1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
3.
Provinces and territories of Canada
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Canadas geography is divided into administrative divisions known as provinces and territories that are responsible for delivery of sub-national governance. Over its history, Canadas international borders have changed several times, the ten provinces are Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Several of the provinces were former British colonies, Quebec was originally a French colony, the three territories are Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon, which govern the rest of the area of the former British North America. Together, the provinces and territories make up the worlds second-largest country by area, the powers flowing from the Constitution Act are divided between the federal government and the provincial governments to exercise exclusively. In modern Canadian constitutional theory, the provinces are considered to be co-sovereign divisions, the territories are not sovereign, but simply part of the federal realm, and have a commissioner who represents the federal government. Notes, There are three territories in Canada, unlike the provinces, the territories of Canada have no inherent sovereignty and have only those powers delegated to them by the federal government. They include all of mainland Canada north of latitude 60° north and west of Hudson Bay, the following table lists the territories in order of precedence. Prior to Confederation, Ontario and Quebec were united as the Province of Canada, over the following years, Manitoba, British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island were added as provinces. The Hudsons Bay Company controlled large swathes of western Canada referred to as Ruperts Land and the North-Western Territory until 1870, subsequently, the area was re-organized into the province of Manitoba and the Northwest Territories. The remaining Arctic islands were transferred by Britain to Canada in 1880,1898 saw the Yukon Territory, later renamed simply as Yukon, carved from the parts of the Northwest Territories surrounding the Klondike gold fields. On September 1,1905, a portion of the Northwest Territories south of the 60th parallel north became the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. In 1912, the boundaries of Quebec, Ontario and Manitoba were expanded northward, Manitobas to the 60° parallel, Ontarios to Hudson Bay, in 1907, Newfoundland acquired dominion status. In the middle of the Great Depression in Canada with Newfoundland facing a period of economic crisis. In 2001, it was officially renamed Newfoundland and Labrador, in 1903, the Alaska Panhandle Dispute fixed British Columbias northwestern boundary. This was one of two provinces in Canadian history to have its size reduced. In 1999, Nunavut was created from the portion of the Northwest Territories. Yukon lies in the portion of The North, while Nunavut is in the east. All three territories combined are the most sparsely populated region in Canada, covering 3,921,739 km2 in land area and they are often referred to as a single region, The North, for organisational and economic purposes
4.
Saskatchewan
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Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in west-central Canada, the only province without natural borders. It has an area of 651,900 square kilometres, nearly 10 percent of which is water, composed mostly of rivers, reservoirs. As of December 2013, Saskatchewans population was estimated at 1,114,170, residents primarily live in the southern prairie half of the province, while the northern boreal half is mostly forested and sparsely populated. Of the total population, roughly half live in the provinces largest city, Saskatoon, or the provincial capital, other notable cities include Prince Albert, Moose Jaw, Yorkton, Swift Current, North Battleford, and the border city Lloydminster. Saskatchewan is a province with large distances to moderating bodies of waters. As a result, its climate is continental, rendering severe winters throughout the province. Southern areas have very warm or hot summers, Midale and Yellow Grass near the U. S. border are tied for the highest ever recorded temperatures in Canada with 45 °C observed at both locations on July 5,1937. In winter, temperatures below −45 °C are possible even in the south during extreme cold snaps, Saskatchewan has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups, and first explored by Europeans in 1690 and settled in 1774. It became a province in 1905, carved out from the vast North-West Territories, in the early 20th century the province became known as a stronghold for Canadian social democracy, North Americas first social-democratic government was elected in 1944. The provinces economy is based on agriculture, mining, and energy, Saskatchewans current premier is Brad Wall and its lieutenant-governor is Vaughn Solomon Schofield. In 1992, the federal and provincial governments signed a land claim agreement with First Nations in Saskatchewan. The First Nations received compensation and were permitted to buy land on the market for the tribes, they have acquired about 3,079 square kilometres. Some First Nations have used their settlement to invest in urban areas and its name derived from the Saskatchewan River. The river was known as kisiskāciwani-sīpiy in the Cree language, as Saskatchewans borders largely follow the geographic coordinates of longitude and latitude, the province is roughly a quadrilateral, or a shape with four sides. However the 49th parallel boundary and the 60th northern border appear curved on globes, additionally, the eastern boundary of the province is partially crooked rather than following a line of longitude, as correction lines were devised by surveyors prior to the homestead program. S. States of Montana and North Dakota, Saskatchewan has the distinction of being the only Canadian province for which no borders correspond to physical geographic features. Along with Alberta, Saskatchewan is one of only two land-locked provinces, the overwhelming majority of Saskatchewans population is located in the southern third of the province, south of the 53rd parallel. Saskatchewan contains two natural regions, the Canadian Shield in the north and the Interior Plains in the south
5.
Yorkton
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Yorkton is a city located in south-eastern Saskatchewan, Canada. It is about 450 kilometres north-west of Winnipeg and 300 kilometres south-east of Saskatoon, as of 2016 the census population of the city was 16,343. Yorkton has had a rate of 4. 3% since 2011. Yorkton was founded in 1882 and incorporated as a city in 1928, the city is bordered by the RM of Orkney No.244 to the west and the RM of Wallace No.243 on the east. In 1882 a group of businessmen and investors formed the York Farmers Colonization Company and they were impressed with what they saw and the group purchased portions of 6 townships near the Little Whitesand River for the purpose of settlement and to establish a centre for trade there. This centre would become known as York Colony, the company founded the settlers colony on the banks of the Little Whitesand River where lots were given freely to settlers who purchased land from them. The colony remained at its site until 1889 and it was originally located at PT SE 1/4 13-26-4 W2M. In 1889 the rail line was extended to the Yorkton area and it was at this time the colony townsite relocated alongside the new rail line. Yorkton is located in the aspen parkland ecosystem, the terrain is mainly one of agriculture and there is no forestry industry. It is also in an area of black calcareous chernozemic soils, the Yorkton area was located on the edge of an area of a maximum glacial lake. The quaternary geology has left the area as a moraine plain consisting of glacial deposits, the bedrock geology is the pembina member of Vermillion River Formation and Riding Mountain Formation. Yorkton is located in the region of the Quill Lake-Yorkton Plain region of the Saskatchewan Plains Region. Yorkton has a continental climate, with extreme seasonal temperatures. It has warm summers and cold winters, with the daily temperatures ranging from −17.9 °C in January to 17.8 °C in July. The highest temperature recorded in Yorkton was 40.6 °C on 19 July 1941. The coldest temperature recorded was −46.1 °C on 20 January 1943. On the evening of July 1,2010, Yorkton received a severe thunderstorm warning, soon after, Yorkton was experiencing pea sized hail, strong winds, lightning and heavy rain. The rain created a flash flood, broadway Street received the worst of the flood with local businesses being severely damaged, with one being completely destroyed
6.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
7.
English people
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The English are a nation and an ethnic group native to England, who speak the English language. The English identity is of medieval origin, when they were known in Old English as the Angelcynn. Their ethnonym is derived from the Angles, one of the Germanic peoples who migrated to Great Britain around the 5th century AD, England is one of the countries of the United Kingdom. Collectively known as the Anglo-Saxons, they founded what was to become England along with the later Danes, Normans, in the Acts of Union 1707, the Kingdom of England was succeeded by the Kingdom of Great Britain. Over the years, English customs and identity have become closely aligned with British customs. The English people are the source of the English language, the Westminster system and these and other English cultural characteristics have spread worldwide, in part as a result of the former British Empire. The concept of an English nation is far older than that of the British nation, many recent immigrants to England have assumed a solely British identity, while others have developed dual or mixed identities. Use of the word English to describe Britons from ethnic minorities in England is complicated by most non-white people in England identifying as British rather than English. In their 2004 Annual Population Survey, the Office for National Statistics compared the ethnic identities of British people with their national identity. They found that while 58% of white people in England described their nationality as English and it is unclear how many British people consider themselves English. Following complaints about this, the 2011 census was changed to allow respondents to record their English, Welsh, Scottish, another complication in defining the English is a common tendency for the words English and British to be used interchangeably, especially overseas. In his study of English identity, Krishan Kumar describes a common slip of the tongue in which people say English, I mean British. He notes that this slip is made only by the English themselves and by foreigners. Kumar suggests that although this blurring is a sign of Englands dominant position with the UK and it tells of the difficulty that most English people have of distinguishing themselves, in a collective way, from the other inhabitants of the British Isles. In 1965, the historian A. J. P. Taylor wrote, When the Oxford History of England was launched a generation ago and it meant indiscriminately England and Wales, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, and even the British Empire. Foreigners used it as the name of a Great Power and indeed continue to do so, bonar Law, by origin a Scotch Canadian, was not ashamed to describe himself as Prime Minister of England Now terms have become more rigorous. The use of England except for a geographic area brings protests and this version of history is now regarded by many historians as incorrect, on the basis of more recent genetic and archaeological research. The 2016 study authored by Stephan Schiffels et al, the remaining portion of English DNA is primarily French, introduced in a migration after the end of the Ice Age
8.
Swedes
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Swedes are a Germanic ethnic group native to Sweden. They mostly inhabit Sweden and the other Nordic countries, in particular Finland, with a substantial diaspora in other countries, the English term Swede has been attested in English since the late 16th century and is of Middle Dutch or Middle Low German origin. The term is believed to have derived from the Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *se. The word must have meant ones own, the same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Swabia. Sweden enters proto-history with the Germania of Tacitus in AD98, in Germania 44,45 he mentions the Swedes as a powerful tribe with ships that had a prow in both ends. Which kings ruled these Suiones is unknown, but Norse mythology presents a line of legendary and semi-legendary kings going back to the last centuries BC. In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes, which he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi, who lived in Scandza and these two names are both considered to refer to the same tribe. The Suehans, he says, has very fine horses just as the Thyringi tribe, the Icelander Snorri Sturluson wrote of the 6th-century Swedish king Adils that he had the finest horses of his days. The Suehans supplied black fox-skins for the Roman market, then Jordanes names the Suetidi which is considered to be the Latin form of Svitjod. He writes that the Suetidi are the tallest of men - together with the Dani, later he mentions other Scandinavian tribes as being of the same height. Originating in semi-legendary Scandza, a Gothic population had crossed the Baltic Sea before the 2nd century AD and they reaching Scythia on the coast of the Black Sea in modern Ukraine, where Goths left their archaeological traces in the Chernyakhov culture. In the 5th and 6th centuries, they divided as the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths. Crimean Gothic communities appear to have survived intact in the Crimea until the late 18th century, the Swedish Viking Age lasted roughly between the 8th and 11th centuries. During this period, it is believed that the Swedes expanded from eastern Sweden and it is believed that Swedish Vikings and Gutar mainly travelled east and south, going to Finland, the Baltic countries, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine the Black Sea and further as far as Baghdad. Their routes passed through the Dnieper down south to Constantinople, on which they did numerous raids, the Byzantine Emperor Theophilos noticed their great skills in war and invited them to serve as his personal bodyguard, known as the varangian guard. The Swedish Vikings, called Rus are also believed to be the fathers of Kievan Rus. The Arabic traveller Ibn Fadlan described these Vikings as following, I have seen the Rus as they came on their merchant journeys, each man has an axe, a sword, and a knife, and keeps each by him at all times. The swords are broad and grooved, of Frankish sort, the adventures of these Swedish Vikings are commemorated on many runestones in Sweden, such as the Greece Runestones and the Varangian Runestones
9.
Czechs
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Ethnic Czechs were called Bohemians in English until the early 20th century, referring to the late Iron Age tribe of Celtic Boii and the land Bohemia. The Czech diaspora is found in numbers in the United States, Canada, Israel, Austria, Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland, Italy. The Czech ethnic group is part of the West Slavic subgroup of the larger Slavic ethno-linguistical group, the West Slavs have origin in early Slavic tribes which settled in Central Europe after East Germanic tribes had left this area during the migration period. The West Slavic tribe of Bohemians settled in the area of Bohemia during the migration period and they formed an independent principality in the 9th century, the Duchy of Bohemia, under the Přemyslid dynasty. According to mythology, the father of the Czech people were Forefather Čech. The Czech are closely related to the neighbouring Slovaks, the Czech–Slovak languages form a dialect continuum rather than being two clearly distinct languages. Czech cultural influence in Slovak culture is noted as having much higher than the other way around. Czech people have a history of coexistence with Germanic people. The Czech National Revival took place in the 18th and 19th centuries aiming to revive Czech language, culture, the Czech were the initiators of Pan-Slavism. The Czech ethnonym was the name of a Slavic tribe in central Bohemia that subdued the tribes in the late 9th century. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown, according to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel-, the Czech ethnonym was adopted by the Moravians in the 19th century. The name Bohemia is Germanic, English used that name until after the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the population of the Czech lands has been influenced by different human migrations that wide-crossed Europe over time. In their Y-DNA haplogroups, which are inherited along the male line,34. 2% of Czech males belong to R1a, which is particularly common in a large region extending from South Asia and Southern Siberia to Central Europe and Scandinavia. The population of the Czech Republic descends from diverse peoples of Slavic, Celtic and Germanic origin, presence of West Slavs in the 6th century during the Migration Period has been documented on the Czech territory. Slavs settled in Bohemia, Moravia and Austria sometime during the 6th or 7th centuries, according to a popular myth, the Slavs came with Forefather Čech who settled at the Říp Mountain. The Duchy of Bohemia emerged in the late 9th century, in 880, Prague Castle was constructed by Prince Bořivoj, founder of the Přemyslid dynasty and the city of Prague was established. Vratislav II was the first Czech king in 1085 and the duchy was raised to a kingdom under Ottokar I in 1198
10.
Germans
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Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
11.
Welsh people
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The Welsh people or the Welsh are a nation and ethnic group native to, or otherwise associated with, Wales and the Welsh language. Prior to the 20th century, large numbers of Welsh people spoke only Welsh, the term Welsh people applies to people from Wales and people of Welsh ancestry perceiving themselves or being perceived as sharing a cultural heritage and shared ancestral origins. Over 300,000 Welsh people live in London, the same etymological origin is shared by the names of various other Celtic or Latin peoples such as the Walloons and the Vlachs, as well as of the Swiss canton of Valais. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. They thus carry a sense of land of fellow-countrymen, our country, the word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century. It is attested in a poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. During their time in Britain, the ancient Romans encountered tribes in present-day Wales that they called the Ordovices, the Demetae, the Silures and the Deceangli. The people of what is now Wales were not distinguished from the rest of the peoples of southern Britain, all were called Britons and spoke the common British language, a Brythonic Celtic tongue. Celtic language and culture seems to have arrived in Britain during the Iron Age, the claim has also been made that Indo-European languages may have been introduced to the British Isles as early as the early Neolithic, with Goidelic and Brythonic languages developing indigenously. The genetic evidence in this case would show that the change to Celtic languages in Britain may have occurred as a cultural rather than through migration as was previously supposed. The assumed genetic imprint of Neolithic incomers is seen as a cline, with stronger Neolithic representation in the east of Europe, when the Roman legions departed Britain around 400, a Romano-British culture remained in the areas the Romans had settled, and the pre-Roman cultures in others. According to Stephen Oppenheimer 96% of lineages in Llangefni in north Wales derive from Iberia, Genetic marker R1b averages from 83–89% amongst the Welsh. The people in what is now Wales continued to speak Brythonic languages with additions from Latin, the surviving poem Y Gododdin is in early Welsh and refers to the Brythonic kingdom of Gododdin with a capital at Din Eidyn and extending from the area of Stirling to the Tyne. John Davies places the change from Brythonic to Welsh between 400 and 700, offas Dyke was erected in the mid-8th century, forming a barrier between Wales and Mercia. The genetic tests suggested that between 50% and 100% of the population of what was to become England was wiped out. In 2001, research for a BBC programme on the Vikings suggested a strong link between the Celts and Basques, dating back tens of thousands of years. The UCL research suggested a migration on a huge scale during the Anglo-Saxon period and it appears England is made up of an ethnic cleansing event from people coming across from the continent after the Romans left, said Dr Mark Thomas, of the Centre for Genetic Anthropology at UCL
12.
Jews
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The Jews, also known as the Jewish people, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Israelites, or Hebrews, of the Ancient Near East. Jews originated as a national and religious group in the Middle East during the second millennium BCE, the Merneptah Stele appears to confirm the existence of a people of Israel, associated with the god El, somewhere in Canaan as far back as the 13th century BCE. The Israelites, as an outgrowth of the Canaanite population, consolidated their hold with the emergence of the Kingdom of Israel, some consider that these Canaanite sedentary Israelites melded with incoming nomadic groups known as Hebrews. The worldwide Jewish population reached a peak of 16.7 million prior to World War II, but approximately 6 million Jews were systematically murdered during the Holocaust. Since then the population has risen again, and as of 2015 was estimated at 14.3 million by the Berman Jewish DataBank. According to the report, about 43% of all Jews reside in Israel and these numbers include all those who self-identified as Jews in a socio-demographic study or were identified as such by a respondent in the same household. The exact world Jewish population, however, is difficult to measure, Israel is the only country where Jews form a majority of the population. The modern State of Israel was established as a Jewish state and defines itself as such in its Declaration of Independence and its Law of Return grants the right of citizenship to any Jew who requests it. The English word Jew continues Middle English Gyw, Iewe, according to the Hebrew Bible, the name of both the tribe and kingdom derive from Judah, the fourth son of Jacob. The Hebrew word for Jew, יְהוּדִי ISO 259-3 Yhudi, is pronounced, with the stress on the syllable, in Israeli Hebrew. The Ladino name is ג׳ודיו, Djudio, ג׳ודיוס, Djudios, Yiddish, ייִד Yid, ייִדן, Yidn. The etymological equivalent is in use in languages, e. g. but derivations of the word Hebrew are also in use to describe a Jew, e. g. in Italian. The German word Jude is pronounced, the corresponding adjective jüdisch is the origin of the word Yiddish, in such contexts Jewish is the only acceptable possibility. Some people, however, have become so wary of this construction that they have extended the stigma to any use of Jew as a noun, a factual reconstruction for the origin of the Jews is a difficult and complex endeavor. It requires examining at least 3,000 years of ancient human history using documents in vast quantities, as archaeological discovery relies upon researchers and scholars from diverse disciplines, the goal is to interpret all of the factual data, focusing on the most consistent theory. In this case, it is complicated by long standing politics and religious, Jacob and his family migrated to Ancient Egypt after being invited to live with Jacobs son Joseph by the Pharaoh himself. The patriarchs descendants were later enslaved until the Exodus led by Moses, traditionally dated to the 13th century BCE, Modern archaeology has largely discarded the historicity of the Patriarchs and of the Exodus story, with it being reframed as constituting the Israelites inspiring national myth narrative. The growth of Yahweh-centric belief, along with a number of practices, gradually gave rise to a distinct Israelite ethnic group
13.
The Mosaic Company
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The Mosaic Company is a Fortune 500 company based in Plymouth, Minnesota, a Minneapolis suburb. Mosaic mines two key crop nutrients—phosphate and potash—and produces specialty products MicroEssentials, K-Mag and Pegasus and it is the largest U. S. producer of potash and phosphate fertilizer. The Mosaic Company is a producer and marketer of concentrated phosphate. Its customer base includes wholesalers, retail dealers and individual growers in more than 40 countries, headquartered in Plymouth, Minnesota, Mosaic employs approximately 9,000 people in eight countries. Launched October 25,2004, Mosaic was formed by a merger between IMC Global, a company formed in 1909, and Cargills crop nutrition division. Chairman of the Board of Directors, Robert L. Lumpkins Chief Executive Officer and President, ORourke Mosaic has 9.3 million tonnes of operational capacity. Following completion of expansion projects, Mosaic expects to have an annual operational capacity of approximately 15 million tonnes by 2021. Product from its Canadian mines is exported through Canpotex, an association of Canadian potash producers. It has a distribution network made up of plants, port facilities, warehouses and sales offices. In 2013 Mosaic produced 7.6 million tons of concentrated phosphate crop nutrients, in October,2013, Mosaic reached an agreement to purchase the phosphate operations of CF Industries for 1. The Riders continued to play at the stadium through the 2016 CFL season, in 2014, the company signed a naming rights contract to place its name on the first stadiums replacement, located a few blocks west of the original stadium. The new stadium opened in October 2016, with the Riders set to move in for the 2017 season,2015 August, Joc ORourke succeeds Jim Prokopanko as Mosaics President and CEO. 2011 May, Mosaic and Cargill complete the transaction to split off, January, Mosaic and Cargill agree to split off and orderly distribute Cargills stake in Mosaic. 2007 January, Jim Prokopanko succeeds Fritz Corrigan as President and CEO of Mosaic,2006 July, Jim Prokopanko named Mosaic Chief Operating Officer. 2004 October, The Mosaic Company begins trading on the New York Stock Exchange, june, Mosaic announced as the chosen name for the newly formed company. January, The crop nutrition business of Cargill, Inc. on 5 November 2013 Mosaic Co reported sharply lower third-quarter earnings – a fall by 70% due to fall in prices of its potash and phosphate
14.
Potash
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Potash /ˈpɒtæʃ/ is any of various mined and manufactured salts that contain potassium in water-soluble form. The name derives from pot ash, which refers to plant ashes soaked in water in a pot, the word potassium is derived from potash. Potash is produced worldwide at amounts exceeding 30 million tonnes per year, various types of fertilizer-potash thus constitute the single largest global industrial use of the element potassium. Potassium was first derived by electrolysis of caustic potash, in 1807, Potash refers to potassium compounds and potassium-bearing materials, the most common being potassium chloride. The term potash comes from the Middle Dutch word potaschen, approximately 10% by weight of common wood ash can be recovered as pot ash. Later, potash became the term applied to naturally occurring potassium salts. Potash ores are rich in potassium chloride and sodium chloride and are typically obtained by conventional shaft mining with the extracted ore ground into a powder. Other methods include dissolution mining and evaporation methods from brines, in the evaporation method hot water is injected into the potash which is dissolved and then pumped to the surface where it is concentrated by solar induced evaporation. Amine reagents are added to either the mined or evaporated solutions. The amine coats the KCl but not NaCl, air bubbles cling to the amine + KCl and float it to the surface while the NaCl and clay sink to the bottom. The surface is skimmed for the amine + KCl which is dried and packaged for use as a K rich fertilizer—KCl dissolves readily in water and is available quickly for plant nutrition. Potash deposits can be all over the world. At present deposits are being mined in Canada, Russia, China, Belarus, Israel, Germany, Chile, the United States, Jordan, Spain, Potash has been used in bleaching textiles, making glass, and making soap, since about AD500. Potash was principally obtained by leaching the ashes of land and sea plants, beginning in the 14th century potash was mined in Ethiopia. One of the worlds largest deposits,140 to 150 million tons, is located in the Tigrays Dallol area, Potash was one of the most important industrial chemicals in Canada. It was refined from the ashes of broadleaved trees and produced primarily in the areas of Europe, Russia. The first U. S. patent of any kind was issued in 1790 to Samuel Hopkins for an improvement in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus, Pearl ash was a purer quality made by the ignition of cream of tartar. Potash pits were used in England to produce potash that was used in making soap for the preparation of wool for yarn production
15.
Esterhazy Flour Mill
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The Esterhazy Flour Mill is located at 517 Smith-Dorrien Street, Esterhazy, Saskatchewan. Construction of the mill was started in 1904 and was completed in 1907, the current owner is the Town of Esterhazy and is run by the Friends of the Flour Mill. The Esterhazy Flour Mill is the only remaining wood-frame construction flour mill in Saskatchewan, the Provincial Heritage Property designation was announced in 2005 and on July 8,2009 the Esterhazy Flour Mill was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada. The Esterhazy Flour Mill was built by James Saunders during 1904 to 1907, there were many hold-up in the construction of the Esterhazy Flour Mill due to non-delivery of materials. Gristing began on June 18,1907, James Saunders, of Whitewood, Saskatchewan, was a small operator who serviced consumers in the area that surrounded his mills, by only selling surplus flour for export. Saunders owned mills in both Manitoba and Saskatchewan, including the nearby Whitewood Milling Company in Whitewood, Saskatchewan, the grain was purchased from local producers and produced a local commodity of flour. The mill also generated business for the areas railroad which ensured year-round rail service to the area. The first manager employed the facility by Saunders was Mr. Snider, Snider left in September 1907 and was replaced by J. A Macdonald for the winter of 1907. Ford of Whitewood took over as head miller and manager in 1908, the miller from Saunders Whitewood mill, Frank Size, leased the Esterhazy Flour Mill from Saunders after the Whitewood mill was destroyed by fire in 1909. Frank Size purchased the Esterhazy Flour Mill from James Saunders in 1911, Rudolph Junek purchased the mill in 1939 and operated the facility with assistance from his brother Stanley Junek and Charlie Lake. White flour was the product produced, by Junek, through the war years. Junek also advertised, at time, that farmers could bring in wheat for gristing without the quantity being entered in the permit book as long as it was for their own use. Junek converted the mill from steam power to power in 1947. An UD18A International engine was installed, which was able to produce 125 horsepower, the Mill changed ownership a number of times between 1949, with the passing of Rudolph Junek, up until 1979. Joseph Junek, Rudolphs brother purchased it in 1949 after the passing of his brother and operated the mill with help from his brother Stanley Junek, in 1959 Junek sold the mill, due to his failing health, to partners John Jurick and Frank Pittner. Pittners share was bought out later that year by John Kacsmar. Kacsmar then bought out Juricks share in the mill, otto Roseler took over the operations of the mill but Kacsmar helped when needed. The mill was sold to Kurt Zwolinski of Virden, Manitoba in 1977
16.
National Historic Sites of Canada
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Parks Canada, a federal agency, manages the National Historic Sites program. As of 2016, there are 976 National Historic Sites,171 of which are administered by Parks Canada, the sites are located across all ten provinces and three territories, with two sites located in France. There are related federal designations for National Historic Persons and National Historic Events, Sites, Events, and Persons are each typically marked by a federal plaque, but the markers do not indicate which designation a subject has been given. The Rideau Canal is a National Historic Site, while the Welland Canal is a National Historic Event, emerging Canadian nationalist sentiment in the late 19th century and early 20th century led to an increased interest in preserving Canadas historic sites. There were galvanizing precedents in other countries, in the United Kingdom, the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty was created in 1894 to protect that countrys historic and natural heritage. Domestically, Lord Dufferin, the Governor General from 1872 to 1878, initiated some of the earliest, high-profile efforts to preserve Canadas historic sites. He was instrumental in stopping the demolition of the fortifications of Quebec City, at the same time, the federal government was looking for ways to extend the National Park system to Eastern Canada. In 1914, the Parks Branch undertook a survey of sites in Canada. Fort Howe in Saint John, New Brunswick was designated a historic park in 1914. The fort was not a site of significant national historic importance, Fort Anne in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia was also designated in 1917. At the same time, the Department of Militia and Defence was anxious to transfer old forts, harkin, the first Commissioner of Dominion Parks, to develop a departmental heritage policy. On Harkins recommendation, the government created the Advisory Board for Historic Site Preservation in 1919 in order to advise the Minister on a new program of National Historic Sites. Brigadier General Ernest Alexander Cruikshank, an authority on the War of 1812 and the history of Ontario, was chosen as the Boards first chairman. Due to a lack of resources, the HSMBC limited itself to recommending sites for designation, of the 285 National Historic Sites designated by 1943,105 represented military history,52 represented the fur trade and exploration, and 43 represented famous individuals. There was also a strong bias in favour of commemorating sites in Ontario over other parts of the country, at one point, some members of the HSMBC concluded that there were no sites at all in Prince Edward Island worthy of designation. Lawrence, and in Niagara, promoting a loyalist doctrine of unity with Britain. Proposals to designate sites related to the immigration of Jews, Blacks and Ukrainians to Canada were rejected, such was the view of Canadian history by the Board in the first half of the 20th century. As time passed and the system grew, the scope of the program, by the 1930s, the focus of the heritage movement in Canada had shifted from commemoration to preservation and development
17.
Peter Kent
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Peter Kent, PC, MP is a Conservative member of parliament for the riding of Thornhill, and the former Minister of the Environment in the 28th Canadian Ministry. Before entering politics, he was Deputy Editor of the Global Television Network and he has worked as a news editor, producer, foreign correspondent and news anchorman on Canadian and American television networks. Kent was born in Sussex, England in a Canadian Army Hospital, both parents serving with the Canadian Army. The family moved to Canada and, after a period in Ottawa, settled in Medicine Hat and his parents were Aileen and Parker Kent. The elder Kent was an employee of the Southam Newspaper Group who retired as associate editor of the Calgary Herald. Peter Kents younger brother, Arthur, is also a journalist, there were three sisters, Adele and Norma and Susan. The latter, an editor and writer, died in 2014. Peter Kent is married to Cilla, a print journalist with South Africas Argus newspaper group for over 26 years. They have a daughter, Trilby, who published her first novel, Medina Hill, Kent was a member of the board of Canadian Coalition for Democracies and has represented them at public events such as a demonstration supporting publication of the controversial Muhammed cartoons. Kent is a member of the Canadian Broadcast Hall of Fame and he is also a Founding Supporter of Canadians for Defence and Security and was a member of the board of the revitalized ParticipACTION. He was a member of the pro-Israel media advocacy group Honest Reporting Canada. Kent began his career as a radio journalist in the early 1960s and he then moved to television, joining Calgary station CFCN-TV in 1965 and subsequently worked for CBC Television, CTV, Global, NBC and the Christian Science Monitors television newscast. In 1966, he went to South East Asia to cover the Vietnam War as a foreign correspondent. He stayed on to cover the withdrawal of US troops from Vietnam in 1973. Kent returned to Canada and worked as a producer for CBCs The National and, in 1976, as a result of his intervention and descent from The National anchor desk, Kent accepted assignment to the newly created African Bureau of the CBC, located in Johannesburg. The CBC subsequently created protocols to govern Prime Ministerial access to the public broadcaster and they remain in effect today, and the most recent example was the speech made to the country by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien on the eve of the 1995 Quebec referendum. In that testimony Kent—the first journalist to anchor The National—supported Nashs credentials, Kent returned to Canada and the CBC in 1982 as a founding producer, correspondent and occasional co-host of The Journal, hosted by Barbara Frum and Mary Lou Finlay. On January 24,1984, the CBC television program The Journal broadcast a full edition documentary called The Greenhouse Effect and Planet Earth, hosted, narrated, Broadcast more than 27 years ago, this may be one of the first major media reports on the subject
18.
Parks Canada
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Parks Canada, also known as the Parks Canada Agency, is an agency of the Government of Canada run by a chief executive who answers to the Minister of the Environment. Parks Canada manages 38 National Parks, three National Marine Conservation Areas,171 National Historic Sites, and one National Landmark, the agency also administers lands and waters set aside as potential national parklands, including eight National Park Reserves and one National Marine Conservation Area Reserve. The Canadian Register of Historic Places is supported and managed by Parks Canada, in collaboration with provincial and territorial governments, the agency is also the working arm of the national Historic Sites and Monuments Board, which recommends National Historic Sites, Events, and Persons. Parks Canada was established on May 19,1911, as the Dominion Parks Branch under the Department of the Interior, the services activities are regulated under the provisions of the Canada National Parks Act, which was enacted in 1930, and amended in 2000. To mark the 150th anniversary of Confederation in 2017, Parks Canada is offering free passes to national parks, the Parks Canada Agency was established as a separate service entity in 1998, and falls under the responsibility of Environment Canada. Before 2003, Parks Canada fell under the jurisdiction of the Department of Canadian Heritage, from 1979 to 1994, Parks Canada was part of the Department of Environment, and before it was part of the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs, and the Department of the Interior. With the organizational shifts and political leadership in Canada, the priorities of Parks Canada have shifted over the years more towards conservation, starting in the 1960s, Parks Canada has also moved to decentralize its operations. S. C. Marie Canal, Saint-Ours Canal, Chambly Canal, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue Canal, Carillon Canal, Lachine Canal, the Department of Canadian Heritage, which runs federal Museums and more cultural affairs, falls under the control of the Minister of Heritage. They are designated under section 18 of the Canada National Parks Act and have the authority of peace officers and they carry firearms and have access to other use of force options. The Minister may also designate provincial and local enforcement officers under section 19 of the Act for the purpose of enforcing laws within the specified parks and these officers have the power of peace officers only in relation to the Act. In May 2012, it was reported that Park Wardens may be designated to enforce certain wildlife acts administered by Environment Canada. Should the designations go ahead it would only be for Park Wardens that are stationed near existing migratory bird sanctuaries, historical Analysis of Parks Canada and Banff National Park, 1968–1995 List of legislation for which Parks Canada is responsible Lothian, W. F. A History of Canadas National Parks Volumes I-IV Lothian, W. F, a Brief History of Canadas National Parks Lothian, W. F. Histoire des parcs nationaux du Canada Volumes I-IV Lothian, W. F, a Century of Parks Canada, 1911–2011, Free eBook Parks Canada article in the Canadian Encyclopedia National Parks of Canada Electronic Library
19.
CBC News
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Founded in 1941, CBC News is the largest news broadcaster in Canada and has local, regional and national broadcasts and stations. It works closely with, but is separate from, Le Téléjournal, the distinctive music on all CBC television news programs was introduced in 2006. It was part of the rebranding of all news programming under the CBC News title. Most local newscasts on CBC Television are currently branded as CBC News, such as CBC News, CBC Radio News produces on-the-hour updates for the CBCs national radio stations and provides content for regional updates. The majority of news and information is aired on CBC Radio One, CBC News Online is the CBCs CBC. ca news website. Launched in 1996, it was named one of the most popular websites in Canada in 2012. The website provides regional, national, and international coverage, and arts and entertainment. Many reports are accompanied by podcasting, audio and video from the CBCs television, in November 2005, the CBC News Weather Centre was established to cover local and international weather, using in part data provided by Environment Canada. Claire Martin was hired to serve as the face of the Weather Centre. The weather section of CBC. ca has been phased out in favour of forecasts from The Weather Network, CBC News provides the following television programs. Several conservative outlets and politicians have accused the CBC of bias in its news coverage, including the National Post, former prime minister Stephen Harper and columnist Barbara Amiel. In 2009, CBC President Hubert Lacroix commissioned a study to determine whether its news was biased and he said, Our job — and we take it seriously — is to ensure that the information that we put out is fair and unbiased in everything that we do. The study, the methodology of which was not specified, was due to results in the fall of 2010. In April 2010, the Conservatives accused pollster Frank Graves of giving advice to the Liberal Party of Canada. Graves directed a number of public research projects on behalf of the CBC as well as other media organizations. An investigation conducted by the CBC ombudsman found no evidence to support these allegations and we believe that it is our obligation to report fairly and truthfully. The CBC sets out to maintain its accuracy, integrity and fairness in its journalism, as a Canadian institution and a press undertaking, CBC set out the Journalistic Standards and Practices and works in compliance with these principles. Balanced viewpoints must be presented through on-the-air discussions, as it is with other public and private journalistic undertakings, credibility in the eyes of the general population is seen as the corporations most valuable asset
20.
Government of Canada
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The Government of Canada or more formally Her Majestys Government, is the federal government of Canada, a country in North America, composed of 10 provinces, Ottawa, and 3 territories. The head of government is Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, whose party the Liberal Party of Canada won the majority of seats in the Canadian Parliament in the 2015 Canadian federal election, in Canadian English, the term can mean either the collective set of institutions or specifically the Queen-in-Council. Further elements of governance are outlined in the rest of the Canadian constitution, which includes written statutes, court rulings, in Canadian English, the word government is used to refer both to the whole set of institutions that govern the country, and to the current political leadership. In federal department press releases, the government has sometimes referred to by the phrase Government. The same cabinet earlier directed its press department to use the phrase Canadas New Government, as per the Constitution Acts of 1867 and 1982, Canada is a constitutional monarchy, wherein the role of the reigning sovereign is both legal and practical, but not political. The executive is formally called the Queen-in-Council, the legislature the Queen-in-Parliament. The government is defined by the constitution as the Queen acting on the advice of her privy council, however, the Privy Council—consisting mostly of former members of parliament, chief justices of the supreme court, and other elder statesmen—rarely meets in full. This body of ministers of the Crown is the Cabinet, one of the main duties of the Crown is to ensure that a democratic government is always in place, which means appointing a prime minister to thereafter head the Cabinet. The monarch and governor general typically follow the advice of their ministers. The royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations, politicians can sometimes try to use to their favour the complexity of the relationship between the monarch, viceroy, ministers, and parliament, and the publics general unfamiliarity with it. Per democratic tradition, the House of Commons is the dominant branch of parliament, the Senate, thus, reviews legislation from a less partisan standpoint. The Constitution Act,1867, outlines that the general is responsible for summoning parliament in the Queens name. After a number of sessions, each parliament comes to an end via dissolution. As a general election typically follows, the timing of a dissolution is usually politically motivated, the sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all her subjects, and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice. However, she does not personally rule in cases, instead the judicial functions of the Royal Prerogative are performed in trust. Below this is the Federal Court, which cases arising under certain areas of federal law. It works in conjunction with the Federal Court of Appeal and Tax Court of Canada, in some cases, however, the jurisdictions of the federal and provincial parliaments may be more vague. For instance, the federal parliament regulates marriage and divorce in general, other examples include the powers of both the federal and provincial parliaments to impose taxes, borrow money, punish crimes, and regulate agriculture
21.
Estevan
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Estevan is the eighth-largest city in Saskatchewan, Canada. It is approximately 16 km north of the Canada–United States border, the Souris River runs by the city. This city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Estevan No.5, the first settlers in what was to become Estevan arrived in 1892, along with the expansion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was incorporated as a village in 1899, and later became a town in 1906, on March 1,1957, Estevan acquired the status of a city, which, in Saskatchewan terms, is any community of 5,000 or more. The name origin is attributed to George Stephens Registered Telegraphic Address, George Stephen was the first President of the Canadian Pacific Railway from 1881 to 1888. On December 22,1915, the 152nd Battalion, CEF was authorised and recruited men from the area before departing to Great Britain on October 3,1916, Estevan was the site of the notorious Estevan Riot in 1931. Although most of the strikers were from nearby Bienfait, the strike is associated with Estevan because it was in this city the demonstrators were met by members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, after the subsequent riot, which lasted 45 minutes, three strikers lay dead. It was later proven the three miners had been killed by the RCMP, the miners had been organized by the Workers Unity League. To help celebrate the centenary of settlement in the Estevan area, the two volumes present a detailed history of the city and the surrounding area, including information about early pioneers, homesteaders, railroads, churches, schools, and businesses. The major industries in Estevan are coal mining, power generation, oil, the Estevan Mercury, the newspaper in Estevan since 1903, provides weekly distribution to every household in the City free of charge. The newspaper also provides up-to-date news via online editorial copy and local videos and it also has as free TMC newspaper circulated throughout southeast Saskatchewan to over 9,000 homes, the Southeast Trader Express. Pipeline News, Saskatchewan Petroleum Monthly newspaper is based out of Estevan. Southeast Saskatchewan has a significant amount of oil production, and the Pipeline News main office is situated locally to report on these matters, Estevan Lifestyles is a free circulation weekly publication that shares the stories of the people in the Estevan area and the southeast corner of Saskatchewan. The publication also publishes NewsBreak, a daily coffee paper geared towards lighter reading, CJSL AM1150, CHSN-FM102.3, and CKSE-FM106.1 all broadcast from studios on 5th Street in Estevan. News website DiscoverEstevan. com is run by the radio station offering local news, weather. All are owned by Golden West Broadcasting, regina radio station Newstalk 980 CJME also offers a rebroadcast of their station to residents of southern Saskatchewan, operating at 107.3 FM. The city of Estevan has two museums, one of which is primarily a gallery, the Estevan Art Gallery and Museum, formerly the Estevan National Exhibition Centre, was founded in 1978. The Estevan Art Gallery is a public gallery that showcases contemporary art
22.
Flin Flon
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Flin Flon is a mining city in Canada. It is located on the boundary of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with the majority of the city located within Manitoba, Flin Flon was founded in 1927 by Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting to exploit the large copper and zinc ore resources in the region. In the 1920s, HBM&S invested in a railway, mine, smelter, by 1928 the rail line reached the mine. The town grew considerably during the 1930s as farmers, who were impoverished by the Great Depression, abandoned their farms, the municipality was incorporated on January 1,1933, and in 1970, the community reached city status. The city has continued to be a centre with the development of several mines adding to its industrial base. With a scenic setting and a number of lakes, Flin Flon has also become a moderately popular tourist destination. The towns name is taken from the character in a paperback novel. Josiah Flintabbatey Flonatin piloted a submarine through a lake where he passed into a strange underground world through a hole lined with gold. A copy of the book was found and read by prospector Tom Creighton. When Tom Creighton discovered a high-grade exposure of copper, he thought of the book and called it Flin Flons mine, Flin Flon shares with Tarzana, California, the distinction of being named after a character in a science fiction novel. A statue representing Flinty was designed by cartoonist Al Capp and is one of the points of interest of the city, in 1978, the National Film Board of Canada produced the short documentary Canada Vignettes, Flin Flon about the origin of the citys name. Flin Flon straddles the boundary of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with the majority of the city being located in Manitoba. Due to the nature of the Saskatchewan-Manitoba boundary, the Saskatchewan section of town lies south of the Manitoba section. The citys Main Street crosses the boundary just south of its intersection with Church Street. The town of Creighton, Saskatchewan, is adjacent to Flin Flon. The majority of Flin Flons surface topology is exposed Canadian Shield bedrock, due to this and climatic factors, agriculture is generally not possible, although grain farming is found 130 kilometres southeast in The Pas, Manitoba. Flin Flon experiences a continental climate. There is a range in seasonal temperatures, with warm summers
23.
Humboldt, Saskatchewan
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Humboldt is a city in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada. It is located 113 km east of Saskatoon at the junction of Highway 5, the city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Humboldt No.370. The name Humboldt was approved in 1875 for a site in the North West Territories along the Canadian Pacific Telegraph Line at which a station was built. Built in 1878, the Humboldt Telegraph Station played a part in communications for the developing West. General Frederick Middleton arrived in April 1885 with 950 soldiers, established a garrison at the station, at that time, the Humboldt station was crucial, since the telegraph line further west was periodically cut – so Humboldt was the last secure link to the East. On May 1,1885, Humboldt became the site of a supply depot under Maj. Lt. -Colonel G. T. Denison of the Governor Generals Body Guard. A combined force of approximately 460 men built a series of entrenchments. The troops left Humboldt in July 1885, the area was also the site of the first stagecoach robbery in Western Canada. Parts of the Carlton Trail in the form of wagon tracks/ruts still exist in the Humboldt area, Humboldt in its beginnings was primarily German Catholic. It became the largest settlement in the Territorial Abbey of Saint Peter-Muenster also called St. Peters Colony established by Benedictine monks from St Johns Abbey in Collegeville, Minnesota. Immigration to the area from both the Northern Plains states of the USA and Germany was promoted by the German American Land Company, many immigrants from the German Empire settled in areas in and around Humboldt such as Muenster, Fulda, Pilger, St Gregor and Englefeld. Immigrants from the Russian Empire who were ethnic Germans settled in the area west of Humboldt, Humboldt experiences a humid continental climate. And falls into the USDA Plant Hardiness Zone 3a and it is a great distance from any large bodies of water, and thus lacks any moderating influences on its climate. The latitudinal difference of Saskatchewan can typically explain a 6–8 °C difference mean in annual temperatures across the province, winters sometimes can be being very cold and long with short warm summers. The highest temperature recorded in Humboldt was 41.1 °C on 19 July 1941. The coldest temperature recorded was −50.6 °C on 12 January 1916. As reported in the 2011 census, Humboldt grew by 13. 6% since 2006 for a population of 5,678, about 95% of all goods produced in the province directly depend on its basic resources and their refined products. Wheat, canola, flax, peas, rye, lentils, canary seed, beef cattle production, pork production – as well as other livestock – are significant for the community
24.
Lloydminster
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Lloydminster is a Canadian city which has the unusual geographic distinction of straddling the provincial border between Alberta and Saskatchewan. Intended to be an exclusively British Utopian settlement centred on the idea of sobriety, the town was founded in 1903 by the Barr Colonists, who came directly from the United Kingdom. At a time when the area was part of the North-West Territories. The town was named for George Lloyd, an opponent of non-British immigration to Canada. The town developed rapidly, by 1904 there was an office as well as a log church, in 1905 the Lloydminster Daily Times started publication. While provincehood of some sort for the territories was seen as inevitable by 1903. Had they known, it is unlikely they would have sited the new settlement on the future border. When the provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan were created in 1905, caught by surprise, Lloydminster residents petitioned for the new border to be revised so as to encompass the entire town within Saskatchewan, without success. For the next century, Lloydminster remained two separate towns with two separate municipal administrations. Finally, in 1930 the provincial governments agreed to amalgamate the towns into a town under shared jurisdiction. The provinces, again jointly, reincorporated Lloydminster as a city in 1958, commemorating Lloydminsters distinctive bi-provincial status, a monument consisting of four 100-foot survey markers was erected in 1994 near the citys downtown core. In 2000, the city hall and municipal offices were re-located from Saskatchewan to Alberta, since Lloydminsters founders were attempting to create a utopian, temperate society, alcohol was not available in Lloydminster for the first few years after its founding. The provincial border runs north to south, falling directly on 50th Avenue in the centre of Lloydminster, addresses east of 50th Avenue are considered to be in Lloydminster, Saskatchewan and addresses west of 50th Avenue are considered to be in Lloydminster, Alberta. The city is bordered by the County of Vermilion River, Alberta, on the west,502, Saskatchewan, on the northeast and the R. M. of Wilton No. Lloydminsters distinctive situation is reflected in other matters, including its time zone. Most of Saskatchewan does not observe daylight saving time, instead staying on Central Standard Time year-round, however, Alberta mandates daylight saving time. Lloydminsters charter allows the city to follow Albertas use of saving time on both sides of the provincial border in order to keep all clocks within the city in sync. This has the effect of placing Lloydminster and the area in the Mountain Time Zone along with Alberta
25.
Martensville
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Martensville is a city located in Saskatchewan, Canada, just 8 kilometres north of Saskatoon, and 14 kilometres south west of Clarkboro Ferry which crosses the South Saskatchewan River. It is sometimes considered a community of Saskatoon. It is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Corman Park No.344, the community is served by the Saskatoon/Richter Field Aerodrome located immediately west of the city across Highway 12. In 1939, Isaac and Dave Martens purchased land north of Saskatoon and they then sold three small parcels of land to people who wanted to move out of Saskatoon and, as a result, the community of Martensville was created. Many Mennonites who worked in Saskatoon chose to live there to retain connections to the large Mennonite community of the Hague-Osler area, Martensville was later incorporated as a village in 1966 and as a town three years later in 1969. Sewer and water was established in 1976 with the town experiencing accelerated growth, in 2009, Martensville was incorporated as a city. In 1992 Martensville received national attention due to a sex scandal where day care sexual abuse hysteria escalated into claims of satanic ritual abuse. According to the 2016 Canadian census, the population of the Martensville is approximately 9,645, the city was granted city status on November 3,2009. Martensville, located between the North Saskatchewan River and South Saskatchewan River, is between 600 meters to 700 meters above sea level, Martensville is located just north of the moist mixed grasslands area typical of Saskatoon, and locates instead in an ecoregion of aspen parkland. It is located just 20 kilometers north of Saskatoon, and 14 kilometers southwest of Clarkboro Ferry, the 10 km distance between Martensville and Warman is the closest between two chartered cities in the province. By comparison, Martensville is approximately 18 km north of downtown Saskatoon, Martensville is in a dry-prairie/savanna biome and experiences warm summers and very cold winters. Average temperatures range from −17 °C in January to 18 °C in July, Martensville is fairly dry, with the summer being the wettest season. It belongs to the continental region of Canada which typifies warm summers according to the Köppen climate classification. The geology of the area are sandy plains which resulted from shorelines of glacial lakes, there are no large lakes in this area due to the sandy soils which drained away melting glacial waters. The lakes in this area are remnants of the South Saskatchewan river channels, Martensville has a mayor as the highest ranking government official. Kent Muench currently holds the position as mayor of Martensville, having been sworn in on November 6,2012 and they also elects aldermen or councillors to form the municipal council. Provincially Martensville is within the Martensville-Warman constituency served by their MLA, Martensville is represented in the House of Commons of Canada by MP of the Carlton Trail—Eagle Creek riding, currently it is held by Kelly Block of the Conservative Party. Martensville received its first school in 1953, Martensville is served by two elementary schools and one high school in the Prairie Spirit School Division
26.
Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan
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Meadow Lake is a city in the boreal forest of northwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Its location is about 246 kilometres northeast of Lloydminster and 156 kilometres north of North Battleford, on November 9,2009, it officially became Saskatchewans 14th city. Meadow Lake is the business centre of northwestern Saskatchewan and serves the many towns. It is the second-largest community in Saskatchewans Census Division No,17, after Saskatchewans portion of the interprovincial city of Lloydminster. The city borders the Rural Municipality of Meadow Lake No.588, Peter Fidler built Bolsover House in 1799 near Lac des Prairies, the first name given to Meadow Lake. In 1873 Metis families arrived establishing a Hudsons Bay Company trading post, for fur trade in the area see Beaver River. Peter Fidler of the Hudsons Bay Company was told by Indian guides that Meadow Lake was a place for furs. On August 30,1799 he reached the mouth of the Meadow Lake River, the stream was so narrow and crooked that he almost despaired of navigating it. When he reached the Lake he found it so shallow and swampy that he had to proceed demi-chargé, finding no good place on the lake he went up a river and selected a place about 1000 yards inland. He named it Bolsover House after his home town in England, the post returned only 190 made beaver in the first season so in 1801 it was closed and everything moved east to Green Lake House. The exact site of Bolsover House is unknown, there is a monument to Peter Fidler in Meadow Lake. The Meadow Lake Indian Band was established in 1889 with signing of Treaty 6 to the north of Meadow Lake and this reserve is now named the Flying Dust First Nation. The 1955 population was established as 1,978 by the Saskatchewan Business Directory,2,216 given in the table is the average of these two population counts. On November 9,2009, it officially became Saskatchewans 14th city, the population is a matter of uncertainty. The 2001 census showed only a population of 4,582 persons living on 7, however, the 2006 census figure shows 4,771, while population figures cited in the Community Report and based upon information from Saskatchewan Health claim a 2005 population of 6648. By comparison, Melville, Saskatchewan still retains its city charter despite a drop to between 4,200 and 4,300. The lake is located on the east side of the city, the ancient lakeshore forms the Meadow Lake Escarpment, a significant terrain feature clearly visible looking south from many points in the city. The area is a part of the Southern Boreal EcoRegion with the Northern Boreal EcoRegion to the north, Meadow Lake experiences a subarctic climate that falls just short of being classified as a Humid continental climate
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Melville, Saskatchewan
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Melville is a small Canadian city in the east-central portion of Saskatchewan. The city is 145 kilometres north east of the capital of Regina and 45 kilometres south west of Yorkton. Melville is bordered by the municipalities of Cana No.214. The population at the 2016 census was 4,562, making it Saskatchewans smallest city, according to Whats in a Name. The Story Behind Saskatchewan Places and Names by E. T. Hays was on board the RMS Titanic when it sank, Pearl Park was the areas first post office established in 1905 near the Pearl Creek, a tributary of the QuAppelle River. Melville was declared a city by the province in 1960, under Saskatchewan law, a town must have a sustained population of more than 5,000 to apply for and maintain a city charter. Melville is an exception to this rule, as it has retained its charter despite dropping below the 5000 threshold. The mayor of Melville is Dr. Walter Streelasky, provincially, Melville is within the constituency of Melville-Saltcoats. It is currently represented by Saskatchewan Party MLA Warren Kaeding, Melville is represented in the Canadian House of Commons by the MP of the Yorkton—Melville riding, currently Cathay Wagantall of the Conservative Party of Canada. Melvilles namesake was the president of the Grand Trunk Railway and Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, today, the transcontinental Canadian train, operated by national passenger rail carrier Via Rail, serves the Melville railway station three times per week. In 2002 the St. Peters Hospital was constructed, St. Peters was founded in 1940 as a municipal hospital by the Sisters of St. Martha, based in Antigonish, Nova Scotia. Next to St. Peters is the St. Paul Lutheran Home, the Melville Railway Museum is a Municipal Heritage Property on the Canadian Register of Historic Places. The Melville Heritage Museum is in the original Luther College building, the Luther Academy moved to Regina in 1926. After a stint as St. Pauls Home for the Aged and Orphans, melvilles connections by road to other communities include Saskatchewan Highways 10,15 and 47. The closest major centre to Melville is the city of Yorkton,43 kilometres to the northeast, Melville Municipal Airport is located 1.5 NM east of the city. The Melville Comprehensive School, a part of the Good Spirit School Division provides secondary education, parkland Regional College provides post secondary technical training and operates a branch school out of the Melville Comprehensive High School building. Melville is home to the Melville Millionaires of the Saskatchewan Junior Hockey League, in 2011 the Melville Communiplex opened. The federal and provincial governments covered $20 million of the costs of the $24.5 million facility
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Moose Jaw
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Moose Jaw is a city in south-central Saskatchewan, Canada, on the Moose Jaw River. It is situated on the Trans-Canada Highway,77 km west of Regina, residents of Moose Jaw are known as Moose Javians. The city is surrounded by the Rural Municipality of Moose Jaw No.161, Moose Jaw is an industrial centre and important railway junction for the areas agricultural produce. CFB Moose Jaw is a NATO flight training school, and is home to the Snowbirds, Moose Jaw also has a casino and geothermal spa. Cree and Assiniboine people used the Moose Jaw area as a winter encampment, the Missouri Coteau sheltered the valley and gave it warm breezes. The narrow river crossing and abundance of water and game made it a location for settlement. Traditional native fur traders and Métis buffalo hunters created the first permanent settlement at a called the turn. The water supply there was significant for steam locomotives, settlement began there in 1882 and the city was incorporated in 1903. The railways played an important role in the development of Moose Jaw. A dam was built on the river in 1883 to create a water supply. Marked on a map as Moose Jaw Bone Creek in an 1857 survey by surveyor John Palliser, the other is on the map of the city, the Moose Jaw River is shaped like a mooses jaw. The area surrounding Moose Jaw has a number of cloudless days. The Royal Canadian Air Force under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan established RCAF Station Moose Jaw in 1940, following the war, the RCAF remained in the community and used the facility for training pilots through the Cold War. The facility changed its name to CFB Moose Jaw in 1968 and it is currently Canadas primary military flight training centre, CFB Moose Jaws primary lodger unit is 15 Wing. In the Canadian Forces Air Command, the unit is frequently referred to as 15 Wing Moose Jaw. The base usually holds an Armed Forces Day each year, the Saskatchewan Dragoons are a reserve armoured regiment with an armoury in the citys north end. Moose Jaw has been visited by members of the Royal Family. Edward, Prince of Wales, who owned a ranch in Pekisko, Alberta, visited in 1919,1924, Prince Albert, future king and father of Queen Elizabeth II, paid a visit in 1926
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North Battleford
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North Battleford is a city in west-central Saskatchewan, Canada. It is directly across the North Saskatchewan River from the Town of Battleford, together, the two communities are known as The Battlefords. North Battleford borders the Rural Municipality of North Battleford No,437, as well as the North Battleford Crown Colony. The Battlefords are served by the Yellowhead Highway and Highway 4, Highway 26, Highway 29, Battlefords Provincial Park is 40 kilometres north on Highway 4. For thousands of years prior to European settlement, succeeding cultures of indigenous peoples lived in the area, early European settlement began as a result of fur trading by French colonists in the late 18th century. The Canadians founded Fort Montaigne dAigle nine miles below the confluence of the Saskatchewan, a year later the fort was abandoned following conflict between traders and natives. Permanent European settlement in the area centred around the town of Battleford, founded 1875, Battleford served as capital of the North-West Territories between 1876 and 1883. In 1905 the construction of the Canadian Northern Railway main line to Edmonton placed the line on the side of the North Saskatchewan River. North Battleford, built along the line, was incorporated as village in 1906, a town in 1907. The Assyrians were one of the first settlers of the area in, the immigrant colony comprised 36 men and a few women from the town of Urmia in northwestern Persia. It was established in 1903 by Dr. Isaac Adams, an Assyrian Presbyterian missionary, in 1907,40 more settlers arrived. Eventually, due to hardships, Dr. Isaac Adams. The descendents of the families who remained in North Battleford have names that are Assyrian in origin, examples of Assyrian family names include Bakus, Essau, and Odishaw. Population growth stagnated until the 1940s and then grew to approximately 10,000 by the 1960s, the city has grown into an administrative centre and service hub for the economic, education, health and social needs of the region. The Latter Rain Revival, a Christian movement, started here in 1946–48, a number of heritage buildings are located within the city. The North Battleford Public Library was built in 1916 with a $15,000 grant from the Carnegie Foundation of New York, and the Canadian National Railways Station was built in 1956. North Battleford has Census data as a city, as a centre which includes the town of Battleford. In the Canada Census of 2011 the city had a population of 13,888, the centre had 17,595
Canada
Saskatchewan
