1.
Harvard University
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Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregationalist and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, james Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war. The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College, Harvards $34.5 billion financial endowment is the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is a large, highly residential research university, the nominal cost of attendance is high, but the Universitys large endowment allows it to offer generous financial aid packages. Harvards alumni include eight U. S. presidents, several heads of state,62 living billionaires,359 Rhodes Scholars. To date, some 130 Nobel laureates,18 Fields Medalists, Harvard was formed in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1638, it obtained British North Americas first known printing press, in 1639 it was named Harvard College after deceased clergyman John Harvard an alumnus of the University of Cambridge who had left the school £779 and his scholars library of some 400 volumes. The charter creating the Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650 and it offered a classic curriculum on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—but conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. It was never affiliated with any denomination, but many of its earliest graduates went on to become clergymen in Congregational. The leading Boston divine Increase Mather served as president from 1685 to 1701, in 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman, which marked a turning of the college toward intellectual independence from Puritanism. When the Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and the president of Harvard Joseph Willard died a year later, in 1804, in 1846, the natural history lectures of Louis Agassiz were acclaimed both in New York and on the campus at Harvard College. Agassizs approach was distinctly idealist and posited Americans participation in the Divine Nature, agassizs perspective on science combined observation with intuition and the assumption that a person can grasp the divine plan in all phenomena. When it came to explaining life-forms, Agassiz resorted to matters of shape based on an archetype for his evidence. Charles W. Eliot, president 1869–1909, eliminated the position of Christianity from the curriculum while opening it to student self-direction. While Eliot was the most crucial figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated not by a desire to secularize education, during the 20th century, Harvards international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the universitys scope. Rapid enrollment growth continued as new schools were begun and the undergraduate College expanded. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. In the early 20th century, the student body was predominately old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, by the 1970s it was much more diversified
2.
Freeman Dyson
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Freeman John Dyson FRS is an English-born American theoretical physicist and mathematician, known for his work in quantum electrodynamics, solid-state physics, astronomy and nuclear engineering. He is professor emeritus at the Institute for Advanced Study, a Visitor of Ralston College, born on 15 December 1923, at Crowthorne in Berkshire, Dyson is the son of the English composer George Dyson, who was later knighted. His mother had a law degree, and after Dyson was born she worked as a social worker, at the age of five he calculated the number of atoms in the sun. As a child, he showed an interest in numbers and in the solar system. Politically, Dyson says he was brought up as a socialist, from 1936 to 1941, Dyson was a Scholar at Winchester College, where his father was Director of Music. After the war, Dyson was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1946 to 1949, he was a Fellow of his college, occupying rooms just below those of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who resigned his professorship in 1947. In 1947, he published two papers in number theory, in 1947, Dyson moved to the United States as a Commonwealth Fellow to earn a physics doctorate with Hans Bethe at Cornell University. Within a week, however, he had made the acquaintance of Richard Feynman, the budding English physicist recognized the brilliance of the flamboyant American, and attached himself as quickly as possible. He then moved to the Institute for Advanced Study, before returning to England and he was the first person after their creator to appreciate the power of Feynman diagrams, and his paper written in 1948 and published in 1949 was the first to make use of them. He said in paper that Feynman diagrams were not just a computational tool, but a physical theory. Dysons paper and also his lectures presented Feynmans theories of QED in a form that other physicists could understand, Robert Oppenheimer, in particular, was persuaded by Dyson that Feynmans new theory was as valid as Schwingers and Tomonagas. Oppenheimer rewarded Dyson with an appointment at the Institute for Advanced Study, for proving me wrong. Also in 1949, in related work, Dyson invented the Dyson series and it was this paper that inspired John Ward to derive his celebrated Ward identity. In 1957, he became a citizen of the United States. One reason he gave decades later is that his children born in the US had not been recognized as British subjects, from 1957 to 1961, he worked on the Orion Project, which proposed the possibility of space-flight using nuclear pulse propulsion. A prototype was demonstrated using conventional explosives, but the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty permitted only underground nuclear testing, so the project was abandoned. In 1958, he led the team for the TRIGA. In condensed matter physics, Dyson also analysed the phase transition of the Ising model in 1 dimension, Dyson also did work in a variety of topics in mathematics, such as topology, analysis, number theory and random matrices
3.
George Dyson (science historian)
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He has written on a wide range of topics including the history of computing, the development of algorithms and intelligence, communication systems, space exploration, and the design of water craft. Dysons early life is described in Kenneth Browers book The Starship, when he was sixteen he went to live in British Columbia to pursue his interest in kayaking. From 1972–75, he lived in a treehouse at a height of 30 metres that he built from salvaged materials on the shore of Burrard Inlet. Dyson became a Canadian citizen and spent 20 years in British Columbia, designing kayaks, researching historic voyages and native peoples and he was, during this period, estranged from his father for some time. His 2012 book Turings Cathedral has been described as a myth of the digital universe. Dyson is the founder/owner of Dyson, Baidarka & Company, a designer of Aleut-style skin kayaks and he is a frequent contributor to the Edge Foundation. He lives and works in Bellingham, Washington and is the father of Lauren Dyson. To Mars by A-Bomb, The Secret History of Project Orion, https, //www. youtube. com/watch. v=znmZeEycRwE The Starship and the Canoe, http, //zenbeat. t-galaxy. com/e2703892. t-galaxy. com/e2703892. html
4.
Digital electronics
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Digital electronics or digital circuits are electronics that handle digital signals rather than by continuous ranges as used in analog electronics. All levels within a band of values represent the information state. In most cases, the number of states is two, and they are represented by two voltage bands, one near a reference value, and the other a value near the supply voltage. These correspond to the false and true values of the Boolean domain respectively, Digital techniques are useful because it is easier to get an electronic device to switch into one of a number of known states than to accurately reproduce a continuous range of values. Digital electronic circuits are made from large assemblies of logic gates. The binary number system was refined by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and he established that by using the binary system. Digital logic as we know it was the brain-child of George Boole, Boole died young, but his ideas lived on. In an 1886 letter, Charles Sanders Peirce described how logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits, eventually, vacuum tubes replaced relays for logic operations. Lee De Forests modification, in 1907, of the Fleming valve can be used as an AND logic gate, ludwig Wittgenstein introduced a version of the 16-row truth table as proposition 5.101 of Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Walther Bothe, inventor of the circuit, got part of the 1954 Nobel Prize in physics. Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers. The Z3 was a computer designed by Konrad Zuse, finished in 1941. It was the worlds first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer and its operation was facilitated by the invention of the vacuum tube in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming. Purely electronic circuit elements soon replaced their mechanical and electromechanical equivalents, the bipolar junction transistor was invented in 1947. From 1955 onwards transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computer designs, giving rise to the generation of computers
5.
Space Adventures
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Space Adventures, Ltd. is a Virginia, USA-based space tourism company founded in 1998 by Eric C. Anderson. As of 2010, offerings include zero-gravity atmospheric flights, orbital spaceflights, and other spaceflight-related experiences including cosmonaut training, spacewalk training, plans announced thus far include sub-orbital and lunar spaceflights. As of October 2009, seven clients have participated in the spaceflight program with Space Adventures. Eric C. Anderson is the president and CEO of Space Adventures and he co-founded the company in 1998 with several other entrepreneurs from the aerospace, adventure travel and entertainment industries. The company is headquartered in Tysons Corner, Virginia with an office in Moscow, since 2001, Space Adventures has launched seven clients on eight successful missions to the International Space Station. In April 2001, the company sent American businessman Dennis Tito for a reported $20 million payment, South African businessman Mark Shuttleworth did the same in April 2002, becoming the first African in space. Charles Simonyi, an ex-executive at Microsoft, became the space tourist who visited the ISS in April 2007. He is the world’s first private space explorer who launched to space twice, in 2008, game developer Richard Garriott, the first second-generation U. S. astronaut, became the sixth client to travel to the ISS. In October 2009, Cirque du Soleil founder, Guy Laliberté, english soprano Sarah Brightman was expected to become the eight client of Space Adventures to visit the International Space Station, paying $52 million for her flight. However, the company announced in May 2015 that Brightman had postponed her trip for personal family reasons, the spot was eventually taken by Kazakh government cosmonaut Aidyn Aimbetov. In January 2008, Space Adventures acquired Zero Gravity Corporation which is the first, Space Adventures’ first orbital spaceflight client and the world’s first private space explorer launched to the ISS in April 2001 on Soyuz TM-32. American businessman Dennis Tito received training at the Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in Star City in Russia, Tito participated in Space Adventures’ other programs, including a zero-gravity flight, centrifuge training and a supersonic jet flight prior to his orbital flight. Mark Shuttleworth spent 10 days in space and he launched with two crewmates, Russian commander Yuri Gidzenko and Italian astronaut Roberto Vittori. They launched on Soyuz rocket TM-34 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan on April 25,2002, Shuttleworth dedicated his flight to educating South African youth and conducting scientific research. Dr. Gregory Olsen completed over 900 hours of training in Star City and he and his crew mates launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on October 1,2005 aboard Soyuz TMA-7. While aboard the ISS, he participated in a research prepared by the European Space Agency that studied the human body’s response to the microgravity environment. Through Amateur Radio on the ISS, Dr. Olsen contacted high school students in New Jersey, anousheh Ansari lifted off on Soyuz TMA-9 on September 18,2006 from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. Ansari became the space tourist
6.
Charles Simonyi
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Charles Simonyi, son of Károly Simonyi, is a Hungarian-born American computer programmer, businessman, and space tourist. He was head of Microsofts application software group, where he oversaw the creation of Microsofts flagship Office suite of applications and he now heads his own company, Intentional Software, with the aim of developing and marketing his concept of intentional programming. In April 2007, aboard Soyuz TMA-10, he became the space tourist. In March 2009, aboard Soyuz TMA-14, he made a trip to the International Space Station. His estimated net worth is US$1.4 billion, Simonyi was born in Budapest, Hungary, the son of Károly Simonyi, a professor of electrical engineering at the Technical University of Budapest. While in secondary school he worked part-time as a watchman at a computer laboratory in early 1960s. He took an interest in computing and learned to program one of the laboratorys engineers. By the time he left school, he had learned to develop compilers and he presented a demonstration of his compiler to the members of a Danish computer trade delegation. In 2006 he said when he was young his dream was, “to get out of Hungary, go to the West and be free. ”At the age of 17, Simonyi left Hungary on a short-term visa but did not return. He subsequently moved to the United States in 1968 to attend the University of California, Berkeley and he and Lampson developed Bravo, the first WYSIWYG document preparation program, which became operational in 1974. During this time he received his Ph. D. in computer science from Stanford University in 1977 with a dissertation on a project management technique he called meta-programming. This approach sought to defeat Brooks law by scaling programming through a formalization of communication among programmers, in the 1992 book Accidental Empires, Robert X. Cringely gave this description, Simonyis dissertation was an attempt to describe a more efficient method of organizing programmers to write software. The metaprogrammer was the designer, decision maker, and communication controller in a development group. Individual progammers were allowed to make no decisions about the project. All they did was write the code as described by the metaprogrammer, a programmer with a problem or a question would take it to the metaprogrammer, who could come up with an answer or transfer the question to another programmer. Simonyi remained at PARC until 1981, in 1981, at Metcalfes suggestion, he visited Bill Gates at Microsoft who suggested Simonyi start an applications group at Microsoft with the first application being a WYSIWYG word processor. At Microsoft, Simonyi built the organization and applications of what became its most profitable products, Word and Excel, for the applications, Simonyi pursued a strategy called the revenue bomb, whereby the product ran on a virtual machine that was ported to each platform. The resulting applications were highly portable, although Microsofts focus and IBMs standardization on MS-DOS eventually made portability less important, Simonyi introduced to Microsoft the techniques of object-oriented programming that he had learned at Xerox
7.
International Space Station
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The International Space Station is a space station, or a habitable artificial satellite, in low Earth orbit. Its first component launched into orbit in 1998, and the ISS is now the largest man-made body in space, the ISS consists of pressurised modules, external trusses, solar arrays, and other components. ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets, the ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and other fields. The station is suited for the testing of systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon. The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 and 435 km by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft and it completes 15.54 orbits per day. The ISS is the space station to be inhabited by crews, following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut, Almaz. The station has continuously occupied for 16 years and 156 days since the arrival of Expedition 1 on 2 November 2000. This is the longest continuous presence in low Earth orbit. It has been visited by astronauts, cosmonauts and space tourists from 17 different nations, Soyuz has very limited downmass capability. The ISS programme is a joint project among five participating space agencies, NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, the ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements. The station is divided two sections, the Russian Orbital Segment and the United States Orbital Segment, which is shared by many nations. As of January 2014, the American portion of ISS is being funded until 2024, Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ISS through 2024 but has proposed using elements of the Russian Orbital Segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK. On 28 March 2015, Russian sources announced that Roscosmos and NASA had agreed to collaborate on the development of a replacement for the current ISS. NASA later issued a statement expressing thanks for Russias interest in future co-operation in space exploration. According to the original Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and Rosaviakosmos, the International Space Station was intended to be a laboratory, observatory and factory in low Earth orbit. It was also planned to provide transportation, maintenance, and act as a base for possible future missions to the Moon, Mars. In the 2010 United States National Space Policy, the ISS was given roles of serving commercial, diplomatic. The ISS provides a platform to conduct scientific research, the ISS simplifies individual experiments by eliminating the need for separate rocket launches and research staff
8.
Soyuz TMA-14
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The Soyuz TMA-14 was a Soyuz flight to the International Space Station, which launched on 26 March 2009. It transported two members of the Expedition 19 crew as well as spaceflight participant Charles Simonyi on his second self-funded flight to the space station, Soyuz TMA-14 was docked to the space station for the remainder of the Expedition 20 increment to serve as an emergency escape vehicle. The spacecraft swapped its docking ports at the International Space Station from Zvezda SM aft port to Pirs DC nadir port on 2 July 2009 and this allowed Progress 34P to dock at the SM aft port on 29 July 2009. Soyuz TMA-14 undocked and landed safely on 11 October 2009, on board for the return flight was the space tourist Guy Laliberté. Laliberté was launched with Expedition 21 on Soyuz TMA-16 and he is the first Canadian space tourist. Roskosmos, in cooperation with other space programs, invited children ages 6 to 15 to design. On December 29,2008, Roscosmos hosted a ceremony to announce the winners, anna Chibiskova,12, from Moscow was chosen for first place and her artwork was incorporated into the design of the official Soyuz TMA-14 crew patch. A fourth winner, Roma Kuznetsov,7, from Kazakhstan, was selected by Roscosmos director Anatoly Perimov. All four are invited to the launch of Soyuz TMA-14 with expenses paid by the Russian Insurance Center
9.
Forbes
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Forbes is an American business magazine. Published bi-weekly, it features articles on finance, industry, investing. Forbes also reports on related subjects such as technology, communications, science, politics and its headquarters is located in Jersey City, New Jersey. Primary competitors in the business magazine category include Fortune and Bloomberg Businessweek. The magazine is known for its lists and rankings, including its lists of the richest Americans. Another well-known list by the magazine is The Worlds Billionaires list, the motto of Forbes magazine is The Capitalist Tool. Its chairman and editor-in-chief is Steve Forbes, and its CEO is Mike Perlis, Forbes, a financial columnist for the Hearst papers, and his partner Walter Drey, the general manager of the Magazine of Wall Street, founded Forbes magazine on September 15,1917. Forbes provided the money and the name and Drey provided the publishing expertise, the original name of the magazine was Forbes, Devoted to Doers and Doings. Drey became vice-president of the B. C. Forbes Publishing Company, while B. C. Forbes became editor-in-chief, B. C. Forbes was assisted in his later years by his two eldest sons, Bruce Charles Forbes and Malcolm Stevenson Forbes. Bruce Forbes took over on his fathers death, and his strengths lay in streamlining operations, during his tenure, 1954–1964, the magazines circulation nearly doubled. On Malcolms death, his eldest son Malcolm Stevenson Steve Forbes Jr. became President and Chief Executive of Forbes, between 1961 and 1999 the magazine was edited by James Michaels. In 1993, under Michaels, Forbes was a finalist for the National Magazine Award. com, a 2009 New York Times report said,40 percent of the enterprise was sold. For a reported $300 million, setting the value of the enterprise at $750 million, according to Mark M. Edmiston of AdMedia Partners, Its probably not worth half of that now. The companys headquarters moved to the Newport section of downtown Jersey City. In November 2013, Forbes Media, which publishes Forbes magazine, was put up for sale and this was encouraged by Elevation Partners, of whom were minority shareholders. Sales documents prepared by Deutsche Bank revealed that the publishers 2012 EBITDA was $15 million, Forbes reportedly sought a price of $400 million. In July 2014, Forbes sold a majority of itself to Integrated Whale Media Investments, Steve Forbes and his magazines writers offer investment advice on the weekly Fox TV show Forbes on Fox and on Forbes On Radio. Other company groups include Forbes Conference Group, Forbes Investment Advisory Group, from the 2009 Times report, Steve Forbes recently returned from opening up a Forbes magazine in India, bringing the number of foreign editions to 10
10.
FedEx
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FedEx Corporation is an American multinational courier delivery services company headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. The name FedEx is an abbreviation of the name of the companys original air division, Federal Express. FedEx Corporation is a company, incorporated October 2,1997. FDX Corporation was founded in January 1998 with the acquisition of Caliber System Inc. by Federal Express, with the purchase of Caliber, FedEx started offering other services besides express shipping. FDX Corporation was founded to oversee all of the operations of companies and its original air division. Ron Ponder, a president at the time, was in charge of this proposed venture. In January 2000, FDX Corporation changed its name to FedEx Corporation, a new subsidiary, called FedEx Corporate Services, was formed to centralize the sales, marketing, and customer service for all of the subsidiaries. In February 2000, FedEx acquired Tower Group International, a logistics company. FedEx also acquired WorldTariff, a duty and tax information company, TowerGroup. FedEx Corp. acquired privately held Kinkos, Inc. in February 2004, the acquisition was made to expand FedExs retail access to the general public. After the acquisition, all FedEx Kinkos locations exclusively offered only FedEx shipping, in June 2008, FedEx announced that they would be dropping the Kinkos name from their ship centers, FedEx Kinkos would now be called FedEx Office. In September 2004, FedEx acquired Parcel Direct, a parcel consolidator, internal Revenue Service tentatively decided the FedEx Ground Division might be facing a tax liability of $319 million for 2002, due to misclassification of its operatives as independent contractors. FedEx denied that any irregularities in classification had occurred, but faced legal action from operatives claiming benefits that would have accrued had they been classified as employees. In June 2009, FedEx began a campaign against United Parcel Service, FedEx claimed that signing the Federal Aviation Administration re-authorization bill, which would let some of its workers unionize more easily, was equivalent to giving UPS a bailout. Independent observers heavily criticized FedExs wording, claiming that it was an abuse of the term, FedEx Express employees are regulated under the Railway Labor Act. On January 14,2013, FedEx named Henry Maier CEO and President of FedEx Ground, on July 17,2014, FedEx was indicted for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances in cooperation with the Chhabra-Smoley Organization and Superior Drugs. On July 17,2016 the The DOJ U. S. Attorneys Office confirmed in a statement that it had asked U. S. District Court Judge Charles Breyer to dismiss the indictment but also did not say why. In April 2015, FedEx acquired their rival firm TNT Express for €4.4 billion as it looks to expand their operations in Europe
11.
Oppenheimer Holdings
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The company, which once occupied the One World Financial Center building in Manhattan, now bases its operations at 85 Broad Street and world headquarters at 125 Broad Street in New York City. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of prosperity for the company. Oppenheimer & Co. formed three operating subsidiaries, Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. a retail brokerage firm Oppenheimer Capital Corporation, in the 1980s, OpCo founding partners began looking for a buyer. Mercantile House Holdings, PLC, a publicly owned British corporation, made an offer in 1982, a year later, British & Commonwealth Holdings, PLC, acquired Mercantile. The 1990s brought another separation of the firm when Oppenheimer Capitals senior personnel acquired a majority interest in the subsidiary. In 1995, Robert and Gantcher, who controlled about 40 percent of OpCos equity, at first, OpCo explored options of forming a possible alliance with ING Groep NV that eventually fell through. Carrying on with this goal, management set out to merge with a bulge bracket bank that had access to the foreign markets, Robert and Gantcher entertained offers from the second-largest private German financial institution and retail bank, Bayerische Vereinsbank. On Thursday, May 8,1997, the Wall Street Journal announced that Pittsburgh-based PNC Bank Corp. was in talks to buy Oppenheimer & Co. for about $500 million in cash, stock, and options. The articles source warned that PNC and Oppenheimer hadnt arrived at a price and that chatter could break the formal agreement. Analysts speculated that PNC would be paying too much for a house that no longer carried the brand recognition it once did in the securities industry. Only 13 days following the announcement, the Bloomberg News desk announced that for the time in two years, OpCo had been abandoned by a prospective buyer. Fourth time being the charm, CIBC closed on Oppenheimer Holdings, the purchase was made through CIBCs existing US-based investment banking arm, CIBC Wood Gundy. However, with the deal having been closed, the name was changed to CIBC Oppenheimer Holdings. CIBC Wood Gundy continued to act as the name in Canada. In 2003, CIBC made the decision to sell Oppenheimer’s retail brokerage business and name for $257 million to Fahnestock Viner Holdings and this separation was a sore wound among the institutional employees. Upon this sale, CIBC unified all CIBC Wood Gundy and CIBC Oppenheimer operations under the CIBC World Markets name, Fahnestock Viner traces its lineage back to Harris C. Fahnestock, an investment banker who was a member of one of Citigroups predecessors. In 1881, Harris son William formed his own investment bank at Two Wall Street, the new company, Fahnestock Viner Holdings, would eventually change its name in 2003 upon the acquisition of CIBC Oppenheimers retail brokerage business
12.
O'Reilly Media
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OReilly Media is an American media company established by Tim OReilly that publishes books and Web sites and produces conferences on computer technology topics. Their distinctive brand features a woodcut of an animal on many of their book covers, the company began in 1978 as a private consulting firm doing technical writing, based in the Cambridge, Massachusetts area. In 1984, it began to retain publishing rights on manuals created for Unix vendors, a few 70-page Nutshell Handbooks were well-received, but the focus remained on the consulting business until 1988. After a conference displaying OReillys preliminary Xlib manuals attracted significant attention, in 1992, OReilly Media published one of the first popular books about the Internet, Ed Krols Whole Internet Users Guide and Catalog. OReilly Media also created the first web portal, the Global Network Navigator in 1993, it was sold to AOL in 1995, GNN was the first site on the World Wide Web to feature paid advertising. The firm is now recognized for the conferences and summits it organizes. In 1997, OReilly launched The Perl Conference to raise the profile of the Perl programming language, many of the companys other software bestsellers were also on topics that were off the radar of the commercial software industry. In 1998, OReilly invited many of the leaders of projects to a meeting. Originally called the summit, the meeting became known as the Open Source Summit. The OReilly Open Source Convention is now one of OReillys flagship events, other key events include the Strata Conference on big data, the Velocity Conference on Web Performance and Operations, and FOO Camp. Past events of note include the OReilly Emerging Technology Conference and the Web 2.0 Summit, overall, OReilly describes its business not as publishing or conferences, but as changing the world by spreading the knowledge of innovators. In 2001, O’Reilly launched Safari Books Online, a subscription based service providing access to ebooks as a joint venture with the Pearson Technology Group. In 2013, O’Reilly acquired Pearson’s interest in the joint venture, in 2003, after the dot com bust, O’Reilly’s corporate goal was to reignite enthusiasm in the computer industry. Dale Dougherty, an executive at O’Reilly, coined the phrase Web 2.0 during a brainstorming session and this then became the name for the Web 2.0 Summit run by OReilly Media and TechWeb. In May 2006 CMP Media learned of an event called the Web 2.0 Half day conference. Concerned over their obligation to take reasonable means to enforce their trade and service marks CMP sent a cease and this attempt to restrict through legal mechanisms the use of the term was criticized by some. In 2004, the named the Maker Movement with the launch of Make. Today, the flagship Maker Faire in San Mateo, CA, other Faires around the world collectively draw millions
13.
First Monday (journal)
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First Monday is a monthly peer-reviewed open access academic journal covering research on the Internet. The journal is sponsored and hosted by the University of Illinois at Chicago and it is published on the first Monday of every month. In 2011, the journal had a rate of about 15%. The journal has no article processing charges and we felt it would encourage scholars to contribute and then re-use their content in lots of different ways. Munksgaard agreed to publish the journal in September 1995, the first issue appeared on 6 May 1996, the first Monday of May, also the opening of the Fifth International World Wide Web Conference in Paris. The first issue was distributed at that conference on diskette as well as released on the Internet from a server in Copenhagen at the address www. firstmonday. dk. In December 1998, Munksgaard sold the journal to three of the editors, Edward J. Valauskas, Esther Dyson, and Rishab Aiyer Ghosh, the server was moved from Copenhagen to the University of Illinois at Chicago’s Library. The first issue based on a server in Chicago appeared 4 January 1999, the first First Monday conference took place 4–6 November 2001 in Maastricht at the International Institute of Infonomics. To celebrate First Monday’s 10th birthday in 2006, a conference took place at the University of Illinois at Chicago, the theme of the conference was Openness, Code, science and content. Over 200 participants from over 30 countries took part in the meeting, papers from the Conference were published in the June and July issues
14.
Arianna Huffington
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Arianna Huffington is a Greek American author, syndicated columnist, occasional actress, and businesswoman. Huffington was the co-founder and editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post, which is now owned by AOL and she was a popular conservative commentator in the mid-1990s, after which, in the 1990s, she offered liberal points of view in public, while remaining involved in business endeavors. Her full name is rendered in English as Arianna Stassinopoulos Huffington. She is the spouse of former Republican congressman Michael Huffington. Before she married Michael Huffington, her name was rendered in English as Stassinopoulos rather than Stassinopoulou. In 2003, she ran as an independent candidate for governor in the California recall election, in 2009, Huffington was #12 in Forbess first-ever list of the Most Influential Women In Media. She has also moved up to #42 in The Guardians Top 100 in Media List, as of 2014, she is listed by Forbes as the 52nd Most Powerful Woman in the World. On August 11,2016, it was announced that she would step down from her role at the Huffington Post to devote her time to a new startup, Thrive Global, focused on health and wellness information. Huffington was born Ariadnē-Anna Stasinopoúlou in Athens, Greece, the daughter of Konstantinos and Elli Stasinopoulou, and is the sister of Agapi. She moved to the United Kingdom at the age of 16 and studied economics at Girton College, Cambridge, where she was the first foreign, in 1971, Huffington appeared in an edition of Face the Music along with Bernard Levin. A relationship developed, of which she wrote, after his death, He wasnt just the big love of my life, he was a mentor as a writer, Huffington began writing books in the 1970s, with editorial help from Levin. The two traveled to music festivals around the world for the BBC and they spent summers patronizing three-star restaurants in France. At the age of 30, she remained deeply in love him but longed to have children. Huffington concluded that she had to break away and moved to New York in 1980, in 1979, Huffington joined Bob Langley as the co-host of BBC1s late night talk and entertainment show Saturday Night At The Mill, appearing in 12 editions before being dropped from the programme. In 1973, Arianna wrote a book titled The Female Woman, attacking the Womens Liberation movement in general, in 1979, Polydor Records released a solo album by Irene Papas entitled Odes, with music performed by Vangelis Papathanassiou. The words for the album were co-written by Arianna Stassinopoulos, in the late 1980s, Huffington wrote several articles for National Review. In 1981, she wrote a biography of Maria Callas, Maria Callas – The Woman Behind the Legend, and in 1989, Huffington rose to national U. S. prominence during the unsuccessful Senate bid in 1994 by her then husband, Michael Huffington, a Republican. She became known as a supporter of conservative causes such as Newt Gingrichs Republican Revolution
15.
HuffPost
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On February 7,2011, AOL acquired the mass market Huffington Post for US$315 million, making Arianna Huffington editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post Media Group. In July 2012, The Huffington Post was ranked #1 on the 15 Most Popular Political Sites list by eBizMBA Rank, Traffic Rank from both Compete and Quantcast. In 2012, The Huffington Post became the first commercially run United States digital media enterprise to win a Pulitzer Prize, the Huffington Post was founded by Arianna Huffington on May 9,2005. It has a community, with over one million comments made on the site each month. Prior to The Huffington Post, Huffington hosted a website called Ariannaonline. com and her first foray into the Internet was a website called Resignation. com, which called for the resignation of President Bill Clinton and was a rallying place for conservatives opposing Clinton. In August 2013, the website banned anonymous comments, in approximately June 2007, the site launched its first local version, HuffPost Chicago. In June 2009, HuffPost New York was launched, followed shortly by HuffPost Denver which launched on September 15,2009, and HuffPost Los Angeles which launched on December 2,2009. In 2011, three new editions were launched, HuffPost San Francisco on July 12, HuffPost Detroit, on November 17. HuffPost Hawaii was launched in collaboration with the investigative reporting. The Huffington Post launched its first international edition, HuffPost Canada, on July 6 of the same year, the Huffington Post UK launched its UK edition. On February 8, another French language edition was launched in the Canadian province of Quebec, on May Day, a U. S. -based Spanish-language edition was launched under the name HuffPost Voces, replacing AOLs Hispanic news platform, AOL Latino. The following month an edition for Spain was announced, as was one for Germany, on September 24, an Italian edition, LHuffington Post, was launched, directed by journalist Lucia Annunziata in collaboration with the media company Gruppo Editoriale LEspresso. On May 6,2013, an edition for Japan was launched with the collaboration of The Asahi Shimbun, with the launch of Al Huffington Post, there is a third francophone edition, this time for the Maghreb area. On October 10, Munich-based Huffington Post Deutschland has been put online in cooperation with the liberal-conservative magazine Focus, in January 2014, Arianna Huffington and Nicolas Berggruen announced the launch of the WorldPost, created in partnership with the Berggruen Institute. Its contributors have included former British prime minister Tony Blair, Google CEO Eric Schmidt, novelist Jonathan Franzen, on January 29,2014, the Brazilian version was launched as Brasil Post, in partnership with Abril Group, the first in Latin America. In September 2014, Huffington Post announced they will launch in Greece, India, and introduce HuffPost Arabi, on August 18,2015, HuffPost Australia was launched. The Huffington Post planned to launch a Chinese version in 2015, due to strict media controls, the content of Chinese version would not include serious news report, only entertainment and lifestyle. In 2011, after its purchase by AOL, The Huffington Post subsumed many of AOLs Voices properties, the Voices brand was expanded in September 2011 with the launch of Gay Voices, a vertical dedicated to LGBT-relevant articles
16.
XCOR Aerospace
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XCOR was formed by former members of the Rotary Rocket rocket engine development team in September,1999. XCOR is headed by John Jay Gibson who is CEO, XCOR Aerospace is the parent operation and is concerned with engineering and building spaceships. There are two main subdivisions within it, XCOR Space Expeditions provides marketing and sales, and XCOR Science conducts scientific and educational payload flights. The company was founded in Mojave, California in 1999 by Jeff Greason, Dan DeLong, Aleta Jackson, in 2001, XCOR designed and built EZ-Rocket, the first privately built and flown rocket-powered airplane. EX-Rocket made its flight in July 2001. XCOR moved its development and manufacturing operations to Midland, Texas from July 2012 to 2015, the company uses the Mojave Air and Space port primarily to conduct test flights. In 2015, XCOR attracted investment from Chinese venture firm Haiyin Capital, in mid-2015, John Jay Gibson succeeded Jeff Greason—CEO from 1997-2015—as CEO. The company laid off more than 20 people of the 50–60 persons onboard prior to May, the Lynx was planned to be capable of carrying a pilot and a passenger or payload on sub-orbital spaceflights over 100 kilometres. Between 20 and 50 test flights of Lynx were planned, along with numerous static engine firings on the ground, a full step-by-step set of taxi tests, runway hops and full-up flights were planned to get the vehicle to a state of operational readiness. Lynx was envisaged to be roughly the size of a private airplane. It would be capable of flying several times a day making use of reusable, the Lynx superseded a previous design, the Xerus spaceplane. The Lynx was initially announced in March 2008, with plans for a vehicle within two years. That date slipped, first to 2012, then to 2015, the Mark II was projected fly twelve to eighteen months after the first test flight depending on how fast the prototype moved through the test program. As of 2012, XCOR had presold 175 Lynx flights at US$95,000 each. As of 31 May 2016, XCOR has laid off a significant portion of its workforce and has placed the development of the Lynx Spacecraft on indefinite hold to focus on development of a rocket engine. XCOR has developed Nonburnite, a cryo-compatible, inherently non-combustible composite material based on a thermoplastic fluoropolymer resin, low coefficient of thermal expansion and inherent resistance to microcracking make it well suited to cryogenic tank use and also part of vehicle structure. As of February 2012, Nonburnite will be used in the tanks of the Lynx rocketplane, the tests validated the design, materials and manufacturing processes used in the nozzle, and laid a foundation for scaling the design to EELV-sized engines. Template, Asof 2011, the length of the development program was stated to depend on the level of investment as milestones are met in the build-a-little, test-a-little approach favored by XCOR, if investment is minimized, flight engines would not be available for five to ten years
17.
ICON Aircraft
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ICON Aircraft is a privately held American aircraft design and production company. It is currently working on the production of the ICON A5, ICON Aircraft was founded in response to the 2004 Federal Aviation Administration establishment of the light-sport aircraft class of aircraft and Sport Pilot certificate class of pilot. Kirk Hawkins and Steen Strand founded the company in 2006, Hawkins had previously flown F-16s in the United States Air Force and Boeing 757s for American Airlines. Strands background is in design, marketing, and finance, and he founded Freebord. The two met at Stanford University in a Product Design class in 1993, a proof of concept aircraft was built in 2007-2008, and made its first flight in July 2008. The company publicly launched the A5 in Los Angeles at an event on June 11,2008. ICON has also acknowledged the possibility of releasing additional models in the future, from 2008 to 2014, the proof of concept aircraft flew more than 700 development flights, and the construction of the first production aircraft began in early 2014. It made its first flight in July 2014 and the company has announced that the first customer deliveries are expected in May 2015, ICON Aircraft has completed four rounds of equity financing. It completed its A round in June 2006 and its B round in July 2008, a $25 million C round was closed in June 2011 and a $60 million D round was announced in June 2013. In May 2016 the company announced that only 20 aircraft would be completed in 2016, instead of the previously planned 175, customer deliveries were announced as being delayed until 2017 at the earliest, due to the need to improve the manufacturing processes to build the aircraft design. The company also announced that, as a result of issues involving starting production, it would lay off 60 employees and terminate 90 contractors, leaving 160 employees at work. The CEO indicated that the company has the investors and funding required to continue operations through this period, before production is increased, ICON Aircrafts first model is the ICON A5, an amphibious two-seat, light-sport aircraft to be priced at approximately $189,000. Its folding wings facilitate transportation and storage, and it will have a range of approximately 300 nautical miles, the company has assigned nearly 1400 production positions as of August 2014 and anticipates the first customer delivery will occur in May 2015. On July 28,2014, ICON Aircraft unveiled the first production ICON A5 built with production tooling and using production methods and this aircraft successfully completed its first flight July 7,2014. In April 2016 the ICON A5 purchasers agreement was made public and was noted by the media as containing many controversial elements not usually found in aircraft purchase agreements. Owners also must agree to be supportive of the company, in the case of a resale, future owners are required to sign the same agreement or face penalties. There are indications that a number of A5 position holders have canceled their purchases based on the wording of the agreement, in May 2016 the company admitted that the released contract had been a mistake. Company CEO, Kirk Hawkins, stated, it should not have gone out in the form it went out without an explanation, had a right to be taken aback
18.
Mars One
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The Mars One organization has proposed to land the first humans on Mars and establish a permanent human colony there by 2025. Mars One consists of two entities, the not-for-profit Mars One Foundation, and the for-profit company Mars One Ventures, the Mars One Foundation, based in the Netherlands, implements and manages the mission. Mars One Ventures holds all rights, including broadcasting rights. The private spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, Mars Ones original concept included launching a robotic lander and orbiter as early as 2020 to be followed by a human crew of four in 2024 and one in 2026. Organizers plan for the crew to be selected from applicants to become the first permanent residents of Mars with no plan of returning to Earth, partial funding options include a proposed television documentary program documenting the journey. The projects schedule, technical and financial feasibility, and ethics, have been criticized by scientists, engineers, in February 2015, the primary contractors on the initial pre-Phase A contracts had completed all studies paid for by Mars One at that time. The current state of the Mission Plan Deliverables will be tracked in Table 2 in the Technology section, the Mars One organization is the controlling stockholder of the for-profit Interplanetary Media Group. The concept for Mars One began in 2011 with discussions between the two founders, Bas Lansdorp and Arno Wielders. The Mars One project has no connection with Inspiration Mars, a project to send a married couple on a Mars flyby. Our goal is to humans to Mars, period. According to Mars Ones website, It is Mars Ones goal to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars, notes,12. ^ Work on robotic missions was suspended pending further review and future contract direction in February 2015. 4. ^ SpaceX has no contracts with MarsOne and the project does not appear on their launch manifest, initial Plan has slipped 2 times, with a 2 year delay each time. In December 2013, Mars One announced its concept of a precursor mission in 2020. The robotic lander would be built by Lockheed Martin based on the used for NASAs Phoenix and InSight missions. Former Mars One candidate Dr. Joseph Roche claims the number of applicants was only 2,761. Mars One announced a partnership with Uwingu on 3 March 2014, kristian von Bengtson began work on Simulation Mars Home for crew on 24 March 2014. The second-round pool was whittled down to 705 candidates in the beginning of May 2014,353 were removed due to personal considerations. After the medical physical requirement, which was similar to a normal FAA exam plus EKG, due either to financial, health or access reasons, notably, some applicants were notified of life-threatening conditions such as early-stage cancer and were able to immediately begin treatment
19.
23andMe
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23andMe is a privately held personal genomics and biotechnology company based in Mountain View, California. The company is named for the 23 pairs of chromosomes in a human cell. Its saliva-based direct-to-consumer genetic testing business was named Invention of the Year by Time magazine in 2008, in 2013 the US Food and Drug Administration ordered 23andMe to discontinue marketing its personal genome service, as the company had not obtained the legally required regulatory approval. That resulted in concerns about the consequences of customers receiving inaccurate health results. 23andMe has been selling a product with both ancestry and health-related components in Canada since October 2014, and in the United Kingdom since December 2014. The company was founded by Linda Avey, Paul Cusenza and Anne Wojcicki, ex-wife of Google founder Sergey Brin, in 2006 to provide genetic testing and interpretation to individual consumers. In 2007, Google invested $3,900,000 in the company, along with Genentech, New Enterprise Associates, Cusenza left the company in 2007 and was appointed CEO of Nodal Exchange in 2008. Avey left the company in 2009 and co-founded Curious, Inc. in 2011, in 2012, 23andMe raised $50 million in a Series D venture round, almost doubling its existing capital of $52.6 million. In 2015, 23andMe raised $115 million in a Series E offering, increasing its total capital to $241 million, the company sponsored the PBS TV series 9 Months That Made You. The company had not turned a profit as of October 2015, 23andMe began offering direct to consumer genetic testing in November 2007. Customers provide a saliva testing sample that is partially SNP genotyped, in 2008, when the company was offering estimates of predisposition for more than 90 traits and conditions ranging from baldness to blindness, Time magazine named the product Invention of the Year. Uninterpreted raw genetic data is posted online and may be downloaded by customers, customers who bought tests with an ancestry-related component have online access to genealogical DNA test results and tools including a relative-matching database. Health-related results for US customers who purchased the test from November 22,2013 were suspended until late 2015 while undergoing an FDA regulatory review, customers who bought tests from 23andMes Canadian and UK locations have access to some health-related results. As of June 2015, 23andMe has genotyped over 1,000,000 individuals, FDA marketing restrictions have reduced customer growth. As of April 2017, FDA allowed marketing of 23andMe Personal Genome Service Genetic Health Risk tests for 10 diseases or conditions, in late 2009, 23andMe split its genotyping service into three products with different prices, an Ancestry Edition, a Health edition, and a Complete Edition. This decision was reversed a year later when the different products were recombined, in late 2010 the company introduced a monthly subscription fee for updates based on new medical research findings. The subscription model proved unpopular with customers and was eliminated in mid-2012, Wojcicki said they still plan to report on disease risk, subject to future FDA approval. In October 2015, the US price was raised to $199, in September 2016, an ancestry-only version was once again offered at a lower price of $99 with an option to upgrade to include the health component for an additional $125 later
20.
Vint Cerf
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Vinton Gray Cerf ForMemRS, is an American Internet pioneer, who is recognized as one of the fathers of the Internet, sharing this title with TCP/IP co-inventor Bob Kahn. In the early days, Cerf was a manager for the United States Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency funding various groups to develop TCP/IP technology, Cerf was instrumental in the funding and formation of ICANN from the start. He waited in the wings for a year before he stepped forward to join the ICANN Board and he was elected as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery in May 2012, and in August 2013 he joined the Council on CyberSecuritys Board of Advisors. Cerf is active in organizations that are working to help the Internet deliver humanitarian value in our world today. He is supportive of innovative projects that are experimenting with new approaches to problems, including the digital divide, the gender gap. Cerf is also known for his style, typically appearing in a three-piece suit—a rarity in an industry known for its casual dress norms. Cerf was born in New Haven, Connecticut, the son of Muriel, a housewife, and Vinton Thruston Cerf, Cerf went to Van Nuys High School in California along with Jon Postel and Steve Crocker, he wrote the formers obituary. Both were also instrumental in the creation of the Internet, whilst in high school, Cerf worked at Rocketdyne on the Apollo program, including helping to write statistical analysis software for the non-destructive tests of the F-1 engines. Cerfs first job after obtaining his B. S. degree in mathematics from Stanford University was at IBM and he left IBM to attend graduate school at UCLA where he earned his M. S. degree in 1970 and his PhD degree in 1972. While at UCLA, he also met Bob Kahn, who was working on the ARPANet hardware architecture, Cerf then moved to DARPA in 1976, where he stayed until 1982. As vice president of MCI Digital Information Services from 1982 to 1986, Cerf led the engineering of MCI Mail, the first commercial email service to be connected to the Internet. In 1986, he joined Bob Kahn at the Corporation for National Research Initiatives as its president, working with Kahn on Digital Libraries, Knowledge Robots. It was during time, in 1992, that he and Kahn, among others, founded the Internet Society to provide leadership in education, policy. Cerf served as the first president of ISOC, Cerf rejoined MCI during 1994 and served as Senior Vice President of Technology Strategy. In this role, he helped to guide corporate strategy development from a technical perspective, during 1997, Cerf joined the Board of Trustees of Gallaudet University, a university for the education of the deaf and hard-of-hearing. Cerf himself is hard of hearing and he has also served on the universitys Board of Associates. Cerf, as leader of MCIs internet business, was criticized due to MCIs role in providing the IP addresses used by Send-Safe. com, MCI refused to terminate the spamware vendor. At the time, Spamhaus also listed MCI as the ISP with the most Spamhaus Block List listings, Cerf has worked for Google as a Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since October 2005
21.
George Sadowsky
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George Sadowsky is an American computer scientist who has worked in a number of entities, related to promotion of the Internet worldwide. He is well-known all over the world through his decades of work with developing countries. In many of countries, he was the one to actually bring the Internet, or make it affordable, or help change the legislation, to make sure it minimized government control. On August 3,2013, Sadowsky was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame as a Global Connector and he then went to Yale University, where he was Manager of Operations of Yale Computer Center and Research Assistant in Economics. He then went to the Brookings Institution, where he served as Director of the Computer Center, the next three years Sadowsky spent at The Urban Institute as a Senior Research Staff Member. In 1986 Sadowsky moved to Northwestern University, where he was a Director for Academic Computing, the next ten years, until 2000, George was working at the New York University as a Director, Networking Services, Director of Academic Computing Facility. In 2001 George became Executive Director of the GIPI project, Global Internet Policy Initiative and he has served as Chair of the Nominating Committee, at Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers,2005. He is a member of the Board of Directors, and Secretary for the Digital Policy Institute, like Vint Cerf, Sadowsky served as a member of the Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanovs IT Advisory Council from March 2002 till January 2012. Sadowsky was a member of the Election Committee of the Internet Society and he also serves on the Board of Directors of Peoplink, and is a member of the Board of Advisers of Bridge to Asia. Sadowsky has served on the Board of Trustees of the Internet Society during 1996-1999, in August 2009 Sadowsky was appointed to serve on the ICANN board. He was reelected to this Board again in 2012 and 2015, site of Sadowsky PUNKCAST#33 - The Future of The Internet ISOC-NY webcast - NYU - Jan 172000
22.
Veni Markovski
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Veni Markovski is a Bulgarian Internet pioneer, co-founder and CEO of bol. bg, the second in the history of Bulgaria Internet Service Provider. He is currently ICANNs Vice-President for UN engagement, based in New York, Markovski is a graduate of the Law Faculty of the Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski” with Masters of Science degree in Law. Veni Markovski first came into contact with the Internet in September 1990, by becoming one of the first system operators of a Bulletin Board System, in 1995 Markovski co-founded the Internet Society of Bulgaria - a non-profit think tank, promoting Internet usage and digital rights in Bulgaria. The company was entirely in 2008 to a foreign investor. Veni Markovski was project managing a number of Free/Open Source Software projects, funded by the UNDP, from 2006 until 2009, Markovski was Senior Adviser on international projects to the Chairman of Bulgarian State Agency for IT and Communications to the Council of Ministers. From December 2012 he was ICANNs Vice-President, responsible for Russia, Eastern Europe, starting March 20,2014 hes vice-president, responsible for relations with the UN, UN agencies, and the permanent missions to the UN. He is the CEO of a privately held consulting company, and participates regularly in events, related to Internet public policy, as head of the Internet Society - Bulgaria, Markovski has been member of the Bulgarian delegation to the U. N. World Summit on Information Society in 2003 and 2005, and is participating in ITU-related events since 2002. He participated in the negotiations of the WSIS+10 Review in 2015, and in December that year addressed the U. N. General Assembly
23.
Sunlight Foundation
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The Sunlight Foundation is an American 501 nonpartisan, nonprofit organization that advocates for open government. The organization was founded in April 2006 with the goal of increasing transparency and accountability in the United States Congress, the executive branch, the foundations primary focus is the role of money in politics. The organization seeks to increase campaign finance regulations and disclosure requirements, the Sunlight Foundation was founded by Ellen S. Miller and Michael R. Klein because of their concern about the influence of money in politics. The Sunlight Foundation was launched in April 2006 with a $3.5 million contribution from co-founder Klein, the first national director of the Sunlight Foundation was law professor Zephyr Teachout. Miller, the organizations co-founder, served as the Sunlight Foundations executive director until announcing her retirement in 2014, in September 2014, Christopher T. Gates was selected as the organizations new president. Gates was formerly the chairman of the Colorado Democratic Party and executive director of Philanthropy for Active Civic Engagement and the National Civic League. The organizations board of directors includes Mike Klein, Niko Klein, Andrew McLaughlin, Esther Dyson, Allison Fine, Sue Gardner, Mark Horvit, Craig Newmark, in January 2015, the Sunlight Foundation restructured, combining its reporting staff with its communications team. As a result of the restructuring, three staffers left the organization, including managing editor Kathy Kiely, who was laid off, in June 2015, four more staffers left the organization. In January 2016, Klein announced on Sunlights blog that the organization was looking for a new chief executive, john Wonderlich is serving as the interim executive director. In July 2009, the Sunlight Foundation received the Public Access to Government Information Award from the American Association of Law Libraries, the Sunlight Foundation advocates for more regulation and limitations regarding campaign finance. The organization opposed the ruling in Citizens United v. FEC, the Sunlight Foundation believes that Congress should mandate real-time online disclosure of political contributions. It opposes dark money, a used to describe funds given to nonprofit organizations that are not required to disclose their donors. C. In January 2007, the Sunlight Foundation launched the Open House Project, originally run by the Participatory Politics Foundation with funding from the Sunlight Foundation, in 2013 the Sunlight Foundation overtook operations of OpenCongress. org. In 2008, the Sunlight Foundation launched a project called Public Markup, the project crowdsourced ideas for model transparency legislation. During beta testing Scout helped a coalition of transparency advocates oppose, call on Congress is a toll free phone number individuals can call to learn about what Congress is doing. Politiwoops was a Sunlight Foundation project which published an archive of thousands of deleted tweets by U. S. politicians, the project prompted Rep. Jeff Miller to delete his Twitter account after his tweet questioning President Barack Obamas citizenship was made public. Bowe Bergdahl after questions arose over the swap that freed him. Time selected Politwoops as one of their 50 Best Websites of 2012, in April 2012, the Sunlight Foundation released Upwardly Mobile, a web application to research where in the United States individuals could enjoy financial security and an improved quality of life
24.
StopBadware
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StopBadware is an anti-malware nonprofit organization focused on making the Web safer through the prevention, mitigation, and remediation of badware websites. It is the successor to StopBadware. org, a project started in 2006 at the Berkman Center for Internet and it spun off to become a standalone organization, and dropped the “. org” in its name, in January 2010. The founders of StopBadware. org were John Palfrey, then Executive Director of the Berkman Center, both are now Professors of Law at Harvard University and faculty co-directors of the Berkman Center. John Palfrey, Ari Schwartz, John Morris, Paul Mockapetris, StopBadware is funded by corporate and individual donations. Some of its current partners include Google, Mozilla, PayPal, Qualys, Verisign, Verizon, Google, GFI Software, and NSFocus participate as data providers in the organization’s Badware Website Clearinghouse. Previous supporters include AOL, Lenovo, Sun Microsystems, Trend Micro, consumer Reports WebWatch, a now-defunct part of Consumers Union, served as an unpaid special advisor while StopBadware. org was a project at the Berkman Center. StopBadware’s current focus is on fighting badware by working to strengthen the entire Web ecosystem, in June 2012 StopBadware launched the Ads Integrity Alliance with support from founding members AOL, Facebook, Google, the Interactive Advertising Bureau, and Twitter. The Alliance is a resource for online ad platforms seeking to protect users from deceptive or harmful ads, the organization receives data from its data providers and maintains a searchable clearinghouse of URLs blacklisted by those data providers. StopBadware maintains a community forum, BadwareBusters. org, which includes a form for reporting badware URLs encountered by the community. StopBadware also aggregates badware statistics, advocates for consumer protection in public policy, StopBadware. org originally, in 2006, defined badware as follows, If the application acts deceptively or irreversibly. The original mission was to “provide tools and information that assist industry and policymakers in meeting their responsibility to protect users from badware, silently downloading and Installing additional software without informing the user of the identity and purpose of that software are examples of such prohibited behavior. StopBadware investigated reports of improper behavior by programs, and offered vendors the opportunity to reply to their findings, StopBadware now focuses on web based malware and presently defines badware as software that fundamentally disregards a user’s choice about how his or her computer or network connection will be used. This includes viruses, Trojans, rootkits, botnets, spyware, scareware, a badware website is a website that helps distribute badware, either intentionally or because it has been compromised. There is a misconception that StopBadware blacklists websites and that Google uses this blacklist to protect their users. In fact, Google’s Safe Browsing initiative uses automated systems to identify and this blacklist is used by Google to warn users before they visit potentially dangerous sites. The Firefox web browser and other also use Google’s Safe Browsing API to warn their users based on the same blacklist. The confusion is due to the close relationship between Google and StopBadware. Google links to StopBadware from their interstitial warning pages, stopBadware’s Badware Website Clearinghouse also lists websites blacklisted by Google
25.
The Long Now Foundation
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The Long Now Foundation, established in 1996, is a public, non-profit organization based in San Francisco that seeks to become the seed of a very long-term cultural institution. It aims to provide a counterpoint to what it views as todays faster/cheaper mindset, the Long Now Foundation hopes to creatively foster responsibility in the framework of the next 10,000 years, and so uses 5-digit dates to address the Year 10,000 problem. The organisations logo, a capital X with an overline, is a representation of 10,000 in Roman numerals, the purpose of the Clock of the Long Now is to construct a timepiece that will operate with minimum human intervention for ten millennia. Its power source should be renewable but similarly unlootable, a prototype of a potential final clock candidate was activated on December 31,1999, and is currently on display at the Science Museum at London. The Foundation hopes to construct the finished Clock at Mount Washington south of Great Basin National Park near Ely, the Rosetta Project is an effort to preserve all languages that have a high likelihood of extinction over the period from 2000 to 2100. These include many languages whose native speakers number in the thousands or fewer, other languages with many more speakers are considered by the project to be endangered because of the increasing importance of English as an international language of commerce and culture. Samples of such languages are to be inscribed onto a disc of nickel alloy three inches across, a Version 1.0 of the disc was completed on November 3,2008. The Long Bet Project was created by the Long Now Foundation to propose and keep track of bets on long-term events, the Long Now Foundation describes The Long Bet Project as a public arena for enjoyably competitive predictions, of interest to society, with philanthropic money at stake. One example bet would be on whether people will fly on pilotless aircraft by 2030. Bets that were resolved in 2010 included predictions about peak oil, print on demand, modem obsolescence, in November 2003, the Long Now Foundation began a series of monthly Seminars About Long-term Thinking with a lecture by Brian Eno. The seminars are held in the San Francisco Bay Area and have focused on policy and thinking, scenario planning, singularity. The seminars are available for download in various formats from the Long Now Foundation and they are intended to nudge civilization toward making long-term thinking automatic and common. As part of the Seminar series, there are debates on areas of long term concern. The point of Long Now debates is not win-lose, the point is public clarity and deep understanding, leading to action graced with nuance and built-in adaptivity, with long-term responsibility in mind. In operation, There are two debaters, Alice and Bob, Alice takes the podium, makes her argument. Then Bob takes her place, but before he can present his counter-argument, he must summarize Alice’s argument to her satisfaction — a demonstration of respect and good faith. Only when Alice agrees that Bob has got it right is he permitted to proceed with his own argument — and then, mutual understanding is enforced by a reciprocal requirement to describe the others argument to their satisfaction, with the goal being more understanding after the event than there was beforehand. Opened in June 2014, The Interval was designed as social space in the foundations Fort Mason facility in San Francisco
26.
Michael Bloomberg
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Michael Rubens Mike Bloomberg is an American businessman, author, politician, and philanthropist. His net worth is estimated at US$47.5 billion, as of March 2017, ranking him as the 8th richest person in the United States, Bloomberg is the founder, CEO, and owner of Bloomberg L. P. He began his career at the securities brokerage Salomon Brothers, before forming his own company in 1981 and spending the twenty years as its chairman. Bloomberg also served as chairman of the board of trustees at his alma mater, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg served as the 108th Mayor of New York City, holding office for three consecutive terms, beginning with his first election in 2001. A Democrat before seeking office, Bloomberg switched his party registration in 2001 to run for Mayor as a Republican. He defeated opponent Mark Green in an election held just weeks after the September 11 terrorist attacks. He won a term in 2005, and left the Republican Party two years later. Bloomberg campaigned to change the term limits law, and was elected to his third term in 2009 as an Independent candidate on the Republican ballot line. Bloomberg was frequently mentioned as a candidate for the U. S. Presidential elections in 2008, and 2012, as well as for Governor of New York in 2010 and he declined to seek either office, opting to continue serving as the Mayor of New York City. On January 1,2014, Bill de Blasio succeeded Bloomberg as the Mayor of New York City, after a brief stint as a full-time philanthropist, Bloomberg re-assumed the position of CEO at Bloomberg L. P. by the end of 2014. Michael Bloomberg was born at St. Elizabeths Hospital, in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston, on February 14,1942, Bloombergs father, William Henry Bloomberg, was a bookkeeper for a dairy company and the son of Alexander Elick Bloomberg, an immigrant from Russia. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg, was a native of Jersey City and his maternal grandfather, Max Rubens, was an immigrant from present-day Belarus, then also part of Russia. Bloomberg attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined the fraternity Phi Kappa Psi, in 1962, as a sophomore, he constructed the schools mascot, the blue jay. He graduated in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, in 1966 he graduated from Harvard Business School as a Master of Business Administration. In 1973, Bloomberg became a partner at Salomon Brothers, a bulge-bracket Wall Street investment bank. In 1981, Salomon Brothers was bought by Phibro Corporation, and he was given no severance package, but owned $10 million worth of equity as a partner at the firm. Using this money, Bloomberg went on to set up a company named Innovative Market Systems, in 1982, Merrill Lynch became the new companys first customer, installing 22 of the companys Market Master terminals and investing $30 million in the company
27.
CNET
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CNET is an American media website that publishes reviews, news, articles, blogs, podcasts and videos on technology and consumer electronics globally. Founded in 1994 by Halsey Minor and Shelby Bonnie, it was the brand of CNET Networks. In addition CNET currently has region-specific and language-specific editions and these include the United Kingdom, Australia, China, Japan, French, German, Korean and Spanish. CNET TV was composed of CNET Central, The Web, CNET Central was created first and aired in syndication in the United States on the USA Network. Later, it began airing on USAs sister network Sci-Fi Channel along with The Web and these were later followed by TV. com in 1996. Current American Idol host Ryan Seacrest first came to prominence at CNET, as the host of The New Edge. In addition, CNET produced another television technology news program called News. com that aired on CNBC beginning in 1999, from 2001 to 2003, CNET operated CNET Radio on the Clear Channel-owned KNEW in the San Francisco Bay Area, WBPS in Boston and on XM Satellite Radio. After failing to attract a sufficient audience, CNET Radio ceased operating in January 2003 due to financial losses, as CNET Networks, the site made various acquisitions to expand its reach across various web platforms, regions, and markets. In July 1999, CNET acquired the Swiss-based company GDT, GDT was later renamed to CNET Channel. In 1998, CNET granted the right to Asiacontent to set up CNET Asia, in January 2000, the same time CNET became CNET Networks, they acquired comparison shopping site mySimon for $736 million. In October 2000, CNET Networks acquired ZDNet for approximately $1.6 billion, in April 2001, CNET acquired TechRepublic Inc. which provides content for IT professionals from Gartner, Inc. for $23 million in cash and stock. On July 14,2004, CNET announced that it would acquire Webshots, in October 2007, they sold Webshots to American Greetings for $45 million. In December 2006, James Kim, an editor at CNET, CNET hosted a memorial show and podcasts dedicated to him. On March 1,2007, CNET announced the launch of BNET. BNET had been running under beta status since 2005, on May 15,2008 it was announced that CBS Corporation would buy CNET Networks for US$1.8 billion. On June 30,2008, the acquisition was completed, former CNET properties are now part of CBS Interactive. On September 19,2013 CBS Interactive launched a Spanish language sister site under the name CNET en Español and it focuses on topics of relevance primarily to Spanish-speaking technology enthusiasts. The site offered a new perspective on technology and is under the leadership of managing editor Gabriel Sama, in March 2014, CNET refreshed its site by merging with CNET UK and vowing to merge all editions of the agency into a unified agency
28.
ICANN
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ICANN performs the actual technical maintenance work of the central Internet address pools and DNS root zone registries pursuant to the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority function contract. The numbering facilities ICANN manages include the Internet Protocol address spaces for IPv4 and IPv6, ICANN also maintains registries of Internet Protocol identifiers. ICANN was created on September 18,1998, and incorporated on September 30,1998 and it is headquartered in the Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles. In 1997 Postel testified before Congress that this had come about as a task to this research work. The Information Sciences Institute was funded by the U. S. Department of Defense, as was SRI Internationals Network Information Center, which also performed some assigned name functions. As the Internet grew and expanded globally, the U. S. Department of Commerce initiated a process to establish a new organization to perform the IANA functions. The proposed rule making, or Green Paper, was published in the Federal Register on February 20,1998, NTIA received more than 650 comments as of March 23,1998, when the comment period closed. ICANN was formed in response to this policy, ICANN managed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority under contract to the United States Department of Commerce and pursuant to an agreement with the IETF. ICANN was incorporated in California on September 30,1998, with entrepreneur and it is a nonprofit public benefit corporation organized under the California Nonprofit Public Benefit Corporation Law for charitable and public purposes. ICANN was established in California due to the presence of Jon Postel, ICANN formerly operated from the same Marina del Rey building where Postel formerly worked, which is home to an office of the Information Sciences Institute at the University of Southern California. However, ICANNs headquarters is now located in the nearby Playa Vista neighborhood of Los Angeles and they were also required to be financially independent from ICANN. On July 26,2006, the United States government renewed the contract with ICANN for performance of the IANA function for a one to five years. The context of ICANNs relationship with the U. S. government was clarified on September 29,2006 when ICANN signed a new Memorandum of Understanding with the United States Department of Commerce and this document gave the DOC oversight over some of the ICANN operations. During July 2008, the DOC reiterated a statement that it has no plans to transition management of the authoritative root zone file to ICANN. The letter also stresses the separate roles of the IANA and VeriSign, on September 30,2009, ICANN signed an agreement with the DOC that confirmed ICANNs commitment to a multistakeholder governance model, but did not remove it from DOC oversight and control. On March 10,2016, ICANN and the DOC signed a historic, culminating agreement to finally remove ICANN and IANA from the control, on October 1,2016, ICANN was freed from U. S. government oversight. During September and October 2003, ICANN played a role in the conflict over VeriSigns wild card DNS service Site Finder. After an open letter from ICANN issuing an ultimatum to VeriSign, later endorsed by the Internet Architecture Board, after this action, VeriSign filed a lawsuit against ICANN on February 27,2004, claiming that ICANN had exceeded its authority
29.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
30.
Project Syndicate
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Project Syndicate is an international media organization that publishes and syndicates commentary and analysis on a variety of important global topics. All opinion pieces are published on the Project Syndicate website, but are distributed to a wide network of partner publications for print. As of 2016, it has a network of 459 media outlets in 155 countries and it also offers monthly series dedicated to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Latin America, as well as to China and Russia. RealClearWorld also named Project Syndicate one of the top five world news sites for 2012, Project Syndicate has also received grants from the Open Society Foundation, The Politiken Foundation in Denmark, Die Zeit, ZEIT-Stiftung and The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Project Syndicate translates its columns from English into 12 languages, including Arabic, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish, Project Syndicate has more than 60 authors that submit opinion commentaries on a regular or monthly basis. Periodic editorials are also published by prominent authors such as Shinzo Abe, Francis Fukuyama, Bill and Melinda Gates, Christine Lagarde, Juan Manuel Santos, George Soros, and many others
31.
C-SPAN
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C-SPAN, an acronym for Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network, is an American cable and satellite television network that was created in 1979 by the cable television industry as a public service. C-SPAN televises many proceedings of the United States federal government, as well as public affairs programming. Its coverage of political and policy events is unedited, thereby providing viewers with unfiltered information about politics, non-political coverage includes historical programming, programs dedicated to non-fiction books, and interview programs with noteworthy individuals associated with public policy. The network operates independently, and neither the cable industry nor Congress has control of the content of its programming, Congress and other public affairs event and policy discussions. Lamb shared his idea with several executives, who helped him launch the network. Among them were Bob Rosencrans who provided $25,000 of initial funding in 1979 and John D. Evans who provided the wiring and access to the headend needed for the distribution of the C-SPAN signal. C-SPAN was launched on March 19,1979, in time for the first televised session made available by the House of Representatives, upon its debut, only 3.5 million homes were wired for C-SPAN, and the network had just three employees. The second C-SPAN channel, C-SPAN2, followed on June 2,1986 when the U. S. Senate permitted itself to be televised, C-SPAN Radio began operations on October 9,1997, covering similar events as the television networks and often simulcasting their programming. The station broadcasts on WCSP in Washington, D. C. is also available on XM Satellite Radio channel 120 and is streamed live at c-span. org and it was formerly available on Sirius Satellite Radio from 2002 to 2006. Lamb semi-retired in March 2012, coinciding with the channels 33rd anniversary, on January 12,2017, the online feed for C-SPAN1 was interrupted and replaced by a feed from the Russian television network RT for approximately 10 minutes. C-SPAN announced that they were troubleshooting the incident and were operating under the assumption that it was an internal routing issue, C-SPAN celebrated its 10th anniversary in 1989 with a three-hour retrospective, featuring Lamb recalling the development of the network. Five years later, the series American Presidents, Life Portraits, in 2004, C-SPAN celebrated its 25th anniversary, by which time the flagship network was viewed in 86 million homes, C-SPAN2 was in 70 million homes and C-SPAN3 was in eight million homes. Also included in the 25th anniversary was an essay contest for viewers to write in about how C-SPAN has influenced their life regarding community service. For example, one essay contest winner wrote about how C-SPANs non-fiction book programming serves as a resource in his mission to record non-fiction audio books for people who are blind. The network also had an essay contest, the winner of which was invited to host an hour of the broadcast from C-SPANs Capitol Hill studios. C-SPAN continues to expand its coverage of government proceedings, with a history of requests to government officials for greater access, in December 2009, Lamb wrote to leaders in the House and Senate, requesting that negotiations for health care reform be televised by C-SPAN. Committee meetings on health care were broadcast subsequently by C-SPAN and may be viewed on the C-SPAN website, in November 2010, Lamb wrote to incoming House Speaker John Boehner requesting changes to restrictions on cameras in the House. In particular, C-SPAN asked to add some of its own robotically operated cameras to the existing government-controlled cameras in the House chamber, in February 2011, Boehner denied the request
32.
Charlie Rose (TV series)
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Charlie Rose is an American television interview show, with Charlie Rose as executive producer, executive editor, and host. The show is syndicated on PBS and is owned by Charlie Rose, Rose interviews thinkers, writers, politicians, athletes, entertainers, businesspersons, leaders, scientists, and fellow newsmakers. The show premiered on September 30,1991 and it is presented by WNET, where it first aired as a local program. The program is additionally broadcast by Bloomberg Television with a week delay, the set is simple, set up with an all-dark surrounding space around an oak round table used since the program debuted and purchased by Rose himself, along with accompanying chairs. Funding for the show is provided by donations from various corporations. The show has been criticized for not disclosing the list of donors even if the show is considered public broadcasting, in 2010, Rose and co-host Eric Kandel began The Brain Series, episodes featuring neuroscientists and other experts, the series was later released on DVD. In October 2014, a segment called Al Hunt on the Story was launched as a feature interview. The show is filmed at 731 Lexington Avenue in Manhattan, New York City and this is the same building which houses Bloomberg Television, and Bloomberg L. P. which sponsors the show. In February 2017, the show utilized a number of guest hosts while Rose underwent heart surgery, afterwards, Rose stated a planned return in March. Charlie Roses music theme was composed exclusively for the series by David Lowe, Charlie Rose, The Week premiered on PBS on July 19,2013. The show is a long, consisting of interviews from recent episodes of Charlie Rose. The Week replaced the cancelled series Need to Know, and occupies that shows former Friday time slot, list of programs broadcast by Public Broadcasting Service Official website - includes videos of the show available for free
33.
IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
34.
WorldCat
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WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of 72,000 libraries in 170 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc, the subscribing member libraries collectively maintain WorldCats database. OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour and that same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat, the first catalog records were added in 1971. It contains more than 330 million records, representing over 2 billion physical and digital assets in 485 languages and it is the worlds largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available free to libraries, but the catalog is the foundation for other subscribtion OCLC services, in 2006, it became possible to search WorldCat directly at its website. In 2007, WorldCat Identities began providing pages for 20 million identities, predominantly authors, WorldCat operates on a batch processing model rather than a real-time model. That is, WorldCat records are synchronized at intermittent intervals with the library catalogs instead of real-time or every day. Consequently, WorldCat shows that an item is owned by a particular library. WorldCat does not indicate whether or not an item is borrowed, lost, undergoing restoration or repair. Furthermore, WorldCat does not show whether or not a library owns multiple copies of a particular title, copac Faceted Application of Subject Terminology Library and Archives Canada Research Libraries UK Online Computer Library Center Grossman, Wendy M. Why you cant find a book in your search engine. Official website OCLC - Web scale discovery and delivery of library resources OCLC Bibliographic Formats and Standards WorldCat Identities
35.
The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
36.
YouTube
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YouTube is an American video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California. The service was created by three former PayPal employees—Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim—in February 2005, Google bought the site in November 2006 for US$1.65 billion, YouTube now operates as one of Googles subsidiaries. Unregistered users can watch videos on the site, while registered users are permitted to upload an unlimited number of videos. Videos deemed potentially offensive are available only to registered users affirming themselves to be at least 18 years old, YouTube earns advertising revenue from Google AdSense, a program which targets ads according to site content and audience. YouTube was founded by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen, and Jawed Karim, Hurley had studied design at Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Chen and Karim studied computer science together at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Karim could not easily find video clips of either event online, Hurley and Chen said that the original idea for YouTube was a video version of an online dating service, and had been influenced by the website Hot or Not. YouTube began as a venture capital-funded technology startup, primarily from an $11.5 million investment by Sequoia Capital between November 2005 and April 2006, YouTubes early headquarters were situated above a pizzeria and Japanese restaurant in San Mateo, California. The domain name www. youtube. com was activated on February 14,2005, the first YouTube video, titled Me at the zoo, shows co-founder Jawed Karim at the San Diego Zoo. The video was uploaded on April 23,2005, and can still be viewed on the site, YouTube offered the public a beta test of the site in May 2005. The first video to reach one million views was a Nike advertisement featuring Ronaldinho in November 2005. Following a $3.5 million investment from Sequoia Capital in November, the site grew rapidly, and in July 2006 the company announced that more than 65,000 new videos were being uploaded every day, and that the site was receiving 100 million video views per day. The site has 800 million unique users a month and it is estimated that in 2007 YouTube consumed as much bandwidth as the entire Internet in 2000. The choice of the name www. youtube. com led to problems for a similarly named website, the sites owner, Universal Tube & Rollform Equipment, filed a lawsuit against YouTube in November 2006 after being regularly overloaded by people looking for YouTube. Universal Tube has since changed the name of its website to www. utubeonline. com, in October 2006, Google Inc. announced that it had acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion in Google stock, and the deal was finalized on November 13,2006. In March 2010, YouTube began free streaming of certain content, according to YouTube, this was the first worldwide free online broadcast of a major sporting event. On March 31,2010, the YouTube website launched a new design, with the aim of simplifying the interface, Google product manager Shiva Rajaraman commented, We really felt like we needed to step back and remove the clutter. In May 2010, YouTube videos were watched more than two times per day. This increased to three billion in May 2011, and four billion in January 2012, in February 2017, one billion hours of YouTube was watched every day
37.
TVOntario
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TVOntario is a Canadian publicly funded English language educational television station and media organization serving the Canadian province of Ontario. It is operated by the Ontario Educational Communications Authority, a Crown corporation owned by the Government of Ontario and it operates two television stations, CICA in Toronto and CICO-24 in Ottawa, these two stations relay their programming across portions of Ontario through seven rebroadcast stations. It is available on pay television providers throughout Ontario, all providers in the province are required to carry it on their basic tier, TVO is governed by a volunteer Board of Directors, and supported by a network of Regional Councillors from across the province. TVO also reports to the Ontario legislature through the Minister of Education and this model was emulated by later provincial educational broadcasters Télé-Québec in Quebec and Knowledge Network in British Columbia. The majority of TVOs funding is provided by the Government of Ontario through the Ministry of Education, in 2002, the Ministry of Education transferred responsibility to TVO for the Independent Learning Centre, which provides distance education at the elementary and secondary school level. TVO used to operate TFO, a separate but similar network for Franco-Ontarian audiences, before the launch of TFO, TVO aired French-language programming on Sundays. Even after TFOs launch, TVO and TFO swapped programming on Sundays well into the 1990s, TFO was separated from TVO and was incorporated under the newly formed GroupeMédia TFO, a separate Crown corporation of the Government of Ontario, in 2007. TVO is Canadas oldest educational television service and it established the countrys first UHF television station in 1970, based in Toronto. TVO used to have the largest over-the-air coverage in Ontario, reaching 98, TVO is carried on all cable systems serving Ontario. On satellite systems in Ontario, it is available on Bell TV on channel 265 and on Shaw Direct on 353 or 55, the main transmitter in Toronto uses the call sign CICA-DT, with its rebroadcasters using CICO-DT, followed by a number to denote their status as rebroadcasters. Many analogue transmitters had used the CICA-TV and CICO-TV callsigns, and CICE-TV, in the same manner, TVOs transmitters are primarily located in Ontario, with the only exception being its Ottawa transmitter, CICO-DT-24, which is based at Camp Fortune in Chelsea, Quebec. There, it shares its site with its Quebec counterpart, Télé-Québec, channel 19 in Toronto, channel XX in. The network reached an agreement with Vidéotron, and then entered negotiations with Shaw Communications and Telus, TVO cited that. we believe that we have a responsibility to earn revenues from the sale of our service outside of our home province. TVO is willing to consent to cable and satellite distributors carrying our signal outside the province, since cable or satellite distributors receive subscriber revenues driven by having TVO as part of their offering, we feel its reasonable to be compensated. Unfortunately, we could not come to an agreement with Bell to compensate TVO for carrying our signal outside of Ontario, as a result, the only cable and satellite customers outside Ontario that can still view TVO are on the Quebec side of the Ottawa/Gatineau market. It is unknown if the dispute or carriage restrictions also apply to the few systems in the United States that carry TVO. The Ontario Educational Communications Authority was created in June 1970 by then Education Minister Bill Davis, at that time, the OECA produced childrens and educational programming which was aired on commercial television stations. The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, acting on behalf of OECA, applied for, CICA, with the mandate of electronic and associated media to provide educational opportunities for all people in Ontario
