Ethics
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Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena. Also called moral philosophy, it investigates normative questions about what people ought to do or which behavior is morally right. Its main branc
According to Aristotle, how to lead a good life is one of the central questions of ethics.
Immanuel Kant formulated a deontological system based on universal laws that apply to all rational creatures.
According to discourse ethics, as formulated by Jürgen Habermas, moral norms are justified by rational discourse within society.
The practices of compassion and loving-kindness are key elements of Buddhist ethics.
Epistemology
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Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called the theory of knowledge, it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional
Bertrand Russell originated the distinction between propositional knowledge and knowledge by acquaintance.
The analytic–synthetic distinction has its roots in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant.
Alvin Goldman was an influential defender of externalism.
René Descartes used methodological doubt to seek certain foundations for philosophy.