1.
Kendal
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Kendal /ˈkɛndəl/, anciently known as Kirkby in Kendal or Kirkby Kendal, is a market town and civil parish within the South Lakeland District of Cumbria, England. Historically in Westmorland, it is situated about 8 miles south-east of Windermere,19 miles north of Lancaster,23 miles north-east of Barrow-in-Furness and 38 miles north-west of Skipton. Kendal today is largely as a centre for tourism, as the home of Kendal mint cake. Its buildings, mostly constructed with the grey limestone, have earned it the nickname Grey Auld Town. Kendal is listed in the Domesday Book as part of Yorkshire with the name Cherchebi, for many centuries it was called Kirkbie Kendal, meaning village with a church in the valley of the River Kent. The earliest castle was a Norman motte and bailey when the settlement went under the name of Kirkbie Strickland, Kendal Green was also worn by slaves in the Americas, and is mentioned in songs and literature from that time. Kendal Green was traditionally the colour of clothing worn by foresters and as such was mentioned by Shakespeare in Henry IV, Part 1. The site of several castles, the most recent one constructed in the late-12th century and it was the castle of the Barony of Kendal, the part of Westmorland ruled from here. The castle is best known for being the home of the Parr family, the Parrs inherited the castle through marriage during the reign of Edward III of England. Rumours still circulate that King Henry VIIIs sixth wife Catherine Parr was born at Kendal Castle, by the time Catherine was born the castle was beyond repair and her father was already based in Blackfriars, London, as a member of the court of King Henry VIII. A Roman fort existed about 2 miles south of the present day town centre and it was built in about AD90, originally as a timber structure, and then rebuilt with stone in about 130 during the reign of Hadrian. The fort was abandoned for about 20 years during the Antonine re-occupation of Scotland and it was then rebuilt during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and occupied until roughly 270. That was probably the last time it was held for military purposes, what remains of the stone structure is now buried under a field. Many of the Roman artefacts from this site may be found in the Kendal museum, early travellers to Kendal complained of eight miles of nothing but a confused mixture of Rockes and Boggs. Riding horseback was the fastest form of travelling for the road was no better than the roughest fell tracks on ground and spongy. It became evident that it was unjust and beyond the power of the scattered rural population thereabouts be called upon to maintain a road used for through traffic. In 1703 by Order of the Quarter Sessions of the Barony of Kendall the surveyors of highways was to make the good and sufficient for the passage of coaches, carts. In 1753 The Keighley and Kendal Turnpike brought the stage coach from Yorkshire to Kendal, Kendal is known for Kendal mint cake, a glucose-based type of confectionery reputedly discovered accidentally by Joseph Wiper during his search for a clear glacier mint
2.
Westmorland
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Westmorland is an area of North West England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It formed a county from 1889 to 1974, after which the whole county was administered by the new administrative county of Cumbria. At the time of Domesday Book in 1086, parts of the county were considered either to part of Yorkshire or to be within the separate Kingdom of Strathclyde. The Normans conquered the area that is now Cumbria in 1092 during the reign of William II and created the baronies of Kendal and these were originally distinct jurisdictions with separate sheriffs, but were formed into a single county of Westmorland in 1226/7. Before 1226 the Barony of Kendal was connected to the Earldom or Honour of Lancaster while that of Westmorland was part of the Earldom of Carlisle. The historic county boundaries are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, windermere forms part of the western border with Lancashire north of the sands, and Ullswater part of the border with Cumberland. The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at 950m, according to the 1831 census the county covered an area of 485,990 acres. Appleby, the county town, formed a historic borough and was not reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Kendal was reformed as a borough in 1835. Rather than being divided into hundreds, Westmorland was subdivided into the two baronies of Westmorland and Kendal, Westmorland had no county boroughs throughout its history, so the administrative county, the area under the control of the county council, was coterminous with the geographic county. The county council was based at Kendal, rather than the county town of Appleby-in-Westmorland. Despite their title, many of Westmorlands urban districts, such as Lakes, Grasmere, according to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second least populated administrative county in England, after Rutland. The area now forms parts of the districts of South Lakeland, Westmorland County Council was granted a coat of arms by the College of Arms in 1926. The design of the referred to the two components of the county, on two red bars was placed a gold apple tree. The crest above the shield was the head of a ram of the local Herdwick breed, on the rams forehead was a shearmans hook, a tool used in the handling of wool. The hook was part of the insignia of the borough of Kendal, in 1974 the successor parish council formed for the former borough of Appleby adopted the name Appleby-in-Westmorland. The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, in September 2011, the Westmorland Association, a local society which promotes the countys identity, successfully registered the Flag of Westmorland with the Flag Institute. Sir Thomas Strickland carried the Flag of St. George at the battle of Agincourt, the Parrs ancestral castle, Kendal Castle, is located in Kendal
3.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
4.
London Borough of Islington
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The London Borough of Islington /ˈɪzlɪŋtən/ is a London borough in Inner London with an estimated population of 215,667. The borough contains two Westminster parliamentary constituencies, Islington North and Islington South & Finsbury, the local authority is Islington Council. The borough is home to football club Arsenal, one of the most successful clubs in England, Islington was originally named by the Saxons Giseldone, then Gislandune. The name means Gīslas hill from the Old English personal name Gīsla and dun hill, the name then later mutated to Isledon, which remained in use well into the 17th century when the modern form arose. In medieval times, Islington was just one of many manors in the area, along with Bernersbury, Neweton Berewe or Hey-bury. Islington came to be applied as the name for the parish covering these villages, on the merger with Finsbury, to form the modern borough this name came to be applied to the whole borough. It is a London borough council, one of thirty-two principal subdivisions of the area of Greater London. The council was created by the London Government Act 1963 and replaced two local authorities, Finsbury Metropolitan Borough Council and Islington Metropolitan Borough Council, the former Islington Metropolitan Town Hall, at the intersection of Upper Street and Richmond Grove, serves as the present Boroughs council building. Islington is divided into 16 wards, each electing three councillors, following the May 2014 election, Islington Council comprises 47 Labour Party councillors and 1 Green Party councillor. Of these 48 councillors, the Leader of the Council is Councillor Richard Watts, Islington is represented by two parliamentary constituencies. Islington North is represented by Jeremy Corbyn of the Labour Party, inmarsat has its head office in the borough. Islington has a variety of transportation services, with direct connections to the suburbs. Islington also has ten tube stations within its boundaries, with connections by the tube to all around London, farringdon station is also served by the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines. There are also several London Overground stations in the borough, there are two prisons in Islington, a mens prison, HM Prison Pentonville and a womens prison HM Prison Holloway, which in the early 20th century was used to hold many suffragettes. The farm contains a range of animals from rabbits to cows to chickens. In 1801, the parishes that form the modern borough had a total population of 65,721. This rose steadily throughout the 19th century, as the district built up. The increase in population peaked before World War I, falling slowly in the aftermath until World War II began an exodus from London towards the new towns under the Abercrombie Plan for London, the decline in population reversed in the 1980s, but it remains below its 1971 level
5.
Encyclopedia
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An encyclopedia or encyclopaedia is a type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge. Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by article name, Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Encyclopedias have existed for around 2,000 years, the oldest still in existence, AD77 by Pliny the Elder and was not fully revised at the time of his death in AD79. The modern encyclopedia evolved out of dictionaries around the 17th century, some modern encyclopedias, such as Wikipedia, are often electronic and freely available. Together, the phrase literally translates as complete instruction or complete knowledge, one of the oldest vernacular uses was by François Rabelais in his Pantagruel in 1532. Several encyclopedias have names that include the suffix -pedia, e. g. Banglapedia, in British usage, the spellings encyclopedia and encyclopaedia are both current. In American usage, only the former is commonly used, the spelling encyclopædia—with the æ ligature—was frequently used in the 19th century and is increasingly rare, although it is retained in product titles such as Encyclopædia Britannica and others. The Oxford English Dictionary records encyclopædia and encyclopaedia as equal alternatives, websters Third New International Dictionary features encyclopedia as the main headword and encyclopaedia as a minor variant. In addition, cyclopedia and cyclopaedia are now rarely used shortened forms of the word originating in the 17th century, the modern encyclopedia was developed from the dictionary in the 18th century. Historically, both encyclopedias and dictionaries have been researched and written by well-educated, well-informed content experts, a dictionary is a linguistic work which primarily focuses on alphabetical listing of words and their definitions. Synonymous words and those related by the matter are to be found scattered around the dictionary. Thus, a dictionary typically provides limited information, analysis or background for the word defined. While it may offer a definition, it may leave the reader lacking in understanding the meaning, significance or limitations of a term, and how the term relates to a broader field of knowledge. An encyclopedia is, allegedly, not written in order to convince, an encyclopedia article also often includes many maps and illustrations, as well as bibliography and statistics. General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a variety of topics but from a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective. Works of encyclopedic scope aim to convey the important accumulated knowledge for their domain, such as an encyclopedia of medicine, philosophy. Works vary in the breadth of material and the depth of discussion, some systematic method of organization is essential to making an encyclopedia usable as a work of reference
6.
Publishing
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Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver, also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company or an imprint or to a person who owns/heads a magazine. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books, Publishing includes the following stages of development, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing, and marketing and distribution. There are two categories of book publisher, Non-paid publishers, A non-paid publisher is a house that does not charge authors at all to publish their books. Paid publishers, The author has to meet with the expense to get the book published. This is also known as vanity publishing, at a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publishers established circle of writers, for works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, the acquisitions editors send their choices to the editorial staff. Unsolicited submissions have a low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publishers ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive. Many book publishers around the world maintain a strict no unsolicited submissions policy and this policy shifts the burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publisher and onto the literary agents. At these publishers, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes returned, established authors may be represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of earnings to pay for their services. Some writers follow a route to publication. Such books often employ the services of a ghostwriter, for a submission to reach publication, it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book that becomes a best-seller may find their reputation enhanced as a result of their success. Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of property rights. The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed. In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the formats of publication —mass-market paperback
7.
John Senex
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John Senex was an English cartographer, engraver and explorer. He was also an astrologer, geologist, and geographer to Queen Anne of Great Britain, editor and seller of antique maps and he owned a business on Fleet Street, where he sold maps. He was one of the cartographers of the 18th century. He started his apprenticeship with Robert Clavell, at the Stationers Company, Senex is famous for his maps of the world, some of which have added elevations, and which feature minuscule detailed engravings. Many of these maps can be found in collections, rarely. Some copies are held in the National Maritime Museum, many of his maps are now in the possession of Trinity College Dublin. Having worked and collaborated with Charles Price, Senex created a series of engravings for the London Almanacs, in 1719 he published a miniature edition of Brittania by Ogilby. He became particularly interested in depicting California as an island instead of part of mainland North America, in 1721 he published a new general atlas. He used the work of cartographer Guillaume de L’Isle as an influence, in 1728 Senex was elected into the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London. List of cartographers History of cartography Willem Blaeu Joan Blaeu Worms, Laurence
8.
Gray's Inn
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The Honourable Society of Grays Inn, commonly known as Grays Inn, is one of the four Inns of Court in London. To be Called to the Bar and practise as a barrister in England and Wales, located at the intersection of High Holborn and Grays Inn Road in Central London, the Inn is both a professional body and a provider of office accommodation for many barristers. It is ruled by a council called Pension, made up of the Masters of the Bench, and led by the Treasurer. The Inn is known for its gardens, or Walks, which have existed since at least 1597, Grays Inn does not claim a specific foundation date, there is a tradition that none of the Inns of Court claims to be any older than the others. Law clerks and their apprentices have been established on the present site since at least 1370, during the 15th and 16th centuries, the Inn grew steadily with great prestige, reaching its pinnacle during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Inn was home to many important barristers and politicians, most notably Francis Bacon, thanks to the efforts of prominent members such as William Cecil and Gilbert Gerard, Grays Inn became the largest of the four by number, with over 200 barristers recorded as members. During this period, the Inn became noted for the masques and revels that it threw, the Inn continued to prosper during the reign of James I and the beginning of that of Charles I, when over 100 students per year were recorded as joining. Fortunes continued to decline after the English Restoration, which saw the end of the method of legal education. Although now more prosperous, Grays Inn is today the smallest of the Inns of Court, Grays Inn and the other three Inns of Court remain the only bodies legally allowed to call a barrister to the Bar, allowing him or her to practise in England and Wales. The Inn remains a collegiate self-governing, unincorporated association of its members, providing within its precincts library, dining, residential and office accommodation, members of the Bar from other Inns may use these facilities to some extent. During the 12th and 13th centuries, law was taught in the City of London, as a result, the existing system of legal education fell apart. The common lawyers migrated to the hamlet of Holborn, the nearest place to the law courts at Westminster Hall that was outside the City, the early records of all four Inns of Court have been lost, and it is not known precisely when each was founded. The records of Grays Inn itself are lost until 1569, Lincolns Inn has the earliest surviving records. Grays Inn dates from at least 1370, and takes its name from Baron Grey of Wilton, a lease was taken for various parts of the inn by practising lawyers as both residential and working accommodation, and their apprentices were housed with them. From this the tradition of dining in commons, probably by using the main hall. Outside records from 1437 show that Grays Inn was occupied by socii, or members of a society, in 1456 Reginald de Gray, the owner of the Manor itself, sold the land to a group including Thomas Bryan. A few months later, the members signed deeds of release. In 1506 the Inn was sold by the Gray family to Hugh Denys, during the reign of Elizabeth I, Grays Inn rose in prominence, and that period is considered the golden age of the Inn, with Elizabeth serving as the Patron Lady
9.
Westminster Abbey
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It is one of the United Kingdoms most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556, the abbey had the status of a cathedral, since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the abbey church. According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have held in Westminster Abbey. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100, two were of reigning monarchs, although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years. The first reports of the abbey are based on a tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years, in the present was, the Fishmongers Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, between 1042 and 1052, King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peters Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style, the building was completed around 1090 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edwards death on 5 January 1066. A week later, he was buried in the church, and, nine years later and his successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year. The only extant depiction of Edwards abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry, construction of the present church was begun in 1245 by Henry III who selected the site for his burial. The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary, the abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. The Confessors shrine subsequently played a part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned the unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar, Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503. Much of the came from Caen, in France, the Isle of Portland
10.
George II of Great Britain
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George II was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 until his death. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain, he was born, after the deaths of Sophia and Anne, Queen of Great Britain, in 1714, his father George I, Elector of Hanover, inherited the British throne. In the first years of his fathers reign as king, George was associated with opposition politicians, as king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had direct control over government policy. He had a relationship with his eldest son, Frederick. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III. For two centuries after George IIs death, history tended to him with disdain, concentrating on his mistresses, short temper. Since then, most scholars have reassessed his legacy and conclude that he held and exercised influence in foreign policy and military appointments. George was born in the city of Hanover in Germany, and was the son of George Louis, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Lüneburg, both of Georges parents committed adultery, and in 1694 their marriage was dissolved on the pretext that Sophia had abandoned her husband. She was confined to Ahlden House and denied access to her two children, George and his sister Sophia Dorothea of Hanover, who never saw their mother again. George spoke only French, the language of diplomacy and the court, until the age of four, after which he was taught German by one of his tutors, Johann Hilmar Holstein. In addition to French and German, he was schooled in English and Italian. Georges second cousin once removed, Queen Anne, ascended the thrones of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1702, consequently, after his grandmother and father, George was third in line to succeed Anne in two of her three realms. England and Scotland united in 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, Georges father did not want his son to enter into a loveless arranged marriage as he had, and wanted him to have the opportunity of meeting his bride before any formal arrangements were made. Negotiations from 1702 for the hand of Princess Hedvig Sophia of Sweden, Dowager Duchess and regent of Holstein-Gottorp, the English envoy to Hanover, Edmund Poley, reported that George was so taken by the good character he had of her that he would not think of anybody else. A marriage contract was concluded by the end of July, on 22 August /2 September 1705O. S. /N. S. Caroline arrived in Hanover for her wedding, which was held the evening in the chapel at Herrenhausen. George was keen to participate in the war against France in Flanders, in early 1707, Georges hopes were fulfilled when Caroline gave birth to a son, Frederick
11.
John Martyn (botanist)
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John Martyn or Joannes Martyn was an English botanist. Martyn was born in London, the son of a merchant and he attended a school in the vicinity of his home, and when he turned 16, worked for his father, intending to follow a business career. He abandoned this idea in favour of medical and botanical studies and his interest in botany came from his acquaintance with an apothecary, John Wilmer, and Dr. Patrick Blair, a surgeon-apothecary from Dundee who practiced in London. Martyn gave some lectures in London in 1721 and 1726. Martyn was one of the founders and the secretary of a society which met for a few years in the Rainbow coffee-house. In 1732 he was appointed Professor of Botany at Cambridge University and he retained his professorship, however, till 1768, when he resigned in favour of his son Thomas. On resigning the botanical chair at Cambridge he presented the university with a number of his botanical specimens, John Martyn married Eulalia King, daughter of John King, rector of Pertenhall in Bedfordshire and Chelsea in London. Their son, Thomas Martyn was also an eminent botanist, author of Flora rustica, after the death of his first wife, John Martyn married Mary Anne Fonnereau, daughter of Claude Fonnereau, merchant of London and Christ Church, Ipswich, and the brother of Thomas Fonnereau. Although he had not taken a degree, he long practised as a physician at Chelsea. His son Thomas wrote a memoir of his father in 1770, an expanded version of this memoir was prepared and published by George Gorham in 1830. He is best known for his Historia Plantarum Rariorum, and his translation, with agricultural and botanical notes, of the Eclogues. Editions continued to be issued after his death and he also started the Grub Street Journal, a weekly satirical review, which lasted from 1730 to 1737. P. Virgilii Maronis Bucolicorum eclogæ decem, The Bucolicks of Virgil, with an English translation, 1st ed 1749 2nd ed 17491829 edition For a full list, see Gorham p.78 John Martyn info from the Hauck Botanical online exhibit Donald Heald prints
12.
Epitaph
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An epitaph is a short text honouring a deceased person. Strictly speaking, it refers to text that is inscribed on a tombstone or plaque, some epitaphs are specified by the person themselves before their death, while others are chosen by those responsible for the burial. An epitaph may be written in prose or in verse, poets have been known to compose their own epitaphs prior to their death. Most epitaphs are brief records of the family, and perhaps the career, of the deceased, often with an expression of love or respect—for example. Notably, the Laudatio Turiae, the longest known Ancient Roman epitaph, exceeds almost all of these at 180 lines, it celebrates the virtues of an honored wife, some are quotes from holy texts, or aphorisms. One approach of many epitaphs is to speak to the reader, a wry trick of others is to request the reader to get off their resting place, inasmuch as the reader would have to be standing on the ground above the coffin to read the inscription. Nearly all note name, year or date of birth, many list family members and the relationship of the deceased to them. Heroes and Kings your distance keep, In peace let one poor poet sleep, Who never flattered folks like you, Let Horace blush, — Alexander Pope Wir müssen wissen. — David Hilbert He never killed a man that did not need killing, — Clay Allison Here lies One whose Name was writ in Water — John Keats Undefeated — Hans-Joachim Marseille And the beat goes on. — Sonny Bono Sleep after toyle, port after stormie seas, Ease after warre, death after life, — Joseph Conrad Thats all folks. — Mel Blanc Ive finally stopped getting dumber, — Paul Erdős Go tell the Spartans, stranger passing by that here, obedient to their law, we lie. — Simonidess epigram at Thermopylae I told you I was ill, — Spike Milligan Here sleeps at peace a Hampshire Grenadier Who caught his early death by drinking cold small beer. Soldiers, be wise at his fall, And when youre hot. — Thomas Thetcher tombstone epitaph in Winchester Cathedral To save your world you asked this man to die, Would this man, could he see you now, ask why. — Epitaph for the Unknown Soldier, written by W. H. Auden There is borne an empty hearsecovered over for such as appear not. Heroes have the earth for their tomb. — Unknown Soldiers epitaph, Athens, passages taken from Pericles Funeral Oration Against you I will fling myself, unvanquished and unyielding, O Death. — Virginia Woolf Good frend for Iesvs sake forebeare, To digg the dvst encloased heare. Bleste be man spares thes stones, Good friend for Jesus sake forbear, To dig the dust enclosed here. Blessed be the man that spares these stones, And cursed be he moves my bones
13.
The Gentleman's Magazine
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The Gentlemans Magazine was founded in London, England, by Edward Cave in January 1731. It ran uninterrupted for almost 200 years, until 1922 and it was the first to use the term magazine for a periodical. Samuel Johnsons first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentlemans Magazine, the original complete title was The Gentlemans Magazine, or, Traders monthly intelligencer. Caves innovation was to create a monthly digest of news and commentary on any topic the educated public might be interested in and it carried original content from a stable of regular contributors, as well as extensive quotations and extracts from other periodicals and books. Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the magazine for a periodical. Contributions to the magazine took the form of letters, addressed to Mr. Urban. The iconic illustration of St. Johns Gate on the front of each issue depicted Caves home, in effect, before the founding of The Gentlemans Magazine, there were specialized journals, but no such wide-ranging publications. Samuel Johnsons first regular employment as a writer was with The Gentlemans Magazine, during a time when parliamentary reporting was banned, Johnson regularly contributed parliamentary reports as Debates of the Senate of Magna Lilliputia. Though they reflected the positions of the participants, the words of the debates were mostly Johnsons own, the name Columbia, a poetic name for America coined by Johnson, first appears in a 1738 weekly publication of the debates of the British Parliament in the magazine. A skilled businessman, Edward Cave developed a distribution system for The Gentlemans Magazine. It was read throughout the English-speaking world and continued to flourish through the 18th century and it went into decline towards the end of the 19th century and finally ceased general publication in September 1907. However, issues consisting of four each were printed in very small editions between late 1907 and 1922 in order to keep the title formally in print. This 75-volume index gives the name and an abbreviated reference to the date, event. This index covers the years 1731–1850, the index is available at the Family History Library as FHL book 942 B2g Index and is also available on microfilm or microfiche. An abstract of the contents of The Gentleman’s Magazine from 1731 to 1868 was published by George L. Gomme in 1891. He describes it as excerpts from the publications containing local history and information, topographical details. Gommes work has been digitized and indexed by Ancestry. com and is available online to Ancestry subscribers or at subscribing libraries, a four-volume set of indexes was compiled by Samuel Ayscough with some assistance or later editing by John Nichols and by Gabriel Richard. Covering 1731–1786, and volume 4 contains an Index of Names of Persons covering 1731–1818, the indexes are by surname only and are available online for free through Google Books, Ayscough, Samuel, Nichols, John
14.
Denis Diderot
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Denis Diderot was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer. He was a prominent figure during the Enlightenment and is best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, Denis Diderot was born in Langres, Champagne, and began his formal education at a Jesuit collège in Langres. His parents were Didier Diderot a cutler, maître coutelier, three of five siblings survived to adulthood, Denise Diderot and their youngest brother Pierre-Didier Diderot, and finally their sister Angélique Diderot. According to Arthur McCandless Wilson, Denis Diderot greatly admired his sister Denise, in 1732 Denis Diderot earned the Master of Arts degree in philosophy. Then he entered the Collège dHarcourt of the University of Paris and he abandoned the idea of entering the clergy and decided instead to study at the Paris Law Faculty. His study of law was short-lived however and in 1734 Diderot decided to become a writer, because of his refusal to enter one of the learned professions, he was disowned by his father, and for the next ten years he lived a bohemian existence. In 1742 he befriended Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in 1743 he further alienated his father by marrying Antoinette Champion, a devout Roman Catholic. The match was considered due to Champions low social standing, poor education, fatherless status. She was about three years older than Diderot, the marriage in October 1743 produced one surviving child, a girl. Her name was Angélique, after both Diderots dead mother and sister, the death of his sister, a nun, from overwork in the convent may have affected Diderots opinion of religion. Babuti, Madeleine de Puisieux, Sophie Volland and Mme de Maux and his letters to Sophie Volland are known for their candor and are regarded to be among the literary treasures of the eighteenth century. Though his work was broad as well as rigorous, it did not bring Diderot riches, when the time came for him to provide a dowry for his daughter, he saw no alternative than to sell his library. When Empress Catherine II of Russia heard of his financial troubles she commissioned an agent in Paris to buy the library and she then requested that the philosopher retain the books in Paris until she required them, and act as her librarian with a yearly salary. Between October 1773 and March 1774, the sick Diderot spent a few months at the court in Saint Petersburg. Diderot died of thrombosis in Paris on 31 July 1784. His heirs sent his vast library to Catherine II, who had it deposited at the National Library of Russia and this idea seems to have been shelved. In 1745, he published a translation of Shaftesburys Inquiry Concerning Virtue and Merit, in 1746, Diderot wrote his first original work, the Philosophical Thoughts. In this book, Diderot argued for a reconciliation of reason with feeling so as to establish harmony, according to Diderot, without feeling there would be a detrimental effect on virtue and no possibility of creating sublime work
15.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
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Jean-Baptiste le Rond dAlembert was a French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher, and music theorist. Until 1759 he was also co-editor with Denis Diderot of the Encyclopédie, DAlemberts formula for obtaining solutions to the wave equation is named after him. The wave equation is referred to as dAlemberts equation. Born in Paris, dAlembert was the son of the writer Claudine Guérin de Tencin and the chevalier Louis-Camus Destouches. Destouches was abroad at the time of dAlemberts birth, days after birth his mother left him on the steps of the Saint-Jean-le-Rond de Paris church. According to custom, he was named after the saint of the church. DAlembert was placed in an orphanage for foundling children, but his father found him and placed him with the wife of a glazier, Madame Rousseau, Destouches secretly paid for the education of Jean le Rond, but did not want his paternity officially recognized. DAlembert first attended a private school, the chevalier Destouches left dAlembert an annuity of 1200 livres on his death in 1726. Under the influence of the Destouches family, at the age of twelve entered the Jansenist Collège des Quatre-Nations. Here he studied philosophy, law, and the arts, graduating as baccalauréat en arts in 1735, in his later life, DAlembert scorned the Cartesian principles he had been taught by the Jansenists, physical promotion, innate ideas and the vortices. The Jansenists steered DAlembert toward a career, attempting to deter him from pursuits such as poetry. Theology was, however, rather unsubstantial fodder for dAlembert and he entered law school for two years, and was nominated avocat in 1738. He was also interested in medicine and mathematics, Jean was first registered under the name Daremberg, but later changed it to dAlembert. The name dAlembert was proposed by Johann Heinrich Lambert for a moon of Venus. In July 1739 he made his first contribution to the field of mathematics, at the time Lanalyse démontrée was a standard work, which dAlembert himself had used to study the foundations of mathematics. DAlembert was also a Latin scholar of note and worked in the latter part of his life on a superb translation of Tacitus. In 1740, he submitted his second scientific work from the field of fluid mechanics Mémoire sur la réfraction des corps solides, in this work dAlembert theoretically explained refraction. In 1741, after failed attempts, dAlembert was elected into the Académie des Sciences
16.
Chambers's Encyclopaedia
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Chamberss Encyclopaedia was founded in 1859 by W. & R. The encyclopaedia is no longer produced, andrew Findlater was the acting editor and spent ten years on the project. The work appeared between 1859 and 1868 in 520 weekly parts at three-halfpence each and totalled ten octavo volumes, on 8,320 pages, volume 10 included a supplement of 409 pages at the back for new and revised content. A revised edition appeared in 1874, the index of matters not having special articles contained about 1,500 headings. The articles were generally excellent, especially on Jewish literature, folk-lore and practical science, but, as in Brockhaus, an entirely new edition was published 1888–1892 in ten volumes edited by David Patrick. In this edition, the majority of the articles were re-written and the articles on American matters were written mainly by Americans, further new editions appeared regularly, edited by Patrick, up to the First World War. The last editions to keep to the ten volume format were published under the editorship of William Geddie in 1923-27 and 1935. The publication was celebrated at a luncheon at Grocers Hall attended by over 100 contributors and it was announced that the encyclopaedia, which had taken six years to prepare, had cost £500,000 and included the work of over 2,300 authors. Subsequent reports from the publishers, Newnes, confirmed that the work was a success with sales requiring regular reprinting which also allowed for considerable revision of the work. By the 1961 revised edition, several million words had been revised or replaced, the encyclopaedia was regarded as such a scholarly achievement that Mrs Law received the O. B. E. for her efforts. The 1966 edition was published by Pergamon who had purchased George Newnes subscription books division, Chambers Dictionary William Chambers Robert Chambers Chambers Harrap Attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Encyclopaedia. A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature, london, J. M. Dent & Sons
17.
Dictionary of National Biography
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The Dictionary of National Biography is a standard work of reference on notable figures from British history, published from 1885. The updated Oxford Dictionary of National Biography was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes and he approached Leslie Stephen, then editor of the Cornhill Magazine, owned by Smith, to become editor. Stephen persuaded Smith that the work should focus on subjects from the UK and its present, an early working title was the Biographia Britannica, the name of an earlier eighteenth-century reference work. The first volume of the Dictionary of National Biography appeared on 1 January 1885, in May 1891 Leslie Stephen resigned and Sidney Lee, Stephens assistant editor from the beginning of the project, succeeded him as editor. While much of the dictionary was written in-house, the DNB also relied on external contributors, by 1900, more than 700 individuals had contributed to the work. Successive volumes appeared quarterly with complete punctuality until midsummer 1900, when the series closed with volume 63, the year of publication, the editor and the range of names in each volume is given below. The supplements brought the work up to the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901. The dictionary was transferred from its original publishers, Smith, Elder & Co. to Oxford University Press in 1917, until 1996, Oxford University Press continued to add further supplements featuring articles on subjects who had died during the twentieth century. The supplements published between 1912 and 1996 added about 6,000 lives of people who died in the century to the 29,120 in the 63 volumes of the original DNB. In 1993 a volume containing missing biographies was published and this had an additional 1,000 lives, selected from over 100,000 suggestions. Consequently, the dictionary was becoming less and less useful as a reference work, in 1966, the University of London published a volume of corrections, cumulated from the Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research. There were various versions of the Concise Dictionary of National Biography, the last edition, in three volumes, covered everyone who died before 1986. In the early 1990s Oxford University Press committed itself to overhauling the DNB, the new dictionary would cover British history, broadly defined, up to 31 December 2000. The research project was conceived as a one, with in-house staff co-ordinating the work of nearly 10,000 contributors internationally. Following Matthews death in October 1999, he was succeeded as editor by another Oxford historian, Professor Brian Harrison, in January 2000. The new dictionary, now known as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, was published on 23 September 2004 in 60 volumes in print at a price of £7500, most UK holders of a current library card can access it online free of charge. In subsequent years, the print edition has been able to be obtained new for a lower price. At publication, the 2004 edition had 50,113 biographical articles covering 54,922 lives, a small permanent staff remain in Oxford to update and extend the coverage of the online edition
18.
Public domain
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The term public domain has two senses of meaning. Anything published is out in the domain in the sense that it is available to the public. Once published, news and information in books is in the public domain, in the sense of intellectual property, works in the public domain are those whose exclusive intellectual property rights have expired, have been forfeited, or are inapplicable. Examples for works not covered by copyright which are therefore in the domain, are the formulae of Newtonian physics, cooking recipes. Examples for works actively dedicated into public domain by their authors are reference implementations of algorithms, NIHs ImageJ. The term is not normally applied to situations where the creator of a work retains residual rights, as rights are country-based and vary, a work may be subject to rights in one country and be in the public domain in another. Some rights depend on registrations on a basis, and the absence of registration in a particular country, if required. Although the term public domain did not come into use until the mid-18th century, the Romans had a large proprietary rights system where they defined many things that cannot be privately owned as res nullius, res communes, res publicae and res universitatis. The term res nullius was defined as not yet appropriated. The term res communes was defined as things that could be enjoyed by mankind, such as air, sunlight. The term res publicae referred to things that were shared by all citizens, when the first early copyright law was first established in Britain with the Statute of Anne in 1710, public domain did not appear. However, similar concepts were developed by British and French jurists in the eighteenth century, instead of public domain they used terms such as publici juris or propriété publique to describe works that were not covered by copyright law. The phrase fall in the domain can be traced to mid-nineteenth century France to describe the end of copyright term. In this historical context Paul Torremans describes copyright as a coral reef of private right jutting up from the ocean of the public domain. Because copyright law is different from country to country, Pamela Samuelson has described the public domain as being different sizes at different times in different countries. According to James Boyle this definition underlines common usage of the public domain and equates the public domain to public property. However, the usage of the public domain can be more granular. Such a definition regards work in copyright as private property subject to fair use rights, the materials that compose our cultural heritage must be free for all living to use no less than matter necessary for biological survival
19.
Premier Grand Lodge of England
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The Premier Grand Lodge of England was founded on 24 June 1717 as the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster, later calling itself the Grand Lodge of England. It existed until 1813 when it united with the Ancient Grand Lodge of England to create the United Grand Lodge of England and it was the first Masonic Grand Lodge to be created. The basic principles of the Grand Lodge of England were inspired by the ideal of tolerance and universal understanding of the Enlightenment and by the Scientific Revolution of the 17th Century. The four lodges had previously met together in 1716 at the Apple-Tree Tavern and it was at that meeting in 1716 that they resolved to hold the Annual Assembly and Feast and then choose a Grand Master from among themselves, which they did the following year. While the three London lodges were mainly operative lodges, the Rummer and Grapes, by the Palace of Westminster, appears to have been primarily a lodge of accepted and speculative gentlemen masons. The new body known as the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster. Little is known of Anthony Sayer, the first Grand Master, Payne served as Grand Master twice, in 1718-19, and 1720-21. The year in between was taken by John Theophilus Desaguliers, a scientist, clergyman, and a pupil of Newton, thereafter, every Grand Master was a member of the nobility, although in these early years, it is unlikely that they were anything more than figureheads. The intention was to raise the profile of the society. George Payne took it himself to write the General Regulations of a Free Mason. Very little is known of the period from 1717 to 1721, due to lack of minutes and written material, according to Anderson, he was commissioned to digest the old Gothic Constitutions of Freemasonry. The book was submitted for approval to Grand Lodge, and published by order of the Grand Master in 1723 and it started with Desaguliers dedication to the previous Grand Master, Lord Montagu. For the first time, all of Freemasonry, except for the ritual, was available in a printed book, Anderson received no remuneration from the pocket editions which started to appear in the 1730s, which may have inspired the revised edition of 1738. The new Grand Lodge was evidently not immediately attractive to the older St. Johns or independent lodges and it had been their custom to mark the lodge out in chalk, which would be erased with a mop and bucket. This began to be replaced with tape and thin metal letters, the second quarter of the Eighteenth century saw the London organisation flourish as the Grand Lodge of England. However, the rapidity of growth saw some lodges fail in their first year, a crop of disaffected ex-masons brought a few published exposures, the most successful being Pritchards Masonry Dissected, in 1730. This also widened the gulf between a relatively new Grand Lodge, and many unaffiliated lodges in the country, who viewed with suspicion any departure from the Ancient Landmarks. When, in 1721, the Grand Lodge secured John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu as their first noble Grand Master and this became an annual event, with later processions being conducted in carriages
20.
Anthony Sayer
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Anthony Sayer, on 24 June 1717, at the formation of the first Premier Grand Lodge of England of freemasons at London, the members present elected as their first Grand Master Anthony Sayer, Gentleman. He further served Grand Lodge as Senior Grand Warden under John Theophilus Desaguliers, apart from being Londons first, he is also the Grand Master about whom less definite information is known than any of his successors in that high office. He seems to have fallen on difficult times, probably falling foul of the South Sea Bubble and he petitioned Grand Lodge for charity in 1724,1730, and 1741. He also twice received assistance from the Old Kings Arms lodge and his death is recorded in the minutes of that lodge in the month prior to 6 January 1741/2. Whatever his difficulties, he retained a great deal of respect amongst his brother Freemasons
21.
George Payne (Freemason)
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For other articles titled George Payne, see George Payne. George Payne was a Freemason and the second Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England in 1718, after being succeeded by John Desaguliers in 1719, he was again Grand Master in 1720. During this time he compiled The Constitutions of the Free-masons, which was printed in 1722 or 1723 and he was deputy Master in 1725, when the Duke of Richmond was both Master of the Lodge and Grand Master. George Payne of the Exchequer - appointed Secretary to the Tax Office 20 July 1732, Head Secretary 8 April 1743 - was the son of Samuel Payne of Chester, George Payne and his wife Anne Martha Batson had no surviving children. They lived in St Stephens Court, New Palace Yard, Westminster and his brother Thomas Payne was rector of Holme Lacy Herefordshire for Frances Scudamore wife of Henry Scudamore, 3rd Duke of Beaufort and later the wife of Charles FitzRoy-Scudamore. Thomass nine recorded children included Frances Compton Countess of Northampton and Catherine Seymour, the First Grand Lodge 10,000 Famous Freemasons, W R Denslow History of the Grand Lodge of England 1723-1760
22.
John Theophilus Desaguliers
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John Theophilus Desaguliers was a French-born British natural philosopher, clergyman, engineer and freemason who was elected to the Royal Society in 1714 as experimental assistant to Isaac Newton. He had studied at Oxford and later popularized Newtonian theories and their applications in public lectures. Desaguliers’s most important patron was James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos, as a Freemason, Desaguliers was instrumental in the success of the first Grand Lodge in London in the early 1720s and served as its third Grand Master. Desaguliers was born in La Rochelle, several months after his father Jean Desaguliers, Jean Desaguliers was ordained as an Anglican by Bishop Henry Compton of London, and sent to Guernsey. Meanwhile, the baby was baptised Jean Théophile Desaguliers in the Protestant Temple in La Rochelle, in 1694 the family moved to London where Jean Desaguliers later set up a French school in Islington. He also attended lectures by John Keill, who used innovative demonstrations to illustrate difficult concepts of Newtonian natural philosophy, when Keill left Oxford in 1709 Desaguliers continued giving the lectures at Hart Hall, the forerunner of Hertford College, Oxford. He obtained a degree there in 1712. In 1719 Oxford granted him the degree of Doctor in Civil Laws. His doctorate was incorporated by Cambridge University in 1726, Desaguliers was ordained as a deacon in 1710, at Fulham Palace, and as a priest in 1717, at Ely Palace in London. In 1712 Desaguliers moved back to London and advertised courses of lectures in Experimental Philosophy. He was not the first to do this, but became the most successful, offering to speak in English, by the time of his death he had given over 140 courses of some 20 lectures each on mechanics, hydrostatics, pneumatics, optics and astronomy. In 1717 Desaguliers lodged at Hampton Court and lectured in French to King George I, Desaguliers promoted Newton’s ideas and maintained the scientific nature of the meetings when Hans Sloane took over the Presidency after Newton died in 1727. Desaguliers contributed over 60 articles to the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society and he received the Society’s prestigious Copley Medal in 1734,1736 and 1741. The last award was for his summary of knowledge to date on the phenomenon of electricity and he had worked on this with Stephen Gray, who at one time lodged at the Desaguliers home. Desaguliers’s “Dissertation concerning Electricity”, in which he coined the terms conductor and insulator, was awarded a medal by the Bordeaux Academy of Sciences. James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos appointed Desaguliers as his chaplain in 1716 and he was also gifted the living of St Lawrence Church, Little Stanmore, which was close to the Duke’s mansion called Cannons, then under construction at nearby Edgware. The church was rebuilt in the style in 1715. The Cannons estate benefited from Desaguliers scientific expertise which was applied to the water garden there
23.
John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu
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John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu, KG GMB PC, styled Viscount Monthermer until 1705 and Marquess of Monthermer between 1705 and 1709, was a British peer. He was a son of Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of Montagu and his maternal grandparents were Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton and Lady Elizabeth Leigh. He went on the tour with Pierre Sylvestre. On 17 March 1705, John was married to Lady Mary Churchill, daughter of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough and Sarah Churchill, on 23 October 1717, he was admitted a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. He was made a Knight of the Garter in 1719, and was made Order of the Bath, a fellow of the Royal Society in 1725, and a Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England. On 22 June 1722, George I appointed him governor of the islands of Saint Lucia and he in turn appointed Nathaniel Uring, a merchant sea captain and adventurer, as deputy-governor. Uring went to the islands with a group of seven ships, unable to get enough support from British warships, he and the new colonists were quickly run off by the French. In 1739, the countrys first home for abandoned children, the Foundling Hospital was created in London, Montagu was a supporter of this effort and was one of the charitys founding governors. He also financed the education of two notable Black British figures of the age, Ignatius Sancho and Francis Williams, sending the latter to Cambridge University. In 1745, he raised a regiment known as Montagus Carabineers. He is said to have once dunked the political philosopher Montesquieu in a tub of water as a joke. The dukes country place, Boughton House, Northamptonshire, was out by him as a miniature Versailles. Montagu and his wife Lady Mary Churchill were parents to five children, married first William Montagu, 2nd Duke of Manchester and second Edward Hussey-Montagu, 1st Earl of Beaulieu. Married George Brudenell, 4th Earl of Cardigan, Edward As none of Montagus sons survived him, his titles became extinct upon his death in 1749. His estates were inherited by his daughter Mary, whose husband, George Brudenell, 4th Earl of Cardigan assumed the name and arms of Montagu, and in 1766 was created 1st Duke of Montagu. In 1790 this second creation dukedom of Montagu also became extinct, his only son and his daughter Elizabeth married Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch, 5th Duke of Queensberry who thus acquired all the unentailed property of the Dukes of Montagu. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chichester. Montagu, John, second duke of Montagu, John Montague, 2nd Duke of Montagu presenting the Roll of Constitutions and the compasses to Philip, Duke of Wharton
24.
Philip Wharton, 1st Duke of Wharton
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He was the son of Thomas Honest Tom Wharton, the Whig partisan, and his second wife Lucy Loftus. Just a month after he inherited his titles, he eloped with Martha Holmes, Wharton did not get control of his fathers extensive estate, for it was put in the care of Philips mother and Thomass Whig party friends. Thereafter, young Wharton began to travel and he had been raised with an excellent education and prepared for a life as a public speaker, and Wharton was eloquent and witty. He travelled to France and Switzerland with a severe Calvinist tutor whose authority he resented, Wharton then went to Ireland where, at the age of 18, he entered the Irish House of Lords as Marquess Catherlough. When he was 19 years old he was created Duke of Wharton in 1718 by George I in the Kings effort to solidify his support, in 1719, Whartons wife gave birth to a son named Thomas, but the baby died in a smallpox epidemic the next year. From that point on, Wharton had little to do with his wife, Wharton turned Jacobite when travelling in 1716, or at least nominally Jacobite. He began signing his name Philip James Wharton to indicate his allegiance, even before his losses in the South Sea Bubble stock market crash of 1720, Wharton collected debts. He was so indebted that he sold his Irish estates and used money to invest in South Sea Company stock. When the Bubble burst, he lost the staggering sum of £120,000, in response, he hired musicians and a hearse and held a public funeral for the South Sea Company. Wharton began to borrow money from Jacobite bankers and accumulated more debts, in 1719 Wharton is credited with founding the original Hellfire Club. Which primarily performed parodies of religious rites and he became Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England in 1723, and was active in the House of Lords in opposition to Robert Walpole. In 1723, he wrote and spoke in favour of the exoneration of Francis Atterbury and he published The True Briton as a periodical to oppose the rise of Walpole. His substantive change to Jacobitism occurred in 1725, when Wharton joined Earl Orrery in attacking the Court and he made allies among City politicians, which was valuable to the Jacobites as Jacobitism had previously been associated with Scotland and disaffected country squires. The City had been a Whig stronghold and any erosion in their support would have powerful consequences, indeed, although Wharton did not benefit from it, much of this would bear fruit in the emergence of the Patriot Whigs a few years later. At the same time, Wharton was £70,000 in debt, Whartons debts were impossible for him to overcome. He accepted or sought the position as Jacobite ambassador to the Holy Roman Empire in Vienna in 1725, but the Austrians did not like Wharton and his dissipated lifestyle also offended the more severe Austrians. He then went to Rome, where James gave him the Order of the Garter, Whartons wife died in 1726, and he married Maria Theresa ONeill OBeirne only three months later. Walpoles spies were informed of Whartons activities and other Jacobites considered him a person to be near
25.
Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond
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Charles Lennox, 2nd Duke of Richmond, 2nd Duke of Lennox, 2nd Duke of Aubigny KG, KB, PC, FRS was a British nobleman, peer, and politician. He was the son of Charles Lennox, 1st Duke of Richmond, and he held a number of posts in connection with his high office but is best remembered for his patronage of cricket. He has been described as the most important of the early patrons. Lennox was styled Earl of March from his birth in 1701 as heir to his fathers dukedom and he also inherited his fathers love of sports, particularly cricket. He had an accident at the age of 12 when he was thrown from a horse during a hunt. They were married at The Hague, in 1722, March became Member of Parliament for Chichester as first member with Sir Thomas Miller as his second. He gave up his seat after his father died in May 1723, a feature of Richmonds career was the support he received from his wife Sarah, her interest being evident in surviving letters. Their marriage was a success, especially by Georgian standards. The 2nd Duke of Richmond has been described as early crickets greatest patron, although he had played cricket as a boy, his real involvement began after he succeeded to the dukedom. He captained his own team and his players included some of the earliest known professionals, later, when he patronised Slindon Cricket Club, Richmond was associated with the Newland brothers. His earliest recorded match is the one against Sir William Gages XI on 20 July 1725, Records have survived of four matches played by Richmonds team in the 1727 season. Two were against Gages XI and two against an XI raised by the Surrey patron Alan Brodrick and these last two games are highly significant because Richmond and Brodrick drew up Articles of Agreement beforehand to determine the rules that must apply in their contests. These were itemised in sixteen points and it is believed that this was the first time that rules were formally agreed, although rules as such definitely existed. The first full codification of the Laws of Cricket was done in 1744, essentially the articles of agreement focused on residential qualifications and ensuring that there was no dissent by any player other than the two captains. In 1728, Richmonds Sussex played twice against Edwin Steads Kent, in 1730, Richmonds team played two matches against Gages XI and another match against a Surrey XI backed by a Mr Andrews of Sunbury. The second of his matches against Gage, due to be played at The Dripping Pan, near Lewes, was put off on account of Waymark, in 1731, Richmond was involved in one of the most controversial matches recorded in the early history of cricket. On 16 August, his Sussex team played a Middlesex XI backed by one Thomas Chambers at a venue in Chichester. Chambers team won this match, which had a prize of 100 guineas, and a return was arranged to take place at Richmond Green on 23 August
26.
Henry Hare, 3rd Baron Coleraine
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Henry Hare, 3rd Baron Coleraine FRS, FSA was an English antiquary. Born at East Betchworth, Surrey,10 May 1693, he was the eldest son of the Hon, hugh Hare, by his wife Lydia, daughter of Matthew Carlton of Edmonton, Middlesex. He was educated at Enfield under Robert Uvedale and he was a member of the Republica Letteraria di Arcadia, and a friend of the Marquis Scipio Maffei, who renewed their friendship at Coleraines country seat, Bruce Castle, Tottenham. He was elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries,8 December 1725, on 18 May 1727 he became a member of the Gentlemans Society at Spalding, Lincolnshire, and was also a member of the Brasenose Society. In the following year he was Grand Master of Freemasons and he was chosen Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 January 1730. During the same month was elected M. P. for Boston, Lincolnshire, in the place of the late Henry Pacey, Coleraine was a patron of George Vertue, and took him antiquarian tours in England to make drawing. He died in August 1749, and was buried at Tottenham, a copy of Latin alcaics from his pen was printed in the Academiæ Oxoniensis Comitia Philologica in honorem Annæ Pacificæ,1713, and in the Musæ Anglicanæ, iii. 303, under the title of Musarum Oblatio, basil Kennett, who in 1714 succeeded Thomas Turner in the presidency of Corpus, inscribed to Coleraine an epistolary poem on his predecessors death. His library was purchased in 1754 by Thomas Osborne, the bookseller, among them was the second Lord Coleraines manuscript history of Tottenham. The pictures and antiques were sold by auction on 13 and 14 March 1754. Coleraine married,20 January 1718, Anne, eldest daughter of John Hanger, Governor of the Bank of England 1719-1721, grandson of Sir Lewis Roberts, the couple lived together until October 1720, when Lady Coleraine left her husband, there were no children. Having had no issue by his wife, Coleraine bequeathed his Tottenham estates to this illegitimate daughter, a grant of them was later obtained for James Townsend, whom she married on 2 May 1763. Lady Coleraine survived until 10 January 1754, and asked to be buried at Bray, gabriel, third son of her uncle Sir George Hanger, was, in 1762, created Baron Coleraine. Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Goodwin. London, Smith, Elder & Co. p.367, the History of Parliament, the House of Commons 1715-1754
27.
Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk
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Thomas Howard, 8th Duke of Norfolk, Earl Marshal was an English peer and politician. He was the son of Lord Thomas Howard and Mary Elizabeth Savile, upon the death of his uncle Henry Howard, 7th Duke of Norfolk, he inherited the titles of 17th Baron Furnivall and 8th Duke of Norfolk. He married Maria Shireburn, daughter of Sir Nicholas Shireburn, 1st and last Bt. of Stonyhurst Hall, on 26 May 1709, when she was age 16 and a half, with a fortune of more than £30,000. At the time of the Jacobite Rising of 1715 he used his influence to secure the acquittal of his brother Edward on the charge of high treason. The Duke himself was arrested on 29 October 1722 under suspicion of involvement in a Jacobite plot and his wife, refused permission to visit, prevailed upon the Earl of Carlisle to act as surety for his bail in May 1723. Howard was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of England from 1729-30 and his marriage is said to have been unhappy, and his wife, a staunch Catholic and Jacobite, separated from him when he—in her words—truckled to the Usurper. The Duke died childless on 23 December 1732 at age 49, upon his death, the title passed to his brother Edward
28.
Viscount Montagu
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Viscount Montagu was a title in the Peerage of England. It was created on 2 September 1554 for Anthony Browne and it became extinct on the death of the ninth Viscount in 1797. The title Viscount Montagu was chosen from line of descent from John Neville and his daughter Lucy Neville was the mother of Anthony Browne. He was made a Viscount to correlate to the wealth of the Browne family, Anthony Browne, 1st Viscount Montagu Hon
29.
John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford
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Lieutenant-General John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford was a Scottish peer and the first colonel of the Black Watch on its formation in 1739. Lindsay was the son of Lieutenant-General John Lindsay, 19th Earl of Crawford and Emilia Stuart and he was educated at University of Glasgow and the Vaudeuil Military Academy, Paris. The Earl of Crawford was commissioned into the 3rd Foot Guards in 1726 and he was then Colonel of the 2nd Troop of Horse Grenadier Guards and Colonel of the 4th Troop of Horse Guards, fighting at the Battle of Dettingen on 16 June 1743. He gained the rank of Brigadier-General in 1744 and Major-General in 1745 and he fought in the Jacobite Uprising in 1745 and the Battle of Fontenoy on 30 April 1745. Crawford was Colonel of the 25th Foot and he fought in the Battle of Roucoux on 11 October 1746 and gained the rank of Lieutenant-General in 1747. He was Colonel of the 2nd Dragoons In 1732 Crawford was elected Fellow of the Royal Society, in 1734 he was Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England. Crawford had married Lady Jean Murray, daughter of Lieutenant-General Sir James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl, in 1747 and he died on 26 December 1749 from a head wound received at the Battle of Krotzka in 1739. He was the last member of the Lindsay family to be buried in the mausoleum in the cemetery at Ceres, Fife, Scotland
30.
Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth
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Thomas Thynne, 2nd Viscount Weymouth was an English peer, descended from the first Sir John Thynne of Longleat House. Thomas Thynne was born on 21 May 1710, the son of another Thomas Thynne and his father died a month before the young Thomas was born. In 1733 he was appointed High Steward of Tamworth and was also Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge of England from 1735 to 1736. Between 4 December 1739 and 1751, he held the Royal offices of Keeper of Hyde Park, Keeper of the Mall, shortly after his Hyde Park appointment, Weymouth began the construction of the Serpentine lakes at Longleat, apparently in imitation of Hyde Parks Serpentine. On 6 December 1726, Weymouth married firstly Lady Elizabeth Sackville, daughter of Lionel Sackville, after her death on 19 June 1729, he married, secondly, Lady Louisa Carteret, daughter of John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville. With his second wife he had two sons, Thomas Thynne, 1st Marquess of Bath, and Henry Carteret, 1st Baron Carteret, Weymouth died on 12 January 1750/51, at Horningsham, Wiltshire, and was buried there on 22 January
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John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun
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General John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun was a British nobleman and army officer. Born in Scotland 2 years before the creation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Campbell inherited the peerage on the death of his father in 1731, becoming Lord Loudoun. The earl raised a regiment of infantry that took part in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 on the side of the Hanoverian government, the regiment consisted of twelve companies, with Loudoun as colonel and John Campbell as lieutenant colonel. The regiment was raised and served in different parts of Scotland. Eight companies, under the command of Lord Loudoun, were stationed in Inverness. Loudoun set out in February 1746 with this portion of his regiment and several of the Independent Companies in an attempt to capture the Jacobite pretender, the expedition was ignominiously defeated by a small number of Jacobites in what became known as the Rout of Moy. After this debacle, Loudoun fell back to join the Duke of Cumberlands army, in 1756, Loudoun was sent to North America as Commander-in-Chief and Governor General of Virginia, where he was unpopular with many of the colonial leaders. When he learned that some merchants were trading with the French, while he was trying to fight a war against them. Despite his unpopularity the county of Loudoun, formed from Fairfax in 1757, was named in his honour, while Loudoun was thus engaged in Canada, French forces captured Fort William Henry from the British, and Loudoun was replaced by James Abercrombie and returned to London. Francis Parkman, a 19th-century historian of the Seven Years War, many historians debate whether he played a fundamental part in the Seven Years War. Arguably, he was a figure as he embarked on reforms for the army such as replacing the ordinary musket with the flintlock musket for greater accuracy. He made improvements by embarking on an improvement programme, recognising the need to supply the army as he replaced the traditional supply line with army wagons. His focus was centralising the system of supplies and had built storehouses in Halifax and Albany, in 1762, he was sent to Portugal to counter the Spanish invasion of Portugal as second-in-command, and he became overall commander in 1763. Despite being unable to prevent the loss of Almeida, the British forces soon launched a counter-attack that drove the back across the border. Back in Great Britain, in 1763 Loudoun was made Governor of Edinburgh Castle, in 1770 he was promoted to full general. On 23 January 1773, the town of Loudon, New Hampshire was incorporated and named in Campbells honor, Campbell remained a bachelor, and on his death in 1782 was succeeded as earl by his cousin, James Mure-Campbell. Loudoun Fort Loudoun Loudonville, New York Loudon, New Hampshire Loudoun County, Virginia John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun at wetpaint. com
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Edward Bligh, 2nd Earl of Darnley
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Edward Bligh, 2nd Earl of Darnley was an Irish peer born of an English family who resided in Kent. The eldest son of John Bligh, 1st Earl of Darnley and Lady Theodosia Hyde, Baroness Clifton, he was educated at Westminster and he succeeded his mother as Baron Clifton in 1722 and, in 1728, his father as Earl of Darnley. He was one of the Whigs who, under the auspices of William Pulteney, 1st Earl of Bath, although he never married, he is reputed to have been the lover of the popular Irish actress Margaret Woffington. According to Westminster Abbeys Funeral Book and Burkes Peerage he died at Cobham Hall, the family seat, and was buried in Westminster Abbey on 1 August 1747, aged 31
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Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos
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Henry Brydges, 2nd Duke of Chandos, KB, known from 1727 to 1744 by his courtesy title Marquess of Carnarvon, was the second son of James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos PC and his first wife Mary Lake. He was the Member of Parliament for Hereford from 1727 to 1734, Henry Brydges was educated at Westminster School and St Johns College, Cambridge. Henrys elder brother died without issue in 1727 and Henry became heir to the dukedom. From 1729 to 1735 Brydges was Master of the Horse to Frederick, Prince of Wales and he was described by King George II as a hot headed, passionate, half-witted coxcomb. When his father died on 9 August 1744, the estate was burdened by debt. A decision was made to demolish the family seat, Cannons, in 1747 a twelve-day demolition sale saw both the contents and the very structure of the house itself sold piecemeal. On 21 December 1728 he married Lady Mary Bruce, daughter of Charles Bruce, 4th Earl of Elgin, in 1744 he married Anne Wells, a former chambermaid from Newbury in Berkshire. They had met a few years earlier in circumstances described by a witness as follows, The Duke of Chandos and a companion dined at the Pelican, Newbury, on the way to London. A stir in the Inn yard led to their being told that a man was going to sell his wife, the Duke was smitten with her beauty and patient acquiescence in a process which would free her from a harsh and ill-conditioned husband. He bought her, and subsequently married her Christmas Day,1744, Anne died in 1759, without male issue, and Brydges married for a third time in 1767 to Elizabeth Major, daughter of Sir John Major, 1st Baronet. The dowager duchess of Chandos, the widow of the first duke, Mrs. Elizabeth Montagu in a letter, dated Sandleford,21 December 1750 to Miss Anstey, wrote, My dear Miss Anstey. In a letter to Mrs. Donnellan dated Sandleford, the 30th of December,1750, Mrs. Montagu continued, My rich neighbours are dull, the Dutchess of Chandos is greatly missed by the poor in this rigorous season. To make the happy one must make them industrious
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Earl of Kintore
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Earl of Kintore is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1677 for Sir John Keith, third son of William Keith, 6th Earl Marischal and he was made Lord Keith of Inverurie and Keith Hall at the same time, also in the Peerage of Scotland. At the death of William, the fourth Earl, in 1761 the earldom became dormant as no-one could prove a claim to it. In 1778, it was decided that the earldom should pass to Anthony Adrian Falconer, Lord Falconer of Halkerton, the Lordship Falconer of Halkerton and the Earldom of Kintore remained united until 1966, when, at the death of the tenth Earl, the Lordship became dormant. The eleventh holder of the title, Ethel Sydney Keith-Falconer, married John Baird, 1st Viscount Stonehaven. At the death of Lord Stonehaven, the titles Viscount Stonehaven, the family seat is Keith Hall, near Inverurie, Aberdeenshire. The heir apparent to the uses the courtesy title Lord Inverurie
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James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton
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James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton KT PRS was a Scottish astronomer and representative peer who was President of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh from its foundation in 1737 until his death. He also became President of the Royal Society, and was a patron of science. He graduated MA from Kings College, Cambridge in 1722, in 1746 he visited France, and was imprisoned in the Bastille, probably as a Jacobite. He had a long lasting tendency to protest the actions of the British government, moreton Bay in Queensland, Australia was named after Lord Morton by Lieutenant James Cook. Lord Morton had been influential in obtaining a grant of £4,000 to finance the voyage
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chambers, Ephraim". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the 
