorrowland. Many of the animators who worked on Lilo & Stitch partnered with Walt Disney Imagineering for Stitchs Great Escape, the attraction is a replacement of The ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter, which formerly occupied the building the attraction is housed in. On September 21,2016, it was announced that the attraction would be switching from a daily operated attraction to a seasonally operated one, depending on attendance, the experience takes place in the Galactic Federation Prisoner Teleport Center. Guests have been recruited by the Grand Councilwoman to be guards for the Galactic Federation, guests are then instructed by Pleakley over a communicator to proceed to the Level 3 prisoner teleportation chamber. After being seated, shoulder restraints come down onto the guests shoulders, after a brief period of puzzled talking by Gantu and his two assistants, Stitch uses the flaws of the armed laser cannons and disables all power to escape, causing mass chaos in the crowd. During this period, hydraulic pumps and small hoses in the shoulder restraints make it seem as if Stitch is jumping on guests shoulders, when the power comes back on, the laser cannons continue their attempt to bring Stitch down. Again using the cannons fatal flaws, he manages to fire the laser cannons into the crowd, shortly after using the diversion, he escapes to the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida. Cameras capture him going into Cinderella Castle, the audience is then released from their duty and exit into one of two gift shops—Merchant of Venus or Mickeys Star Traders. On the way to the shops, guest see a sign labeled Days without an escape. It was also the last Tomorrowland attraction that fully lacked a post-show gift shop prior to its opening, in reality, the Carousel of Progress is the only remaining Tomorrowland attraction at Disney World to lack a post-show gift shop. The attraction includes much of the technology and sets from its predecessor, the 39-inch Audio-Animatronic Stitch figure built by Imagineering reportedly is one of the most complex creations of its size. Other special effects include binaural sound, simulated laser cannons and a pungent smell, official page on the Walt Disney World website
32.
Celebration, Florida
–
As part of the Orlando–Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area, Celebrations population was 7,427 at the 2010 census. Subsequent to founding Celebration, Disney followed its plans to divest most of its control of the town, the town itself remains directly connected to the Walt Disney World resorts via one of its primary streets, World Drive, which begins near the Magic Kingdom. Downtown Celebrations post office was designed by Michael Graves, the adjacent Welcome Center is by Philip Johnson, other nearby buildings are designed by well known architects including, Charles Moore, Graham Gund, Cesar Pelli, Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. Response to Celebration has ranged from a visitor who said it resembled the too-perfect town of The Stepford Wives to those who see Celebration as an example of unabashed neo-urbanism. Total investment for the project is estimated at US$2.5 billion, the master plan was developed by Cooper, Robertson & Partners and Robert A. M. Stern, and the extensive landscape, parks, trails and pathways were designed by the San Francisco firm EDAW. Celebration is planned in an early 20th-century architectural style and is not zoned for high-density residences, Celebration was named the New Community of the Year in 2001 by the Urban Land Institute. DDC executives collaborated extensively with leaders in education, health and technology in addition to planners and architects to create the vision, Celebration is located at 28°19′12″N 81°32′25″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 10.7 square miles, of which 0.04 square miles. Celebration is under USPS ZIP code 34747, sometimes known as Kissimmee and this is due to the citys being unincorporated, as Celebration is not a subdivision and is still considered an unincorporated town. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,427 people,3,063 households, the population density was 704.9 people per square mile. There were 4,566 housing units at a density of 102. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91. 0% white,1. 5% black,3. 2% Asian,2. 2% from two or more races and 0. 26% Native American, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 11. 2% of the population. 24. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.96. The age distribution was 25. 6% under the age of 18, the median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.7 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $74,231, males had a median income of $51,250 versus $46,650 for females. The per-capita income for the CDP was $39,521, and 4. 1% of the population lived below the poverty line, the area is organized under state law as a community development district. As a result, voting is restricted to local landowners, the largest landowners are entities controlled by The Walt Disney Company
33.
New Urbanism
–
New Urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable neighborhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types. It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban planning. These ideas can all be circled back to two concepts, building a sense of community and the development of ecological practices, the organizing body for New Urbanism is the Congress for the New Urbanism, founded in 1993. They believe their strategies can reduce congestion by encouraging the population to ride bikes, walk. They also hope that this set up will increase the supply of affordable housing, the Charter of the New Urbanism also covers issues such as historic preservation, safe streets, green building, and the re-development of brownfield land. The ten Principles of Intelligent Urbanism also phrase guidelines for new urbanist approaches, architecturally, new urbanist developments are often accompanied by New Classical, postmodern, or vernacular styles, although that is not always the case. Until the mid 20th century, cities were generally organized into, but with the advent of cheap automobiles and favorable government policies, attention began to shift away from cities and towards ways of growth more focused on the needs of the car. This new system of development, with its rigorous separation of uses, arose after World War II, the majority of U. S. citizens now live in suburban communities built in the last fifty years, and automobile use per capita has soared. Although New Urbanism as a movement would only arise later. Social philosopher and historian Lewis Mumford criticized the development of post-war America. The French architect François Spoerry has developed in the 60s the concept of architecture that he applied to Port Grimaud. The success of project had a considerable influence and led to many new projects of soft architecture like Port Liberté in New Jersey or Le Plessis Robisson in France. The term new urbanism itself started being used in context in the mid-1980s. Named the Ahwahnee Principles, the presented the principles to about one hundred government officials in the fall of 1991. Calthorpe, Duany, Moule, Plater-Zyberk, Polyzoides, and Solomon founded the Chicago-based Congress for the New Urbanism in 1993, the CNU has grown to more than three thousand members, and is the leading international organization promoting New Urbanist design principles. It holds annual Congresses in various U. S. cities, the Canons are a set of operating principles for human settlement that reestablish the relationship between the art of building, the making of community, and the conservation of our natural world. They promote the use of heating and cooling solutions, the use of locally obtained materials, and in general. New Urbanism is a movement that spans a number of different disciplines
34.
Modernism
–
Among the factors that shaped modernism were the development of modern industrial societies and the rapid growth of cities, followed then by reactions of horror to World War I. Modernism also rejected the certainty of Enlightenment thinking, and many modernists rejected religious belief, the poet Ezra Pounds 1934 injunction to Make it new. Was the touchstone of the approach towards what it saw as the now obsolete culture of the past. In this spirit, its innovations, like the novel, atonal and twelve-tone music, divisionist painting and abstract art. Modernism explicitly rejected the ideology of realism and makes use of the works of the past by the employment of reprise, incorporation, rewriting, recapitulation, revision, others focus on modernism as an aesthetic introspection. While J. M. W. Art critic Clement Greenberg describes the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood as proto-Modernists, There the proto-Modernists were, of all people, the Pre-Raphaelites actually foreshadowed Manet, with whom Modernist painting most definitely begins. They acted on a dissatisfaction with painting as practiced in their time, rationalism has also had opponents in the philosophers Søren Kierkegaard and later Friedrich Nietzsche, both of whom had significant influence on existentialism. A major 19th-century engineering achievement was The Crystal Palace, the huge cast-iron, Glass and iron were used in a similar monumental style in the construction of major railway terminals in London, such as Paddington Station and Kings Cross Station. These technological advances led to the building of structures like the Brooklyn Bridge. The latter broke all previous limitations on how tall man-made objects could be and these engineering marvels radically altered the 19th-century urban environment and the daily lives of people. Arguments arose that the values of the artist and those of society were not merely different, but that Society was antithetical to Progress, the philosopher Schopenhauer called into question the previous optimism, and his ideas had an important influence on later thinkers, including Nietzsche. Darwins theory of evolution by natural selection undermined religious certainty and the idea of human uniqueness, in particular, the notion that human beings were driven by the same impulses as lower animals proved to be difficult to reconcile with the idea of an ennobling spirituality. Karl Marx argued that there were fundamental contradictions within the capitalist system, historians, and writers in different disciplines, have suggested various dates as starting points for modernism. Everdell also thinks modernism in painting began in 1885–86 with Seurats Divisionism, the poet Baudelaires Les Fleurs du mal, and Flauberts novel Madame Bovary were both published in 1857. In the arts and letters, two important approaches developed separately in France, the first was Impressionism, a school of painting that initially focused on work done, not in studios, but outdoors. Impressionist paintings demonstrated that human beings do not see objects, the school gathered adherents despite internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and became increasingly influential. A significant event of 1863 was the Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon. While most were in standard styles, but by artists, the work of Manet attracted tremendous attention
35.
Futurist architecture
–
The movement attracted not only poets, musicians, and artists but also a number of architects. A cult of the age and even a glorification of war. The latter group included the architect Antonio SantElia, who, though building little, in 1912, three years after Marinettis Futurist Manifesto, Antonio SantElia and Mario Chiattone take part to the Nuove Tendenze exhibition in Milano. In 1914 the group presented their first exposition with a Message by SantElia, also Boccioni unofficially worked on a similar manifesto, but Marinetti preferred SantElias paper. Later in 1920, another manifesto was written by Virgilio Marchi, ottorino Aloisio worked in the style established by Marchi, one example being his Casa del Fascio in Asti. Another futurist manifesto related to architecture is the Manifesto dell’Arte Sacra Futurista by Fillia and Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, on 27 January 1934 it was the turn of the Manifesto of Aerial Architecture by Marinetti, Angiolo Mazzoni and Mino Somenzi. Mazzoni had publicly adhered to only the year before. In this paper the Lingotto factory by Giacomo Matté-Trucco is defined as the first Futurist constructive invention, the Art Deco style of architecture with its streamlined forms was regarded as futuristic when it was in style in the 1920s and 1930s. The original name for early and late Art Deco was Art Moderne—the name Art Deco did not come into use until 1968 when the term was invented in a book by Bevis Hillier. The Chrysler Building is an example of Art Deco futurist architecture. After World War II, Futurism was considerably weakened and redefined itself thanks to the enthusiasm towards the Space Age, the Atomic Age, the car culture, for example, this trend is found in the architecture of Googies in the 1950s in California. He designed all of the buildings in Futuroscope, whose Kinemax is the flagship building, today it is sometimes confused with blob architecture or high-tech architecture. The futurist architecture created since 1960 may be termed Neo-Futurism, and is referred as Post Modern Futurism or Neo-Futuristic architecture. Angiolo Mazzoni e lArchitettura Futurista, Supplement of CE. S. A. R, september/December 2008 Architettura Futurista Italiana 1909/1944 Civilization 0.000 Skyscraper | Dimo Ivanov | Chile | DesignDaily Futurist Architecture 2015
36.
Reedy Creek Improvement District
–
The Reedy Creek Improvement District is the immediate governing jurisdiction for the land of the Walt Disney World Resort. As of the late 1990s, it comprised an area of 38.6 sq mi within the limits of Orange. The RCID includes the cities of Bay Lake and Lake Buena Vista, after the success of Disneyland in California, Walt Disney began planning a second park on the East Coast. Disney disliked the businesses that had sprung up around Disneyland, and he flew over the Orlando-area site, as well as many other potential sites, in November 1963. Seeing the well-developed network of roads, including the planned Interstate 4 and Floridas Turnpike, with McCoy Air Force Base to the east, Disney used multiple shell companies to buy up land at very low prices from unknowing landowners in the area that would eventually become the district. After a period during which some minor landowners within the boundaries opted out, among the powers of a Drainage District were the power to condemn and acquire property outside its boundaries for the public use. It used this power at least once to obtain land for Canal C-1 through land that is now being developed as the Bonnet Creek Resort, however, Walt Disney knew that his plans for the land would be easier to carry out with more independence. Among his ideas for his Florida project was his proposed EPCOT, the Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow and he envisioned a real working city with both commercial and residential areas, but one that also continued to showcase and test new ideas and concepts for urban living. Therefore, the Disney Company petitioned the Florida State Legislature for the creation of the Reedy Creek Improvement District, residents of Orange and Osceola Counties did not need to pay any taxes unless they were residents of the district. The planned EPCOT city was also emphasized in this lobbying effort, on May 12,1967, Governor Claude R. Kirk, Jr. The original city boundaries did not cover the whole Improvement District, celebration lies on unincorporated land within Osceola County, with a thin strip of still-incorporated land separating it from the rest of the county. This strip of land contains canals and other used by the District. The law creating the Improvement District was held by the Supreme Court of Florida not to any provision of the Constitution of Florida. After Walt Disney died in 1966, the Disney Company board decided that it did not want to be in the business of running a city, the planned residential areas were never built. Most notably, Richard Foglesong argues in his book, Married to the Mouse, Walt Disney World and Orlando, Disney was criticized for the move with a Republican gubernatorial candidate filed a lawsuit to stop the RCID from using the funds. Also, one legislator moved that would limit the RCID ability to apply to the program, Reedy Creek is a natural waterway, the course of which runs mostly through undeveloped territory east of Haines City. A five-member Board of Supervisors governs the District, elected by the landowners of the District, the only residents of the District, also Disney employees or their immediate family members, live in two small communities, one in each city. In the 2000 census, Bay Lake had 23 residents, all in the community on the shore of Bay Lake
37.
Lake Buena Vista, Florida
–
Lake Buena Vista is a city in Orange County, Florida, United States. It is one of two Florida municipalities controlled by The Walt Disney Company, the other being Bay Lake, the permanent residential population of Lake Buena Vista was 10 at the 2010 census. Lake Buena Vista is part of the Orlando–Kissimmee–Sanford Metropolitan Statistical Area and it was located fully inside the Reedy Creek Improvement District. The city was controlled by the Walt Disney Company and allowed it powers that other area attractions had not had, chapter 69-1527, which became a law on July 3,1969, without the governors approval, redefined the city boundaries. The city was moved, taking over some land that had been part of the City of Bay Lake. Soon after, the City of Reedy Creek was renamed to the City of Lake Buena Vista to better reflect its new location, Buena Vista comes from the name of the street in Burbank, California, where the Walt Disney Company is headquartered. The Reedy Creek Improvement District had all the powers of the city and more, Walt Disneys original plans for the site included at least one futuristic living area, a planned community of the future. This was never built, but some of the ideas were incorporated into the EPCOT theme park and later Celebration, the only residents of the city are Disney employees and their immediate family members who live in a small community on Royal Oak Court, north of Disney Springs. The only landowners are fully owned subsidiaries of Disney, and rights-of-way for state, Lake Buena Vista is located at 28°22′39″N 81°31′18″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 3.1 square miles. Lake Buena Vista is a body of water located east of the Buena Vista Golf Course, west of the crossing of State Road 535. The lake, which was called Blake Lake before its acquisition by Disney, was named for Buena Vista Street in Burbank, California, several Walt Disney Company business entities had names containing Buena Vista, a Spanish phrase that means good view. Both the actual lake and the lake are connected via a stream. As of the census of 2000, there were 16 people,9 households, the population density was 3.3 inhabitants per square mile. There were 11 housing units at a density of 2.3 per square mile. There were 9 households out of one had children under the age of 18 living with them, four are married couples living together. Four are households are made up of individuals, one of whom is 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 1.78 and the average family size was 2.40. The age distribution was two under 18, none between 18 and 24, three from 25 to 44, six from 45 to 64, and five who were 65 or older, the median age was 53 years
38.
Bob Graham
–
Daniel Robert Bob Graham is an American politician and author. As a member of the American Democratic Party, he was the 38th governor of Florida from 1979 to 1987, Graham ran for the 2004 Democratic presidential nomination, but dropped out of the race on October 6,2003. He announced his retirement from the Senate on November 3 of that year, Graham now works at the newly established Bob Graham Center for Public Service at his undergraduate alma mater, the University of Florida. He also served as Chairman of the Commission on the Prevention of WMD proliferation, through the WMD policy center he advocates for the recommendations in the Commissions report, World at Risk. In 2011 Graham published his first novel, the thriller The Keys to the Kingdom, Graham has written three nonfiction books, Workdays, Finding Florida on the Job, Intelligence Matters, and America, The Owners Manual. Graham was born in Coral Gables, Florida, the son of Hilda Elizabeth, a schoolteacher, and Ernest R. Graham, a Florida state senator, mining engineer and he is the youngest of four children. His siblings are Philip Graham, former publisher of the Washington Post, William Graham of Miami Lakes, Florida and he married Adele Khoury, of Miami Shores, in 1959. They have four daughters, Gwen Graham, Cissy Graham McCullough, Suzanne Graham Gibson, the Grahams also have 11 grandchildren. Bob Graham attended Miami Senior High School from 1952 to 1955 and he was International Trustee of the Key Club, the Kiwanis service organization. While at Miami High Graham was the recipient of the Sigma Chi Award and he went on to receive an LLB from Harvard Law School in 1962. His eldest brother, Philip, was also a Harvard Law alum, Graham was elected to the Florida House of Representatives in 1966 and reelected in 1967 and 1968, each time representing all of Dade County. He was elected to the Florida Senate in 1970, also from Dade County, redistricted into a seat encompassing portions of northern Dade and southern Broward County, Graham was reelected to District 33 in 1972 and 1976. Bob Grahams campaign trademark was to work a full day at various jobs that represented Floridas constituents. He began his Workdays in 1974, teaching a semester of civics at Miami Carol City Senior High School in Miami while serving in the Florida Senate, at that time, Bob Graham was chairman of the Education Committee. After a speech, M. Sue Riley, an English teacher at Carol City, approached Bob Graham and said, Bob Graham was taken aback at that assertion and asked, Well, what can I do about that. A few months later, Ms. Riley contacted Senator Graham with a proposal to teach the next semester of civics, following that teaching experience, he performed 102 additional work days during his successful 1978 gubernatorial campaign. Graham has continued doing workdays throughout his tenure as governor and in the United States Senate and his jobs have included service as a police officer, busboy, railroad engineer, construction worker, fisherman, garbageman, factory worker, and teacher. 365, he checked in customers, handled baggage and helped serve passengers on US Airways, Bob Graham was elected Governor of Florida in 1978 after a seven-way Democratic primary race in which he initially placed second to Robert L. Shevin
39.
AT&T Corporation
–
Founded in 1885 as the original American Telephone and Telegraph Company, it was at times the worlds largest telephone company, the worlds largest cable television operator, and a regulated monopoly. At its peak in the 1950s and 1960s, it employed one million people, in 2005, AT&T was purchased by Baby Bell and former subsidiary SBC Communications for more than $16 billion. SBC then changed its name to AT&T Inc, AT&T started with Bell Patent Association, a legal entity established in 1874 to protect the patent rights of Alexander Graham Bell after he invented the telephone system. Originally a verbal agreement, it was formalized in writing in 1875 as Bell Telephone Company, in 1880 the management of American Bell had created what would become AT&T Long Lines. The project was the first of its kind to create a nationwide long-distance network with a commercially viable cost-structure, the project was formally incorporated in New York State as a separate company named American Telephone and Telegraph Company on March 3,1885. With this assets transfer, AT&T became the parent of both American Bell and the Bell System. AT&T was involved mainly in the business and, although it was a partner with RCA, was reluctant to see radio grow because such growth might diminish the demand for wired services. It established station WEAF in New York as what was termed a toll station, AT&T could provide no programming, but anyone who wished to broadcast a message could pay a toll to AT&T and then air the message publicly. The original studio was the size of a telephone booth, the idea, however, did not take hold, because people would pay to broadcast messages only if they were sure that someone was listening. As a result, WEAF began broadcasting entertainment material, drawing amateur talent found among its employees, throughout most of the 20th century, AT&T held a monopoly on phone service in the United States and Canada through a network of companies called the Bell System. At this time, the company was nicknamed Ma Bell, on April 30,1907, Theodore Newton Vail became President of AT&T. Vail believed in the superiority of one system and AT&T adopted the slogan One Policy, One System. This would be the philosophy for the next 70 years. Under Vail, AT&T began buying up many of the telephone companies including Western Union telegraph. Anxious to avoid action from government antitrust suits, AT&T and the government entered into an agreement known as the Kingsbury Commitment. These actions brought unwanted attention from antitrust regulators, in the Kingsbury Commitment, AT&T and the government reached an agreement that allowed AT&T to continue operating as a monopoly. While AT&T periodically faced scrutiny from regulators, this state of affairs continued until the breakup in 1984. The United States Justice Department opened the case United States v. AT&T in 1974 and this was prompted by suspicion that AT&T was using monopoly profits from its Western Electric subsidiary to subsidize the cost of its network, a violation of anti-trust law
40.
Sherman Brothers
–
The Sherman Brothers were an American songwriting duo that specialized in musical films, made up of Robert B. Sherman and Richard M. Sherman. The Sherman Brothers wrote more motion-picture musical song scores than any other songwriting team in film history, Film scores of the Sherman Brothers include Mary Poppins, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Jungle Book, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, Charlottes Web and The Aristocats. Sons of Russian Jewish immigrants, Robert and Richard Sherman began writing together in 1951 on a challenge from their father. The brothers wrote together and with different songwriting partners throughout the rest of the decade and they wrote the title song for Doris Days album Bright and Shiny, recorded in 1960 and released a year later. In 1958, Robert founded the publishing company Music World Corporation. That same year, the Sherman Brothers had their first top-ten hit with Tall Paul, sung by Mouseketeer Judy Harriet on the Surf Records label and then covered by Mouseketeer Annette Funicello. The success of this song yielded the attention of Walt Disney, the first song they wrote on personal assignment by Walt Disney was Strummin Song in 1961. It was used in the Annette Funicello made-for-television movie called The Horsemasters and they also wrote what is perhaps their best-known song, Its a Small World, for the 1964 New York Worlds Fair. In 1965, the Sherman Brothers won two Academy Awards for Mary Poppins, which includes the songs Feed The Birds, Supercalifragilisticexpialidocious, and the Oscar-winning Chim Chim Cher-ee. Since Mary Poppins premiere, the Shermans have subsequently earned nine Academy Award nominations, since leaving the company, the brothers have worked freelance as songwriters on scores of motion pictures, television shows, theme-park exhibits, and stage musicals. Their first non-Disney assignment came with Albert R, in 1970, the Shermans returned to Disney for a brief stint where they completed work on The Aristocats and Bedknobs and Broomsticks. The latter film garnered the brothers their fourth and fifth Oscar nominations,1972 saw the release of Snoopy Come Home, for which the brothers received a Grammy nomination. In 1973, the Sherman Brothers also made history by becoming the only Americans ever to win First Prize at the Moscow Film Festival for Tom Sawyer, in 1976, “The Slipper and the Rose” was picked to be the Royal Command Performance of the year. The performance was attended by Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, a modern musical adaptation of the classic Cinderella story, Slipper, also featured songs, score, and screenplay by the Sherman Brothers. Two further Academy Award nominations were garnered by the brothers for the film and that same year the Sherman Brothers received their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame directly across from Graumans Chinese Theater. Outside the motion-picture realm, their Tony Award-nominated smash hit Over Here, was the biggest-grossing original Broadway musical of that year. Other top-ten hits include Pineapple Princess, Lets Get Together, in 2000, the Sherman Brothers wrote the song score for the Disney film The Tigger Movie. This film marked the brothers first major picture for the Disney company in over 28 years
41.
Walt Disney World Monorail System
–
The Walt Disney World Monorail System is a public transit monorail system in operation at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. The Walt Disney World Resort currently operates twelve Mark VI monorail trains on three lines of service, the monorail system opened in 1971 with two routes and with Mark IV monorail trains. It was expanded to three lines in 1982, and the stock was updated to Mark VI trains in 1989. As of 2016, the system is one of the most heavily used systems in the world with over 150,000 daily riders. The Walt Disney World Monorail operates over a span of 14.7 miles, the system opened with the rest of the Walt Disney World Resort on October 1,1971. It initially featured four stations, the Transportation and Ticket Center, Disneys Polynesian Resort, the Epcot line and station were added during that parks construction, opening on October 1,1982. The most recent addition was the Grand Floridian station, which was opened in 1988 along with the resort hotel, Express service runs on the outer loop of this route and travels counter-clockwise. The single beam Epcot route, Epcot, Service between the Transportation and Ticket Center and Epcot, Service on this route is a single beam running clockwise on the loop. A spur track at Magic Kingdom station connects the Express and Resort lines to the maintenance shop, another spur connects the Epcot and Express lines and is located northeast of the Transportation and Ticket Center. The monorail beams, which are made of concrete with a polystyrene core to lighten their weight. The trains in use since 1989 are each 203 ft 6 in long, the trains are driven by eight 113 hp motors which are powered by a 600-volt electrical system running through a busbar mounted on each side of the concrete beam. The trains are equipped with a towing knuckle at each end to allow it to be pushed or pulled by a special diesel-powered tractor if need be. Maximum speed during normal operations is 40 mph, with several speed zones throughout the system with limits ranging from 15 to 40 mph and these speed limits are strictly enforced by the trains computer and cannot be overridden without the operator engaging a special lockout. Attempting to drive the train too quickly in a speed zone will result in an overspeed stop. Train spacing is maintained by the Moving Blocklight System, also known as the MAPO system, at any given time, there must be at least two holdpoints between a given train and the train ahead of it. Failure to maintain adequate spacing is known as an overrun, and is treated as a serious offense. Starting June 22,2014, the monorail began operating on a different timetable in order to work to automate the system. The system will provide an efficient service with enhanced safety, as well as more frequent dispatch of the trains, faster switching times
42.
The Seas with Nemo & Friends
–
The Seas with Nemo & Friends is an aquarium and attached dark ride attraction in Future World at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort. The attraction is themed as an exploration base, with several exhibits devoted to oceanic study. The pavilion opened in 1986, but had planned as part of the park since its opening in 1982. The Living Seas opened to the public on January 15,1986 and it housed the largest saltwater tank in the world at its completion, holding 5.7 million US gallons of water, but was surpassed in 2005 with the opening of the Georgia Aquarium. The concept of the building was to take visitors under the ocean to Sea Base Alpha, Guests viewed a short movie about the formation of the oceans entitled The Sea, which was followed by an elevator ride to the ocean floor aboard a Hydrolator. Guests then boarded a Seacab and traveled along a tunnel through the aquarium at the Caribbean Coral Reef Ride. From there, guests rode around Sea Base Alpha and got a view of the marine life. They then disembarked into the exhibit area where they could interact with various multimedia displays. The Living Seas was sponsored by United Technologies from its opening until 1998, after the departure of United Technologies as sponsor of The Living Seas, significant changes were made to the pavilion. All sponsorship references were removed from the pavilion, additionally, one of the two preshow theaters was removed and was replaced with a walkway, allowing for guests to bypass the preshow if they wished to go directly to the Hydrolators. In October 2001, the Seacabs closed down, the queue of the Seacab ride was left intact and the Seacabs were still visible to guests through the ocean tank windows. Reasons for their closure are not entirely known, after they closed, guests leaving the Hydrolators walked along a corridor to Sea Base Alpha. Now, guests had the option of viewing the preshow or going directly to the Hydrolators, in December 2003, Disney began to re-theme The Living Seas into a new pavilion based on the recently released Pixar film Finding Nemo. The majority of the transformation began with elements, but in January 2004. On November 16,2004, Turtle Talk with Crush opened in what was once Module 1C, the shows unexpected success overwhelmed the pavilion, causing the development of plans to move Turtle Talk with Crush to a larger area in the pavilion. Turtle Talk with Crush was only the beginning of changes to The Living Seas, on August 21,2005, The Living Seas closed for its transformation into The Seas with Nemo & Friends. Parts of the pavilion reopened in late November 2005, outside the pavilion, the facade and mural were changed and depictions of sea life seen in Finding Nemo were added. The exit Hydrolators had been removed, and were replaced with doors that served as an exit
.jpg)
.jpg)
United States of America
Japan
Morocco
France
United Kingdom
Canada
Mexico
Norway
China
Germany
Italy
.jpg)
