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Euclid's Elements
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The Elements is a mathematical treatise consisting of 13 books attributed to the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid c. 300 BC. It is a collection of definitions, postulates, propositions, and mathematical proofs of the propositions. The books cover plane and solid Euclidean geometry, elementary number theory, and incommensurable lines. Elements is the oldest extant large-scale deductive treatment of mathematics. It has proven instrumental in the development of logic and modern science, and its logical rigor was not surpassed until the 19th century.
Title page of Sir Henry Billingsley's first English version of Euclid's Elements, 1570. During the Renaissance, Euclid was commonly conflated with the
A fragment of Euclid's Elements on part of the Oxyrhynchus papyri
A fragment of Euclid's Elements on part of the Oxyrhynchus papyri
Double-page from the Ishaq ibn Hunayn's Arabic Translation of Elementa. Iraq, 1270. Chester Beatty Library
Double-page from the Ishaq ibn Hunayn's Arabic Translation of Elementa. Iraq, 1270. Chester Beatty Library
An illumination from a manuscript based on Adelard of Bath's translation of the Elements, c. 1309–1316; Adelard's is the oldest surviving translation
An illumination from a manuscript based on Adelard of Bath's translation of the Elements, c. 1309–1316; Adelard's is the oldest surviving translation of the Elements into Latin, done in the 12th-century work and translated from Arabic.
Vatican Library
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The Vatican Apostolic Library, more commonly known as the Vatican Library or informally as the Vat, is the library of the Holy See, located in Vatican City, and is the city-state's national library. It was formally established in 1475, although it is much older—it is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. It has 75,000 codices from throughout history, as well as 1.1 million printed books, which include some 8,500 incunabula.
Pope Sixtus IV Appoints Bartolomeo Platina Prefect of the Vatican Library, fresco by Melozzo da Forlì, 1477, now in the Vatican Museums
Ancient Roman sculpture, maybe of Saint Hippolytus of Rome, found in 1551 at Via Tiburtina, Rome, and now at the Vatican Library
Ancient Roman sculpture, maybe of Saint Hippolytus of Rome, found in 1551 at Via Tiburtina, Rome, and now at the Vatican Library
The Sistine Hall of the Vatican Library.
The Sistine Hall of the Vatican Library.
Golden Rose stored in the Vatican Library.
Golden Rose stored in the Vatican Library.