1.
PalFest
–
The Palestine Festival of Literature is an annual literary festival that takes place in cities across Palestine and Israel. The festival was founded in 2008 with the mission of affirming the power of culture over the culture of power. The festivals founding chair is the novelist and political commentator Ahdaf Soueif, in an effort to overcome restrictions on Palestinians freedom of movement the festival travels to its audiences, putting on free events in Arabic and English in the cities it travels to. The festival traditionally performs in Jerusalem, Ramallah, Haifa and Nablus, because travel to Gaza is so restricted a small, separate festival is organised there. PalFest 2012 took place exclusively in Gaza, patrons of the festival have included Chinua Achebe, John Berger, Mahmoud Darwish, Seamus Heaney, Harold Pinter, Philip Pullman and Emma Thompson. The festival has supported by the British Council since its inception. 2009, Both the opening and closing nights attempts were made by the Israeli police, acting on court order, Both times the festival relocated, to the French Cultural Institute on the first night and to the British Council on the last. 2011, Venue for the closing event in Silwan is tear gassed. 2012, Closing event of PalFest Gaza is shut down by the police,2015, Festival participant Sarah Ishaq, Oscar-nominated film director, is prevented from entering the country by Israeli border police. Official Website Robin Yassin-Kassab on PalFest in PULSE Media Claire Messud on PalFest in the Boston Globe, deborah Moggach on PalFest in The Guardian. Ursula Owens account of attending the 2011 PalFest on History Workshop Online Samir Galal Mohamed on PalFest 2014 in La Città Nuova, Corriere. it, November 26,2014
PalFest
–
Contents
PalFest
–
Palfest 2009's Poster. The graffiti is a line from Um Kulsoum's "Be3id 3annak." It reads: "my life, is torment"
PalFest
–
The Palestine Writing House
2.
William Dalrymple (historian)
–
William Dalrymple FRSL, FRGS, FRAS is a Scottish historian and writer, art historian and curator, as well as a prominent broadcaster and critic. He has been four times longlisted and once shortlisted for the Samuel Johnson Prize for non-fiction and he is also one of the co-founders and co-directors of the annual Jaipur Literature Festival. In 2012 he was appointed a Whitney J. Oates Visiting Fellow in the Humanities by Princeton University, in the Spring of 2015 he was appointed the OP Jindal Distinguished Lecturer at Brown University. Dalrymple is the son of Sir Hew Hamilton-Dalrymple, 10th Baronet and he is a cousin of Virginia Woolf. He was educated at Ampleforth College and Trinity College, Cambridge, Dalrymple first went to Delhi on 26 January 1984. Dalrymple has lived in India on and off since 1989 and spends most of the year at his Mehrauli farmhouse in the outskirts of Delhi and his wife Olivia is an artist and comes from a family with long-standing connections to India. They have three children, Ibby, Sam, and Adam, Dalrymples interests include the history and art of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, the Middle East, the Muslim world, Hinduism, Buddhism, the Jains and early Eastern Christianity. All of his eight books have won literary prizes and his first three were travel books based on his journeys in the Middle East, India and Central Asia. His early influences included writers such as Robert Byron, Eric Newby. His books have been translated more than 40 languages. He is a contributor to The New York Review of Books, The Guardian. He has also many articles for Time magazine. He has been the Indian Subcontinent correspondent of the New Statesman since 2004 and he attended the inaugural Palestine Festival of Literature in 2008 – giving readings and taking workshops in Jerusalem, Ramallah and Bethlehem. He is a Patron of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign and his 2009 book, Nine Lives, In Search of the Sacred in Modern India, was published by Bloomsbury, and went to the number one slot on the Indian non-fiction section best-seller list. His most recent book, a history of the First Afghan War 1839–42, Return of a King- The Battle for Afghanistan, was published in India in December 2012, the US edition was published by Knopf in April 2013. Following the publication of the book Dalrymple was called to brief both President Karzai of Afghanistan, and the White House, on the lessons to be learned from Afghan history. A catalogue of this exhibit co-edited by Dalrymple with Yuthika Sharma was published by Penguin in 2012 under the same name, lonely Planet Publications, ISBN1740593669 Princes and Painters in Mughal Delhi 1707–1857. Penguin Books India, ISBN 978-0-1434-1906-8 Dalrymple has written and presented the television series Stones of the Raj
William Dalrymple (historian)
–
Dalrymple in 2014
3.
Hanan Ashrawi
–
Hanan Daoud Khalil Ashrawi is a Palestinian legislator, activist, and scholar. She was a protégée and later colleague and close friend of Edward Said, Ashrawi is a member of Palestinian Prime Minister Salam Fayyads Third Way party. She is the first woman elected to the Palestinian National Council and she received her bachelors and masters degrees in literature in the Department of English at the American University of Beirut. Ashrawi also earned a Ph. D. in Medieval and Comparative Literature from the University of Virginia, Ashrawi was born to Palestinian Christian parents on October 8,1946 in the city of Nablus, British Mandate for Palestine, now part of the West Bank. Her father, Daoud Mikhail, was a physician and one of the founders of the Palestine Liberation Organization, the Ashrawi family lived in Nablus until the 1948 Palestine war. In 1948 the Mikhail family fled to Amman, Jordan as a result of the war, initially, her father, Daoud Mikhail, remained behind in what became Israel, but later rejoined the family in Jordan. In 1950 her family were able to settle in Ramallah, at the part of the Jordanian annexed West Bank. Here she attended the Ramallah Friends Girls School, a Quaker school for girls and she received her bachelors and masters degrees in literature in the Department of English at the American University of Beirut. While a graduate student in literature at the American University in Beirut she dated Peter Jennings of ABC News who was stationed there as ABCs Beirut bureau chief. When the Six-Day War broke out in 1967, Ashrawi as a 22-year-old student in Lebanon, was declared an absentee by Israel and denied re-entry to the West Bank. For the next six years, Ashrawi traveled and completed her education gaining a Ph. D. in Medieval, Ashrawi was finally allowed to re-join her family in 1973 under the family reunification plan. On August 8,1975, she married Emil Ashrawi, a Christian Jerusalemite who is now a photographer, together they have two daughters, Amal and Zeina. Ashrawi received an Honorary Doctoral Degree at the American University of Beirut on June 28,2008 and she is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Institute for Palestine Studies. Ashrawi holds honorary degrees from Earlham College and Smith College, Ashrawi is a passionate advocate of many human rights and gender issues. Basically, I am a Palestinian, I am a woman, I am an activist, and at the same time I feel that quite often things are thrust upon us rather than come as a result of a calm and deliberate choice. Ashrawi returned to the West Bank under the family reunification plan in 1973 and she served as Chair of that department from 1973 to 1978, and again from 1981 through 1984, and from 1986-1990 she served the university as Dean of the Faculty of Arts. She remained a faculty member at Birzeit University until 1995, publishing poems, short stories, papers and articles on Palestinian culture, literature. Ashrawis political activism in the Palestinian territories began almost as early as her career at Birzeit
Hanan Ashrawi
–
Ashrawi at the Duisburg Audimax Campus, November 29, 2007
Hanan Ashrawi
–
Ashrawi in 2008
4.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
5.
England
–
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
–
Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
–
Flag
England
–
Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
–
Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
6.
David Morrissey
–
David Mark Morrissey is an English actor, director, producer and screenwriter. At the age of 18, he was cast in the television series One Summer, after making One Summer, Morrissey attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, then acted with the Royal Shakespeare Company and the National Theatre for four years. Throughout the 1990s, Morrissey often portrayed policemen and soldiers, though he took roles such as Bradley Headstone in Our Mutual Friend and Christopher Finzi in Hilary. The former earned him a Best Actor nomination at the British Academy Television Awards, in the years following those films, he had roles in Sense and Sensibility, Red Riding, Nowhere Boy and Centurion and produced and starred in the crime drama Thorne. Morrissey returned to the stage in 2008 for a run of Neil LaButes In a Dark Dark House and he then starred in the British crime film Blitz, playing a morally dubious reporter in contact with the eponymous cop killer. The following year, he portrayed the Governor in AMC television series The Walking Dead as a regular in the third and fourth seasons. Morrissey has directed films and the television dramas Sweet Revenge. His feature debut, Dont Worry About Me, premiered at the 2009 London Film Festival and was broadcast on BBC television in March 2010, in 2014 he appeared in The 7.39, another television drama. Morrissey was awarded a doctorate by Edge Hill University in July 2016. Morrissey was born in the Kensington area of Liverpool, the son of Joe, a cobbler, and Joan and he was their fourth child, following brothers Tony and Paul, and sister Karen Lane. The family lived at 45 Seldon Street, in the Kensington district of Liverpool, for National Museums Liverpools Eight Hundred Lives project, Morrissey wrote that the house had been in his family since around the turn of the 20th century. His grandmother had been married there and his mother was born there, in 1971, the family moved to a larger, modern house on the new estates at Knotty Ash, and Seldon Street was later demolished. As a child, Morrissey was greatly interested in film, television, after seeing a broadcast of Kes on television, he decided to become an actor. Keller left the school soon after, leaving Morrissey without encouragement and his secondary school, De La Salle School, had no drama classes and was the sort of place where Morrissey thought the fear of bullying dissuaded pupils from participating in lessons. On the advice of a cousin, Morrissey joined the Everyman Youth Theatre, for the first couple of weeks, he was quite shy and did not join in the workshops. When he eventually participated, he appeared in the theatres production of Fighting Chance. He went to the theatre on Tuesday and Wednesday nights, by the age of 14, Morrissey was one of two youth theatre members who sat on the board of the Everyman Theatre. Ian Hart, with whom he had been friends since the age of five, was one of his contemporaries, as were Mark and Stephen McGann and Cathy Tyson
David Morrissey
–
Morrissey at the Phoenix Comicon, May 2015
David Morrissey
–
David Morrissey at a 2013 Walking Dead event
David Morrissey
–
Morrissey as Gordon Brown in The Deal. The role, for which he put on 2 stone (28 lb/13 kg) and had his hair permed and dyed, won him acclaim.
David Morrissey
–
Morrissey in November 2010
7.
Novelist
–
A novelist is an author or writer of novels, though often novelists also write in other genres of both fiction and non-fiction. Some novelists are professional novelists, thus make a living writing novels and other fiction, Novelists come from a variety of backgrounds and social classes, and frequently this shapes the content of their works. Similarly, some novelists have creative identities derived from their focus on different genres of fiction, such as crime, while many novelists compose fiction to satisfy personal desires, novelists and commentators often ascribe a particular social responsibility or role to novel writers. Many authors use such moral imperatives to justify different approaches to writing, including activism or different approaches to representing reality truthfully. Novelist is a derivative from the term novel describing the writer of novels. However, the OED attributes the primary meaning of a writer of novels as first appearing in the 1633 book East-India Colation by C. The difference between professional and amateur novelists often is the ability to publish. Many people take up writing as a hobby, but the difficulties of completing large scale fictional works of quality prevent the completion of novels. Once authors have completed a novel, they often try to get it published. The publishing industry requires novels to have accessible profitable markets, thus many novelists will self-publish to circumvent the editorial control of publishers, self-publishing has long been an option for writers, with vanity presses printing bound books for a fee paid by the writer. The rise of the Internet and electronic books has made self publishing far less expensive, Novelists apply a number of different methods to writing their novels, relying on a variety of approaches to inspire creativity. Some communities actively encourage amateurs to practice writing novels to develop these unique practices, for example, the internet-based group, National Novel Writing Month, encourages people to write 50, 000-word novels in the month of November, to give novelists practice completing such works. In the 2010 event, over 200,000 people took part – writing a total of over 2.8 billion words, Novelists dont usually publish their first novels until later in life. However, many novelists begin writing at a young age, for example, Iain Banks began writing at eleven, and at sixteen completed his first novel, The Hungarian Lift-Jet, about international arms dealers, in pencil in a larger-than-foolscap log book. However, he was thirty before he published his first novel, the success of this novel enabled Banks to become a full-time novelist. Occasionally, novelists publish as early as their teens, for example, Patrick OBrian published his first novel, Caesar, The Life Story of a Panda-Leopard, at the age of 15, which brought him considerable critical attention. Occasionally, these works will achieve popular success as well, for example, though Christopher Paolinis Eragon, was not a great critical success, but its popularity among readers placed it on the New York Times Childrens Books Best Seller list for 121 weeks. First-time novelists of any age often find themselves unable to get published, because of a number of reasons reflecting the inexperience of the author
Novelist
–
William Faulkner's
Underwood Universal Portable typewriter in his office at
Rowan Oak, which is now maintained by the
University of Mississippi in
Oxford as a museum
Novelist
–
Novelist
James Patterson, one of the most monetarily successful contemporary novelists, who made $70 million in 2010
Novelist
–
The
Scott Monument on Edinburgh's
Princes Street.
8.
Lucian Freud
–
Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the Merchant Navy during the Second World War. His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, but by the early 1950s his often stark, Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors, the works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies, and was known for asking for extended, born in Berlin, Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie, and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect. He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud, and elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud, the family emigrated to St Johns Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939, having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon and he also attended Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942, in 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra. Both subjects reappeared in The Painters Room on display at Freuds first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery, in the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton. In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swifts studio, in late 1952, Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in 1953. He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life, Freud was part of a group of figurative artists later named The School of London. This was more a collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately. The group was led by such as Francis Bacon and Freud. He was a tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954. Freuds early paintings, which are very small, are often associated with German Expressionism and Surrealism in depicting people, plants. These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting and he would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable
Lucian Freud
–
Lucian Freud
Lucian Freud
–
Girl with a white dog, 1951–1952,
Tate Gallery. Portrait of Freud's first wife,
Kitty Garman, the daughter of
Jacob Epstein and
Kathleen Garman
Lucian Freud
–
Benefits Supervisor Sleeping, 1995, a very large portrait of "Big Sue" Tilley (see below), showing his handling of flesh tones, and a typical high viewpoint
Lucian Freud
–
After Cézanne, 1999–2000,
National Gallery of Australia
9.
Freud family
–
The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freuds descendants have become known in different fields. Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he was the eldest child of Jacob Freud, a wool merchant, and his third wife Amalia Nathansohn. Jacob Freud was born in Tysmenitz, Galicia, the eldest child of Schlomo and he had two children from his first marriage to Sally Kanner, Emanuel Philipp Jacobs second marriage to Rebecca was childless. Jacob and Amalia Freud had eight children, Sigmund Julius Anna Regina Debora Marie Esther Adolfine Pauline Regine Alexander Gotthold Ephraim Julius Freud died in infancy, Anna married Ely Bernays, the elder brother of Sigmunds wife Martha. There were four daughters, Judith, Lucy, Hella, Martha and one son, in 1892 the family moved to the United States where Edward Bernays became a major influence in modern public relations. He married Doris E. Fleischman who became known as a prominent feminist activist and their daughter Anne Bernays is a writer and editor as was her husband Justin Kaplan. Rosa married a doctor, Heinrich Graf and their son, Hermann was killed in the First World War, their daughter, Cacilie, committed suicide after an unhappy love affair. Rosa died in Auschwitz in 1942, Mitzi married her cousin Moritz Freud. There were three daughters, Margarethe, Lily, Martha and one son, Theodor who died in an accident aged 23. Martha, who was known as Tom and dressed as a man, after the suicide of her husband, Jakob Seidman, a journalist, she took her own life. Their daughter, Angela, was sent to live with relatives in Haifa, Lily became an actress and in 1917 married the actor Arnold Marlé. Mitzi died in Treblinka in 1942, Dolfi did not marry and remained in the family home to care for her parents. She died in Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1942, Pauli married Valentine Winternitz and emigrated to the United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice was born in 1896. After the death of her husband she and her returned to Europe. Rose married Ernst Waldinger, a poet, in 1923 and they moved to New York City after the war where a daughter, Ruth, was born. Pauli died in Treblinka in 1942, Alexander Freud married Sophie Sabine Schreiber. Their son, Harry, born in 1909, emigrated to the United States, both Freud’s half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, shortly before the rest of the Freud family moved to Vienna in 1860
Freud family
–
Freud family portrait, 1876. Standing left to right: Paula, Anna, Sigmund, Emmanuel, Rosa and Marie Freud and their cousin Simon Nathanson. Seated: Adolfine, Amalia, Alexander and Jacob Freud. The other boy and girl are unidentified.
Freud family
–
Freud's mother,
Amalia, in 1903.
Freud family
–
Sigmund Freud, 1926.
Freud family
–
Freud's last home, 20 Maresfield Gardens, London NW3, now the Freud Museum
10.
Sigmund Freud
–
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology, Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938 Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis and he died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In creating psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, Freuds redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the analysis of symptom formation. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, in his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, nonetheless, Freuds work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Audens 1940 poetic tribute, by the time of Freuds death, Freud was born to Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, in modern-day Ukraine and his father, Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakobs family were Hasidic Jews, and although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition and he and Freuds mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a room, in a locksmiths house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as an omen for the boys future. In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg, Freuds half brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the inseparable playmate of his early childhood, Emanuels son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born, Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, Paula, in 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors and he loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17, in 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Clauss zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. He graduated with an MD in 1881, in 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital
Sigmund Freud
–
Freud by Max Halberstadt, 1921
Sigmund Freud
–
Freud's birthplace, a rented room in a locksmith's house,
Příbor,
Austro-Hungarian Empire
Sigmund Freud
–
Freud (aged 16) and his beloved mother,
Amalia, in 1872
Sigmund Freud
–
Freud's home at
Berggasse 19, Vienna
11.
Clement Freud
–
Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, in 2016, seven years after he died, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations. He was born Clemens Rafael Freud in Berlin, the son of Jewish parents Ernst L. Freud and he was the grandson of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and the brother of artist Lucian Freud. His family fled to Britain from Nazi Germany and his forenames were anglicised to Clement Raphael and he spent his later childhood in Hampstead where he attended the Hall School, Hampstead, a preparatory school. He also attended two independent schools, he boarded at Dartington Hall, and also went to St Pauls School and he naturalised as a British subject on 4 September 1939, three days after the outbreak of World War II. During the war Freud joined the Royal Ulster Rifles and served in the ranks and he acted as an aide to Field Marshal Montgomery. He worked at the Nuremberg Trials and in 1947 was commissioned as an officer and he married June Flewett in 1950, and the couple had five children. Flewett had taken the stage name Jill Raymond in 1944, Freud became an Anglican at the time of his marriage. Freud was one of Britains first celebrity chefs, he worked at the Dorchester Hotel and he appeared in a series of dog food advertisements in which he co-starred with a bloodhound called Henry which shared his trademark hangdog expression. In 1968, he wrote the childrens book Grimble, followed by a sequel, Grimble at Christmas, whilst running a nightclub, he met a newspaper editor who gave him a job as a sports journalist. From there he became a food and drink writer, writing columns for many publications. His departure from Parliament was marked by the award of a knighthood, Ladbrokes quoted me at 33-1 in this three-horse contest, so Ladbrokes paid for me to have rather more secretarial and research staff than other MPs, which helped to keep me in for five parliaments. His autobiography, Freud Ego, recalls his election win, and shortly after and he wrote It suddenly occurred to me that after nine years of fame I now had something solid about which to be famous. During his time as a Member of Parliament, he visited China with a delegation of MPs, including Winston Churchill, the grandson of the wartime prime minister. When Churchill was given the best room in the hotel, on account of his lineage, towards the end of the five-year term was a March 1979 Vote of No Confidence against Callaghans government and Freud was expected to follow his party and vote with the Opposition. He declined the offer and voted as stated by his party, after the lapse of the Lib-Lab pact, otherwise the government could have continued until October 1979. For many, Freud was best known as a panellist on the long-running Radio 4 show Just a Minute, Freud performed a small monologue for the Wings 1973 album Band on the Run and appeared on the albums cover. In 1974, he was elected Rector of the University of Dundee, a generation later, in 2002, he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews, beating feminist and academic Germaine Greer and local challenger Barry Joss, holding the position for one term
Clement Freud
–
Sir Clement Freud
12.
The Drama Centre
–
Drama Centre London is a British drama school in Kings Cross, London, where it recently moved after a major reshaping of the university. The school is part of Central Saint Martins, a constituent college of the University of the Arts London and is a member of Drama UK, the BA and MA Acting courses, offered by the school, are accredited by Drama UK. Drama Centre London was founded in 1963 by a group of teachers and students from the Central School of Speech and Drama, led by John Blatchley, Yat Malmgren. The school was located originally on Prince of Wales Road, Chalk Farm, since 1999, it has operated as an integral school of Central Saint Martins College of Arts and Design, offering degree programmes in acting, directing and screenwriting. A principal aim in the founding of the school was to bring some of the developments in American and European theatre to the training of British. The schools work also draws on the English tradition, particularly that of Joan Littlewood and these approaches are taught as part of the Western theatrical tradition that began with the Greeks, on which the school places great emphasis. When the school was founded, it was the drama school in the country to have an acting class. Because of its rigor, the nickname is Trauma Center. The school offers a theatre-based training incorporating both modern and classical texts, and also prepares actors for the demands of screen acting, for which it has a two-year postgraduate course. The Drama Centre has always had an international outlook and was the first British drama school to introduce some of the classics of the European repertoire, Spanish, German. Today, this tradition continues and is reflected in a spectrum of international links. The Platform Theatre is a receiving and producing theatre situated in the Central Saint Martins complex at Kings Cross, the theatre holds 360 in a variety of configurations, has an orchestra pit and a full flying tower and is equipped to high professional standards. The theatre aims to present all aspects of the performing arts, productions by students of Drama Centre London are presented here, as is work by students of other colleges of the University of the Arts, London
The Drama Centre
–
Colleges and subdivisions
13.
The Bill
–
The Bill is a British police procedural television series, first broadcast on ITV from 16 October 1984 until 31 August 2010. The programme originated from a drama, Woodentop, broadcast in August 1983. In its final year on air, The Bill was broadcast once a week, usually on Tuesdays or Thursdays, the programme focused on the lives and work of one shift of police officers, rather than on any particular aspect of police work. The Bill was the police procedural television series in the United Kingdom. The title originates from Old Bill, a term for the police. Although highly acclaimed by fans and critics, the series attracted controversy on several occasions, an episode broadcast in 2008 was criticised for featuring fictional treatment for multiple sclerosis. The series has faced more general criticism concerning its levels of violence, particularly prior to 2009. The Bill won several awards, including BAFTAs, a Writers Guild of Great Britain award and Best Drama at the Inside Soap Awards in 2009, throughout its twenty-seven-year run, the programme was always broadcast on the main ITV network. In later years, episodes of the show were repeated on ITV3 on their week of broadcast, the series has also been repeated on other digital stations, including Gold, Alibi, Watch, Dave and Drama. In March 2010, executives at ITV announced that the network did not intend to recommission The Bill, the last episode aired on 31 August 2010. The Bill was originally conceived by Geoff McQueen in 1983, then a new television writer. McQueen had originally titled the production Old Bill, the first episode of the full series was Funny Ol Business – Cops & Robbers. With serialisation, the name of the changed from Woodentop to The Bill. In its first four years the series was broadcast between July onwards each year, with a 12-week summer break from May until the next July. In 1998, The Bill returned to hour-long episodes, which later became twice-weekly, with the Friday episode, being dropped, at which point the series adopted a much more serialised approach. When Paul Marquess took over as producer in 2002, as part of a drive for ratings. Many veteran characters were written out, leading to the Sun Hill fire during 2002, Marquess stated that the clearout was necessary to introduce plausible, powerful new characters. As part of the new format, much more of the characters personal lives were explored, however, as Marquess put it
The Bill
–
An image from the final opening credits of The Bill
The Bill
–
Set of the CID office in the Merton studios (now
Wimbledon Studios)
The Bill
–
Metropolitan Police and station crest from the Sun Hill set
14.
Doctor Who
–
Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of a Time Lord called The Doctor and he explores the universe in a time-travelling space ship called the TARDIS. Its exterior appears as a blue British police box, which was a sight in Britain in 1963 when the series first aired. Accompanied by a number of companions, the Doctor combats a variety of foes, while working to save civilisations, the show is a significant part of British popular culture, and elsewhere it has gained a cult following. It has influenced generations of British television professionals, many of whom grew up watching the series, the programme originally ran from 1963 to 1989. There was an attempt to revive regular production in 1996 with a backdoor pilot. The programme was relaunched in 2005, and since then has been produced in-house by BBC Wales in Cardiff, twelve actors have headlined the series as the Doctor. The conceit is that this is a Time Lord trait through which the character of the Doctor takes on a new body, each actors portrayal differs, but all represent stages in the life of the same character and form a single narrative. The time-travelling feature of the means that different incarnations of the Doctor occasionally meet. The current lead, Peter Capaldi, took on the role after Matt Smiths exit in the 2013 Christmas special The Time of the Doctor, in 2017, Capaldi confirmed he would be leaving at the end of the tenth series. Doctor Who follows the adventures of the character, a rogue Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey. He fled from Gallifrey in a stolen TARDIS – Time and Relative Dimension in Space – a machine which allows him to travel across time, the TARDIS has a chameleon circuit which normally allows the machine to take on the appearance of local objects as a disguise. However, the Doctors TARDIS remains fixed as a blue British police box due to a malfunction in the chameleon circuit, the Doctor rarely travels alone and often brings one or more companions to share these adventures. His companions are usually humans, as he has found a fascination with planet Earth, as a Time Lord, the Doctor has the ability to regenerate when his body is mortally damaged, taking on a new appearance and personality. The Doctor has gained numerous reoccurring enemies during his travels, including the Daleks, the Cybermen, and the Master, another renegade Time Lord. Doctor Who first appeared on BBC TV at 17,16,20 GMT, eighty seconds after the programme time,5,15 pm. It was to be a weekly programme, each episode 25 minutes of transmission length. Discussions and plans for the programme had been in progress for a year, writer Anthony Coburn, story editor David Whitaker and initial producer Verity Lambert also heavily contributed to the development of the series
Doctor Who
–
The Present
TARDIS prop used from 2010 till the present day.
Doctor Who
–
Doctor Who title card since 2014
Doctor Who
–
The Doctor portrayed by series leads in chronological order. Left to right from top row;
William Hartnell,
Patrick Troughton,
Jon Pertwee,
Tom Baker,
Peter Davison,
Colin Baker,
Sylvester McCoy,
Paul McGann,
Christopher Eccleston,
David Tennant,
Matt Smith and
Peter Capaldi.
Doctor Who
–
1963–67 (
First Doctor and
Second Doctor)
15.
Attack of the Cybermen
–
Beginning with this serial and continuing for the remainder of Season 22, episodes were 45 minutes in length, for syndication, in some markets, this serial is re-edited into four 25-minute segments. Attack of the Cybermen is a sequel to the previous seasons Resurrection of the Daleks, in the sewers of London, two workers are attacked by an unseen force. The Doctor eventually manages to pilot the TARDIS to Earth in the year 1985, on Earth, the former Dalek mercenary Lytton has apparently taken up a new life as a London gangster, and is plotting a £10 million diamond raid with his cohorts Griffiths, Payne and Russell. The four intend to enter the bank through the sewers where the two workmen were ambushed, but Lytton activates a strange transmitter before they enter the sewer. This emits a signal that the Doctor picks up. The TARDIS changes shape, to a conspicuous ornamental stove. After searching the area, he determines that the transmitter is a dummy and they arrive at the sewer entrance and find the transmitter, but are held up by two policemen who are under Lyttons control. In the sewers, Payne falls behind the three, and is beaten to death by the force that attacked the workers. Lytton and the come to a dead end, and find a Cyberman approaching them. Griffiths shoots it, but Lytton disarms him and surrenders to the Cybermen, Russell flees, encounters the Doctor and Peri, and reveals himself to be an undercover police officer who is investigating Lytton. On the Cybermens adopted homeworld of Telos, two slaves, Bates and Stratton, escape from their party and decapitate a Cyberman. They use its helmet to disguise Stratton as a Cyberman and enter Cyber Control, the Cybermen have captured a time-travelling vessel from Bates and Stratton, who intend to reclaim it and escape from Telos. The Doctor, Peri and Russell return to the TARDIS, where they are ambushed by the Cybermen, Russell manages to kill two of them, but is then killed himself, and the Cyber Leader orders the other Cybermen to kill Peri. The Doctor threatens to self-destruct the TARDIS if the Cybermen do not release Peri, the Leader agrees to spare their lives, and reveals that the Cyber Controller is still alive on Telos. The Doctor is forced to set a course for Telos, and is imprisoned in one of the TARDISs rooms along with Peri, Lytton, the Doctor notes that Lytton seems oddly familiar with the history of the Cybermen, Telos and the Cryons. On Telos, most of the hibernating Cybermen have become damaged, the TARDIS arrives, but in the depths of the Cybermens cryogenic tombs rather than in Cyber Control. Just as the Cybermen prepare to take the four there, a damaged Cyberman breaks out of its tomb and destroys one of the other Cybermen, Lytton, Griffiths and Peri escape in the confusion, but the Doctor does not. Lytton and Griffiths meet another Cryon, and it transpires that Lytton has been working for all along
Attack of the Cybermen
–
The Doctor battling against
Cybermen
Attack of the Cybermen
–
Attack of the Cybermen
16.
Hideous Kinky
–
Hideous Kinky is an autobiographical novel by Esther Freud, daughter of British painter Lucian Freud and great-granddaughter of Sigmund Freud. It depicts the authors childhood in Morocco with her mother and her elder sister. In 1998, an adaptation was released. A young mother and her two daughters travel to Marrakech, Morocco, during the 1960s, the mother, Julia, is disenchanted by the dreary conventions of English life, hence the journey. They live in a low-rent Marrakesh hotel and make an out of making hand-sewn dolls and with some money sent by the girls father. Whilst the mother explores Sufism and quests for personal fulfilment, the daughters rebel, the elder, Bea, attempting to re-create her English life, wants to get an education and insists on going to school. The younger, Lucy, dreams of things, like mashed potatoes. Her hopes settle on a most unlikely candidate, the girls match their mother with Bilal, a Moroccan con man and acrobat, the relationship turns sexual and he moves in, becoming almost a surrogate father. However, Julias friend encourages her to travel to Algiers and study with a Sufi master at a school that advocates the annihilation of the ego, as money vanishes, Julias response is to claim that God will provide, albeit in the person of Bilal. In 1998, the novel was adapted into a film, Hideous Kinky,1992, UK, Hamish Hamilton ISBN 0-241-13179-0, Pub date 30 January 1992, hardback 1992, USA, Harcourt ISBN 0-15-140216-7, Pub date. July 1992, hardback 1993, UK, Penguin Books ISBN 0-14-017412-5, Pub date 25 February 1993, paperback 1998, USA, april 1998, paperback 1999, UK, CSA Word ISBN 1-901768-20-1, Pub date
Hideous Kinky
–
First edition
17.
Hideous Kinky (film)
–
Hideous Kinky is a 1998 drama directed by Scottish director Gillies MacKinnon. Based on Esther Freuds semi-autobiographical 1992 novel of the same name, in 1972, disenchanted about the dreary conventions of English life, 25-year-old Julia heads for Morocco with her daughters, six-year-old Lucy and eight-year-old Bea. Living in a low-rent Marrakech hotel, the trio survive on the sale of dolls and money from the girls father. After the girls match their mother with gentle Moroccan acrobat and conman Bilal, sexual gears are set in motion and he eventually moves in with them and serves as a surrogate father. Julias friend Eva urges Julia to study in Algiers with a revered Sufi master at a school of the annihilation of the ego, in another sequence, European dandy Santoni invites Julia and the girls to his villa. As finances dwindle, Bilals philosophy is God will provide, although usually it is Bilal himself who provides, at one point Bea contracts a streptococcus infection while he is gone and nearly dies. Bilal returns only to again, but he has a plan. They discover that three return tickets that suddenly appear have been bought by him with money he got from the sale of his uniform, in the end, Julia and the girls board a train back to London. Kate Winslets performance won praise from many reviewers, in Variety, critic Lisa Nesselson also praised the radiant and sturdy Winslet for her performance, and argued that the film was filtered through a sober and intelligent artistic eye. Rolling Stone reviewer Craig Mathieson called the film a compelling authentic journey, as of November 2016, website Rotten Tomatoes - which compiles and averages old and new reviews for a film - had Hideous Kinky rated at 65 per cent approval. Julia, the mother of Lucy and Bea Saïd Taghmaoui, Bilal, con man and acrobat Bella Riza. Bea, eight year old sister of Lucy Carrie Mullan, Lucy, six year old sister of Bea Pierre Clémenti. Charlotte Hideous Kinky at the Internet Movie Database Hideous Kinky at AllMovie Hideous Kinky at Rotten Tomatoes
Hideous Kinky (film)
–
Hideous Kinky film poster
18.
Kate Winslet
–
Kate Elizabeth Winslet, CBE, is an English actress and singer. Winslet is the recipient of an Academy Award, an AACTA Award, three BAFTA Awards, a BIFA Award, four Golden Globe Awards, a Grammy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. She is the youngest person to receive six Academy Award nominations, with seven nominations in total, in addition, she has won awards from the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and European Film Academy, among others, and the Honorary César Award in 2012. Brought up in Berkshire, Winslet studied drama from childhood and began her career in British television in 1991 and she made her film debut in Heavenly Creatures, for which she received praise. She garnered recognition for her role in Sense and Sensibility before achieving global stardom with the epic romance Titanic. Winslets performances in Iris, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind, Finding Neverland, Little Children, Revolutionary Road, The Dressmaker, in 2008, film critic David Edelstein described her as the best English-speaking film actress of her generation. Winslets greatest commercial successes since Titanic include the romantic comedy The Holiday, the animated film Flushed Away, in addition to acting, Winslet has narrated documentaries and childrens books. She was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children in 2000 for narrating Listen to the Storyteller and she has also provided her vocals to soundtracks of her films, including the single What If from Christmas Carol, The Movie. Divorced from two directors, Jim Threapleton and Sam Mendes, Winslet is currently married to businessman Ned Rocknroll. Kate Elizabeth Winslet was born in Reading, Berkshire, England to Sally Anne, a barmaid, and Roger John Winslet and she has two sisters, Beth and Anna, and one brother, Joss Winslet. Winslet began studying drama at the age of 11 at the Redroofs Theatre School, a independent school in Maidenhead, Berkshire. At the age of 12, Winslet appeared in an advertisement directed by filmmaker Tim Pope for Sugar Puffs cereal. Pope said her naturalism was there from the start, Winslet made her television debut with a co-starring role in the BBC childrens science fiction serial Dark Season. This role was followed by appearances in the made-for-TV film Anglo-Saxon Attitudes in 1992, the sitcom Get Back, in 1992, Winslet attended a casting call for Peter Jacksons Heavenly Creatures in London. Winslet auditioned for the role of Juliet Hulme, a teenager who assists in the murder of the mother of her best friend, Pauline Parker. The film included Winslets singing debut, and her a version of Sono Andati. The film was released to reviews in 1994 and won Jackson. Winslet was awarded the Empire Award and London Film Critics Circle Award for British Actress of the Year for her performance, the Washington Post writer Desson Thomson commented, As Juliet, Winslet is a bright-eyed ball of fire, lighting up every scene she’s in
Kate Winslet
–
Winslet at the premiere of
The Dressmaker in
Toronto, September 2015
Kate Winslet
–
Winslet at the
2006 Toronto International Film Festival
Kate Winslet
–
Winslet at the 2007
Palm Springs International Film Festival
Kate Winslet
–
Winslet at the
2011 Venice Film Festival
19.
Tove Jansson
–
Tove Marika Jansson was a Swedish-speaking Finnish novelist, painter, illustrator and comic strip author. For her contribution as a writer she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1966. Brought up by parents, Jansson studied art from 1930 to 1938 in Stockholm, Helsinki. Her first solo art exhibition was in 1943, at the same time, she was writing short stories and articles for publication, as well as creating the graphics for book covers and other purposes. She continued to work as an artist for the rest of her life, Jansson is best known as the author of the Moomin books for children. Starting with the semi-autobiographical Bildhuggarens dotter in 1968, she wrote six novels, Tove Jansson was born in Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire. Toves siblings also became artists, Per Olov Jansson became a photographer and Lars Jansson an author, whilst their home was in Helsinki, the family spent many of their summers in a rented cottage on an island near Porvoo,50 km east of Helsinki. She displayed a number of artworks in exhibitions during the 30s and early 40s, aged 14, she wrote and illustrated her first picture book Sara och Pelle och näckens bläckfiskar although it was not published until 1933, and had drawings published in magazines in the 1920s. During the 1930s she made trips to other European countries. During this period, Jansson designed many covers, adverts and postcards, and, following her mother, she drew illustrations for Garm. Briefly engaged in the 1940s to Atos Wirtanen, she later during her studies met her future partner Tuulikki Pietilä, the two women collaborated on many works and projects, including a model of the Moominhouse, in collaboration with Pentti Eistola. This is now exhibited at the Moomin museum in Tampere, Jansson wrote and illustrated her first Moomin book, The Moomins and the Great Flood, in 1945, during World War II. She said later that the war had depressed her and she had wanted to write something naïve and this first book was hardly noticed, but the next Moomin books, Comet in Moominland and Finn Family Moomintroll, made her famous. She went on to six more Moomin books, a number of picture books. Her fame spread quickly and she became Finlands most widely read author abroad, for her lasting contribution to childrens literature she received the biennial, international Hans Christian Andersen Award for Writing in 1966. Jansson continued painting and writing for the rest of her life and her first foray outside childrens literature was Bildhuggarens dotter, a semi-autobiographical book written in 1968. After that, she authored five more novels, including Sommarboken, although she had a studio in Helsinki, she lived many summers on a small island called Klovharu, one of the Pellinki Islands near the town of Porvoo. Janssons and Pietiläs travels and summers spent together on the Klovharu island in Pellinki have been captured on several hours of film, several documentaries have been made of this footage, the latest being Haru, yksinäinen saari and Tove ja Tooti Euroopassa
Tove Jansson
–
Tove Jansson in 1967
Tove Jansson
–
Signature
Tove Jansson
–
Tove Jansson and Finnish Children's Culture commemorative coin (2004)
20.
Faber and Faber
–
Faber and Faber Limited, often abbreviated to Faber, is an independent publishing house in the United Kingdom. Faber has published some of the most well-known literature in the English language, Poet T. S. Eliot was once a Faber editor. In 2006 the company was named the KPMG Publisher of the Year, Faber and Faber Inc. formerly the American branch of the London company, was sold in 1998 to the Holtzbrinck company Farrar, Straus and Giroux, which now operates as part of the Macmillan Group. Faber and Faber began as a firm in 1929, but its roots go back to the Scientific Press, owned by Sir Maurice, the Scientific Press derived much of its income from the weekly magazine The Nursing Mirror. The Gwyers desire to expand into trade publishing led them to Geoffrey Faber, after four years, The Nursing Mirror was sold and Geoffrey Faber and the Gwyers agreed to go their separate ways. Faber selected the name of Faber and Faber, although there was no other Faber involved. T. S. Eliot, who had suggested to Faber by Charles Whibley, had left Lloyds Bank in London to join Faber as a literary adviser, in the first season. In 1928, Faber and Faber published its first commercial success, the book was at first published anonymously, the authors name, Siegfried Sassoon, was added to the title page for the second impression. Over the next six months, it was reprinted eight times, under Geoffrey Fabers chairmanship, the board in 1929 included Eliot, Richard de la Mare, Charles Stewart, and Frank Morley. Faber published biographies, memoirs, fiction, poetry, political and religious essays, art and architecture monographs, childrens books, and it also published Eliots literary review, The Criterion. Eliot rejected two books by George Orwell, A Scullions Tale and Animal Farm, during the Second World War, paper shortages meant profits were large, but almost all went to taxes, and subsequent years were difficult. Faber and Faber has continued to prosper in recent years, established names have been joined by new voices, including Kazuo Ishiguro, Peter Carey, Orhan Pamuk, and Barbara Kingsolver. Having published the works of Samuel Beckett for many years. Faber announced in October 2011 that Jarvis Cocker, lead singer of the band Pulp, would be joining as editor-at-large, in 2008, the imprint Faber Finds was set up to make copyrighted out-of-print books available again, using print-on-demand technology. In 2009, Faber Finds began to release e-books, Fabers American arm was sold in 1998 to Farrar, Straus and Giroux, where it remained as an imprint focused on arts, entertainment, media, and popular culture. In February 2015, Faber announced the end of its partnership with FSG, in June 2012, to coincide with the Queens Diamond Jubilee, Faber launched a website – Sixty Years in Sixty Poems. In 2008, Faber launched The Faber Academy, a creative writing business offering courses for aspiring writers, courses include The Art of Publication, Writing Fiction, and Becoming a Poet. At times, courses are tutored by famous writers, such as Mike Figgis, Jeanette Winterson, notable students have included S. J. Watson
Faber and Faber
–
Faber and Faber
21.
Southwold
–
Southwold is a small town on the English North Sea coast in the Waveney district of Suffolk. It lies at the mouth of the River Blyth within the Suffolk Coast, the town is about 11 miles south of Lowestoft,29 miles north-east of Ipswich and 97 miles north-east of London, within the parliamentary constituency of Suffolk Coastal. The All Usual Residents 2011 Census figure gives a total of 1,098 persons for the town, the 2012 Housing Report by the Southwold and Reydon Society concluded that 49 per cent of the dwellings in the town are used as second homes and let to holiday-makers. Southwold was the home of a number of Puritan emigrants to the Massachusetts Bay Colony in the 1630s, notably a party of 18 assembled under Rev. Young, which travelled in the Mary Ann in 1637. Richard Ibrook, born in Southwold and a bailiff of the town, emigrated to Hingham, Massachusetts, along with Rev. Peter Hobart, son of Edmund Hobart of Hingham. Rev. Hobart had been an assistant vicar of St Edmunds Church, Hobart married in America Rebecca Ibrook, daughter of his fellow Puritan Richard Ibrook. The migrants to Hingham were led by Robert Peck, vicar of St Andrews Church in Hingham, a fire in 1659 devastated most of the town and damaged St Edmunds Church, whose original structure dated from the 12th century. The fire created a number of spaces within the town which were never rebuilt. Today this series of varied and very delightful village greens and the restriction of expansion because of the marshes, have preserved the towns genteel appearance. The battle was bloody but indecisive and many bodies were washed ashore, Southwold Museum has a collection of mementos of the event. During World War I, it was thought that these cannon were one reason why this part of the coast was bombarded by the German Fleet as a fortified coast. In World War II the cannon were removed, reputedly buried for safety. Southwold is part of the Southwold and Reydonelectoral ward, in the Waveney District Council area. The population of this ward, taken at the 2011 census, was 3,680, although once home to a number of different industries, Southwolds economy nowadays is mainly based on services, and particularly hotels, holiday accommodation, catering, and tourism. However, there has been a trend in recent years for retailing chains, including food and beverages, clothing and stationery shops. Adnams Brewery is located in Southwold, and is the towns largest single employer, although the fishing fleet and the industry generally is much diminished, Southwold Harbour remains one of the main fishing ports on the Suffolk coastline. In 2012, additional facilities for the fleet were constructed there, as part of the repair, the narrow-gauge Southwold Railway connected the town to Halesworth and ran from 24 September 1879 to 11 April 1929. In 2007 the Southwold Railway Society submitted plans to build a new line between the parish of Easton Bavents and Henham Park, to link the town to the nearest mainline service at Halesworth
Southwold
–
The lighthouse from the North Parade
Southwold
–
Adnams Brewery
Southwold
–
The lighthouse
Southwold
–
Southwold Pier in the summer sunshine
22.
The Times
–
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London, England. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register, the Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly owned by News Corp. The Times and The Sunday Times do not share editorial staff, were founded independently and have only had common ownership since 1967 and its news and its editorial comment have in general been carefully coordinated, and have at most times been handled with an earnest sense of responsibility. While the paper has admitted some trivia to its columns, its emphasis has been on important public affairs treated with an eye to the best interests of Britain. To guide this treatment, the editors have for long periods been in touch with 10 Downing Street. In these countries, the newspaper is often referred to as The London Times or The Times of London, although the newspaper is of national scope, in November 2006 The Times began printing headlines in a new font, Times Modern. The Times was printed in broadsheet format for 219 years, the Sunday Times remains a broadsheet. The Times had a daily circulation of 446,164 in December 2016, in the same period. An American edition of The Times has been published since 6 June 2006 and it has been heavily used by scholars and researchers because of its widespread availability in libraries and its detailed index. A complete historical file of the paper, up to 2010, is online from Gale Cengage Learning. The Times was founded by publisher John Walter on 1 January 1785 as The Daily Universal Register, Walter had lost his job by the end of 1784 after the insurance company where he was working went bankrupt because of the complaints of a Jamaican hurricane. Being unemployed, Walter decided to set a new business up and it was in that time when Henry Johnson invented the logography, a new typography that was faster and more precise. Walter bought the patent and to use it, he decided to open a printing house. The first publication of the newspaper The Daily Universal Register in Great Britain was 1 January 1785, unhappy because people always omitted the word Universal, Ellias changed the title after 940 editions on 1 January 1788 to The Times. In 1803, Walter handed ownership and editorship to his son of the same name, the Times used contributions from significant figures in the fields of politics, science, literature, and the arts to build its reputation. For much of its life, the profits of The Times were very large. Beginning in 1814, the paper was printed on the new steam-driven cylinder press developed by Friedrich Koenig, in 1815, The Times had a circulation of 5,000. Thomas Barnes was appointed editor in 1817
The Times
–
Front page of The Times from 4 December 1788
The Times
–
Roy Thomson
The Times
–
A wounded British officer reading The Times's report of the end of the
Crimean War, in
John Everett Millais ' painting
Peace Concluded.
The Times
–
John Walter, the founder of The Times
23.
Wayback Machine
–
The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
–
Wayback Machine
24.
Virtual International Authority File
–
The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
Virtual International Authority File
–
Screenshot 2012
25.
Integrated Authority File
–
The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
Integrated Authority File
–
GND screenshot
