1.
Astoria, Queens
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Astoria is a middle-class and commercial neighborhood with a population of 78,793 in the northwestern corner of the New York City borough of Queens. Located in Community Board 1, Astoria is bounded by the East River and is adjacent to three other Queens neighborhoods, Long Island City, Sunnyside, and Woodside, Astoria is patrolled by the New York City Police Departments 114th Precinct. The area now known as Astoria was originally called Halletts Cove, after its first landowner William Hallett, beginning in the early 19th century, affluent New Yorkers constructed large residences around 12th and 14th streets, an area that later became known as Astoria Village. Halletts Cove, incorporated on April 12,1839 and previously founded by fur merchant Stephen A. Halsey, was a recreational destination. The area was renamed for John Jacob Astor, then the wealthiest man in America with a net worth of over $40 million and he only invested $500, but the name stayed nonetheless, as a bitter battle over naming the village finally was won by Astors supporters and friends. From Astors summer home in Hell Gate, Manhattan—on what is now East 87th Street near York Avenue—he could see across the East River the new Long Island village named in his honor, Astor, however, never actually set foot in Astoria. During the second half of the 19th century, economic and commercial growth brought increased immigration from German settlers, mostly furniture and cabinet makers. One such settler was Heinrich Engelhard Steinweg, patriarch of the Steinway family who founded the piano company Steinway & Sons in 1853, later on the Steinways built a sawmill and foundry, as well as a streetcar line. The family eventually established Steinway Village for their workers, a town that provided school instruction in German as well as English. Astoria and several surrounding villages, including Steinway, were incorporated into Long Island City in 1870. Long Island City remained an independent municipality until it was incorporated into New York City in 1898, the areas farms were turned into housing tracts and street grids to accommodate the growing number of residents. Astoria also figured prominently in early American filmmaking as one of its initial centers and that heritage is preserved today by the Museum of the Moving Image and Kaufman Astoria Studios. Today, much of the Astoria waterfront is being redeveloped and underutilized industrial sites in historic neighborhoods are being revived. The development will include new waterfront parks, a supermarket, retail shops and restaurants. These waterfront projects were designed by a New York architectural firm, in conjunction with private developers, city agencies and landscape architects. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Astoria was 78,793, covering an area of 902.94 acres, the neighborhood had a population density of 87.3 inhabitants per acre. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 49. 2% White,4. 5% African American,0. 2% Native American,16. 2% Asian,0. 0% Pacific Islander,1. 2% from other races, and 2. 2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26. 5% of the population, Astoria was first settled by the Dutch and Germans in the 17th century
2.
Queens
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Queens is the easternmost and largest in area of the five boroughs of New York City. Coterminous with Queens County since 1899, the borough of Queens is the second-largest in population, with a census-estimated 2,339,150 residents in 2015, approximately 48% of them foreign-born. Queens County also is the second-most populous county in the U. S. state of New York, behind the borough of Brooklyn. Queens is the fourth-most densely populated county among New York Citys boroughs, if each of New York Citys boroughs were an independent city, Queens also would be the nations fourth most populous city, after Los Angeles, Chicago, and Brooklyn. Queens is the most ethnically diverse area in the world. Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and it was named after the Portuguese Princess Catherine of Braganza, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland. It became a borough of New York City in 1898, and from 1683 until 1899, Queens has the most diversified economy of the five boroughs of New York City It is home to JFK International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. These airports are among the busiest in the world, causing the airspace above Queens to be the most congested in the country, attractions in Queens include Flushing Meadows Park, Citi Field, the US Open tennis tournament, Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, and Aqueduct Racetrack. European colonization brought Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherland colony, First settlements occurred in 1635 followed by early colonizations at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen in 1643. Other early settlements included Newtown and Jamaica, however, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the Flushing Remonstrance signed by colonists in 1657 is considered a precursor to the United States Constitutions provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. The signers protested the Dutch colonial authorities persecution of Quakers in what is today the borough of Queens, originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was a county of New York State, one of twelve created on November 1,1683. The county was named after Catherine of Braganza, since she was queen of England at the time, the county was founded alongside Kings County, and Richmond County. On October 7,1691, all counties in the Colony of New York were redefined, Queens gained North Brother Island, South Brother Island, and Huletts Island. On December 3,1768, Queens gained other islands in Long Island Sound that were not already assigned to a county, Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn, where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown
3.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange
4.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
5.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
6.
Colorado Springs, Colorado
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Colorado Springs is a home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of El Paso County, Colorado, United States. Colorado Springs is located in the east central portion of the state and it is situated on Fountain Creek and is located 60 miles south of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. At 6,035 feet the city stands over 1 mile above sea level, Colorado Springs is situated near the base of one of the most famous American mountains, Pikes Peak, rising above 14,000 feet on the eastern edge of the Southern Rocky Mountains. The city is home to 24 national governing bodies of sport, the United States Olympic Committee and the United States Olympic Training Center. The city had an population of 456,568 in 2015, ranking as the second most populous city in the state of Colorado, behind Denver. The Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an population of 712,327 in 2016. The city covers 194.9 square miles, making it the most extensive municipality in Colorado, Colorado Springs was ranked number five by U. S. News & World Report on the list of 2016 Best Places to Live in the USA. The Ute, Arapaho and Cheyenne peoples were the first to inhabit the area which would become Colorado Springs, part of the territory included in the United States 1803 Louisiana Purchase, the current city area was designated part of the 1854 Kansas Territory. In 1859, after the first local settlement was established, it part of the Jefferson Territory on October 24. Colorado City at the Front Range confluence of Fountain and Camp creeks was formally organized on August 13,1859 during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. It served as the capital of the Colorado Territory from November 5,1861, until August 14,1862, in 1871 the Colorado Springs Company laid out the towns of La Font and Fountain Colony, upstream and downstream respectively, of Colorado City. Within a year, Fountain Colony would be renamed Colorado Springs, the El Paso County seat shifted from Colorado City in 1873 to the Town of Colorado Springs. On December 1,1880, Colorado Springs expanded northward with two annexations, the second period of annexations was during 1889–90, and included Seaveys Addition, West Colorado Springs, East End, and another North End addition. In 1891 the Broadmoor Land Company built the Broadmoor suburb, which included the Broadmoor Casino, and by December 12,1895, by 1898, the city was designated into quadrants by the north-south Cascade Avenue and the east-west Washington/Pikes Peak avenues. From 1899 to 1901 Tesla Experimental Station operated on Knob Hill, alexander Airport north of the city opened in 1925, and in 1927 the original Colorado Springs Municipal Airport land was purchased east of the city. In World War II the United States Army Air Forces leased land adjacent to the municipal airfield and this was only one of several military presences in and around Colorado Springs during the war. In November 1950, Ent Air Force Base was selected as the Cold War headquarters for Air Defense Command. The former WWII Army Air Base, Peterson Field, which had been inactivated at the end of the war, was re-opened in 1951 as a U. S. Air Force base
7.
Colorado
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Colorado is a state in the United States encompassing most of the Southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. Colorado is part of the Western United States, the Southwestern United States, Colorado is the 8th most extensive and the 21st most populous of the 50 United States. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1,2016, the state was named for the Colorado River, which Spanish travelers named the Río Colorado for the ruddy silt the river carried from the mountains. The Territory of Colorado was organized on February 28,1861, Colorado is nicknamed the Centennial State because it became a state in the same year as the centennial of the United States Declaration of Independence. Colorado is noted for its landscape of mountains, forests, high plains, mesas, canyons, plateaus, rivers. Denver is the capital and the most populous city of Colorado, residents of the state are properly known as Coloradans, although the term Coloradoan has been used archaically and lives on in the title of Fort Collins newspaper, the Coloradoan. Colorado, Wyoming and Utah are the states which have boundaries defined solely by lines of latitude and longitude. The summit of Mount Elbert at 14,440 feet elevation in Lake County is the highest point in Colorado, Colorado is the only U. S. state that lies entirely above 1,000 meters elevation. The point where the Arikaree River flows out of Yuma County, Colorado and this point, which holds the distinction of being the highest low elevation point of any state, is higher than the high elevation points of 18 states and the District of Columbia. A little less than one half of the area of Colorado is flat, East of the Rocky Mountains are the Colorado Eastern Plains of the High Plains, the section of the Great Plains within Nebraska at elevations ranging from roughly 3,350 to 7,500 feet. The Colorado plains were mostly prairies, but they have many patches of forests, buttes. Eastern Colorado is presently covered in farmland and rangeland, along with small farming villages. Precipitation is fair, averaging from 15 to 25 inches annually, corn, wheat, hay, soybeans, and oats are all typical crops, and most of the villages and towns in this region boast both a water tower and a grain elevator. Irrigation water is available from the South Platte, the Arkansas River, and a few other streams, however, heavy use of ground water from wells for irrigation has caused underground water reserves to decline. As well as agriculture, eastern Colorado hosts considerable livestock, such as cattle ranches. Roughly 70% of Colorados population resides along the edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The Front Range includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships, on the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose
8.
William Cullen Bryant High School
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William Cullen Bryant High School, or William C. Bryant High School, and Bryant High School for short, is a secondary school in Queens, New York City, United States serving grades 9 through 12. It is named in honor of William Cullen Bryant, an American romantic poet, journalist and he is most known for his work as one of the creators of Central Park in Manhattan, New York. The school has 2,652 students enrolled, the ethnic make-up of the school is 48. 3% Hispanic,27. 7% Asian,2. 5% White, the school has a four-year graduation rate of 69% and an attendance rate of 91%. In 2010, New York City Department of Education gave it a grade of C. The school was founded in 1889, a new building was erected in 1902-4 in the Dutch Kills section of Long Island City on 41st Ave. This building became Long Island City High School when Bryant moved to its current site on 31st Ave in 1930, William Cullen Bryant was the school in the popular film A Bronx Tale. Robert De Niro visited the school, two episodes of the hit TV show Ugly Betty were shot in the school. One was shot in the lunch room, the episode featured Lindsay Lohan who visited the school. The episode was called Granny Pants, in episode 13 of season one of Archie Bunkers Place titled Man of the Year Archie Bunker says he graduated from the school in 1940. The schools auditorium was named the Ethel Merman Theater in 1989 during its centennial celebration, moe Spahn, basketball player Veronica Gedeon, Long Island City native, commercial model,1937 New York City murder victim Sam Mele, Major League baseball player and manager. Billy Loes, former Major League baseball pitcher who played in the World Series, winning for the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1955, was born in the area and he also played for the Baltimore Orioles and the San Francisco Giants. David Horowitz, biographer and conservative intellectual, susan Anspach, noted American stage and film actress Suze Rotolo, an American artist, book artist, author, but best known as Bob Dylans girlfriend between 1961 and 1964. She is the woman walking with him on the cover of his album The Freewheelin Bob Dylan, richard Kline, played Larry Dallas on classic ABC-TV sitcom Threes Company. He also performed on Broadway in City of Angels and is a member of the Lincoln Center Repertory Company
9.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
10.
Robert Six
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Robert Forman Six was the CEO of Continental Airlines from 1936 to 1981. Owing in large part to the foundation he laid, Continental became one of the largest and most profitable airlines in the world. Six was one of the last of the group of innovators, pioneers, born in Stockton, California, Robert Six started his business career in sales for a public utility company, but was fired for taking flying lessons on company time. Six learned to fly in an Alexander Eaglerock biplane with an OX-5 engine, after about 10 hours aloft, he received pilots license in 1929, at the age of 22. He bought an OX-5-powered Travel Air biplane from Walter Beech, founded the Valley Flying Service, and proceeded to sell scenic rides to passengers, mueller gained control of the carrier in 1936 and sold 40% of the company to Six. During the 1940s and 1950s, Continental Airlines, led by Six, was able to expand its fleet of aircraft with profits from World War II when it provided air transportation to the military, Continental also performed military aircraft modification work at its Denver maintenance facilities. Six spent some time during the war in the United States Army Air Corps and was involved in planning improved routes to ferry American aircraft to the European theater, Sixs work there represented significant improvements over original routes which had seen aircraft losses due to weather. He returned to Continental before the war ended and resumed his leadership role, in 1953, Continental merged with Pioneer Airlines, gaining access to 16 more cities in Texas and New Mexico. This merger allowed Continental Airlines to operate routes between Texas and Colorado/New Mexico, connecting with the lines Denver-Albuquerque-El Paso services, in 1953, Six married Broadway legend Ethel Merman, whom he had met in a New York city nightclub. Merman, a divorcee, felt enchanted by Sixs strong demeanor. Following a brief courtship, they married, and she took a hiatus from her Broadway career, Merman found Denver society bucolic and limited after that of New York. Six and Merman divorced in 1960, in Sixs view, Merman had failed him in becoming a public relations prop for Continental. By the end of the 1950s, Continental Airlines had seen an expansion of its routes. In 1957, it flew for the first time from Chicago to Los Angeles, Continental was one of the first operators of the Boeing 707, taking delivery of its first 707s in spring of 1959. In 1961 in Honolulu, Six married Hollywood star Audrey Meadows of The Honeymooners television fame, the feisty Meadows was a good match for Sixs sometimes stubborn nature. She served effectively as a director on Continentals board, offering many of the suggestions that made Continentals inflight. The Sixes were socially prominent in Beverly Hills, where they lived, Meadows television and acting career afforded the Sixes opportunities for their close relationships with prominent Hollywood stars such as John Wayne, Henry Fonda, James Stewart, and Bob Hope. The couple spent many weekends at their Lazy 6 Ranch near Montrose, Colorado
11.
Ernest Borgnine
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Ernest Borgnine was an American film, television, character and voice actor whose career spanned more than six decades. He was noted for his gruff, yet calm voice, Machiavellian eyebrows, a popular performer, he had also appeared as a guest on numerous talk shows and as a panelist on several game shows. He also played the lead in many films, winning the Academy Award for Best Actor in 1955 for Marty. Borgnine earned an Emmy Award nomination at age 92, for his work on the series ER and he was also known for being the original voice of Mermaid Man on SpongeBob SquarePants, a role he played from 1999 until his death in 2012. Ermes Effron Borgnino was born on January 24,1917, in Hamden and he was the son of Anna, who emigrated from Carpi to the United States, and Camillo Borgnino, who emigrated from Ottiglio. Borgnines parents separated when he was two old, and his mother and he lived in Italy for about 4 1⁄2 years. By 1923, his parents had reconciled, the name was changed from Borgnino to Borgnine. Ernest had a sister, Evelyn Borgnine Velardi, the family settled in New Haven, Connecticut, where he graduated from James Hillhouse High School. Borgnine took to sports while growing up, but showed no interest in acting, Borgnine joined the United States Navy in October 1935, after graduation from high school. He served aboard the destroyer/destroyer minesweeper USS Lamberton and was discharged from the Navy in October 1941. In January 1942, he reenlisted in the Navy after the attack on Pearl Harbor, during World War II, he patrolled the Atlantic Coast on an antisubmarine warfare ship, the USS Sylph. In September 1945, he was discharged from the Navy. He served a total of almost ten years in the Navy and his military awards include the Navy Good Conduct Medal, American Defense Service Medal with Fleet Clasp, American Campaign Medal with 3⁄16 bronze star, and the World War II Victory Medal. In 1997, Borgnine received the United States Navy Memorial, Lone Sailor Award, on December 7,2000, Borgnine was named the Veterans Foundations Veteran of the Year. In October 2004, Borgnine received the title of chief petty officer from Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy Terry D. Scott. The ceremony for Borgnines naval advancement was held at the U. S. Navy Memorial in Washington and he received the special honor for his naval service and support of the Navy and navy families worldwide. On February 5,2007, he received the California Commendation Medal, Borgnine returned to his parents house in Connecticut after his Navy discharge without a job to go back to and no direction. In a British Film Institute interview about his life and career, he said, After World War II, I didnt even want to be a Boy Scout
12.
Musical theatre
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Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting, and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through the words, music, movement, since the early 20th century, musical theatre stage works have generally been called, simply, musicals. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan. Musicals are performed around the world and they may be presented in large venues, such as big-budget Broadway or West End productions in New York City or London. Alternatively, musicals may be staged in smaller fringe theatre, Off-Broadway or regional theatre productions, musicals are often presented by amateur and school groups in churches, schools and other performance spaces. In addition to the United States and Britain, there are vibrant musical theatre scenes in continental Europe, Asia, Australasia, Canada, the three main components of a book musical are its music, lyrics and book. The interpretation of a musical is the responsibility of its team, which includes a director. A musicals production is also characterized by technical aspects, such as set design, costumes, stage properties, lighting. The creative team, designs and interpretations generally change from the production to succeeding productions. Some production elements, however, may be retained from the production, for example. There is no fixed length for a musical, while it can range from a short one-act entertainment to several acts and several hours in length, most musicals range from one and a half to three hours. Musicals are usually presented in two acts, with one intermission, and the first act is frequently longer than the second. A book musical is usually built four to six main theme tunes that are reprised later in the show. Several shorter musicals on Broadway and in the West End have been presented in one act in recent decades, moments of greatest dramatic intensity in a book musical are often performed in song. Proverbially, when the emotion becomes too strong for speech, you sing, typically, many fewer words are sung in a five-minute song than are spoken in a five-minute block of dialogue. Therefore, there is time to develop drama in a musical than in a straight play of equivalent length. Within the compressed nature of a musical, the writers must develop the characters, the material presented in a musical may be original, or it may be adapted from novels, plays, classic legends, historical events or films. On the other hand, many musical theatre works have been adapted for musical films, such as West Side Story, My Fair Lady, The Sound of Music, Oliver
13.
Broadway theatre
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Along with Londons West End theatres, Broadway theatres are widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English-speaking world. The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City, the great majority of Broadway shows are musicals. They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggars Opera, in 1752, William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager. They established a theatre in Williamsburg, Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice, the company moved to New York in the summer of 1753, performing ballad operas and ballad-farces like Damon and Phillida. The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York, but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798, the Bowery Theatre opened in 1826, followed by others. Blackface minstrel shows, a distinctly American form of entertainment, became popular in the 1830s, by the 1840s, P. T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan. In 1829, at Broadway and Prince Street, Niblos Garden opened, the 3, 000-seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments. In 1844, Palmos Opera House opened and presented opera for four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burtons Theatre. The Astor Opera House opened in 1847, booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865, and would later revive the role at his own Booths Theatre. Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving, Tommaso Salvini, Fanny Davenport, lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe, adapting popular English burlesques for middle-class New York audiences. Thompsons troupe called the British Blondes, was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868–1869 theatrical season, the six-month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years. Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850, in 1870, the heart of Broadway was in Union Square, and by the end of the century, many theatres were near Madison Square. Broadways first long-run musical was a 50-performance hit called The Elves in 1857, New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London, but Laura Keenes musical burletta The Seven Sisters shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances. It was at a performance by Keenes troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington, the production was a staggering five-and-a-half hours long, but despite its length, it ran for a record-breaking 474 performances. The same year, The Black Domino/Between You, Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a musical comedy, Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881, where Lillian Russell performed. Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 and 1890, with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father-in-law David Braham. They starred high quality singers, instead of the women of repute who had starred in earlier musical forms. Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences, leading to better profits, as in England, during the latter half of the century, the theatre began to be cleaned up, with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women
14.
Gypsy (musical)
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Gypsy is a 1959 musical with music by Jule Styne, lyrics by Stephen Sondheim, and a book by Arthur Laurents. Gypsy is loosely based on the 1957 memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee, the famous striptease artist and it follows the dreams and efforts of Rose to raise two daughters to perform onstage and casts an affectionate eye on the hardships of show business life. The character of Louise is based on Lee, and the character of June is based on Lees sister and it is frequently considered one of the crowning achievements of the mid-20th centurys conventional musical theatre art form, often called the book musical. Gypsy has been referred to as the greatest American musical by numerous critics and writers, among them Ben Brantley, Rich wrote that Gypsy is nothing if not Broadways own brassy, unlikely answer to King Lear. Theater critic Clive Barnes wrote that Gypsy is one of the best of musicals. a musical based on the memoirs of Gypsy Rose Lee was a project of producer David Merrick and actress Ethel Merman. Merrick had read a chapter of Lees memoirs in Harpers Magazine, Jerome Robbins was interested, and wanted Leland Hayward as co-producer, Merman also wanted Hayward to produce her next show. Merrick and Hayward approached Arthur Laurents to write the book, as he relates, Laurents initially was not interested until he saw that the story was one of parents living their childrens lives. Composers Irving Berlin and Cole Porter declined the project, finally, Robbins asked Stephen Sondheim, who agreed to do it. Sondheim had worked with Robbins and Laurents on the musical West Side Story, however, Merman did not want an unknown composer, and wanted Jule Styne to write the music. Although Sondheim initially refused to write only the lyrics, he was persuaded by Oscar Hammerstein to accept the job, Rose and her two daughters, Baby June and Louise, play the vaudeville circuit around the United States in the early 1920s. Rose, the archetype of a mother, is aggressive. While June is an extroverted, talented child star, the older girl, the kiddie act has one song, Let Me Entertain You, that they sing over and over again, with June always as the center-piece and Louise often as one of the boys. Rose has big dreams for the girls but encounters setbacks, as she tells her father, when Rose meets a former agent, Herbie, she persuades him to become their manager using her seductive and feminine wiles. The girls grow up, and June, now billed as Dainty June, meanwhile, Louise celebrates her birthday alone and asks her birthday present, a lamb, just how old she is this year. After Rose rejects Herbies marriage proposal, he considers leaving, now billed as Dainty June and Her Farmboys, the act finally performs on the Orpheum Circuit. June is soon offered a place at a Performing Arts school after an audition, however, Rose turns this down, refusing to break up the act. Louise and June fantasize what life would be like if Rose were married and finished with show business. Shortly after, June is missing, and in a note she explains that she has grown sick of her mother and the tour and has eloped with Jerry
15.
Cole Porter
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Cole Albert Porter was an American composer and songwriter. Born to a family in Indiana, he defied the wishes of his domineering grandfather. Classically trained, he was drawn towards musical theatre, after a slow start, he began to achieve success in the 1920s, and by the 1930s he was one of the major songwriters for the Broadway musical stage. Unlike many successful Broadway composers, Porter wrote the lyrics, as well as the music, after a serious horseback riding accident in 1937, Porter was left disabled and in constant pain, but he continued to work. His shows of the early 1940s did not contain the hits of his best work of the 1920s and 30s. It won the first Tony Award for Best Musical, Porters other musicals include Fifty Million Frenchmen, DuBarry Was a Lady, Anything Goes, Can-Can and Silk Stockings. His numerous hit songs include Night and Day, Begin the Beguine, I Get a Kick Out of You, Well, Ive Got You Under My Skin, My Heart Belongs to Daddy and Youre the Top. Porter was born in Peru, Indiana, the surviving child of a wealthy family. His father, Samuel Fenwick Porter, was a druggist by trade and his mother, Kate, was the indulged daughter of James Omar J. O. Cole, the richest man in Indiana, a coal and timber speculator who dominated the family. J. O. Cole built the couple a home on his Peru-area property, after high school, Porter returned to the property only for occasional visits. Porters strong-willed mother doted on him and began his training at an early age. He learned the violin at age six, the piano at eight and she falsified his recorded birth year, changing it from 1891 to 1893 to make him appear more precocious. His father, who was a shy and unassertive man, played a role in Porters upbringing, although as an amateur poet, he may have influenced his sons gifts for rhyme. Porters father also had talent as a vocalist and pianist. J. O. Cole wanted his grandson to become a lawyer, Porter brought an upright piano with him to school and found that music, and his ability to entertain, made it easy for him to make friends. Porter did well in school and rarely came home to visit and he became class valedictorian and was rewarded by his grandfather with a tour of France, Switzerland and Germany. Entering Yale University in 1909, Porter majored in English, minored in music and he was a member of Scroll and Key and Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and contributed to campus humor magazine The Yale Record. Porter wrote 300 songs while at Yale, including student songs such as the fight songs Bulldog
16.
Red, Hot and Blue
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Red, Hot and Blue is a stage musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter and a book by Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse. It premiered on Broadway in 1936 and introduced the popular song Its De-Lovely, sung by Ethel Merman, the musical has no connection to the 1949 film musical of the same name with songs by Frank Loesser. Nails OReilly Duquesne is a wealthy young widow. Loud and brassy, Nails is a former manicurist and she organizes a benefit for her favorite cause, the rehabilitation of ex-convicts. Together with her sidekick, Policy Pinkle, and her boyfriend, lawyer Bob Hale, she embarks on a nationwide search for Bobs old girlfriend. The girlfriend,18 years earlier, had sat upon a hot waffle iron, however, the national lottery that Nails starts gets the attention of the Finance Committee, and they wind up in Washington DC in an even more complicated situation. The Supreme Court declares the lottery unconstitutional, because it would benefit the people, during the out-of-town tryouts, according to Cole Porters biography, Cole Porter, A Biography by Charles Schwartz, the book was too long and did not blend with the music. Further the producer Vinton Freedley made numerous suggestions for overhauling the show, Porter initially told Freedley to communicate through his agent, but finally relented. Additional conflict had arisen before the shows tryouts, when Freedley had assembled the cast and creative team behind the musical Anything Goes, william Gaxton was part of that cast, but withdrew because Ethel Mermans part was so large and Bob Hope was cast. The next conflict came over billing for Jimmy Durante and Merman, the musical was first titled But Millions. and then Wait for Baby. Porter had written the song Its De-Lovely for the film Born to Dance and he turned it into a romantic duet for Merman and Bob Hope, in which they trace their romance from first kiss to marriage to a baby. Red, Hot and Blue had its tryout in Boston at the Colonial Theatre, starting on October 7,1936. The musical premiered on Broadway on October 29,1936 at the Alvin Theatre, directed by Howard Lindsay with choreography by George Hale, it starred Ethel Merman as Nails OReilly Duquesne, Jimmy Durante as Policy Pinkle, and Bob Hope as Bob Hale. The Equity Library Theater production ran in January 1984, the Discovering Lost Musicals Charitable Trust series staged the show at Barbican Centre Cinema 1 in 1994, with a cast that included Louise Gold and Don Fellows. Goodspeed Opera House in East Haddam, Connecticut mounted a revival in the fall of 2000 featuring a book by director Michael Leeds. The production starred Debbie Gravitte as Nails Duquesne, Peter Reardon as Bob Hale, previews began October 13th with the official opening on November 3rd. The production ran through December 31st, along with Leeds, the creative team included Andy Blankenbuehler, Michael OFlaherty, Ken Foy, Ann Hould-Ward, and Ken Billington. A production in 2009 by George Productions had Richard Steven Horvitz as Policy Pinkle, Allyson Turner as Nails, Redhot & Blue, a singing group at Yale University, is named after this musical
17.
DuBarry Was a Lady
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Du Barry Was a Lady is a Broadway musical, with music and lyrics by Cole Porter, and the book by Herbert Fields and B. G. The musical starred Bert Lahr, Ethel Merman and Betty Grable, the musical was made into a 1943 Technicolor film, DuBarry Was a Lady, starring Red Skelton, Lucille Ball, and Gene Kelly. A washroom attendant, Louis Blore, has won a sweepstakes and he is in love with the nightclub singer May Daly, but she is in love with Alex Barton. Alex is the brother of her friend Alice, who is in love with Harry Norton, meanwhile, Alex is unhappily married to Ann. Charley, Louiss replacement, suggests that Louis slip Alex a Mickey Finn, while trying to do so, Louis inadvertently drinks the Mickey Finn, falls asleep, and dreams he is King Louis XV of France, and that May is Madame du Barry. In his dream, Charley becomes the Dauphin and Harry becomes the captain of the guard, with Ann as Du Barrys lady-in-waiting, eventually after various entanglements, Louis wakes up and realises that Alex is the man for May. He uses the last of his winnings to pay for Alexs divorce from Ann, the musical opened on Broadway at the 46th Street Theatre on December 6,1939, transferred to the Royale Theatre on October 21,1940 and closed December 12,1940, after 408 performances. It was directed by Edgar MacGregor, choreographed by Robert Alton, with the orchestrations of Robert Russell Bennett and Ted Royal. The cast featured Bert Lahr as Louis Blore, Ethel Merman as May Daly, Betty Grable as Alice Barton, Benny Baker as Charley, Ronald Graham as Alex Barton, gypsy Rose Lee and Frances Williams later played the part of May Daly. The show opened in the West End at Her Majestys Theatre on 22 October 1942 and it was directed by Richard Bird. The cast featured Arthur Riscoe as Louis Blore, Frances Day as May Daly, Frances Marsden as Alice Barton, Jacky Hunter as Charley, Bruce Trent as Alex Barton, the show has been produced in concert form several times, in both the US and the UK. The two UK productions, in 1993 and 2001, were by the Discovering Lost Musicals Charitable Trust and featured Louise Gold as May Daly with Barry Cryer as Louis in 1993, the May 1993 production was at the Barbican Centre. The November 2001 concert was at Her Majestys Theatre, recorded for radio by the BBC, presented a staged concert in February 1996 with Robert Morse and Faith Prince. The song Give Him the Ooh-La-La was performed by Carol Burnett in one of her earliest TV appearances in 1956, the show later appeared on the BBC Radio with Louise Gold and Desmond Barrit singing the lead roles. In an early shared credit, the duo of Hugh Martin. Brooks Atkinson wrote in the New York Times review, Although Miss Merman is jaunty and Mr. Lahr is funny, the authors have struck a dead level of Broadway obscenity that does not yield much mirth. As the music-maker Mr. Porter has written a number of accomplished tunes in the idiom and one excellent romantic song. But the lyrics are no more inspired than the book, they treat all humor as middling, the performers supply more pleasure than the authors and composer
18.
Anything Goes (Cole Porter song)
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Anything Goes is a song written by Cole Porter for his musical Anything Goes. Many of the lyrics feature humorous but dated references to figures of scandal. Most modern versions omit these lyrics, replacing them instead with generic examples of social upheaval, frank Sinatra recorded the song in a series of recording sessions from October 17,1955 to January 16,1956 with Capitol Records. Sinatras version of the song was included on his studio album. Almost simultaneously, Chris Connor would record the song on either January 23 or February 8 with Atlantic Records, only months later, Ella Fitzgerald would release the first of two recordings she would make of the song. Later, in 1972, Fitzgerald would release a recording of the song on her album Ella Loves Cole with Atlantic Records. This second recording of the song by Fitzgerald was arranged by Nelson Riddle, also on Verve, Stan Getz and Gerry Mulligan released an instrumental rendition of the song in 1957 on their joint album, Getz Meets Mulligan in Hi-Fi. Tony Bennett first recorded the song on January 3 or 5,1959 with Count Basie and his Orchestra for Basies label, the recording was released as part of one of the duos collaborative albums, Basie Swings, Bennett Sings, also known as Strike Up the Band. That same year the two released another album with Bennetts label entitled, In Person, Bennett would later record the song as a duet with Lady Gaga, see below. The Dave Brubeck Quartet recorded the song on their 1966 album, the Dave Brubeck Quartet Plays Cole Porter, Brubeck and his quartet recorded their version of the song between December 8,1965 and February 17,1966 with Columbia Records. The song was recorded by Harpers Bizarre and released as a single in 1967, the groups version peaked at number forty-three on Billboards pop singles chart and at number six on the easy listening chart. Harpers Bizarre also used the song as the namesake for their album Anything Goes, later, in 1970, the groups rendition of the song would be used in William Friedkins film The Boys in the Band, in which it plays over the opening credits. The song is performed by Kate Capshaws character, Willie Scott, the song is performed with a number of synchronized dancers in a large cabaret number, set in a Shanghai night club, circa 1935. The song is included on the film soundtrack. Susannah McCorkle recorded the song for her album Easy to Love, later Productions of the musical from which the song originates have released official cast recordings. Of these numerous revivals, John Barrowman performed the song in the 2003 West End revival, sutton Foster, with Company, also performed the song in the 2011 Broadway revival, the performance is included on the cast album, Anything Goes Sondheim Theatre Broadway Cast Recording. This cast recording, from the 2011 revival, debuted at number 1 on Billboards Cast Album Chart, pierce performed the mashup during the season three premier, The Purple Piano Project, originally airing September 20,2011. Later that night the recording was released as a single to iTunes
19.
Anything Goes
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Anything Goes is a musical with music and lyrics by Cole Porter. The original book was an effort by Guy Bolton and P. G. Wodehouse, heavily revised by the team of Howard Lindsay and Russel Crouse, the story concerns madcap antics aboard an ocean liner bound from New York to London. Billy Crocker is a stowaway in love with heiress Hope Harcourt, nightclub singer Reno Sweeney and Public Enemy #13 Moonface Martin aid Billy in his quest to win Hope. The musical introduced songs as Anything Goes, Youre the Top. Since its 1934 debut at the Alvin Theatre on Broadway, the musical has been revived several times in the United States, the musical has long been a popular choice for school and community productions. The original idea for a set on board an ocean liner came from producer Vinton Freedley. He selected the team, P. G. Wodehouse and Guy Bolton. The first draft of the show was called Crazy Week, which became Hard to Get, according to one version, Freedley judged that to proceed with a show on a similar subject would be in dubious taste, and he insisted on changes to the script. However, theatre historian Lee Davis maintains that Freedley wanted the script changed because it was a hopeless mess, Bolton and Wodehouse were in England at the time and were thus no longer available, so Freedley turned to his director, Howard Lindsay, to write a new book. Lindsay recruited press agent Russel Crouse as his collaborator, beginning a writing partnership. Porter wrote the majority of Anything Goes in the Rosecliff mansion in Newport, Rhode Island, four versions of the libretto of Anything Goes exist, the original 1934 libretto, the 1962 revival libretto, the 1987 revival libretto, and the 2011 revival libretto. The story has been revised, though all involve similar romantic complications aboard the SS American, the score has been altered, with some songs cut and others reassigned to different scenes and characters, and augmented with various Porter songs from other shows. Act I Billy Crocker, a young Wall Street broker, has fallen in love at first sight with a girl he met in a taxi. His boss, Elisha J. Whitney, is preparing to make a deal and is going to travel to London aboard the SS American. Evangelist turned nightclub singer Reno Sweeney will be traveling aboard the same ship, Billy sees Reno as a friend, but she obviously has feelings for him. Billy goes to the dock to say farewell to his boss and Reno, Billy stows away on the ship in hopes of winning Hopes heart. Moonface and Bonnie mistakenly leave behind their leader, Snake Eyes Johnson, to thank Billy, Bonnie and Moonface let him have Snake Eyes Johnsons passport and ticket without telling him to whom they belong
20.
Irving Berlin
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Irving Berlin was an American composer and lyricist, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history. His music forms a part of the Great American Songbook. Born in Imperial Russia, Berlin arrived in the United States at the age of five. He published his first song, Marie from Sunny Italy, in 1907, receiving 33 cents for the publishing rights and he also was an owner of the Music Box Theatre on Broadway. Alexanders Ragtime Band sparked a dance craze in places as far away as Berlins native Russia. In doing so, said Walter Cronkite, at Berlins 100th birthday tribute, he helped write the story of country, capturing the best of who we are. He wrote hundreds of songs, many becoming major hits, which him a legend before he turned thirty. During his 60-year career he wrote an estimated 1,500 songs, including the scores for 19 Broadway shows and 18 Hollywood films, with his songs nominated eight times for Academy Awards. Many songs became popular themes and anthems, including Easter Parade, White Christmas, Happy Holiday, This Is the Army, Mr. Jones, and Theres No Business Like Show Business. His Broadway musical and 1942 film, This is the Army, Celine Dion recorded it as a tribute, making it no.1 on the charts after the September 11 attacks in 2001. In 2015, pianist and composer Hershey Felder began touring nationwide as a show, portraying Berlin. Composer George Gershwin called him the greatest songwriter that has ever lived, Berlin was born on May 11,1888, in Tolochin, Russian Empire. He was one of eight children of Moses and Lena Lipkin Beilin and his father, a cantor in a synagogue, uprooted the family to America, as did many other Jewish families in the late 19th century. In 1893 they settled in New York City, as of the 1900 census, the name Beilin had changed to Baline. By daylight the house was in ashes, as an adult, Berlin said he was unaware of being raised in abject poverty since he knew no other life. Tsar Alexander III of Russia and then Tsar Nicholas II, his son, had revived with utmost brutality the anti-Jewish pogroms, which created the spontaneous mass exodus to America. When they reached Ellis Island, Israel was put in a pen with his brother and his Yiddish-speaking family eventually settled on Cherry Street, a windowless cold-water basement flat in the Theater District of the Lower East Side. His father, unable to find work as a cantor in New York, took a job at a kosher meat market and gave Hebrew lessons on the side
21.
Annie Get Your Gun (musical)
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Annie Get Your Gun is a musical with lyrics and music by Irving Berlin and a book by Dorothy Fields and her brother Herbert Fields. The story is a version of the life of Annie Oakley, a sharpshooter who starred in Buffalo Bills Wild West. The 1946 Broadway production was a hit, and the musical had runs in both New York and London, spawning revivals, a 1950 film version and television versions. Songs that became hits include Theres No Business Like Show Business, Doin What Comes Naturlly, You Cant Get a Man with a Gun, They Say Its Wonderful, Dorothy Fields had the idea for a musical about Annie Oakley, to star her friend, Ethel Merman. Producer Mike Todd turned the project down, so Fields approached a new producing team, Richard Rodgers, after the success of their first musical collaboration, Oklahoma. Rodgers and Hammerstein had decided to become producers of both their own ventures and those by other authors. They agreed to produce the musical and asked Jerome Kern to compose the music, Fields would write the lyrics, Kern was hospitalized, and he died on November 11,1945. The producers and Fields then asked Irving Berlin to write the score, Fields agreed to step down as lyricist. Berlin initially declined to write the score, worrying that he would be unable to write songs to fit specific scenes in a situation show, Berlins songs suited the story and Ethel Mermans abilities, and he readily composed the rest of the score to Annie Get Your Gun. The shows eventual hit song, Theres No Business Like Show Business, was almost left out of the show because Berlin mistakenly got the impression that Richard Rodgers did not like it, in imitation of the structure of Oklahoma. A secondary romance between two of the members of the Wild West Show was added to the musical during its development. For the 1999 revival, Peter Stone revised the libretto, eliminating what were considered insensitive references to American Indians, including the songs Colonel Buffalo Bill and Im An Indian Too. Stone said, The big challenge is taking a book that was crafted for its time. But it had to be dealt with in a way that was heartfelt, in this case, it was with the permission of the heirs. Stone also altered the structure of the musical, beginning it with Theres No Business Like Show Business, when the traveling Buffalo Bills Wild West show visits Cincinnati, Ohio, Frank Butler, the shows handsome, womanizing star, challenges anyone in town to a shooting match. Foster Wilson, a hotel owner, doesnt appreciate the Wild West show taking over his hotel. Annie Oakley enters and shoots a bird off Dolly Tates hat, when Wilson learns shes a brilliant shot, he enters her in the shooting match against Frank Butler. While waiting for the match to start, Annie meets Frank Butler and is smitten with him
22.
Maternal bond
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A maternal bond is the relationship between a mother and her child. While typically associated with pregnancy and childbirth, a bond may also develop in cases where the child is unrelated. Both physical and emotional influence the mother-child bonding process. In separation anxiety disorder a child becomes fearful and nervous when away from a loved one, new mothers do not always experience instant love toward their child. Instead, the bond can strengthen over time, bonds can take hours, days, weeks, or months to develop. The maternal bond between a female and her biological child usually begins to develop during pregnancy. The pregnant female adapts her lifestyle to suit the needs of the developing infant, at around 18 to 25 weeks, the mother begins to feel the fetus moving. Similar to seeing her child for the first time in an ultrasound scan, the developing fetus has some awareness of the mothers heartbeat and voice and has the ability to respond to touch or movement. By the seventh month of pregnancy, two-thirds of women report a strong bond with their unborn child. Mothers who did not want the pregnancy typically do not have a relationship with the child. They are more likely to suffer from depression or other mental health problems. Childbirth is an experience that can strengthen the mother and child bond, factors such as a traumatic birth, the mothers childhood, medical stress, lack of support and the influence of a spouse or partner can weaken the bond. Emotional bonding theory first appeared in the mid-1970s, and by the 1980s had become an accepted phenomenon, soon, the process became analyzed and scrutinized to the point of creating another term – poor bonding. Production of oxytocin during childbirth and lactation increases parasympathetic activity, maternal oxytocin circulation can predispose women to bond and show bonding behavior. Breastfeeding is also believed to foster the bond, via touch, response. A2014 study claimed that oxytocin promotes dishonesty when the outcome favors the closely bonded groups to which an individual belongs, a real-world example of this effect can be seen when parents lie about their address to gain admission to better schools for their children. These capacities bring with them separation anxiety as the infant becomes more vulnerable away from mother, most parents welcome these explorations and this increased independence. However, in the context of depression, trauma or disturbed bonding in her own early life
23.
Dutch Reformed Church
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The Dutch Reformed Church was the largest Christian denomination in the Netherlands from the onset of the Protestant Reformation until 1930. It was the foremost Protestant denomination, and—since 1892—one of the two major Reformed denominations along with the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands and it spread to the United States, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Brazil, and various other world regions through the Dutch colonization. The allegiance to the Dutch Reformed Church was a common feature among Dutch immigrant communities around the world and it developed during the Protestant Reformation, being shaped theologically by John Calvin, but also other major Reformed theologians. At the time of the merger, the Church had 2 million members organised in 1,350 congregations, a minority of members of the Church chose not to participate in the merger and instead formed the Restored Reformed Church. The Reformation was a time of violence and persecution by the established Catholic Church and governments. The first Synod of 23 Dutch Reformed leaders was held in October 1571 in the German city of Emden, the Synod of Emden is generally considered to be the founding of the Dutch Reformed Church, the oldest of the Reformed churches in the Netherlands. The Synod both affirmed the actions of the earlier Synod of Wesel, as well as established presbyterian church government for the Dutch Reformed Church, the first Synod to be located in the Dutch Republic was held in Dordrecht in 1578. This synodical meeting is not to be confused with the better known Second Synod of Dort of 1618, large groups of Marranos settled in Emden and converted to Christianity. Mostly all Marranos, many Jewish groups converted to Christianity around 1649 to the Nederduitsche, Niederdeutsche church later on Dutch Reformed Church, in the latter meeting, the Church fathers expelled Arminians and added the Canons of Dort to the Confessions. The Canons of Dort, together with the previously adopted Belgic Confession, most conflicts and splits in the Church arose because of disagreement over the substance and interpretation of these doctrinal documents. The government of the Dutch Republic, which had instigated the Arminians expulsion, no Synod was held in the Netherlands until after the end of the Republic in 1795. Before the demise of the Dutch Republic in 1795, the Dutch Reformed Church enjoyed the status of public or privileged church, though it was never formally adopted as the state religion, the law demanded that every public official should be a communicant member. Consequently, the Church had close relations with the Dutch government, a privilege of members of the Dutch Reformed Church was that they could have their businesses open on Sundays, otherwise considered a religious day and not one for business. The 17th and early 18th centuries were the age of the Dutch Nadere Reformatie, led primarily by Gisbertus Voetius and Wilhelmus à Brakel, in the 19th century, theological liberalism led to splits in the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1834, the minister Hendrik de Cock of the town of Ulrum was told by leaders that he could not preach against certain colleagues. He and his congregation seceded from the Dutch Reformed Church, in time, the Afscheiding led to the departure of 120 congregations from the Dutch Reformed Church. In 1886, another separation, the Doleantie, occurred, led by Dutch Reformed businessman, theologian and politician Abraham Kuyper. The Dutch Reformed Church remained the largest church body in the Netherlands until the middle of the 20th century, the rapid secularisation of the Netherlands in the 1960s dramatically reduced participation in the mainstream Protestant church
24.
Presbyterianism
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Presbyterianism is a part of the Reformed tradition within Protestantism which traces its origins to the British Isles, particularly Scotland. Presbyterian churches derive their name from the form of church government. Presbyterian theology typically emphasizes the sovereignty of God, the authority of the Scriptures, Presbyterian church government was ensured in Scotland by the Acts of Union in 1707 which created the Kingdom of Great Britain. In fact, most Presbyterians found in England can trace a Scottish connection, the Presbyterian denominations in Scotland hold to the theology of John Calvin and his immediate successors, although there are a range of theological views within contemporary Presbyterianism. The roots of Presbyterianism lie in the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century, most Reformed churches which trace their history back to Scotland are either presbyterian or congregationalist in government. In the twentieth century, some Presbyterians played an important role in the ecumenical movement, many Presbyterian denominations have found ways of working together with other Reformed denominations and Christians of other traditions, especially in the World Communion of Reformed Churches. Some Presbyterian churches have entered into unions with other churches, such as Congregationalists, Lutherans, Anglicans, Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church, the Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom, Presbyterians distinguish themselves from other denominations by doctrine, institutional organization and worship, often using a Book of Order to regulate common practice and order. The origins of the Presbyterian churches are in Calvinism, many branches of Presbyterianism are remnants of previous splits from larger groups. Presbyterians place great importance upon education and lifelong learning, Presbyterian government is by councils of elders. Teaching and ruling elders are ordained and convene in the lowest council known as a session or consistory responsible for the discipline, nurture, teaching elders have responsibility for teaching, worship, and performing sacraments. Pastors are called by individual congregations, a congregation issues a call for the pastors service, but this call must be ratified by the local presbytery. Ruling elders are usually laymen who are elected by the congregation and ordained to serve with the elders, assuming responsibility for nurture. Often, especially in larger congregations, the elders delegate the practicalities of buildings, finance and this group may variously be known as a Deacon Board, Board of Deacons Diaconate, or Deacons Court. These are sometimes known as presbyters to the full congregation, above the sessions exist presbyteries, which have area responsibilities. These are composed of teaching elders and ruling elders from each of the constituent congregations, the presbytery sends representatives to a broader regional or national assembly, generally known as the General Assembly, although an intermediate level of a synod sometimes exists. The Church of Scotland abolished the Synod in 1993, Presbyterian governance is practised by Presbyterian denominations and also by many other Reformed churches
25.
Episcopal Church (United States)
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The Episcopal Church is the United States-based member church of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The current presiding bishop of the Episcopal Church is Michael Bruce Curry, in 2014, the Episcopal Church had 1,956,042 baptized members. In 2011, it was the nations 14th largest denomination, in 2015, Pew Research estimated that 1.2 percent of the adult population in the United States, or 3 million people, self-identify as mainline Episcopalians/Anglicans. The Episcopal Church describes itself as Protestant, yet Catholic, the Episcopal Church is an apostolic church, tracing its bishops back to the apostles via holy orders. The Book of Common Prayer, a collection of traditional rites, blessings, liturgies, the Episcopal Church was active in the Social Gospel movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Since the 1960s and 1970s, the church has pursued a more liberal course. It has opposed the death penalty and supported the civil rights movement, some of its leaders and priests are known for marching with influential civil rights demonstrators such as Martin Luther King Jr. The Church calls for the legal equality of gay and lesbian people. Due to the process of editing or making additions to the Prayer Book, the BCP still describes marriage as being the union of a man. The Episcopal Church ordains women and LGBT people to the priesthood, the diaconate, in 2003, Gene Robinson was the first non-celibate openly gay person ordained as a bishop in documented Christian history. There are two names of the Episcopal Church specified in its constitution, The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. The latter is the commonly used name. In other languages, an equivalent is used, until 1964, the only official name in use was The Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. In the 19th century, High Church members advocated changing the name and they were opposed by the churchs evangelical wing, which felt that the Protestant Episcopal label accurately reflected the Reformed character of Anglicanism. After 1877, alternative names were proposed and rejected by the General Convention. A commonly proposed alternative was the American Catholic Church, by the 1960s, opposition to dropping the word Protestant had largely subsided. The 66th General Convention voted in 1979 to use the name The Episcopal Church in the Oath of Conformity of the Declaration for Ordination, the evolution of the name can be seen in the churchs Book of Common Prayer. The alternate name The Episcopal Church in the United States of America has never been a name of the church but is commonly seen in English
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Vaudeville
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Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment. It was especially popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s, a typical vaudeville performance is made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a vaudevillian, Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary American burlesque. Called the heart of American show business, vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades, the origin of this term is obscure, but is often explained as being derived from the French expression voix de ville. A second speculation is that it comes from the songs on satire by poet Olivier Basselin. Some, however, preferred the term variety to what manager Tony Pastor called its sissy. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as variety well into the 20th century, with its first subtle appearances within the early 1860s, vaudeville was not initially a common form of entertainment. The form gradually evolved from the saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more gentle form was known as Polite Vaudeville, in the years before the American Civil War, entertainment existed on a different scale. Certainly, variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere, in the US, as early as the first decades of the 19th century, theatregoers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy. As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found a number of ways to be entertained. Vaudeville was characterized by traveling companies touring through cities and towns, a significant influence also came from Dutch minstrels and comedians. Vaudeville incorporated these various itinerant amusements into a stable, institutionalized form centered in Americas growing urban hubs, pastors experiment proved successful, and other managers soon followed suit. B. F. Keith took the step, starting in Boston. Later, E. F. Albee, adoptive grandfather of the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee, circuits such as those managed by Keith-Albee provided vaudevilles greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength. They enabled a chain of allied vaudeville houses that remedied the chaos of the booking system by contracting acts for regional and national tours. These could easily be lengthened from a few weeks to two years, Albee also gave national prominence to vaudevilles trumpeting polite entertainment, a commitment to entertainment equally inoffensive to men, women and children. Acts that violated this ethos were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the remaining performances or were canceled altogether
27.
Palace Theatre (New York City)
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The Palace Theatre is a Broadway theatre located at 1564 Broadway in midtown Manhattan, New York City. From 1913 through about 1929, the Palace attained legendary status among vaudeville performers as the flagship of the Keith–Albee organization, Albee in turn demanded that Beck turn over three-quarters ownership to use acts from the Keith circuit. Beck took the deal, and was in charge of the booking, when the theatre finally opened on March 24,1913, with headliner Ed Wynn, it was not an instant success and lost money for months. Soon the Palace became the venue of the Keith–Albee circuit. The theater owner Albee sometimes traded on the desire for this goal by forcing acts to take a pay cut for the privilege. Even so, to play the Palace meant that an entertainer had reached the pinnacle of his vaudeville career, performer Jack Haley wrote, Only a vaudevillian who has trod its stage can really tell you about it. Only a performer can describe the anxieties, the joys, the anticipation, the walk through the iron gate on 47th Street through the courtyard to the stage door, was the cum laude walk to a show business diploma. A feeling of ecstasy came with the knowledge that this was the Palace, the epitome of the more than 15,000 vaudeville theaters in America, of all the thousands upon thousands of vaudeville performers in the business, you are there. This was a dream fulfilled, this was the pinnacle of Variety success, simply to play the Palace assured an enhanced reputation and future bookings, but to play the coveted headline spot, usually billed seventh and next to the closing act, was a special distinction. With the Great Depression came a rise in the popularity of film and radio, in 1929, the two-a-day Palace shows increased to three. By 1932, the Palace moved to four shows a day, in November of that year, it was rebranded the RKO Palace and converted to a cinema. Appearing on the bill when the venue ended its stage policy were Nick Lucas. Finally in 1957, the Palace, succumbed to the popularity of television and ceased stage presentations, beginning in 1949 under Sol Schwartz, the refurbished RKO Palace tried to single-handedly revive vaudeville, with a slate of eight acts before a feature film. It attracted acts like Frank Sinatra, Jerry Lewis, Danny Kaye, Lauritz Melchior, Betty Hutton, judy Garland staged a record-breaking 19-week comeback at the venue in October 1951. But while the shows were successful, they did not lead to a revival of the format, the RKO Picture Citizen Kane had its world premiere at the theatre on May 1,1941 and The Diary of Anne Frank premiered March 18,1959. In 1965, the Nederlander Organization purchased the Palace from RKO Theatres, in the late 1980s, a towering hotel was built above the theater, supported by two super-columns located behind the original auditorium structure. Today the theater façade is almost entirely hidden behind a wall of enormous billboards, the interior was renovated in early 2014 prior to the opening of Holler If Ya Hear Me. The theatre would be raised 29 feet and the occupied by the current lobby would be filled by retail space that would extend three additional levels below ground
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Blossom Seeley
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Blossom Seeley was a singer and entertainer. Seeley was born Minnie Guyer, in San Francisco, USA, a top vaudeville headliner, she was known as the Queen of Syncopation and helped bring jazz and ragtime into the mainstream of American music. She introduced the Shelton Brooks classic Some of These Days in vaudeville in 1910 and she was also featured in two 1933 films, Blood Money with Judith Anderson, and Broadway Through a Keyhole with Russ Columbo and Texas Guinan. Seeley was one half of the team of Blossom Seeley. When they played the Palace Theatre in its Golden Era, they always had the No.1 spot, even sharing the bill with such stars as Jack Benny, George Burns and Gracie Allen. Burns and Allen would remain their closest lifelong friends, Seeley and Fields also recorded three LP records in the 1950s for the Decca, MGM and Mercury labels. Seeley continued to perform as a solo after Fields death in 1959 and was one of the legends who starred on the 1961 CBS special Chicago and she also sang on the accompanying Verve album, which was her first in stereo. She made two appearances on The Garry Moore Show and sang her version of the Frank Sinatra hit My Kind of Town on a 1966 Ed Sullivan Show and her last TV appearance was with Mike Douglas, which he taped at the nursing home where she was living. Seeley died in New York City, works by or about Blossom Seeley at Internet Archive Blossom Seeley at the Internet Movie Database Blossom Seeley biography
29.
Fanny Brice
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Thirteen years after her death, she was portrayed on the Broadway stage by Barbra Streisand in the musical Funny Girl and its 1968 film adaptation, for which Streisand won an Oscar. Fania Borach was born in New York City, the child of Rose, a Hungarian Jewish woman who emigrated to America at age ten. The Boraches were saloon owners and had four children, Phillip, born in 1887, Carrie, born in 1889, Fania, born in 1891, under the name Lew Brice, her younger brother also became an entertainer and was the first husband of actress Mae Clarke. In 1908, Brice dropped out of school to work in a burlesque revue, two years later she began her association with Florenz Ziegfeld, headlining his Ziegfeld Follies from 1910 to 1911. She was hired again in 1921 and performed in the Follies into the 1930s, in the 1921 Follies, she was featured singing My Man, which became both a big hit and her signature song. She made a recording of it for Victor Records. The second song most associated with Brice is Second Hand Rose and she recorded nearly two dozen record sides for Victor and also cut several for Columbia. She is a recipient of a Grammy Hall of Fame Award for her 1921 recording of My Man. Brices Broadway credits include Fioretta, Sweet and Low, and Billy Roses Crazy Quilt and her films include My Man, Be Yourself. and Everybody Sing with Judy Garland. According to film historian Richard Barrios, My Man is a lost film, Brice, Ray Bolger and Harriet Hoctor were the only original Ziegfeld performers to portray themselves in The Great Ziegfeld and Ziegfeld Follies. For her contribution to the picture industry, she has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at MP6415 Hollywood Boulevard. Brices first regular radio show was probably The Chase & Sanborn Tea Hour, from the 1930s until her death in 1951, Fanny made a radio presence as a bratty toddler named Snooks, a role she premiered in a Follies skit co-written by playwright Moss Hart. Baby Snooks premiered in The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air in February 1936 on CBS, with Alan Reed playing Lancelot Higgins, her beleaguered Daddy. In September 1944, Brices longtime Snooks sketch writers, Philip Rapp and David Freedman, brought in partners, Arthur Stander and Everett Freeman, to develop an independent, the program launched on CBS in 1944, moving to NBC in 1948, with Freeman producing. First called Post Toasties Time, the show was renamed The Baby Snooks Show within short order, though in later years it was known colloquially as Baby Snooks. On the spinoff version of Baby Snooks, Hanley Stafford played Daddy, with Reed instead appearing as Daddys employer, Stafford eventually became the longest-running actor to portray the Daddy character. Brice was so meticulous about the program and the character that she was known to perform in costume as a toddler girl even though seen only by the radio studio audience. She was 45 years old when the character began her long radio life and she was completely devoted to the character, as she told biographer Norman Katkov, Snooks is just the kid I used to be
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Sophie Tucker
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Sophie Tucker was a Ukrainian-born American singer, comedian, actress, and radio personality. Known for her delivery of comical and risqué songs, she was one of the most popular entertainers in America during the first half of the 20th century. She was widely known by the nickname The Last of the Red Hot Mamas, Tucker was born Sonya Kalish in 1887 to a Jewish family en route to America from Tulchyn, Podolia Governorate, Russian Empire, now Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine. The family adopted the surname Abuza, settled in Hartford, Connecticut, at a young age, she began singing at her parents restaurant for tips. Between taking orders and serving customers, she would stand up in the space by the door. At the end of the last chorus, between me and the onions there wasnt a dry eye in the place, in 1903, at the age of 16, Tucker eloped with Louis Tuck, a beer cart driver, from whom she would later derive her professional surname. When she returned home, her parents arranged an Orthodox wedding for the couple, in 1906, she gave birth to a son, Albert. However, shortly after Albert was born, the couple separated, after she left her husband, Willie Howard gave Tucker a letter of recommendation to Harold Von Tilzer, a composer and theatrical producer in New York, but Tilzer did not want to hire her. Tucker found work in cafés and beer gardens, singing for food and she sent most of this money back home to Connecticut to support her son and family. In 1907, Tucker made her first theater appearance, singing at a night in a vaudeville establishment. It was here that she was first made to wear blackface during performance, as her producers thought that the crowd would tease her for being so big and ugly. By 1908, she had joined a show in Pittsburgh but was ashamed to tell her family that she was performing in a deep southern accent wearing burnt cork on her face. While touring later that year, luggage including her makeup kit was lost and she then stunned the crowd by saying, You all can see Im a white girl. Well, Ill tell you something more, Im not Southern, Im a Jewish girl and I just learned this Southern accent doing a blackface act for two years. And now, Mr. Leader, please play my song, Tucker also began integrating fat girl humor, which became a common thread in her acts. Her songs included I Dont Want to Get Thin and Nobody Loves a Fat Girl, in 1909, at the age of 22, Tucker performed with the Ziegfeld Follies. Though she was a hit, the female stars refused to share the spotlight with her. This caught the attention of William Morris, an owner and future founder of the William Morris Agency
31.
Nora Bayes
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Nora Bayes was a popular American singer, comedian and actress of the early 20th century. Born Eleanora Sarah Goldberg to Elias and Rachel Goldberg, with Dora being a pet or nickname, to a Jewish family in Joliet, Illinois, she had a brother, Harry, Bayes was performing professionally in vaudeville in Chicago by age 18. She toured from San Francisco, California to New York City, in 1908, she married singer-songwriter Jack Norworth. Bayes and Norworth divorced in 1913, after America entered World War I Bayes became involved with morale boosting activities. George M. Cohan asked that she be the first to record a performance of his patriotic song Over There and her recording was released in 1917 and became an international hit. She also performed shows for the soldiers, in 1919, she recorded How Ya Gonna Keep em Down on the Farm. for Columbia which became a hit for that year. Bayes made many records for the Victor and Columbia labels. From 1924–28, her accompanist was pianist Louis Alter, who composed the popular songs Manhattan Serenade, Nina Never Knew. Bayes established her own theater, The Nora Bayes Theater, on West 44th Street in New York and her first husband was Otto Gressing, a Chicago businessman, and Norworth was her second. Husband number three was a dancer named Harry Clarke who also performed with her in vaudeville, husband number four was New York business man Arthur Gordoni. Her fifth and last husband was Benjamin Friedland, a New York City businessman, Bayes bore no biological children in any of her marriages. The oldest was Norman Bayes, adopted by Bayes and Gordoni in March 1918, Bayes second adopted child was a daughter named Lea Nora, adoption date July 25,1919. Her third adopted child was Peter Oxley Bayes, born March 9,1921 in London, in 1928, Nora Bayes was diagnosed with cancer and died following surgery. She was buried 18 years later with her husband, Ben Friedland, in the Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York, although inexplicably. On April 11,2006, under the terms of the National Recording Preservation Act of 2000, the citation stated that she was Inextricably associated in popular imagination with World War I. Bayes was portrayed by Ann Sheridan in the 1944 musical biopic Shine On, Harvest Moon and she was also portrayed by Frances Langford in the movie Yankee Doodle Dandy, where she and James Cagney perform Over There. In the 1941 play, Arsenic and Old Lace, drama critic Mortimer Brewster arrives home from reviewing a play and he then says, My God – Im still there. The 1980 Garson Kanin novel Smash is about an attempt to make a Broadway musical out of Nora Bayes life, the novel serves as the inspiration for the 2012 television series Smash, although the subject of the shows fictional musical is not Bayes but Marilyn Monroe
32.
Shorthand
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Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos and it has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys, depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. Shorthand was used widely in the past, before the invention of recording. Shorthand was considered a part of secretarial training and police work. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation or discourse, for example, healthcare professionals may use shorthand notes in medical charts and correspondence. The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from the Parthenon in Ancient Greece and this shows a writing system primarily based on vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants. Hellenistic tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older, the oldest datable reference is a contract from Middle Egypt, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the semeiographer Apollonios for two years to be taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs, over time, many syllabic signs were developed. In Ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro, a slave and later a freedman of Cicero, the Tironian notes consisted of Latin word stem abbreviations and of word ending abbreviations. The original Tironian notes consisted of about 4000 signs, but new signs were introduced, in order to have a less complex writing system, a syllabic shorthand script was sometimes used. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were known and taught. After the 11th century, however, they were mostly forgotten, when many monastery libraries were secularized in the course of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, long-forgotten manuscripts of Tironian notes were rediscovered. In imperial China, clerks used an abbreviated, highly cursive form of Chinese characters to record court proceedings and these records were used to create more formal transcripts. One cornerstone of imperial court proceedings was that all confessions had to be acknowledged by the signature, personal seal, or thumbprint. Versions of this technique survived in clerical professions into the modern day, an interest in shorthand or short-writing developed towards the end of the 16th century in England. In 1588 Timothy Bright published his Characterie, An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character which introduced a system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word
33.
Vacuum servo
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A vacuum servo is a component used on motor vehicles in their braking system, to provide assistance to the driver by decreasing the braking effort. In the US it is called a brake booster. Albert Dewandre, an engineer and business owner, was the inventor of servo-brake or brake booster system “Dewandre” in 1927. It is a brake boosting system that uses the depression caused by the suction in the manifold of an internal combustion engine to reduce the pressure on the brake pedal. The advantage of the Dewandre system is twofold, a push on the brake pedal. His invention was manufactured and sold through the Robert Bosch company and this article mainly refers to the mechanical device in the context of a brake power booster or vehicular braking-system assist. In a Vacuum brake servo, the unit is placed between the pedal and the hydraulic master cylinder, using stored vacuum to amplify the drivers pedal efforts. The term vacuum Servo can sometimes be mis-translated in vehicle engineering terms and this device can be readily seen in modern off-road vehicles to engage 4WD and differential locks, and in older vehicles fitted with vacuum controlled servo motor cruise control. A brake booster is used on all vehicles which use hydraulic brakes for their primary braking circuit. Vacuum servos are not used on vehicles use cables, rods. A Vacuum Servo also known as a booster or power brake unit uses a vacuum to multiply the drivers pedal effort. The vacuum can be generated in two methods, dependent on the type of internal combustion engine, or other motive force. The vacuum pump can be mechanically or by means of an electric motor. The vacuum is transferred to the servo along non-collapsible vacuum lines, the vacuum booster or vacuum servo is used in most modern hydraulic brake systems which contain four wheels. The vacuum booster is attached between the cylinder and the brake pedal and assists the braking force applied by the driver. These units consist of a housing with a movable rubber diaphragm across the center. When attached to the manifold of the engine or the vacuum pump. The equilibrium created by the low pressure in both chambers keeps the diaphragm from moving until the pedal is depressed
34.
Caleb Bragg
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Caleb Smith Bragg was an American racecar driver, speedboat racer, aviation pioneer, and automotive inventor. He participated in the 1911,1913 and 1914 Indianapolis 500, in speedboat racing, Caleb won three consecutive APBA Challenge Cup races in Detroit from 1923-1925. He was a co-inventor of the Bragg-Kliesrath brake and he was born on November 23,1885 in Cincinnati, Ohio to Cais C. Bragg and Eugenia Hofer who were wealthy. While at Yale University he became interested in automobile racing and he graduated from Yale in 1908 and took a post-graduate engineering course at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1909. During World War I he became interested in flying airplanes and in 1916 he flew his first solo flight, he later set airplane records for speed and he developed a braking system with Victor William Kliesrath called the Bragg-Kliesrath brake. They formed a company in 1920 and Ethel Merman was his personal secretary before she became famous and they sold the company to Bendix Corporation in the late 1920s. In speedboat racing, Caleb won three consecutive APBA Challenge Cup races in Detroit from 1923-1925 and he died on 24 October 1943 in New York City, New York
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Nightclub
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A nightclub is an entertainment venue and bar which serves alcoholic beverages that usually operates late into the night. Another distinction is that whereas many pubs and sports bars aim at a market, nightclubs typically aim at a niche market of music and dancing enthusiasts. The upmarket nature of nightclubs can be seen in the inclusion of VIP areas in some nightclubs, for celebrities, nightclubs are much more likely than pubs or sports bars to use bouncers to screen prospective clubgoers for entry. Some nightclub bouncers do not admit people with ripped jeans or other clothing or gang apparel as part of a dress code. The busiest nights for a nightclub are Friday and Saturday night, most clubs or club nights cater to certain music genres, such as house music or gothic rock. A nightclub may also be called a discothèque, disco, or dance club, from about 1900 to 1920, working class Americans would gather at honky tonks or juke joints to dance to music played on a piano or a jukebox. Webster Hall is credited as the first modern nightclub, being built in 1886 and starting off as a hall, originally functioning as a home for dance. During Prohibition in the United States, nightclubs went underground as illegal speakeasy bars, with Webster Hall staying open, with rumors circulating of Al Capones involvement and police bribery. With the repeal of Prohibition in February 1933, nightclubs were revived, such as New Yorks 21 Club, Copacabana, El Morocco, in Germany, possibly the first discothèque was Scotch-Club. These discothèques were also patronized by anti-Vichy youth called zazous, there were also underground discothèques in Nazi Germany patronized by anti-Nazi youth called the swing kids. In Harlem, Connies Inn and the Cotton Club were popular venues for white audiences, before 1953 and even some years thereafter, most bars and nightclubs used a jukebox or mostly live bands. The Whisky à Gogo set into place the elements of the modern post World War II discothèque-style nightclub. At the end of the 1950s, several of the bars in Soho introduced afternoon dancing. In the early 1960s, Mark Birley opened a members-only discothèque nightclub, Annabels, in Berkeley Square, in 1962, the Peppermint Lounge in New York City became popular and is the place where go-go dancing originated. However, the first rock and roll generation preferred rough and tumble bars and taverns to nightclubs, disco has its roots in the underground club scene. It brought together people from all walks of life and backgrounds and these clubs acted as safe havens for homosexual partygoers to dance in peace and away from public scrutiny. Disco allowed patrons to explore sexuality and push the envelope on the dance floor, disco clubs acted as an escape from such depressing environments and acted as the fantasy marginalized peoples could escape to forget oppression and racism. Disco clubs originally functioned as liberated party spaces and were seen as places of political statement, a smooth mix of long single records to keep people dancing all night long
36.
Jimmy Durante
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James Francis Jimmy Durante was an American singer, pianist, comedian, and actor. He often referred to his nose as the Schnozzola, and the word became his nickname, Durante was born on the Lower East Side of New York City. He was the youngest of four born to Rosa and Bartolomeo Durante. Bartolomeo was a barber, and his wife Rosa was the sister of a woman who lived in the boarding house. Young Jimmy served as a boy at Saint Malachys Roman Catholic Church. Durante dropped out of school in grade to become a full-time ragtime pianist. He first played with his cousin, whose name was also Jimmy Durante and it was a family act, but he was too professional for his cousin. He continued working the citys piano bar circuit and earned the nickname Ragtime Jimmy, before he joined one of the first recognizable jazz bands in New York, Durante was the only member not from New Orleans. His routine of breaking into a song to deliver a joke, with band or orchestra chord punctuation after each line, in 1920 the group was renamed Jimmy Durantes Jazz Band. By the mid-1920s, Durante had become a star and radio personality in a trio called Clayton, Jackson. Lou Clayton and Eddie Jackson, Durantes closest friends, often reunited with Durante in subsequent years, Jackson and Durante appeared in the Cole Porter musical The New Yorkers, which opened on Broadway on December 8,1930. Earlier that same year, the team appeared in the movie Roadhouse Nights, by 1934, Durante had a major record hit with his own novelty composition, Inka Dinka Doo, with lyrics by Ben Ryan. It became his theme song for the rest of his life, a year later, Durante starred on Broadway in the Billy Rose stage musical Jumbo. A scene in which an officer stopped Durantes character—who was leading a live elephant across the stage—to ask. Followed by Durantes reply, What elephant and this comedy bit, also reprised in his role in Billy Roses Jumbo, likely contributed to the popularity of the idiom the elephant in the room. Durante also appeared on Broadway in Show Girl, Strike Me Pink and Red, Hot, during the early 1930s, Durante alternated between Hollywood and Broadway. His early motion pictures included an original Rodgers & Hart musical The Phantom President and he was initially paired with silent film legend Buster Keaton in a series of three popular comedies for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer -- Speak Easily, The Passionate Plumber, and What. No Beer. -- which were hits and a career springboard for the distinctive newcomer
37.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
