1.
Avellaneda
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Avellaneda is a port city in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, and the seat of the Avellaneda Partido, whose population was 328,980 as per the 2001 census. Avellaneda is located within the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area, and is connected to neighboring Buenos Aires by several bridges over the Riachuelo River. Located on land granted to Adelantado Juan Torres de Vera y Aragón by Captain Juan de Garay in 1620, a port settlement known as Puerto del Riachuelo first emerged here in 1731. Established as Barracas al Sur on April 7,1852, by Quilmes Justice of the Peace Martín José de la Serna and it was renamed on January 11,1904, after former President Nicolás Avellaneda. It was declared a city on October 23,1895, Avellaneda is one of the foremost wholesale and industrial centers of Argentina. The National University of Avellaneda was established here in 2009, the Central Produce Market also operated in Avellaneda. It was ultimately demolished in 1966 to make way for the New Pueyrredón Bridge that connects Avellaneda to the Frondizi Expressway in Buenos Aires proper, the Diocese of Avellaneda and Lanús was formally established in 1961. Its cathedral, Iglesia Catedral de la Asunción, had been consecrated a century earlier, the construction of numerous high rises around Alsina Square during the 1950s and 60s led to irreparable structural damage to the cathedral, however, and in 1967 it was closed to the public. Demolished in 1971, the Renaissance Revival cathedral was replaced in 1984 by a modern structure, two of the most important Argentine football clubs, Independiente and Racing, are located in Avellaneda. The city became the second in the world to be home to two championship teams when Independiente won the 1973 Intercontinental Cup. See Category, People from Avellaneda Municipality of Avellaneda - Official website, Municipal information, Municipal Affairs Federal Institute, Municipal Affairs Secretariat, Ministry of Interior, Argentina
2.
Buenos Aires Province
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Buenos Aires is the largest and most populous Argentinian province. It takes the name from the city of Buenos Aires, which used to be the capital until it was federalized in 1880. The current capital of the province is the city of La Plata, the entire province is part of the Pampas geographical region. The province has a population of about 15.6 million people, nearly 10 million people live in Greater Buenos Aires, the metropolitan area surrounding the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires. The area of the province,307,571 km2, makes it the largest in Argentina with around 11% of the total area. The inhabitants of the province before the 16th century advent of Spanish colonisation were aboriginal peoples such as the Charrúas and their culture was lost over the next 350 years. They were subjected to Eurasian plagues from which few survived, the survivors joined other tribes or have been mostly absorbed by Argentinas European ethnic majority. Pedro de Mendoza founded Santa María del Buen Ayre in 1536, even though the first contact with the aboriginals was peaceful, it soon became hostile. The city was evacuated in 1541, Juan de Garay re-founded the settlement in 1580 as Santísima Trinidad y Puerto Santa María de los Buenos Aires. Amidst ongoing conflict with the aboriginals, the cattle farms extended from Buenos Aires, jesuits unsuccessfully tried to peacefully assimilate the aboriginals into the European culture brought by the Spanish conquistadores. A certain balance was found at the end of the 18th century, the end to this situation came in 1879 with the Conquest of the Desert in which the aboriginals where almost completely exterminated. After the independence from Spain in 1816, the city and province of Buenos Aires became the focus of an intermittent Argentine Civil War with other provinces. A Federal Pact secured by Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas in 1831 led to the establishment of the Argentine Confederation and to his gaining the sum of public power, which provided a tenuous unity. Ongoing disputes regarding the influence of Buenos Aires, between Federalists and Unitarians, and over the Port of Buenos Aires fueled periodic hostilities, the province was declared independent on September 11,1852, as the State of Buenos Aires. Concessions gained in the 1859 Pact of San José de Flores, intermittent conflicts with the nation did not truly cease until 1880, when the city of Buenos Aires was formally federalized and, thus, administratively separated from the province. La Plata was founded in 1882 by Governor Dardo Rocha for the purpose of becoming the provincial capital, the equivalent of a billion dollars of British investment and pro-development, education and immigration policies pursued at the national level subsequently spurred dramatic economic growth. Driven by European immigration and improved health, the population, like Argentinas, nearly doubled to one million by 1895. Rail lines connected nearly every town and hamlet in the province by 1914 and this era of accelerated development was cut short by the Wall Street Crash of 1929, which caused a sharp drop in commodity prices and led to a halt in the flow of investment funds between nations
3.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic
4.
Seating capacity
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Seating capacity is the number of people who can be seated in a specific space, in terms of both the physical space available, and limitations set by law. Seating capacity can be used in the description of anything ranging from an automobile that seats two to a stadium that seats hundreds of thousands of people. The International Fire Code, portions of which have adopted by many jurisdictions, is directed more towards the use of a facility than the construction. It specifies, For areas having fixed seating without dividing arms and it also requires that every public venue submit a detailed site plan to the local fire code official, including details of the means of egress, seating capacity, arrangement of the seating. Once safety considerations have been satisfied, determinations of seating capacity turn on the size of the venue. For sports venues, the decision on maximum seating capacity is determined by several factors, chief among these are the primary sports program and the size of the market area. Seating capacity of venues also plays a role in what media they are able to provide, in contracting to permit performers to use a theatre or other performing space, the seating capacity of the performance facility must be disclosed. Seating capacity may influence the kind of contract to be used, the seating capacity must also be disclosed to the copyright owner in seeking a license for the copyrighted work to be performed in that venue. Venues that may be leased for private functions such as ballrooms and auditoriums generally advertise their seating capacity, seating capacity is also an important consideration in the construction and use of sports venues such as stadiums and arenas. The seating capacity for restaurants is reported as covers, a restaurant that can seat 99 is said to have 99 covers, seating capacity differs from total capacity, which describes the total number of people who can fit in a venue or in a vehicle either sitting or standing. Use of the term public capacity indicates that a venue is allowed to more people than it can actually seat. Again, the total number of people can refer to either the physical space available or limitations set by law
5.
Stadium
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Pausanias noted that for about half a century the only event at the ancient Greek Olympic festival was the race that comprised one length of the stade at Olympia, where the word stadium originated. In modern times, a stadium is officially a stadium when at least 50% of the capacity is an actual building. If the majority of the capacity is formed by grasshills, the venue is not officially considered a stadium. Most of the stadiums with a capacity of at least 10,000 are used for football, or soccer. A large amount of sports venues are also used for concerts. Stadium is the Latin form of the Greek word stadion, a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet, as feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion =600 ft, in a historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller. The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length — about 185 m -, the English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length. Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid English plurals, although etymological purists sometimes apply stadia only to measures of length in excess of 1 stadium. The oldest known stadium is the one in Olympia, in the western Peloponnese, Greece, initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium. The stadion, a measure of length, may be related to the Stadium, Greek and Roman stadiums have been found in numerous ancient cities, perhaps the most famous being the Stadium of Domitian, in Rome. The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic stadium hosted a version of the Olympic Games in 1870,1875,1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, the first stadiums to be built in the modern era were basic facilities, designed for the single purpose of fitting as many spectators in as possible. One such early stadium was the Lansdowne Road Stadium, the brainchild of Henry Dunlop, banned from locating sporting events at Trinity College, Dunlop built the stadium in 1872. Some 300 cartloads of soil from a trench beneath the railway were used to raise the ground, other early stadiums from this period in the UK include the Stamford Bridge stadium and Anfield stadium. In the U. S. However, many of these caught fire. All of the 19th-century wooden parks were replaced, some only a few years. Goodison Park was the first purpose-built football stadium in the world, walton-based building firm Kelly brothers were instructed to erect two uncovered stands that could each accommodate 4,000 spectators
6.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
7.
Cement
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A cement is a binder, a substance used in construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials, binding them together. Cement is seldom used solely, but is used to bind sand, Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel aggregates to produce concrete. Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or underwater, rather, it sets as it dries and it is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting. Hydraulic cements set and become adhesive due to a reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and this allows setting in wet condition or underwater and further protects the hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by ancient Romans used volcanic ash with added lime, the word cement can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, used to describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder, were referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment. In modern times, organic polymers are used as cements in concrete. Non-hydraulic cement, such as slaked lime, hardens by carbonation in the presence of carbon dioxide which is present in the air. The carbonation reaction requires the dry cement to be exposed to air and this whole process is called the lime cycle. Conversely, hydraulic cement hardens by hydration when water is added, Hydraulic cements are made of a mixture of silicates and oxides, the four main components being, Belite, Alite, Tricalcium aluminate, Brownmillerite. The chemistry of the above listed reactions is not completely clear and is still the object of research, Cement, chemically speaking, is a product that includes lime as the primary curing ingredient, but is far from the first material used for cementation. The Babylonians and Assyrians used bitumen to bind together burnt brick or alabaster slabs, in Egypt stone blocks were cemented together with a mortar made of sand and roughly burnt gypsum, which often contained calcium carbonate. Lime was used on Crete and by the ancient Greeks, there is evidence that the Minoans of Crete used crushed potshards as an artificial pozzolan for hydraulic cement. A kind of powder which from natural causes produces astonishing results and it is found in the neighborhood of Baiae and in the country belonging to the towns round about Mt. Vesuvius. This substance when mixed with lime and rubble not only lends strength to buildings of other kinds, the Greeks used volcanic tuff from the island of Thera as their pozzolan and the Romans used crushed volcanic ash with lime. This mixture was able to set under water increasing its resistance, the material was called pozzolana from the town of Pozzuoli, west of Naples where volcanic ash was extracted. In the absence of ash, the Romans used powdered brick or pottery as a substitute
8.
South America
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South America is a continent located in the western hemisphere, mostly in the southern hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the northern hemisphere. It may also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas, which is the used in nations that speak Romance languages. The reference to South America instead of other regions has increased in the last decades due to changing geopolitical dynamics. It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and east by the Atlantic Ocean, North America and it includes twelve sovereign states, a part of France, and a non-sovereign area. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, Trinidad and Tobago, South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers. Its population as of 2005 has been estimated at more than 371,090,000, South America ranks fourth in area and fifth in population. Brazil is by far the most populous South American country, with more than half of the population, followed by Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela. In recent decades Brazil has also concentrated half of the regions GDP and has become a first regional power, most of the population lives near the continents western or eastern coasts while the interior and the far south are sparsely populated. Most of the continent lies in the tropics, the continents cultural and ethnic outlook has its origin with the interaction of indigenous peoples with European conquerors and immigrants and, more locally, with African slaves. Given a long history of colonialism, the majority of South Americans speak Portuguese or Spanish. South America occupies the portion of the Americas. The continent is delimited on the northwest by the Darién watershed along the Colombia–Panama border. Almost all of mainland South America sits on the South American Plate, South Americas major mineral resources are gold, silver, copper, iron ore, tin, and petroleum. These resources found in South America have brought high income to its countries especially in times of war or of rapid growth by industrialized countries elsewhere. However, the concentration in producing one major export commodity often has hindered the development of diversified economies and this is leading to efforts to diversify production to drive away from staying as economies dedicated to one major export. South America is one of the most biodiverse continents on earth, South America is home to many interesting and unique species of animals including the llama, anaconda, piranha, jaguar, vicuña, and tapir. The Amazon rainforests possess high biodiversity, containing a proportion of the Earths species. Brazil is the largest country in South America, encompassing around half of the land area
9.
Copa Libertadores
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The CONMEBOL Libertadores, named as Copa Libertadores de América, is an annual international club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960. It is one of the most prestigious tournaments in the world, the tournament is currently sponsored by Bridgestone and is thus known as the CONMEBOL Libertadores Bridgestone. The competition has had different formats over its lifetime. At the beginning, only the champions of the South American leagues participated, in 1966, the runners-up of the South American leagues began to join. In 1998, Mexican teams were invited to compete, and have contested regularly since 2000, today at least three clubs per country compete in the tournament, while Argentina and Brazil each have five clubs participating. Traditionally, a stage has always been used but the number of teams per group has varied several times. In the present format, the tournament consists of six stages, the six surviving teams from the first stage join 26 teams in the second stage, in which there are eight groups consisting of four teams each. The eight group winners and eight runners-up enter the four stages, better known as the knockout stages. The winner of the Copa Libertadores becomes eligible to play in the FIFA Club World Cup, Independiente of Argentina are the most successful club in the cups history, having won the tournament seven times. Argentine clubs have accumulated the most victories with 24 wins, while Brazil has the largest number of different winning teams, the cup has been won by 24 different clubs,13 of which have won the title more than once, and won consecutively by six clubs. The clashes for the Copa Río de La Plata between the champions of Argentina and Uruguay kindled the idea of a competition in the 1930s. In 1948, the South American Championship of Champions, the most direct precursor to the Copa Libertadores, was played and organized by Chilean club Colo-Colo after years of planning, held in Santiago, it brought together the champions of each nations top national leagues. The tournament was won by Vasco da Gama of Brazil, in 1958, the basis and format of the competition was created by Peñarols board leaders. On March 5,1959, at the 24th South American Congress held in Buenos Aires, the competition was approved by the International Affairs Committee. In 1966, it was named in honor of the heroes of South American liberation, such as José Gervasio Artigas, Bernardo OHiggins, José de San Martín, Pedro I, the first edition of the Copa Libertadores took place in 1960. Seven teams participated, Bahia of Brazil, Jorge Wilstermann of Bolivia, Millonarios of Colombia, Olimpia of Paraguay, Peñarol of Uruguay, San Lorenzo of Argentina, all these teams were domestic champions of their respective leagues in 1959. The first Copa Libertadores match took place on April 19,1960 and it was won by Peñarol, who defeated Jorge Wilstermann 7–1. The first goal in Copa Libertadores history was scored by Carlos Borges of Peñarol, the Uruguayans won the first ever edition, defeating Olimpia in the finals, and successfully defended the title in 1961
10.
Intercontinental Cup (football)
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The competition has since been replaced by the FIFA Club World Cup. From its formation in 1960 to 1979, the competition was contested over a two legged tie, with a playoff if necessary until 1968, and penalty kicks later. During the 1970s, European participation in the Intercontinental Cup became a question due to controversial events in the 1969 final. From 1980 until 2004, the competition was contested over a match held in Japan and sponsored by multinational automaker Toyota, which offered a secondary trophy. All the winning teams are regarded by mass media and footballs community as world champions. The first winner of the cup was Spanish side Real Madrid, the last winner was Portuguese side Porto, defeating Colombian side Once Caldas in a penalty shoot-out in 2004. The aforementioned final match of the 1957 Tournoi de Paris, as well as a Real Madrid C. F and it was the brainchild of UEFA president Henri Delaunay, who also helped Jules Rimet in the realization of the inaugural FIFA World Cup in 1930. Initially played over two legs, with a match if required in the early years, the competition had a rather turbulent existence. The first winners of the competition were Spanish club Real Madrid, Real Madrid managed to hold Uruguayan side Peñarol 0-0 in Montevideo and trounce the South Americans 5-1 in Madrid to win. In 1962 the tournament grew more in worldwide attention after it was swept through the football of a Santos team led by Pelé. Santos would successfully defend the title in 1963 after being pushed all the way by Milan, after each side won 4-2 at their respective home legs, a playoff match at the Maracanã saw Santos keep the title after a tight 1-0 victory. The competition had attracted the interest of other continents, the North and Central America condeferation, CONCACAF, had asked, unsuccessfully, to participate. Milans fierce rivals, Inter Milan, would go on to win the 1964 and 1965 editions, Peñarol gain revenge for their loss in 1960 by crushing Real Madrid 4-0 in aggregate in 1966. During this time, the competition became dogged by foul play, calendar problems, acts of brutality, even on the pitch, and boycotts tarnished its image, to the point of bringing into question the wisdom of organizing it at all. A fourth Celtic player was dismissed, but amid the chaos he got away with staying on. The following season, Argentine side Estudiantes de La Plata faced Englands Manchester United in which the return leg saw Estudiantes come out on top of a bad-tempered series, but it was the events of 1969 which damaged the competitions integrity. After a 3-0 win at San Siro, Milan went to Buenos Aires to play Estudiantes at La Bombonera, Estudiantes players booted balls at the Milan team as they warmed up and hot coffee was poured on the Italians as they emerged from the tunnel by Estudiantes fans. Estudiantes resorted to inflicting elbows and allegedly even needles at the Milanese team in order to intimidate them, pierino Prati was knocked unconscious and continued for a further 20 minutes despite suffering from a mild concussion
11.
Supercopa Libertadores
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The tournament is one of the many South American club competitions that have been organised by CONMEBOL. The competition was discontinued to make way for the Copa Mercosur and Copa Merconorte in 1998 and these tournaments were also discontinued in favor of the Copa Sudamericana which allowed the revival of the Recopa Sudamericana. Prior to its abolition, the Supercopa Libertadores was regarded as the second most prestigious South American club competition out of the three major tournaments, behind the Copa Libertadores and ahead of the Copa CONMEBOL. The winner of the tournament played the winner of the Copa Libertadores in the Recopa Sudamericana, since the abolition of the Supercopa, the Recopa Sudamericana place previously reserved for the Supercopa winner has been taken by the winner of the Copa Sudamericana. The last champion of the competition was River Plate, while Cruzeiro and Independiente are the most successful clubs in the cup history, the cup has been won by eight different clubs and won consecutively by Cruzeiro and Independiente. The format for the Supercopa Libertadores underwent changes nearly every season, the most common reason behind it was the addition of a new Copa Libertadores winner. The only way to participate in the Supercopa was being a past winner of the Copa Libertadores, vasco da Gama was later admitted into the competition as winners of the Copa Libertadores predecessor, the Campeonato Sudamericano de Campeones. The tournament has been predominantly a single-elimination tournament with several stages, every round of the competition was contested over a two-legged tie. The teams accumulate points as per the results of the match, the team with more points after both legs advanced to the next round. Unlike European club competitions, South America did not use extra time to decide a tie that was level on aggregate, ties in points would be broken first by goal difference, and ultimately by a penalty shootout after the culmination of the second leg
12.
Interamerican Cup
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It was discontinued in 1998 after CONCACAF clubs, particularly those from Mexico, began participating in CONMEBOL competitions. The format of the competition was extremely sporadic, from its formation, the competition was usually contested over a two legged tie, with a playoff if necessary until 1968, and penalty kicks later. However, it was common for several editions to go undisputed. Of the 17 competitions played, four of them were disputed over several matches in just one venue, two others were held in a single match. Another two editions had participants that had not qualified outright to dispute the competition, most of the editions were disputed one, and sometimes two, years after the participants had qualified to dispute it. This was the result of the lack of incentives and the low relevance of the competition. The 17 Interamerican Cup tournaments were won by 13 club teams, argentine side Independiente won a record three titles. The last winner of the cup was American side D. C, united, defeating Brazilian side Vasco da Gama 2-1 on aggregate in 1998. Argentina was the most successful league with seven titles, while Uruguayan outfit Nacional. The first edition was disputed between Estudiantes and Mexican club Toluca in which team won 2-1 in their away legs. The playoff in Montevideo proved to be the tie-breaker as Estudiantes won a violent match 2-0, the second edition was played four years later, in 1971, which saw Nacional edge Mexican side Cruz Azul 3-2 on aggregate. Mexicos América broke the South American hegemony after beating Boca Juniors in a match in 1977. As a result of victory, the Mexican squad argued that it had the right to participate in the Intercontinental Cup of that year, however. Paraguays Olimpia returned the trophy back south in 1980 with a victory over El Salvadors FAS, the competition entered a state of hiatus again, this time for five years. In 1986, Argentinos Juniors would defeat Defence Force of Trinidad, river Plate would keep the trophy in Argentina, for the second year running, defeating Costa Rican side Alajuelense. Uruguays Nacional would trounce Honduras Olimpia 5-1 on aggregate the following year, colombias Atlético Nacional made short work of Club Universidad Nacional, however, South America hegemony would once again be broken by América after defeating Paraguays Olimpia. Compatriots Puebla failed to retain the trophy in Mexico after being routed by Chiles Colo-Colo, vélez Sársfield beat Costa Rican club Cartaginés in 1994 while the last Interamerican Cup, held in 1998, saw American club D. C. The Interamerican Cup was abolished in 1998 when Mexican clubs began to participate in the Copa Libertadores, international club competition records Copa Interamericana at RSSSF
13.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
14.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Racing Club de Avellaneda
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Racing Club, also known simply as Racing, is an Argentine professional sports club based in Avellaneda, a city of Greater Buenos Aires. Founded in 1903, Racing has been considered one of the big five clubs of Argentine football. Racing currently plays in the Primera División, the top division of the Argentine league system, Racing has won the Primera División 17 times, apart from winning 12 National cups such as five Copa Ibarguren, four Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires and one Copa Beccar Varela. Due to those achievements the team was nicknamed La Academia which still identifies the club, in addition, Racing won two Campeonato Rioplatense Copa Dr. Ricardo C. Aldao and one Copa de Honor Cousenier, the first team plays its home games in the Estadio Presidente Juan Domingo Perón, nicknamed El Cilindro de Avellaneda. Apart from football, other sports practised at Racing are artistic gymnastics, basketball, boxing, field hockey, handball, martial arts, roller skating, tennis and volleyball. On 12 May 1901, a group of students of Colegio Nacional Central founded the Football Club Barracas al Sud, with Pedro Werner becoming its first president. Less than one year after the establishment, a conflict about what color of jersey should be adopted caused a group of members to found Colorados Unidos. This division did not last too long, and in March 1903, the club took its name from a French car racing magazine, brought to Argentina by Germán Vidaillac. The suggestion was received and the name Racing Club was immediately approved. Racing was the first football team formed by criollos. The first shirts worn by Racing were white, until 25 July 1904, nevertheless, the new jersey only lasted a week, being replaced by a design proposed by president Luis Carbone. The jersey had four squares, two blue and two pink. This light blue and pink design would be worn until 1908, finally, Racing adopted the light blue and white colors in 1910, in commemoration of the May Revolutions 100th anniversary that same year. Racing affiliated to the Argentine Football Association in 1905, and began playing in the divisions of Argentine football league system. One year later Racing competed in a playoff for a place in the Primera División, Racing were promoted to Primera in 1910, winning the playoff final against Boca Juniors with an attendance of 4,000. The line-up that won the promotion was, Fernández, Seminario, Allan, Winne, Juan Ohaco, Angel Betular, Oyarzábal, A. Ohaco, Firpo, Frers, Frers and Ohaco were the scorers for Racing. In 1911 they competed in the AFA Championship Cup, finishing in fourth place, one year later, Racing won its first domestic cup, the Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires
16.
Avellaneda derby
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The Avellaneda derby is the second-most important rivalry in Argentine football. The Avellaneda derby is a football rivalry. Both teams are popular in Argentina, and are two of the five big teams of Argentinian football. Both clubs were founded in the years of the 20th century, Racing on 25 March 1903. Independente were founded in Buenos Aires and moved to Avellaneda in 1907, the first encounter between the two took place in 1907, with Independiente winning. The first top flight game between the two took place on 12 December 1915, Independiente won 2–1, but the result was overturned, the two points from that game were enough for Racing to go on to win the 1915 championship. Racing Club dominated the era of Argentine football, winning more trophies than any other surviving team. Racing Clubs dominance extended into the 1950s where they became the first team in the era to win three consecutive championships. In 1964, Independiente became the first Argentine team to win the Copa Libertadores, in 1967, Racing Club became the first Argentine club to win the Copa Intercontinental, this achievement marked the end of Racing Clubs supremacy. Between 1972 and 1975, Independiente won a four consecutive Copa Libertadores titles. In 1984, Independiente won their seventh Copa Libertadores, earning them the nickname King of Cups, in 2001, Racing Club won the Apertura, their first league title in 35 years. The most recent local title earned by either of the two clubs was the 2014 Argentine Primera División, won by Racing Club, in 2010, Independiente won the Copa Sudamericana, the last international title earned by either team. The two stadiums are only a few hundred metres apart, Independiente play at the Estadio Libertadores de América, commonly known as Doble Visera, it was opened on 4 March 1928. Racing Club play at the Estadio Juan Domingo Perón, commonly known as El Cilindro, matches record as of 26 Enero de 2016 national league obtained from Universo Fútbol. Amateur tournaments obtained from Clarin On November 3,1940 Independiente beat Racing 7–0, on August 20,1961 Independiente secured a 4–0 home win, unfotunately it was not enough to stop Racing club from eventually winning the championship. On December 17,1967 on the last day of the Nacional Independiente beat the visiting Racing Club team 4–0 with 2 goals from Luis Artime to win the championship. The last round of fixtures during the Metropolitano 1970 saw River Plate beat Unión de Santa Fe 6–0 to give them a chance of stealing the championship for Independiente. On March 24,1974 Independiente beat Racing 4–1 with a hat-trick from Ricardo Bochini, on May 19,1974 during the Metropolitano 1974 Independiente won 5–1 at El Cilindro
17.
Hugo Moyano
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Hugo Moyano is an Argentine labour leader and Secretary General of the CGT, the nations largest trade union, from 2004 to 2012. A schism developed within the CGT during 2012, and Moyano was thus elected to head the CGTs dissident faction, also is the president of Club Atletico Independiente, one of the biggest football clubs in the country and treasurer of the Argentine Football Association. Moyano was born in La Plata, in 1944 and his family settled in seaside Mar del Plata early in his childhood, and he entered the labour force in his teens as an employee of Expresos y Mudanzas, a local moving company. He was elected shop steward in 1962, and soon became a leader in the Mar del Plata local of the Teamsters Union, Moyano was elected head of the local in 1972. He married three times, to Olga Mariani, to Patricia Villares, and to Liliana Zulet, Moyano reached an agreement with the right-wing National University Round Table to jointly establish the Peronist Union Youth, in 1973. Moyanos entry into politics was made amid fast-growing tensions between the far left and far right fringes of Peronism, shortly after the end of its political banning. A staunch opponent of the Peronist left, he joined the JPRA, the keystone of Peronist support, the CGT, became one of the targets of the Dirty War following the March 1976 coup, however, union activity was banned and thousands of their members disappeared. Restrictions were later eased, and the CGT was reconstituted under beer workers leader Saúl Ubaldini in 1980, Moyano was named head of the CGTs Mar del Plata delegation, and was arrested during numerous demonstrations against the regimes economic policies. Elections at the Buenos Aires Province Teamsters Union in 1984 resulted in Moyanos promotion as Adjunct Secretary General and in 1987, a Peronist sweep in the September 1987 mid-term elections sent Moyano to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies for the Province of Buenos Aires. He stepped down from Congress following his first term in 1991 to assume the Speakership of the National Teamsters Union and he assumed chairmanship of the unions health plan on that occasion and, in April, established the 15 de Diciembre Teamsters Mutual Association. The Teamsters Union helped lead a series of strikes in 1996, though under the banner of the Argentine Workers Movement - a dissenting. The labour leader was shaken by the November 2007 murder of Abel Beroiz, the treasurer for the Teamsters Union. The arrest of his presumptive assassin the following March yielded information on a plot against Moyano. Amid the 2008 Argentine government conflict with the sector over a planned hike in export taxes, Moyano proposed the creation of a CGT-TV. Long-standing differences with Restaurant Workers leader Luis Barrionuevo led to a new, July 2008 schism within the CGT, Moyano secured his reelection as CGT head, however, and retained the support of 134 unions, including most of the larger ones. Relations between the government and the media had become strained in the preceding months. The labour leaders numerous business interests, as well as those of his wife, Liliana Zulet de Moyano, Moyano lost his second wife and a son due to health problems during 2011. He resigned his posts within the Justicialist Party, including that of President of the Buenos Aires Province chapter
18.
Mauricio Pellegrino
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Mauricio Andrés Pellegrino Luna is an Argentine retired footballer who played as a central defender, and the current coach of Spanish club Deportivo Alavés. He also had a stint with Liverpool. Pellegrino appeared with Argentina at the 1997 Copa América, after retiring, he embarked in a managerial career. He had his first abroad experience in 1998–99, joining Louis van Gaals FC Barcelona on loan and he made his La Liga debut on 12 September 1998 in a 1–0 home win against CF Extremadura, and would be fairly used during the campaign, which ended with league conquest. Overall though, in his six years at the Mestalla Stadium, he was an important defensive unit. He played 12 times for the Reds in the Premier League –13 overall – but his performances were not enough to secure a longer contract, after being released, Pellegrino returned to Spain, having an unassuming stint with Deportivo Alavés. Pellegrino gained three caps for Argentina, all during 1997 and he was picked for the squad at that years Copa América and made his debut precisely in the continental tournament, against Ecuador in the group stage. After retiring in June 2006, Pellegrino stayed connected with Valencia, two years later he decided to return to Liverpool, who still had Benítez in charge, as first-team coach, a position in which he remained until the middle of 2010 as the pair moved to Inter Milan. In December 2010, as Benítez resigned from his post, Pellegrino was also dismissed, on 7 May 2012 he was appointed at former club Valencia, signing for two years as a replacement for Unai Emery who left at the end of the season. On 1 December 2012, following a 2–5 home loss against Real Sociedad which left the side in 12th place and he subsequently returned to his country, signing with Estudiantes de La Plata. On 14 April 2015, Pellegrino was sacked by president Juan Sebastián Verón, in June, he was appointed at fellow league club Club Atlético Independiente. Pellegrino returned to Alavés on 26 June 2016, being named José Bordaláss successor as the team had just promoted to the top flight
19.
Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires
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Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires was an Argentine official football cup competition. It was contested fourteen times between 1905 and 1920 and this cup was played by teams from Buenos Aires and Rosario. The champion of this tournament qualified to play the Copa de Honor Cousenier versus the winner of Uruguayan Copa de Honor representing the Association of that country. In 1936, a new Copa de Honor was played under a regular Primera División season, san Lorenzo finished 1st and was awarded the cup. In July 2013, the Argentine Football Association recognized the 1936 edition as a Primera División honour awarded to the club, the following list includes all the editions of the Copa de Honor, Copa de Honor Cousenier Copa de Honor
20.
Copa de Competencia Jockey Club
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Copa de Competencia Jockey Club is a defunct official football tournament which took place in Argentina between 1907 and 1933. The winner of this Cup was allowed to play the Tie Cup against the Uruguayan champion of Copa de Competencia, the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club was first awarded in 1907, being Alumni its first winner. Teams affiliated to the Argentine Football Association and Federación Rosarina de Football were allowed to enter to this competition, rosarian teams participated until the 1919 edition. From the 1921 edition, only teams from the cities of Buenos Aires, after the final edition of the Tie Cup in 1919, the Copa de Competencia Jockey Club was played on four more occasions in 1921,1925,1931 and 1936. It was contested on a total of 17 occasions and the most successful teams were Alumni, the following list includes all the editions of the Copa de Competencia, Copa de Competencia Tie Cup Copa de Competencia overview page at RSSSF
21.
1984 Intercontinental Cup
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Liverpool were making their second appearance in the competition, after their loss in 1981. The teams had qualified for the competition by winning their continents primary cup competition, Independiente qualified by winning the primary South American cup competition, the Copa Libertadores. They won the 1984 Copa Libertadores defeating Brazilian team Grêmio 3–1 on points in the finals, Liverpool qualified by winning the primary European cup competition, the European Cup. Roma 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out after the match finished 1–1, watched by a crowd of 62,000, Independiente took the lead in the sixth minute when José Percudani scored. Liverpool had the better of the possession during the match, the win was the Argentine clubs second triumph in the competition and the fifth in a row by the South American team. Independiente qualified for the Intercontinental Cup as the reigning Copa Libertadores winners and they had won the 1984 Copa Libertadores beating Grêmio 3–1 on points over two legs in the finals. It would be Independientes sixth appearance in the competition and their previous five appearances had resulted in one win in 1973 and four defeats in 1964,1965,1972 and 1974. Liverpool had qualified for the Intercontinental Cup as a result of winning the 1983–84 European Cup and they had beaten Roma 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out after the match finished 1–1 to win their fourth European Cup. Liverpool were appearing in their second Intercontinental Cup and their appearance in 1981 resulted in a 3–0 defeat against Flamengo. Liverpool were scheduled to appear in 1977 and 1978 but did not compete and they declined to play in 1977 and were replaced by runners-up Borussia Mönchengladbach, while in 1978, Liverpool and Boca Juniors declined to play each other. Liverpools last match before the Intercontinental cup was against Coventry City in the 1984–85 Football League and they won 3–1 courtesy of two goals from John Wark and one from Ian Rush. The last match Independiente played before the Intercontinental Cup was against Rosario Central in the 1984 Argentine Primera División, before the match, Liverpool lost defender Mark Lawrenson who had injured his hamstring in training. Liverpool kicked off the match and the first few exchanges saw a number of rash tackles, Independiente defender Carlos Enrique tackled Craig Johnston robustly, but the referee indicated to play on. Moments later Liverpool midfielder Jan Mølby tackled Enrique late, which prompted the referee to award a free kick, Liverpool controlled the opening exchanges of the match, but could not work the ball into the Independiente penalty area. Following the goal, Independiente under instruction rom their manager José Pastoriza and their plan worked as Liverpool were unable to break down their defence, while their strikers Percudani and Alejandro Barberón counter-attacked when Independiente received the ball. The second half saw Liverpool continue to attack the Independiente goal, midfielders John Wark and Mølby tried to find a way through the Independiente defence was equal to their efforts. Warks efforts trying to engineer an equalising goal resulted in him being substituted for Ronnie Whelan in the 76th minute, due to fatigue. Despite being the team for the majority of the match, Liverpool were unable to beat the Independiente defence
