Epistemology
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Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional
Bertrand Russell originated the distinction between propositional knowledge and knowledge by acquaintance.
The analytic–synthetic distinction has its roots in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
Alvin Goldman was an influential defender of externalism.
René Descartes used methodological doubt to seek certain foundations for philosophy.
Truth
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Truth is conformity to reality or fact. It contrasts with falsity or misrepresentation that fails to align with the world. Truth is typically treated as a property of truthbearers, such as sentences,
David Malet Armstrong emphasized the role of truthmakers in establishing a connection between truth and being.
Alfred Tarski formulated the semantic theory of truth.
An early skepticism about the nature of truth is expressed in Pontius Pilate's rhetorical question to Jesus, asking "What is truth?"
Walter Seymour Allward's Veritas ('Truth') outside Supreme Court of Canada, emphasizing truth as a guiding norm of law