1.
Vienna
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Vienna is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austrias primary city, with a population of about 1.8 million, and its cultural, economic and it is the 7th-largest city by population within city limits in the European Union. Today, it has the second largest number of German speakers after Berlin, Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city is located in the part of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region, along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site, apart from being regarded as the City of Music because of its musical legacy, Vienna is also said to be The City of Dreams because it was home to the worlds first psycho-analyst – Sigmund Freud. The citys roots lie in early Celtic and Roman settlements that transformed into a Medieval and Baroque city and it is well known for having played an essential role as a leading European music centre, from the great age of Viennese Classicism through the early part of the 20th century. The historic centre of Vienna is rich in architectural ensembles, including Baroque castles and gardens, Vienna is known for its high quality of life. In a 2005 study of 127 world cities, the Economist Intelligence Unit ranked the city first for the worlds most liveable cities, between 2011 and 2015, Vienna was ranked second, behind Melbourne, Australia. Monocles 2015 Quality of Life Survey ranked Vienna second on a list of the top 25 cities in the world to make a base within, the UN-Habitat has classified Vienna as being the most prosperous city in the world in 2012/2013. Vienna regularly hosts urban planning conferences and is used as a case study by urban planners. Between 2005 and 2010, Vienna was the worlds number-one destination for international congresses and it attracts over 3.7 million tourists a year. The English name Vienna is borrowed from the homonymous Italian version of the name or the French Vienne. The etymology of the name is still subject to scholarly dispute. Some claim that the name comes from Vedunia, meaning forest stream, which produced the Old High German Uuenia. A variant of this Celtic name could be preserved in the Czech and Slovak names of the city, the name of the city in Hungarian, Serbo-Croatian and Ottoman Turkish has a different, probably Slavonic origin, and originally referred to an Avar fort in the area. Slovene-speakers call the city Dunaj, which in other Central European Slavic languages means the Danube River, evidence has been found of continuous habitation since 500 BC, when the site of Vienna on the Danube River was settled by the Celts. In 15 BC, the Romans fortified the city they called Vindobona to guard the empire against Germanic tribes to the north
2.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
3.
Austrians
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Austrians are a Germanic ethnic group and nation, native to Austria that share a common Austrian culture, Austrian descent and Austrian history. The English term Austrians was applied to the population of Habsburg Austria from the 17th or 18th century, subsequently, during the 19th century, it referred to the citizens of the Empire of Austria, and from 1867 until 1918 to the citizens of Cisleithania. In the closest sense, the term Austria originally referred to the historical March of Austria, historically, Austrians were regarded as ethnic Germans and viewed themselves as such. Austria was part of the Holy Roman Empire and the German Confederation until the Austro-Prussian war in 1866 which resulted in Prussia expelling Austria from the Confederation, thus, when Germany was founded as a nation-state in 1871, Austria was not a part of it. In 1867, Austria was reformed into the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the First Austrian Republic was founded in 1919. The Third Reich annexed Austria with the Anschluss in 1938, today, majority of Austrians do not identify as German. Austrians may be described either as a nationality or as a homogeneous Germanic ethnic group, the English word Austrian is a derivative of the proper name Austria, which is a latinization of Österreich, the German name for Austria. This word is derived from Ostarrîchi, which first appears in 996 and this, in turn, is probably a translation of the Latin Marcha Orientalis, which means eastern borderland. It was a margraviate of the Duchy of Bavaria, ruled by the House of Babenberg from AD976, during the 12th century, the Marcha Orientalis under the Babenbergs became independent of Bavaria. What is today known as Lower Austria corresponds to the Marcha Orientalis, the territory of what is today Austria in the Roman era was divided into Raetia, Noricum and Pannonia. Noricum was a Celtic kingdom, while the Pannonii were of Illyrian stock, the Raetians were an ancient alpine people probably akin to the Etruscans. During the Migration period, these territories were settled by the Bavarians and other Germanic groups in the west, in the 8th century, the former territories of Raetia and Noricum fell under Carolingian rule, and were divided into the duchies of Swabia, Bavaria and Carinthia. Pannonia until the end of the 8th century was part of the Avar Khaganate, the East March during the 9th century was the boundary region separating East Francia from the Avars and the Magyars. The site of Vienna had been settled since Celtic times, the various populations of these territories were not unified under the single name of Austrians before the early modern period. The term Austrian in these times was used for identifying subjects of the Domus Austriae, although not formally a united state, the lands ruled by the Habsburgs would sometimes be known by the name Austria. In reality they remained a disparate range of states, most of which were part of the complex network of states that was the Holy Roman Empire. However, the half of the 18th century saw an increasingly centralised state begin to develop under the regency of Maria Theresa of Austria. After the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon, the emperor Franz II formally founded the Austrian Empire in 1804 and these non-Hungarian lands were not officially called the Austrian Empire
4.
Architect
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An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief
5.
Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology, Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938 Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis and he died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In creating psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, Freuds redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the analysis of symptom formation. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, in his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, nonetheless, Freuds work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Audens 1940 poetic tribute, by the time of Freuds death, Freud was born to Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, in modern-day Ukraine and his father, Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakobs family were Hasidic Jews, and although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition and he and Freuds mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a room, in a locksmiths house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as an omen for the boys future. In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg, Freuds half brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the inseparable playmate of his early childhood, Emanuels son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born, Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, Paula, in 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors and he loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17, in 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Clauss zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. He graduated with an MD in 1881, in 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital
6.
Martha Bernays
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Martha Bernays was the wife of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Bernays was the daughter of Emmeline and Berman Bernays. Her paternal grandfather Isaac Bernays was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Martha Bernays was raised in an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays, was the rabbi of Hamburg and a distant relative of the German Romantic poet Heinrich Heine. Isaacs son, Michael Bernays, Marthas uncle, converted to Christianity at an age and was professor of German at the University of Munich. She was also the aunt of Austrian-born American publicist and father of public relations, Sigmund and Martha met in April 1882 and after a four-year engagement they were married on 14 September 1886 in Hamburg. The couple had six children, Mathilde, Jean-Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophie, the young Martha Bernays was a slim and attractive woman who was also a charmer, intelligent, well-educated and fond of reading. As a married woman, she ran her household efficiently, and was indeed almost obsessive about punctuality, firm but loving with her children, she spread an atmosphere of peaceful joie de vivre through the household. However, Martha was not able to establish a connection with her youngest daughter. Bernayss younger sister, Minna Bernays, was close to the young couple. Sigmund and Minna would sometimes holiday together, and the suggestion has periodically been made that she in fact became Freuds mistress, jung for example reported that from Minna he learned that Freud was in love with her and that their relationship was indeed very intimate. Pending publication of the Freud/Minna correspondence for the period 1893–1910, the truth behind such speculations may not be known for sure, what does seem certain is that Martha herself in no way knew of, or colluded in, any such affair
7.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
8.
Art Deco
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Art Deco, sometimes simply referred to as Deco, is a style of visual arts, architecture and design that first appeared in France just before World War I. It took its name, short for Arts Decorators, from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes held in Paris in 1925 and it combined modernist styles with fine craftsmanship and rich materials. During its heyday, Art Deco represented luxury, glamour, exuberance, Art Deco was a pastiche of many different styles, sometimes contradictory, united by a desire to be modern. It featured rare and expensive materials such as ebony and ivory, the Chrysler Building and other skyscrapers of New York were the most visible monuments of the new style. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the became more subdued. New materials arrived, including chrome plating, stainless steel and plastic, a more sleek form of the style, called Streamline Moderne, appeared in the 1930s, it featured curving forms and smooth, polished surfaces. Art Deco became one of the first truly international architectural styles, with examples found in European cities, the style came to an end with the beginning of World War II. Deco was replaced as the dominant global style by the functional and unadorned styles of modernism. The term arts décoratifs was first used in France in 1858, in 1868, Le Figaro newspaper used the term art décoratifs with respect to objects for stage scenery created for the Théâtre de lOpéra. In 1875, furniture designers, textile, jewelry and glass designers and it took its present name of ENSAD in 1927. The term Art déco was then used in a 1966 newspaper article by Hillary Gelson in the Times, describing the different styles at the exhibit. Art Deco gained currency as a broadly applied stylistic label in 1968 when historian Bevis Hillier published the first major book on the style. Hillier noted that the term was already being used by art dealers and cites The Times, in 1971, Hillier organized an exhibition at the Minneapolis Institute of Arts, which he details in his book about it, The World of Art Deco. The emergence of Art Deco was closely connected with the rise in status of decorative artists, the term arts décoratifs had been invented in 1875, giving the designers of furniture, textiles, and other decoration official status. The Société des artistes décorateurs, or SAD, was founded in 1901, a similar movement developed in Italy. The first international exhibition devoted entirely to the arts, the Esposizione international dArte decorative moderna, was held in Turin in 1902. Several new magazines devoted to decorative arts were founded in Paris, including Arts et décoration, Decorative arts sections were introduced into the annual salons of the Sociéte des artistes français, and later in the Salon dautomne. French nationalism also played a part in the resurgence of decorative arts, in 1911 the SAD proposed the holding of a major new international exposition of decorative arts in 1912
9.
Mies van der Rohe
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Ludwig Mies van der Rohe was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to and was addressed as Mies, his surname, along with Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the pioneers of modernist architecture. Mies, like many of his post-World War I contemporaries, sought to establish a new style that could represent modern times just as Classical. He created an influential twentieth-century architectural style, stated with clarity and simplicity. His mature buildings made use of materials such as industrial steel. He strove toward an architecture with a framework of structural order balanced against the implied freedom of unobstructed free-flowing open space. He called his buildings skin and bones architecture and he sought an objective approach that would guide the creative process of architectural design, but he was always concerned with expressing the spirit of the modern era. He is often associated with his quotation of the aphorisms, less is more, Mies was born March 27,1886 in Aachen, Germany. He worked in his fathers stone carving shop and at several design firms before he moved to Berlin. Mies served as manager of the Embassy of the German Empire in Saint Petersburg under Behrens. His talent was recognized and he soon began independent commissions. He began his independent professional career designing upper-class homes, joining the movement seeking a return to the purity of early 19th-century Germanic domestic styles and he rejected the eclectic and cluttered classical styles so common at the turn of the 20th century as irrelevant to the modern times. In 1913, Mies married Adele Auguste Bruhn, the daughter of a wealthy industrialist, during his military service in 1917, Mies fathered a son out of wedlock. In 1925 Mies began a relationship with designer Lilly Reich that ended when he moved to the United States, from 1940 until his death, artist Lora Marx was his primary companion. Mies carried on a relationship with sculptor and art collector Mary Callery for whom he designed an artists studio in Huntington, Long Island. He also was rumored to have a relationship with Edith Farnsworth. Mariannes son Dirk Lohan studied under, and later worked for, after World War I, Mies began, while still designing traditional neoclassical homes, a parallel experimental effort. He joined his avant-garde peers in the search for a new style that would be suitable for the modern industrial age
10.
Potsdam
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Potsdam is the capital and largest city of the German federal state of Brandenburg. It directly borders the German capital Berlin and is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region and it is situated on the River Havel,24 kilometres southwest of Berlins city centre. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser, around the city there are a series of interconnected lakes and cultural landmarks, in particular the parks and palaces of Sanssouci, the largest World Heritage Site in Germany. The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof, the Filmstudio Babelsberg is the oldest large-scale film studio in the world. Potsdam developed into a centre of science in Germany in the 19th century, today, there are three public colleges, the University of Potsdam, and more than 30 research institutes in the city. The area was formed from a series of large moraines left after the last glacial period, today, the city is three-quarters green space, with just a quarter as urban area. There are about 20 lakes and rivers in and around Potsdam, such as the Havel, the Griebnitzsee, Templiner See, Tiefer See, Jungfernsee, Teltowkanal, Heiliger See, the highest point is the 114-metre high Kleiner Ravensberg. Potsdam is divided into seven city districts and nine new Ortsteile. The appearances of the city districts are quite different, the districts in the north and in the centre consist mainly of historical buildings, the south of the city is dominated by larger areas of newer buildings. Potsdam has an Oceanic climate, with cool, snowy winters, the average winter high temperature is 3.5 °C, with a low of −1.7 °C. Snow is common in the winter, summers are mild, with a high of 23.6 °C and a low of 12.7 °C. The name Potsdam originally seems to have been Poztupimi, a common theory is that it derives from an old West Slavonic term meaning beneath the oaks, i. e. the corrupted pod dubmi/dubimi. The area around Potsdam shows occupancy since the Bronze Age and was part of Magna Germania as described by Tacitus. After the great migrations of the Germanic peoples, Slavs moved in and it was first mentioned in a document in 993 AD as Poztupimi, when Emperor Otto III gifted the territory to the Quedlinburg Abbey, then led by his aunt Matilda. By 1317, it was mentioned as a small town and it gained its town charter in 1345. In 1573, it was still a market town of 2,000 inhabitants. Potsdam lost nearly half of its due to the Thirty Years War. After the Edict of Potsdam in 1685, Potsdam became a centre of European immigration and its religious freedom attracted people from France, Russia, the Netherlands and Bohemia
11.
St. John's Wood
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Saint Johns Wood is a district of northwest London, in the City of Westminster, and on the northwest side of Regents Park. It is about 2.5 miles northwest of Charing Cross, once part of the Great Middlesex Forest, it was later owned by the Knights of St John of Jerusalem. The boundaries of St. Johns Wood are the Regents Canal to the south, Maida Vale to the west, Boundary Road to the north and Avenue Rd/Primrose Hill Park to the east. It is an affluent neighbourhood, with the area postcode ranked by Forbes magazine as the fifth most expensive postcode in London based on the average home price in 2007. According to a 2014 property agent survey, St. Johns Wood residents pay the highest average rent in all of London, St Johns Wood was developed from the early 19th century onwards. One of the first developers in the area was James Burton, parts of St Johns Wood have been rebuilt at a higher density, but it remains a highly desirable residential district, and one of the most expensive areas of London. St Johns Wood is the location of Lords Cricket Ground, home of Middlesex County Cricket Club and of the Marylebone Cricket Club, and the original headquarters of cricket. It is also famous for Abbey Road Studios and the street Abbey Road, where The Beatles recorded, notably the Abbey Road album, the Kings Troop, Royal Horse Artillery was formerly based at St Johns Wood Barracks. The regiment moved to Woolwich on 6 February 2012, the barracks is to be demolished and developed as housing, the area is also home to St. Johns Wood Church Grounds, which contains the only nature reserve in the City of Westminster. The nearest London Overground station is South Hampstead. C,5 Forest Road, St. Johns Wood in Wilkie Collinss 1859 sensation novel The Woman in White. Irene Adler lives there in Arthur Conan Doyles 1891 Sherlock Holmes story A Scandal in Bohemia, in the first instalment of John Galsworthys The Forsyte Saga, The Man of Property, Young Jolyon lives on fictional Wistaria Avenue with his second wife and family. St Johns Wood is the home of fictional characters Bingo and Rosie Little in P. G. Wodehouses Jeeves and Wooster short stories and novels, referenced in the Rolling Stones song, Play with Fire, released in 1965. Ballards novel Millennium People, is a psychologist who lives in St. Johns Wood, Violet Hill, a street and area off Abbey Road with Violet Hill Gardens and Violet Hill Hospital, is the source of the name in Coldplays 2008 song Violet Hill. Media related to St. Johns Wood at Wikimedia Commons History of St Johns Wood Map of St Johns Wood and the surrounding districts stjohnswoodhighstreet. co. uk & stjohnswoodhighstreet. com
12.
Belvedere Court
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Belvedere Court is a residential block of fifty six flats in Lyttelton Road, East Finchley, North London, England. It was designed by the architect Ernst Ludwig Freud and built by H Meckhonik, the block has a chequered history. The flats were built for rental only and principally let to Jewish families from Europe. The flats incorporated many modern facilities, including waste disposal chutes, fully fitted kitchens, many of these features were considered the height of luxury in the 1930s. As a child, the personality, Jerry Springer lived at Belvedere Court with his family. The plans were withdrawn following a ruling by the High Court, the law was changed to impose financial penalties on freeholders not observing these conditions. Many of the lights and fittings within flats were also of the art deco style, with chrome door handles, jade green bathrooms. Unfortunately, as the flats have been modernised, many of features have disappeared. Belvedere Court received its Grade II listing in 1999, grid reference TQ268888 Belvedere Court Grade II listing
13.
Melanie Klein
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Melanie Reizes Klein was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst who devised novel therapeutic techniques for children that influenced child psychology and contemporary psychoanalysis. She was an innovator in object relations theory. Born in Vienna of Jewish heritage, Klein first sought psychoanalysis for herself from Sándor Ferenczi when she was living in Budapest during World War I, there she became a psychoanalyst and began analysing children in 1919. Allegedly two of the first children she analysed were her son and daughter, in 1921 she moved to Berlin, where she studied with and was analysed by Karl Abraham. Although Abraham supported her work with children, neither Klein nor her ideas received much support in Berlin. However, impressed by her work, British psychoanalyst Ernest Jones invited Klein to come to London in 1926. Klein had a influence on the theory and technique of psychoanalysis. As a divorced woman whose academic qualifications did not even include a bachelors degree, after the arrival of Sigmund Freud and his psychoanalyst daughter, Anna Freud, in London in 1938, Klein’s ideas came into conflict with those of Continental analysts who were migrating to Britain. This division remains to the current time, apart from her professional successes, Klein’s life had a number of tragic events. She was youngest of four children and her much loved elder sister died at the age of eight, when Klein was four, and she was made to feel responsible for her brother’s death. Her academic studies were interrupted by marriage and children and her daughters analyst at the time, Edward Glover, openly challenged Klein in the British Society meetings. Mother and daughter were not reconciled before Kleins death, and Schmideberg did not attend Kleins funeral and she was an atheist, but she never forgot her Jewish roots. Although Klein questioned some of the assumptions of Sigmund Freud. Klein was the first person to use traditional psychoanalysis with young children and she was innovative in both her techniques and her theories on infant development. Strongly opinionated, and demanding loyalty from her followers, Klein established an influential training program in psychoanalysis. She is considered one of the co-founders of object relations theory, in psychological terms, Eros, the postulated sustaining and uniting principle of life, is thereby presumed to have a companion force, Thanatos, which seeks to terminate and disintegrate life. Both Freud and Klein regarded these forces as the foundations of the psyche. These primary unconscious forces, whose matrix is the id
14.
Anna Freud
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Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays and she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Freud as the 99th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 3 December 1895 and she was the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in comfortable bourgeois circumstances and she had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud. It seems that in general, she was competitive with her siblings. The close relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family and she was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899, Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness, Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family. Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school, instead she learned from her father and this was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work, commentators have noted how in the dream of little Anna. little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912, suffering from a depression and anorexia, she was very insecure about what to do in the future. In 1914 she passed the test to work as an apprentice at her old school. From 1915 to 1917, she worked as an apprentice for third, fourth. She finally quit her career in 1920, due to multiple episodes of illness. Her first analysis was conducted by her father Sigmund Freud from 1918 to 1922, jacques Van Rillaer describes this incestuous analysis. She presented the paper Beating Fantasies and Daydreams to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, in 1923, Anna Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and it became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany
15.
Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum in London is a museum dedicated to Sigmund Freud, who lived there with his family during the last year of his life. In 1938, after escaping Nazi annexation of Austria he came to London via Paris and stayed for a short while at 39 Elsworthy Road before moving to 20 Maresfield Gardens, where the museum is situated. Although he died a year later in the house, his daughter Anna Freud continued to stay there until her death in 1982. It was her wish that after her death it be converted into a museum and it was opened to the public in July 1986. Freud continued to work in London and it was here that he completed his book Moses and he also maintained his practice in this home and saw a number of his patients for analysis. There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another in Příbor, the Czech Republic, the latter was opened by president Václav Klaus and four of Freuds great-grandsons. The museum is located at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, one of Londons suburbs, the ground floor of the museum houses Freuds study, library, hall and the dining room. The museum shop is on ground floor as well, the first floor has a video room, Anna Freuds room and there is a temporary exhibitions room which hosts alternate contemporary art and Freud-themed exhibitions. Art installations often use several rooms within the museum, such as the 2001/02 exhibition A Visit to Freud’s by an Austrian female photographer Uli Aigner, many areas such as the kitchen and Anna Freuds consulting room are out of public view and have been converted into offices. The house had only finished being built in 1920 in the Queen Anne Style, a small sun room in a modern style was added at the rear by Ernst Ludwig Freud that same year. Freud was over eighty at this time, and he died the year, but the house remained in his family until his youngest daughter Anna Freud. The house has a maintained garden which is still much as Freud would have known it. The Freuds moved all their furniture and household effects to London, there are Biedermeier chests, tables and cupboards, and a collection of 18th century and 19th century Austrian painted country furniture. The museum owns Freuds collection of Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Oriental antiquities, the star exhibit in the museum is Freuds psychoanalytic couch, which had been given to him by one of his patients, Madame Benvenisti, in 1890. This was restored at a cost of £5000 in 2013, the study and library were preserved by Anna Freud after her fathers death. The bookshelf behind Freuds desk contains some of his authors, not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically, the collection includes a portrait of Freud by Salvador Dalí. The museum organizes research and publication programmes and it has a service which organises seminars, conferences
16.
Golders Green Crematorium
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Golders Green Crematorium and Mausoleum was the first crematorium to be opened in London, and one of the oldest crematoria in Britain. The land for the crematorium was purchased in 1900, costing £6,000, Golders Green Crematorium, as it is usually called, is in Hoop Lane, off Finchley Road, Golders Green, London NW11, ten minutes walk from Golders Green tube station. It is directly opposite the Golders Green Jewish Cemetery, the crematorium is secular, accepts all faiths and non-believers, clients may arrange their own type of service or remembrance event and choose whatever music they wish. The crematoriums gardens are listed at Grade I in the National Register of Historic Parks, Cremation was not legal in Great Britain until 1885. The first crematorium was built in Woking and it was successful, at that time cremation was championed by the Cremation Society of Great Britain. This society was governed by a council, at that time led by Sir Henry Thompson, there is a bust to his memory in the West Chapel of Golders Green Crematorium. Out of this Society was formed the London Cremation Company, who desired to build a crematorium within easy reach of London, the crematorium in Golders Green was designed by the architect Sir Ernest George and his partner Alfred Yeates. The gardens were laid out by William Robinson, the crematorium is a red brick building in Lombardic style and was built in stages, as money became available. The crematorium opened in 1902 and was finished around 1939, although since then some buildings have been added, since November 1902 more than 323,500 cremations have taken place at Golders Green Crematorium, far more than any other British crematorium. It is estimated that the crematorium now averages around 2,000 cremations a year, the funerals of many prominent people have taken place there over the last century. The chimney of the crematorium is located within the tower and the building is in an Italianate style, the 12 acres of gardens are extensively planted, and produce a beautiful and tranquil environment for visitors. There are several tombs, two ponds and bridge, and a large crocus lawn. Another notable feature is a childrens section, which includes a swinging bench. There is also a communist corner with memorials to notables of the Communist Party of Great Britain, there are two cremation chapels and a chapel of remembrance. There are also three columbaria containing the ashes of thousands of Londoners and residents of neighbouring counties, there have been 14 holders of the Victoria Cross cremated here, and there are locations and memorials for many other military personnel of all ranks, and from many countries. Largest among them is the Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorial, commemorating 491 British, designed by Sir Edward Maufe, it was unveiled in 1952. Built in Portland Stone with names listed on three panels, it stands at head of an ornamental pond at the western end of the memorial cloister. At Christmas, a Christmas tree is erected in the field in front of the main buildings, although the crematorium is secular, a nativity scene is also placed near the chapel of remembrance
17.
Harrods
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Harrods is a luxury department store located on Brompton Road in Knightsbridge, London. It is owned by the state of Qatar, the store occupies a 5-acre site and has 330 departments covering one million square feet of retail space. The Harrods motto is Omnia Omnibus Ubique, which is Latin for all things for all people, several of its departments, including the seasonal Christmas department and the food halls, are well known. In 1824, at the age of 25, Charles Henry Harrod established a business at 228 Borough High Street in Southwark and he ran this business, variously listed as a draper, mercer, and a haberdasher, until 1831 at least. During 1825, the business was listed as Harrod and Wicking, Linen Drapers, Retail and his first grocery business appears to be as ‘Harrod & Co. Grocers’ at 163 Upper Whitecross Street, Clerkenwell, E. C.1. in 1832. In 1834 in Londons East End, he established a grocery in Stepney, at 4, Cable Street. Harrods rapidly expanded, acquired the buildings, and employed one hundred people by 1880. However, the stores booming fortunes were reversed in early December 1883, remarkably, in view of this calamity, Charles Harrod fulfilled all of his commitments to his customers to make Christmas deliveries that year—and made a record profit in the process. A. Milne, and many members of the British Royal Family, a chance meeting in London with businessman, Edgar Cohen, eventually led to Charles Harrod selling his interest in the store for £120,000 via a stock market floatation in 1889. The new company was called Harrod’s Stores Limited, sir Alfred James Newton became chairman and Richard Burbidge managing director. Financier William Mendel was appointed to the board in 1891 and he raised funding for many of the expansion plans. Richard Burbidge was succeed in 1917 by his son Woodman Burbidge, nervous customers were offered brandy at the top to revive them after their ordeal. The department store was purchased by the Fayed brothers in 1985, following denial that it was for sale, Harrods was sold to Qatar Holdings, the sovereign wealth fund of the State of Qatar in May 2010. A fortnight previously, chairman of Harrods since 1985, Mohamed Al-Fayed, had stated that People approach us from Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, but I put two fingers up to them. This is not Marks and Spencer or Sainsburys and it is a special place that gives people pleasure. A spokesman for Mohamed Al-Fayed said in reaching the decision to retire, wished to ensure that the legacy, Harrods was sold for £1.5 billion, half of the sale will be used to pay bank debts of £625 million. Al-Fayed later revealed in an interview that he decided to sell Harrods following the difficulty in getting his dividend approved by the trustee of the Harrods pension fund. Al-Fayed said Im here every day, I cant take my profit because I have to take a permission of those bloody idiots. I say is this right, I run a business and I need to take the trustees permission to take my profit
18.
Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, in 2016, seven years after he died, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations. He was born Clemens Rafael Freud in Berlin, the son of Jewish parents Ernst L. Freud and he was the grandson of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and the brother of artist Lucian Freud. His family fled to Britain from Nazi Germany and his forenames were anglicised to Clement Raphael and he spent his later childhood in Hampstead where he attended the Hall School, Hampstead, a preparatory school. He also attended two independent schools, he boarded at Dartington Hall, and also went to St Pauls School and he naturalised as a British subject on 4 September 1939, three days after the outbreak of World War II. During the war Freud joined the Royal Ulster Rifles and served in the ranks and he acted as an aide to Field Marshal Montgomery. He worked at the Nuremberg Trials and in 1947 was commissioned as an officer and he married June Flewett in 1950, and the couple had five children. Flewett had taken the stage name Jill Raymond in 1944, Freud became an Anglican at the time of his marriage. Freud was one of Britains first celebrity chefs, he worked at the Dorchester Hotel and he appeared in a series of dog food advertisements in which he co-starred with a bloodhound called Henry which shared his trademark hangdog expression. In 1968, he wrote the childrens book Grimble, followed by a sequel, Grimble at Christmas, whilst running a nightclub, he met a newspaper editor who gave him a job as a sports journalist. From there he became a food and drink writer, writing columns for many publications. His departure from Parliament was marked by the award of a knighthood, Ladbrokes quoted me at 33-1 in this three-horse contest, so Ladbrokes paid for me to have rather more secretarial and research staff than other MPs, which helped to keep me in for five parliaments. His autobiography, Freud Ego, recalls his election win, and shortly after and he wrote It suddenly occurred to me that after nine years of fame I now had something solid about which to be famous. During his time as a Member of Parliament, he visited China with a delegation of MPs, including Winston Churchill, the grandson of the wartime prime minister. When Churchill was given the best room in the hotel, on account of his lineage, towards the end of the five-year term was a March 1979 Vote of No Confidence against Callaghans government and Freud was expected to follow his party and vote with the Opposition. He declined the offer and voted as stated by his party, after the lapse of the Lib-Lab pact, otherwise the government could have continued until October 1979. For many, Freud was best known as a panellist on the long-running Radio 4 show Just a Minute, Freud performed a small monologue for the Wings 1973 album Band on the Run and appeared on the albums cover. In 1974, he was elected Rector of the University of Dundee, a generation later, in 2002, he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews, beating feminist and academic Germaine Greer and local challenger Barry Joss, holding the position for one term
19.
Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the Merchant Navy during the Second World War. His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, but by the early 1950s his often stark, Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors, the works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies, and was known for asking for extended, born in Berlin, Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie, and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect. He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud, and elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud, the family emigrated to St Johns Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939, having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon and he also attended Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942, in 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra. Both subjects reappeared in The Painters Room on display at Freuds first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery, in the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton. In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swifts studio, in late 1952, Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in 1953. He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life, Freud was part of a group of figurative artists later named The School of London. This was more a collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately. The group was led by such as Francis Bacon and Freud. He was a tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954. Freuds early paintings, which are very small, are often associated with German Expressionism and Surrealism in depicting people, plants. These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting and he would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable
20.
Freud family
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The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freuds descendants have become known in different fields. Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he was the eldest child of Jacob Freud, a wool merchant, and his third wife Amalia Nathansohn. Jacob Freud was born in Tysmenitz, Galicia, the eldest child of Schlomo and he had two children from his first marriage to Sally Kanner, Emanuel Philipp Jacobs second marriage to Rebecca was childless. Jacob and Amalia Freud had eight children, Sigmund Julius Anna Regina Debora Marie Esther Adolfine Pauline Regine Alexander Gotthold Ephraim Julius Freud died in infancy, Anna married Ely Bernays, the elder brother of Sigmunds wife Martha. There were four daughters, Judith, Lucy, Hella, Martha and one son, in 1892 the family moved to the United States where Edward Bernays became a major influence in modern public relations. He married Doris E. Fleischman who became known as a prominent feminist activist and their daughter Anne Bernays is a writer and editor as was her husband Justin Kaplan. Rosa married a doctor, Heinrich Graf and their son, Hermann was killed in the First World War, their daughter, Cacilie, committed suicide after an unhappy love affair. Rosa died in Auschwitz in 1942, Mitzi married her cousin Moritz Freud. There were three daughters, Margarethe, Lily, Martha and one son, Theodor who died in an accident aged 23. Martha, who was known as Tom and dressed as a man, after the suicide of her husband, Jakob Seidman, a journalist, she took her own life. Their daughter, Angela, was sent to live with relatives in Haifa, Lily became an actress and in 1917 married the actor Arnold Marlé. Mitzi died in Treblinka in 1942, Dolfi did not marry and remained in the family home to care for her parents. She died in Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1942, Pauli married Valentine Winternitz and emigrated to the United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice was born in 1896. After the death of her husband she and her returned to Europe. Rose married Ernst Waldinger, a poet, in 1923 and they moved to New York City after the war where a daughter, Ruth, was born. Pauli died in Treblinka in 1942, Alexander Freud married Sophie Sabine Schreiber. Their son, Harry, born in 1909, emigrated to the United States, both Freud’s half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, shortly before the rest of the Freud family moved to Vienna in 1860
21.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
22.
Civilization and Its Discontents
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Civilization and Its Discontents is a book by Sigmund Freud. Written in 1929, and first published in German in 1930 as Das Unbehagen in der Kultur and it is considered one of Freuds most important and widely read works, and one of the most influential and studied books in the field of modern psychology. In this seminal book, Sigmund Freud enumerates what he sees as the tensions between civilization and the individual. The primary friction, he asserts, stems from the individuals quest for freedom and civilizations contrary demand for conformity. Freud states that when any situation that is desired by the principle is prolonged. Many of humankinds primitive instincts are clearly harmful to the well-being of a human community, as a result, civilization creates laws that prohibit killing, rape, and adultery, and it implements severe punishments if these rules are broken. Thus our possibilities for happiness are restricted by the law and this process, argues Freud, is an inherent quality of civilization that gives rise to perpetual feelings of discontent among its citizens. Freuds theory is based on the notion that humans have certain characteristic instincts that are immutable, most notably, the desires for sex, and the predisposition to violent aggression towards authority figures and sexual competitors, who obstruct individuals path to gratification. Freud himself cannot experience this feeling of dissolution, but notes there exist different pathological, Freud categorizes the oceanic feeling as being a regression into an earlier state of consciousness — before the ego had differentiated itself from the world of objects. The need for this feeling, he writes, arises out of the infants helplessness. Freud imagine that the feeling became connected with religion later on in cultural practices. The second chapter delves into how religion is one coping strategy that arises out of a need for the individual to distance himself from all of the suffering in the world. The ego of the child forms over the feeling when it grasps that there are negative aspects of reality from which it would prefer to distance itself. The third section of the book addresses a paradox of civilization, it is a tool we have created to protect ourselves from unhappiness. People become neurotic because they tolerate the frustration which society imposes in the service of its cultural ideals. Freud points out that advances in science and technology have been, at best, Civilization is built out of wish-fulfillments of the human ideals of control, beauty, hygiene, order, and especially for the exercise of humanitys highest intellectual functions. This final point Freud sees as the most important character of civilization, the structure of civilization serves to circumvent the natural processes and feelings of human development and eroticism. It is no wonder then, that this repression could lead to discontent among civilians, in the fourth chapter, Freud attempts a conjecture on the developmental history of civilization, which he supposes coincided with man learning to stand upright
23.
The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id is a prominent paper by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. It is a study of the human psyche outlining his theories of the psychodynamics of the id, ego and super-ego. The study was conducted over years of research and was first published in 1923. The Ego and the Id develops a line of reasoning as a groundwork for explaining various psychological conditions, pathological and non-pathological alike. These conditions result from powerful internal tensions—for example, 1) between the ego and the id, 2) between the ego and the ego, and 3) between the love-instinct and the death-instinct. The book deals primarily with the ego and the effects these tensions have on it, the ego—caught between the id and the super-ego—finds itself simultaneously engaged in conflict by repressed thoughts in the id and relegated to an inferior position by the super-ego. And at the time, the interplay between the love instinct and the death instinct can manifest itself at any level of the psyche. The outline below is an exegesis of Freuds arguments, explaining the formation of the aforementioned tensions, all concepts in The Ego and the Id are built upon the presupposed existence of conscious and unconscious thoughts. On the first line, Freud states, there is nothing new to be said, the division of mental life into what is conscious and what is unconscious is the fundamental premise on which psycho-analysis is based. It would be simple to assume that the unconscious and the conscious map directly onto the id. Freud argues that the supposedly conscious ego can be shown to possess unconscious thoughts when it unknowingly resists parts of itself. Thus, a kind of unconscious thought seems to be necessary, a process that is neither repressed nor latent, but which is nonetheless an integral part of the ego. A new framework is required, one that further examines the status of the ego, before defining the ego explicitly, Freud argues for a manner in which unconscious thoughts can be made conscious. The difference, then, is a connection to words The goal of psychoanalysis and he goes on to note that the ego is essentially a system of perception, so it must be closely related to the preconscious. Thus, two components of ego are a system of perception and a set of unconscious ideas. Its relationship to the id, therefore, is a close one. The ego merges into the id and he compares the dynamic to that of a rider and a horse. The ego must control the id, like the rider, but at times, likewise, the ego must, at times, conform to the desires of the id
24.
The Future of an Illusion
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The Future of an Illusion is a 1927 work by Sigmund Freud, describing his interpretation of religions origins, development, psychoanalysis, and its future. Freud viewed religion as a belief system. Religious concepts are transmitted in three ways and thereby claim our belief, psychologically speaking, these beliefs present the phenomena of wish fulfillment, fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind. Among these are the necessity to cling to the existence of the father, the prolongation of existence by a future life. Put forth more explicitly, what is characteristic of illusions is that they are derived from human wishes, Freud adds, however, that, Illusions need not necessarily be false. He gives the example of a girl having the illusion that a prince will marry her. While this is unlikely, it is not impossible, the fact that it is grounded in her wishes is what makes it an illusion. Freud explains religion in a term to that of totemism. The individual is essentially an enemy of society and has instinctual urges that must be restrained to help society function, among these instinctual wishes are those of incest, cannibalism, and lust for killing. Freuds view of nature is that it is anti-social, rebellious. The destructive nature of humans sets a pre-inclination for disaster when humans must interact with others in society, all this sets a terribly hostile society that could implode if it were not for civilizing forces and developing government. He elaborates further on the development of religion, as the emphasis on acquisition of wealth, as compensation for good behaviors, religion promises a reward. He views God as a manifestation of a longing for father. Freuds description of religious belief as a form of illusion is based on the idea that it is derived from human wishes with no basis in reality, Freud sent a copy of The Future of an Illusion to his friend Romain Rolland. While Rolland generally agreed with Freuds assessment of religion, he questioned whether Freud had discovered the source of religious sentiment. Harold Bloom, writing in The American Religion, calls The Future of an Illusion one of the failures of religious criticism. Bloom believes that Freud underestimated religion and was unable to criticize it effectively. Today, some scholars see Freuds arguments as a manifestation of the genetic fallacy, psychology of religion Sigmund Freuds views on religion The future of an illusion
25.
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is a work of Sigmund Freud from the year 1921. In this monograph, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements, a mass, according to Freud, is a temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment. He refers heavily to the writings of sociologist and psychologist Gustave Le Bon, summarizing his work at the beginning of the book in the chapter Le Bons Schilderung der Massenseele. Like Le Bon, Freud says that as part of the mass and these feelings of power and security allow the individual not only to act as part of the mass, but also to feel safety in numbers. Overall, the mass is impulsive, changeable, and irritable and it is controlled almost exclusively by the unconscious. Freud distinguishes between two types of masses, one is the short-lived kind, characterized by a rapidly transient interest, such as trends. The other kind consists of permanent and enduring masses, which are highly organized. The masses of the type, so to speak, ride on the latter, like the short. However, the basic mental processes operate in both kinds of masses. Freud refers back to his theory of instincts and believes that masses are held together by libidinal bonds, each individual in the mass acts on impulses of love that are diverted from their original objectives. They pursue no direct sexual goal, but do not therefore work less vigorously, Freud initially called the identification with the other individuals of the mass, all of whom are drawn in the same way to the leader, a binding element. The ego perceives a significant similarity with others in the group, in addition, admiration and idealization of the leader of the group takes place through the process of idealization. The narcissistic libido is displaced to the object which is loved because of its perfection which the individual has sought for his own ego, also, a process of identification with the aggressor can take place, for example, as happens in regression. Thus, Freud came to the conclusion, A primary mass is a number of individuals who have put one, digitized version of the first edition of the book at archive. org
26.
The Interpretation of Dreams
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Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, Insight such as this falls to ones lot, the book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years. The Interpretation of Dreams later gained in popularity, and seven editions were published in Freuds lifetime. Because of the length and complexity, Freud also wrote an abridged version called On Dreams. The original text is regarded as one of Freuds most significant works. Freud spent the summer of 1895 at Schloss BelleVue near Grinzing in Austria, at the moment I see little prospect of it. — Freud in a letter to Wilhelm Fliess, June 12,1900 While staying at Schloss Bellevue and his reading and analysis of the dream allowed him to be exonerated from his mishandling of the treatment of a patient in 1895. In 1963, Belle Vue manor was demolished, but today a plaque with just that inscription has been erected at the site by the Austrian Sigmund Freud Society. Dreams, in Freuds view, are all forms of wish fulfillment — attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. Because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, Freud introduced the term manifest content to describe what the dream recalled. As such, images in dreams are not what they appear to be, according to Freud. Freud used to mention the dreams as The Royal Road to the Unconscious and he proposed the phenomenon of condensation, the idea that one simple symbol or image presented in a persons dream may have multiple meanings. For this very reason, Freud tried to focus on details during psychoanalysis, an abridged version called On Dreams was published in 1901 as part of Lowenfeld and Kurellas Grenzfragen des Nerven und Seelenlebens. It was re-published in 1911 in slightly larger form as a book, on Dreams is also included in the 1953 edition and the second part of Freuds work on dreams, Volume Five, The Interpretation of Dreams II and On Dreams. It follows chapter seven in The Interpretation of Dreams and in this edition, is fifty three pages in length, there are thirteen chapters in total and Freud directs the reader to The Interpretation of Dreams for further reading throughout On Dreams, in particular, in the final chapter. Immediately after its publication, Freud considered On Dreams as a version of The Interpretation of Dreams. The English translation of On Dreams was first published in 1914, Freud investigates the subject of displacement and our inability to recognize our dreams. This accomplished by investigation will terminate as it will reach the point where the problem of the dream meets broader problems and he then makes his argument by describing a number of dreams which he claims illustrate his theory
27.
Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis or Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis is a set of lectures given by Sigmund Freud 1915-17, which became the most popular and widely translated of his works. In the New Introductory Lectures, those on dreams and anxiety/instinctual life offered clear accounts of Freuds latest thinking, more popular treatments of occultism, psychoanalytic applications and its status as a science helped complete the volume. Karl Abraham considered the lectures elementary in the best sense, for presenting the elements of psychoanalysis in an accessible way. G. Stanley Hall in his preface to the 1920 American translation wrote, These twenty-eight lectures to laymen are elementary and these discourses are at the same time simple and almost confidential, and they trace and sum up the results of thirty years of devoted and painstaking research. While they are not at all controversial, we see in a clearer light the distinctions between the master and some of his distinguished pupils. Freud himself was typically self-deprecating about the work, describing it privately as coarse work. Max Schur, who became Freuds personal physician, was present at the original 1915 lectures, and drew a lifelong interest in psychoanalysis from them
28.
Moses and Monotheism
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Moses and Monotheism is a 1939 book about monotheism by Sigmund Freud, published in English translation in 1939. The book consists of three essays and is an extension of Freud’s work on theory as a means of generating hypotheses about historical events. Freud hypothesizes that Moses was not Hebrew, but actually born into Ancient Egyptian nobility and was probably a follower of Akhenaten, an ancient Egyptian monotheist. Freud explains that years after the murder of Moses, the rebels regretted their action, Freud said that the guilt from the murder of Moses is inherited through the generations, this guilt then drives the Jews to religion to make them feel better. Atenism Joseph and His Brothers Judaism and ancient Egyptian religion Osarseph Assmann, Moses the Egyptian, The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism Harvard University Press. The Fiction of History, The Writing of Moses and Monotheism, the Writing of History, pp. 308–354. Egypt in England and America, The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion, Sites of Exchange, European Crossroads and Faultlines, chaney, E, Freudian Egypt, The London Magazine, pp. 62–69. Chaney, E, Moses and Monotheism, by Sigmund Freud’, The Canon, THE, 3–9 June 2010, the Death of Sigmund Freud, The Legacy of His Last Days Bloomsbury United States ISBN 978-1-59691-430-8 Ginsburg, Ruth, Pardes, Ilona. New Perspectives on Freuds Moses and Monotheism, paul, Robert A. Moses and civilization, The meaning behind Freud’s myth. Freud and Moses, The Long Journey Home, albany, New York, State University of New York. Freud, Moses, and the Religions of Egyptian Antiquity, A Journey Through History Psychoanalytic Review,1999 Apr,86, PMID10461667 Yerushalmi, Y. H. Freuds Moses. Moses and Monotheism text at archive. org
29.
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud, based on Freuds researches into slips and parapraxes from 1897 onwards. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became perhaps the best-known of all Freuds writings, the Psychopathology was originally published in the Monograph for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1901, before appearing in book form in 1904. It would receive twelve foreign translations during Freuds lifetime, as well as numerous new German editions, however, in such a popular and theory-light text, the sheer wealth of examples helped make Freuds point for him in an accessible way. A new English-language translation by Anthea Bell was published in 2003, among the most overtly autobiographical of Freuds works, the Psychopathology was strongly linked by Freud to his relationship with Wilhelm Fliess. Freud writes in his introduction, During the year 1898 I published an essay on the Psychic Mechanism of Forgetfulness. I shall now repeat its contents and take it as a starting-point for further discussion and he might give plausible reasons for this forgetting preference for proper names, but he would not assume any deep determinant for the process. Explaining wrong actions with the help of psychoanalysis, just as the interpretation of dreams, can be used for diagnosis. Considering the numerous cases of such deviations, he concludes that the boundary between the normal and abnormal human psyche is unstable and that we are all a bit neurotic, such symptoms are able to disrupt eating, sexual relations, regular work, and communication with others. Freuds conclusion is that, The unconscious, at all events and this state of affairs cannot be elucidated by any comparison from any other sphere. By virtue of this theory every former state of the content may thus be restored. Sometimes called the Mistake Book, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became one of the classics of the 20th century. Freud realised he was becoming a celebrity when he found his cabin-steward reading the Mistake Book on his 1909 visit to the States, the Rat Man came to Freud for analysis as a result of reading the Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Through its stress on what Freud called switch words and verbal bridges, french author Michel Onfray argues that The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is not scientific. Jacques Bénesteau writes that Freud added lies in each edition, Sigmund Freud, Richard Wollheim, Publisher, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-28385-4 Sebastiano Timpanaro, The Freudian Slip Full text in archive. org
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Studies on Hysteria
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Studies on Hysteria is an 1895 book by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer. Breuers work with Bertha Pappenheim provided the impetus for psychoanalysis. In their preliminary paper, both men agreed that “the hysteric suffers mainly from reminiscences”, Freud however would come to lay more stress on the causative role of sexuality in producing hysteria, as well as gradually repudiating Breuers use of hypnosis as a means of treatment. Some of the scaffolding of the Studies – strangulated affect. However, many of Freud’s clinical observations – on mnenmic symbols or deferred action for example – would continue to be confirmed in his later work, at the time of its release, Studies on Hysteria tended to polarise opinion, both within and outside by the medical community. While many were critical, Havelock Ellis offered an appreciative account, philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and psychologist Sonu Shamdasani comment that Studies on Hysteria gave Freud, a certain local and international notoriety. Borch-Jacobsen and Shamdasani write that, contrary to what Freud and Breuer claimed, Breuer, Joseph – Freud, Sigmund, Studies in Hysteria. Authorized Translation with an Introduction by A. A. Brill, nervous and Mental Disease Publishing, New York 1937. Breuer, Josef – Freud, Sigmund, Studies on Hysteria, translated from the German and edited by James Strachey. Freud, Sigmund – Breuer, Joseph, Studies in Hysteria, ISBN 978-0-141-18482-1 Studies on Hysteria on-line
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Totem and Taboo
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Cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber was an early critic of Totem and Taboo, publishing a critique of the work in 1920. Some authors have seen redeeming value in the work, the work was translated twice into English, first by Abraham Brill and later by James Strachey. The Horror of Incest concerns incest taboos adopted by societies believing in totemism, Freud examines the system of Totemism among the Australian Aborigines. Every clan has a totem and people are not allowed to marry those with the totem as themselves. Freud examines this practice as preventing against incest, the totem is passed down hereditarily, either through the father or the mother. The relationship of father is not just his father, but every man in the clan that, hypothetically. He relates this to the idea of young children calling all of their parents friends as aunts, there are also further marriage classes, sometimes as many as eight, that group the totems together, and therefore limit a mans choice of partners. He also talks about the widespread practices amongst the cultures of the Pacific Islands, many cultures do not allow brothers and sisters to interact in any way, generally after puberty. Men are not allowed to be alone with their mothers-in-law or say each others names and he explains this by saying that after a certain age parents often live through their children to endure their marriage and that mothers-in-law may become overly attached to their son-in-law. Similar restrictions exist between a father and daughter, but they only exist from puberty until engagement, in Taboo and emotional ambivalence, Freud considers the relationship of taboos to totemism. Freud uses his concepts projection and ambivalence he developed during his work with patients in Vienna to discuss the relationship between taboo and totemism. Like neurotics, primitive people feel ambivalent about most people in their lives and they will not admit that as much as they love their mother, there are things about her they hate. The suppressed part of this ambivalence are projected onto others, in the case of natives, the hateful parts are projected onto the totem. As in, I did not want my mother to die, Freud expands this idea of ambivalence to include the relationship of citizens to their ruler. He uses examples to illustrate the taboos on rulers and he says the kings of Ireland were subject to restrictions such as not being able to go to certain towns or on certain days of the week. In Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thought, Freud examines the animism and narcissistic phase associated with an understanding of the universe. The animistic mode of thinking is governed by an omnipotence of thoughts and this imaginary construction of reality is also discernible in obsessive thinking, delusional disorders and phobias. Freud comments that the omnipotence of thoughts has been retained in the realm of art
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud that marks a major turning point in his theoretical approach. Previously, Freud attributed most human behavior to the sexual instinct, with this essay, Freud went beyond the simple pleasure principle, developing his theory of drives with the addition of the death drive. In sections IV and V, Freud posits that the process of creating living cells binds energy and it is the pressure of matter to return to its original state which gives cells their quality of living. The process is analogous to the creation and exhaustion of a battery and this pressure for molecular diffusion can be called a death-wish. The compulsion of the matter in cells to return to a diffuse, thus, the psychological death-wish is a manifestation of an underlying physical compulsion present in every cell. Freud also stated the differences, as he saw them. Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a difficult text, as Ernest Jones, one of Freuds closest associates and a member of his Inner Ring, put it, the train of thought by no means easy to follow. And Freuds views on the subject have often been considerably misinterpreted, what have been called the two distinct frescoes or canti of Beyond the Pleasure Principle break between sections III and IV. If, as Otto Fenichel remarked, Freuds new classification has two bases, one speculative, and one clinical, thus far the clinical, Freud begins with a commonplace then unchallenged in psychoanalytic theory, The course of mental events is automatically regulated by the pleasure principle. A strong tendency toward the pleasure principle, does not seem to necessitate any far-reaching limitation of the pleasure principle. Freud proceeds to look for evidence, for the existence of hitherto unsuspected forces beyond the pleasure principle and he found exceptions to the universal power of the pleasure principle—situations. With which the pleasure principle cannot cope adequately—in four main areas, childrens games, as exemplified in his grandsons famous fort-da game, from these cases, Freud inferred the existence of motivations beyond the pleasure principle. Remembering it as something belonging to the past, a compulsion to repeat, Freud still wanted to examine the relationship between repetition compulsion and the pleasure principle. Although compulsive behaviors evidently satisfied some sort of drive, they were a source of direct unpleasure, somehow, no lesson has been learnt from the old experience of these activities having led only to unpleasure. In spite of that, they are repeated, under pressure of a compulsion, asserting that the first task of the mind is to bind excitations to prevent trauma, he reiterates the clinical fact that for a person in analysis. The compulsion to repeat the events of his childhood in the transference evidently disregards the pleasure principle in every way, Freud begins to look for analogies repetition compulsion in the essentially conservative. The lower we go in the scale the more stereotyped does instinctual behavior appear. He thus found his way to his concept of the death instinct
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Delusion and Dream in Jensen's Gradiva
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Delusion and Dream in Jensens Gradiva is an essay written in 1907 by Sigmund Freud that subjects the novel Gradiva by Wilhelm Jensen, and especially its protagonist, to psychoanalysis. He calls her Gradiva, which means the woman who steps along, after a dream about Gradiva and the destruction of Pompeii, Hanold leaves for Pompeii, where he meets a young woman, very much alive, whom he takes for Gradiva. In the course of the meetings that follow, he organizes his mania, Gradiva seeks to cure him by gradually revealing her identity to him. The woman is of course Hanolds childhood sweetheart, Zoë, poststructuralist philosopher Jacques Derrida references Freuds use of Jensens Gradiva in his own book-length essay Archive Fever, A Freudian Impression. Hélène Cixous emphasises the way Zoe is the one who brings to life Norberts repressed love in a kind of feminine transfer, the Gradiva Awards, given by the National Association for the Advancement of Psychoanalysis, are named after Freuds essay
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Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood is a 1910 essay by Sigmund Freud about Leonardo da Vincis childhood. It consists of a study of Leonardos life based on his paintings. Freud provides an interpretation of Leonardos The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. According to Oskar Pfister, the Virgins garment reveals a vulture when viewed sideways, Freud accepted this interpretation as a supportive interpretation of his view of a passive homosexual childhood fantasy Leonardo wrote about in the Codex Atlanticus. Here, Leonardo recounts being attacked as an infant in his crib by the tail of a vulture. ”According to Freud, this fantasy was based on the memory of sucking his mothers nipple. This disappointed Freud because, as he confessed to Lou Andreas-Salomé in a letter of 9 February 1919, some Freudian scholars have, however, made attempts to repair the theory by incorporating the kite. Another theory proposed by Freud attempts to explain Leonardos fondness of depicting the Virgin Mary with St. Anne, Leonardo, who was illegitimate, was raised by his blood mother initially before being adopted by the wife of his father Ser Piero. The idea of depicting the Mother of God with her own mother was particularly close to Leonardos heart, because he. It is worth noting that in versions of the composition it is hard to discern whether St. Anne is a full generation older than Mary. Psychobiography Sigmund Freud, translated by Alan Tyson, edited by James Strachey, Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood. Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci, Vol.10, Bildende Kunst und Literatur. Leonardo da Vinci and the Slip of Fools, history of European Ideas Vol.18 No. Freud, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Vultures Tail, A Refreshing Look at Leonardos Sexuality
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Medusa's Head
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In Greek mythology Medusa was a monster, a Gorgon, generally described as a winged human female with living venomous snakes in place of hair. Gazers upon her hideous face would turn to stone, most sources describe her as the daughter of Phorcys and Ceto, though the author Hyginus makes her the daughter of Gorgon and Ceto. According to Hesiod and Aeschylus, she lived and died on an island named Sarpedon, the 2nd-century BCE novelist Dionysios Skytobrachion puts her somewhere in Libya, where Herodotus had said the Berbers originated her myth, as part of their religion. In classical antiquity the image of the head of Medusa appeared in the device known as the Gorgoneion. The three Gorgon sisters—Medusa, Stheno, and Euryale—were all children of the ancient marine deities Phorcys and his sister Ceto, in an ode written in 490 BC Pindar already speaks of fair-cheeked Medusa. In Ovids telling, Perseus describes Medusas punishment by Minerva as just, in most versions of the story, she was beheaded by the hero Perseus, who was sent to fetch her head by King Polydectes of Seriphus because Polydectes wanted to marry his mother. The gods were well aware of this, and Perseus received help and he received a mirrored shield from Athena, gold, winged sandals from Hermes, a sword from Hephaestus and Hadess helm of invisibility. Since Medusa was the one of the three Gorgons who was mortal, Perseus was able to slay her while looking at the reflection from the mirrored shield he received from Athena. During that time, Medusa was pregnant by Poseidon, when Perseus beheaded her, Pegasus, a winged horse, and Chrysaor, a giant wielding a golden sword, sprang from her body. Jane Ellen Harrison argues that her potency only begins when her head is severed, the basis of the Gorgoneion is a cultus object, a ritual mask misunderstood. In the Odyssey xi, Homer does not specifically mention the Gorgon Medusa, Lest for my daring Persephone the dread, harrisons translation states the Gorgon was made out of the terror, not the terror out of the Gorgon. According to Ovid, in northwest Africa, Perseus flew past the Titan Atlas, who stood holding the sky aloft, and transformed him into stone when he tried to attack him. Furthermore, the poisonous vipers of the Sahara, in the Argonautica 4.1515, Ovids Metamorphoses 4.770, the blood of Medusa also spawned the Amphisbaena. Perseus then flew to Seriphos, where his mother was about to be forced into marriage with the king, King Polydectes was turned into stone by the gaze of Medusas head. It is immediately obvious that the Gorgons are not really three but one + two, the two unslain sisters are mere appendages due to custom, the real Gorgon is Medusa. A number of early scholars interpreted the myth of the Medusa as a quasi-historical. According to Joseph Campbell, In 1940, Sigmund Freuds Das Medusenhaupt was published posthumously and this article laid the framework for his significant contribution to a body of criticism surrounding the monster. Medusa is presented by Freud as the supreme talisman who provides the image of castration — associated in the mind with the discovery of maternal sexuality —
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On Narcissism
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On Narcissism is a 1914 essay by Sigmund Freud, widely considered an introduction to Freuds theories of narcissism. In this paper, Freud sums up his earlier discussions on the subject of narcissism, furthermore, he looks at the deeper problems of the relation between the ego and external objects, drawing a new distinction between the ego-libido and object-libido. Most importantly he introduces the idea of the ego ideal, and the self- observing agency related to it
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Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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Thoughts for the Time of War and Death is a set of twin essays written by Sigmund Freud in 1915, six months after the outbreak of World War I. The essays express discontent and disillusionment with human nature and human society in the aftermath of the hostilities, the first essay addressed the widespread disillusionment brought on by the collapse of the Pax Britannica of the preceding century — what Freud called the common civilization of peacetime. The second essay addressed what Freud called the peacetime protection racket whereby the inevitability of death was expunged from civilized mentality. Building on the essay of Totem and Taboo, Freud argued that such an attitude left civilians in particular unprepared for the stark horror of industrial-scale death in the Great War. Freuds account of the centrality of loss in culture has seen as seminal for his later work, Civilization. Goodbye to All That Razinsky, Liran, how to Look Death in the Eyes, Freud and Bataille. Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 Works related to Reflections on War and Death at Wikisource A copy of the text Library of Congress exhibit of the original Manuscript
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Dora (case study)
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Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice, the patients real name was Ida Bauer, her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austromarxism movement. Freud published a study about Dora, Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, the first. Dora lived with her parents, who had a loveless marriage, in the first, house was on fire. My father was standing beside my bed and woke me up, Mother wanted to stop and save her jewel-case, but Father said, I refuse to let myself and my two children be burnt for the sake of your jewel-case. We hurried downstairs, and as soon as I was outside I woke up, the second dream is substantially longer, I was walking about in a town which I did not know. I saw streets and squares which were strange to me, then I came into a house where I lived, went to my room, and found a letter from Mother lying there. She wrote saying that as I had left home without my parents knowledge she had not wished to write to me to say Father was ill, now he is dead, and if you like you can come. I then went to the station and asked about a hundred times, I always got the answer, Five minutes. I then saw a thick wood before me which I went into and he said to me, Two and a half hours more. But I refused and went alone, I saw the station in front of me and could not reach it. At the same time, I had the feeling of anxiety that one has in dreams when one cannot move forward. I must have been travelling in the meantime, but I knew nothing about that, I walked into the porters lodge, and enquired for our flat. The maidservant opened the door to me and replied that Mother, Freud reads both dreams as referring to Ida Bauers sexual life — the jewel case that was in danger being a symbol of the virginity which her father was failing to protect from Herr K. He interpreted the railway station in the dream as a comparable symbol. Ultimately, Freud sees Ida as repressing a desire for her father, a desire for Herr K, when she abruptly broke off her therapy, much to Freuds disappointment, Freud saw this as his failure as an analyst, predicated on his having ignored the transference. Freud gave her the name Dora, and he describes in detail in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life what his unconscious motivations for choosing such a name might have been. His sisters nursemaid had to give up her name, Rosa
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Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein was an Austrian author. As analyst, while working mainly in the area of sexual and social hygiene, she also explored how daydreams, ernest Jones placed her with such figures as Lou Andreas-Salomé and Joan Riviere as a type of woman, of a more intellectual and perhaps masculine cast. Played a part in his life, accessory to his male friends though of a finer calibre. He sees in them a basis, as it were. Emma herself was active in the Viennese womens movement, collaborating with Dokumente der Frauen, after an operation in 1910, however, Emma took to her couch, and remained a partial invalid until she died on 30 July 1924 of a cerebral haemmorrhage. When she was 27, she went to Freud, seeking treatment for symptoms including stomach ailments. Freud diagnosed Eckstein as suffering from hysteria and believed that she masturbated to excess and her treatment lasted something in the region of three years – one of the most protracted and detailed of Freuds early cases. In particular, Freuds theory of deferred action owed much to Emma Ecksteins twinned scenes in shops. Now this case is typical of repression in hysteria and we invariably find that a memory has been repressed which has only become a trauma through deferred action. Freud was at the time under the influence of his friend and collaborator Wilhelm Fliess, an ear, nose, Fliess had been treating nasal reflex neurosis by cauterizing the inside of the nose under local anesthesia. Fliess conjectured that if temporary cauterization was useful, surgery would yield more permanent results and he began operating on the noses of patients he diagnosed with the disorder, including Eckstein and Freud. in his paper on the specimen dream. Eckstein is also associated with Freuds seduction theory, yet while few would dissent that in regard to the failed surgery Freuds evasiveness is blatant. no more relevant than Freuds other patients. The fact that Masson lavishes so much attention on her, Emma Eckstein is for him a woman whom Freud and Fliess abused. She is thus the prototypical psychoanalytic victim. this symbolic function, in 1904, Eckstein had published a small book on the sexual education of children, although in it she does not mention Freud. Eckstein appears as a character in Joseph Skibells 2010 novel, A Curable Romantic, the song Emma Ecksteins Nose Job was released as a single in 2010 by Danish musician Anders Thode. Die Sexualfrage in der Erziehung des Kindes Chapter 3, Freud, Fliess, and Appendix A. Freud and Emma Eckstein pp. 233–250. In Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff The Assault on Truth, Freuds Suppression of the Seduction Theory Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, ISBN 0-374-10642-8 K. R
