1.
France
–
France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
France
–
One of the
Lascaux paintings: a horse –
Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC
France
–
Flag
France
–
The
Maison Carrée was a temple of the
Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day
Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the
Roman Empire.
France
–
With
Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the
Frankish monarchy,
elective and
secular until then, became
hereditary and of
divine right.
2.
Rock music
–
It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by blues, rhythm and blues and country music. Rock music also drew strongly on a number of genres such as electric blues and folk. Musically, rock has centered on the guitar, usually as part of a rock group with electric bass guitar. Typically, rock is song-based music usually with a 4/4 time signature using a verse-chorus form, like pop music, lyrics often stress romantic love but also address a wide variety of other themes that are frequently social or political in emphasis. Punk was an influence into the 1980s on the subsequent development of subgenres, including new wave, post-punk. From the 1990s alternative rock began to rock music and break through into the mainstream in the form of grunge, Britpop. Similarly, 1970s punk culture spawned the visually distinctive goth and emo subcultures and this trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, Hammond organ and synthesizers. The basic rock instrumentation was adapted from the blues band instrumentation. A group of musicians performing rock music is termed a rock band or rock group, Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a 4/4 meter, with a repetitive snare drum back beat on beats two and four. Melodies are often derived from older musical modes, including the Dorian and Mixolydian, harmonies range from the common triad to parallel fourths and fifths and dissonant harmonic progressions. Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock, because of its complex history and tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition. These themes were inherited from a variety of sources, including the Tin Pan Alley pop tradition, folk music and rhythm, as a result, it has been seen as articulating the concerns of this group in both style and lyrics. Christgau, writing in 1972, said in spite of some exceptions, rock and roll usually implies an identification of male sexuality, according to Simon Frith rock was something more than pop, something more than rock and roll. Rock musicians combined an emphasis on skill and technique with the concept of art as artistic expression, original. The foundations of music are in rock and roll, which originated in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Its immediate origins lay in a melding of various musical genres of the time, including rhythm and blues and gospel music, with country. In 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing rhythm and blues music for a multi-racial audience, debate surrounds which record should be considered the first rock and roll record. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Fats Domino, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis
Rock music
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Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist).
Rock music
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for
Jailhouse Rock in 1957
Rock music
–
Chubby Checker in 2005
Rock music
–
The Beach Boys performing in 1964
3.
Music festival
–
A music festival is a festival oriented towards music that is sometimes presented with a theme such as musical genre, nationality, or locality of musicians, or holiday. They are commonly held outdoors, and are inclusive of other attractions such as food and merchandise vending, performance art. Many festivals are annual, or repeat at some other interval, some, including many rock festivals, are held only once. Some festivals are organized as for-profit concerts and others are benefits for a specific cause, another type of music festival is the educative type, organized annually in local communities, regionally, or nationally, for the benefit of amateur musicians of all ages and grades of achievement. The Pythian Games at Delphi included musical performances, and may be one of the earliest festivals known, during the Middle Ages, festivals were often held as competitions. Entrants perform prepared pieces in front of an audience which includes competitors and they also usually receive a certificate, classified according to merit, and some may win trophies. The competitive element is played down, however, as the important aspect is that participants can learn from one another. Such festivals aim to provide a friendly and supportive platform for musicians to share in the excitement of making music, for many, they provide a bridge from lessons and examinations to performing confidently in public. Milwaukee, Wisconsins 11-day event, Summerfest, promotes itself as The Worlds Largest Music Festival, operating annually since 1968, the festival attracts between 800,000 and 1,000,000 people each year, and hosts over 800 musical acts. The Woodstock Festival in 1969 drew nearly 500,000 attendees, the largest annual greenfield music festival in the world is Roskilde Festival in Denmark, which attracts about 135,000 spectators each year. Glastonbury Festival has a capacity of about 175,000 spectators, for a more complete listing of active and defunct festivals by region, see Category, Music festivals by country. Some sections may also have links to related lists of music festivals by country, L. my.1 Festival, Biddinghuizen Dekmantel, Amsterdam Festival Mundial, Tilburg Incubate, Tilburg Le Guess Who. Born 1985 Salas Principales Auditorio Alfredo Kraus, Las Palmas y Auditorio Adán Martin, Tenerife. com – The most extensive music festival listings
Music festival
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Music festival
Music festival
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Leigo Järvemuusika 2007
Music festival
–
Parkenfestivalen 2012 The Prodigy
4.
Belfort
–
Belfort is a city in northeastern France in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté région, situated between Lyon and Strasbourg. It is the biggest town and the town of the Territoire de Belfort département in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Belfort is 400 km from Paris,141 km from Strasbourg,290 km from Lyon and 150 km from Zürich, the residents of the city are called ‘’Belfortains’’. It is located on the Savoureuse, on the important natural route between the Rhine and the Rhône – the Belfort Gap or Burgundian Gate. The city of Belfort has 50,199 inhabitants, together with its suburbs and satellite towns, Belfort forms the largest agglomeration in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region with an urban population of 308,601 inhabitants. Belforts strategic location, in a gap between the Vosges and the Jura, on a route linking the Rhine and the Rhône, has attracted human settlement. The site of Belfort was inhabited in Gallo-Roman times and was recorded in the 13th century as a possession of the counts of Montbéliard. Previously an Austrian possession, Belfort was transferred to France by the Treaty of Westphalia, the towns fortifications were extended and developed by the military architect Vauban for Louis XIV. Until 1871, Belfort was part of the département of Haut-Rhin, in Alsace, the Siege of Belfort, between 3 November 1870 and 18 February 1871, was successfully resisted until the garrison was ordered to surrender 21 days after the armistice between France and Prussia. The region was not annexed by Prussia like the rest of Alsace and was exchanged for territories in the vicinity of Metz. It formed, as it still does, the Territoire de Belfort, the siege is commemorated by a huge statue, the Lion of Belfort, by Frédéric Bartholdi. Alsatians who sought a new French home in Belfort made a significant contribution to its industry, the town was bombarded by the German army during World War I and occupied by it during World War II. In November 1944 the retreating German army held off the French First Army outside the town until French Commandos made a night attack on the Salbert Fort. Belfort was liberated on 22 November 1944, Belfort is a place with heavy industries, mostly dedicated to railway and turbines. Belfort is the hometown of Alstom where the first TGVs were produced, as well as being the GE Energy European headquarter and a centre of excellence for the manufacturing of gas turbines. Like many other European cities, motor traffic in Belfort increases continually, Belfort is situated at only 25 mi from the commercial port of Mulhouse-Rhin which allows international transit. Motorway A36 from Beaune to Mulhouse is routed around the south and it forms the main axis linking Belfort to other French and foreign cities. A national road, N19, is main road which joins the south of Belfort with Paris, Nancy
Belfort
–
An aerial view of Belfort with the cathedral of Saint-Christophe in the foreground
Belfort
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November 25, 1944: a french woman exclaims to a neighbor and to an American soldier: "Tout Belfort Est Libre" (All Belfort is liberated).
Belfort
–
Belfort in the road and train network of Franche-Comté
Belfort
–
SNCF station of Belfort-Ville
5.
Territoire de Belfort
–
The Territoire de Belfort is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France. Its departmental code is 90, and its prefecture is Belfort, there is a single arrondissement, which is sub-divided into 9 cantons and thence into 102 communes. The administrative district Territoire de Belfort was created under the terms of the 1871 Treaty of Frankfurt, the German Empire annexed almost all of Alsace, but the French were able to negotiate retention of the Territoire de Belfort which thereby was separated from the rest of Alsace. There were three reasons for this exceptional treatment, The population in and around Belfort was French-speaking. Belfort had demonstrated heroic resistance, under Colonel Pierre Denfert-Rochereau, to the German invasion, belforts left-wing Catholic Deputy Émile Keller now conducted a similarly forceful political campaign in the National Assembly. He argued that ceding heroic Belfort to Germany after the war would be unthinkable, Belfort, on steep ground and lined up with the Vosges Mountains, would form part of a natural line of defence for Frances newly imposed eastern frontier. This encouraged the politicians in Paris to hold out for its retention, the Germans agreed primarily because the Prussian military officiers indicated that leaving it in France would give Germany a more defensible border. After retaining its status as a territoire for just over half a century. France had recovered Alsace three years earlier, but the decision was not to reintegrate Belfort into its former department. When the regions of France were created, Belfort was not included in the region of Alsace, the departmental income of the department in 2008 had increased to €18259 which was a little below the overall national figure. The averaged figure for the Territoire de Belfort masked relatively large disparities such as, in particular, in 2006 the department recorded a population of 144,600. Of these, slightly more than 50,000 live in the commune of Belfort itself, four principal phases can be identified in the population trends during the two centuries between 1801 and 2000. The period from 1800 to 1872 was marked by economic development. However, the epidemic which in 1851 arose from increasing urbanisation, along with a more general economic slow-down. Between 1803 and 1872 the recorded population increased from 37,558 to 56,781, the population increase and the economic development were at their most intense in the Belfort conglomeration itself. Population declined, having slipped to 86,648 in 1946, after 1945 the region became a focus for industrial growth, population levels followed the same rising trend, to stand at 131,999 in 1982. Nevertheless, as in parts of France, from about 1980 it was clear that the economic crisis of the 1970s was having a lasting effect in slowing the pace of expansion. Geographers might contend that Belfort lies on the ridge that divides two regions of France, but before 1870 it was part of Alsace
Territoire de Belfort
–
The
Lion of Belfort commemorates the resistance of Belfort during the Franco-Prussian War.
Territoire de Belfort
–
Location of Territoire de Belfort in France
Territoire de Belfort
–
Streets in Belfort
Territoire de Belfort
–
Cascade of the
Savoureuse river
6.
Campsite
–
A campsite or camping pitch is a place used for overnight stay in the outdoors. In American English the term campsite generally means an area where an individual, family, group, or military unit can pitch a tent or park a camper, there are two types of campsites, an impromptu area a dedicated area with improvements and various facilities. The term camp comes from the Latin word campus, meaning field, therefore, a campgrounds consists typically of open pieces of ground where a camper can pitch a tent or park a camper. More specifically a campsite is an area set aside for camping. Campsites typically feature a few improvements, dedicated campsites, known as Campgrounds, usually have some amenities. Common amenities include, listed roughly in order from most to least common and it is thought to be a nuisance, harmful to the environment, and is often associated with vagrancy. However some countries have specific laws and/or regulations allowing camping on public lands, in the United States, many national and state parks have dedicated campsites and sometimes also allow impromptu backcountry camping by visitors. U. S. National Forests often have established campsites, but generally allow camping anywhere, in Britain, it is more commonly known as wild camping, and is mostly illegal. However, Scotland has a view and wild camping is legal in the majority of Scotland. In many parts of Canada, roughing it is considered to be camping on government owned, public land known as crown land. In North America many campgrounds have facilities for Recreational Vehicles and are known as RV parks. Similar facilities in the UK are known as Caravan Parks, the Kampgrounds of America is a large chain of commercial campgrounds located throughout the United States and Canada. Many travellers prefer to use KOA, or similar campsites, as an alternative to hotels or motels. Both commercial and governmental campgrounds typically charge a fee for the privilege of camping there, to cover expenses. However, there are some in North America that do not charge a use fee and rely on such as donations. Staying the night in a big-box store parking lot is also common, some RV parks provide year-round spaces. Frequently confused with campsites, campgrounds and RV parks, trailer parks are made up of long term or semi-permanent residents occupying mobile homes, the holiday park is a United Kingdom version of the North American trailer park. All of the homes are either available for rent from the land owner, or pitches are leased on a long-term basis from the land owner
Campsite
–
A campsite at
Hunting Island State Park in
South Carolina
Campsite
–
Semi-permanent
tents on
wooden platforms at a scout camp
Campsite
–
A campsite on
Ölüdeniz beach
Campsite
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Undeveloped tent camping area
7.
Alsace
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Alsace is a cultural and historical region in eastern France now located in the administrative region of Grand Est. Alsace is located on Frances eastern border and on the west bank of the upper Rhine adjacent to Germany, from 1982 until January 2016, Alsace was the smallest of 22 administrative regions in metropolitan France, consisting of the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments. Territorial reform passed by the French legislature in 2014 resulted in the merger of the Alsace administrative region with Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine to form Grand Est. The predominant historical language of Alsace is Alsatian, a Germanic dialect also spoken across the Rhine, but today most Alsatians primarily speak French, the political status of Alsace has been heavily influenced by historical decisions, wars, and strategic politics. The economic and cultural capital as well as largest city of Alsace is Strasbourg, the city is the seat of several international organizations and bodies. The name Alsace can be traced to the Old High German Ali-saz or Elisaz, an alternative explanation is from a Germanic Ell-sass, meaning seated on the Ill, a river in Alsace. In prehistoric times, Alsace was inhabited by nomadic hunters, by 1500 BC, Celts began to settle in Alsace, clearing and cultivating the land. It should be noted that Alsace is a surrounded by the Vosges mountains. It creates Foehn winds which, along with irrigation, contributes to the fertility of the soil. In a world of agriculture, Alsace has always been a region which explains why it suffered so many invasions and annexations in its history. By 58 BC, the Romans had invaded and established Alsace as a center of viticulture, to protect this highly valued industry, the Romans built fortifications and military camps that evolved into various communities which have been inhabited continuously to the present day. While part of the Roman Empire, Alsace was part of Germania Superior, with the decline of the Roman Empire, Alsace became the territory of the Germanic Alemanni. The Alemanni were agricultural people, and their Germanic language formed the basis of modern-day dialects spoken along the Upper Rhine, Clovis and the Franks defeated the Alemanni during the 5th century AD, culminating with the Battle of Tolbiac, and Alsace became part of the Kingdom of Austrasia. Under Clovis Merovingian successors the inhabitants were Christianized, Alsace formed part of the Middle Francia, which was ruled by the eldest grandson Lothar I. Lothar died early in 855 and his realm was divided into three parts, the part known as Lotharingia, or Lorraine, was given to Lothars son. The rest was shared between Lothars brothers Charles the Bald and Louis the German, the Kingdom of Lotharingia was short-lived, however, becoming the stem duchy of Lorraine in Eastern Francia after the Treaty of Ribemont in 880. Alsace was united with the other Alemanni east of the Rhine into the duchy of Swabia. Alsace experienced great prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under Hohenstaufen emperors, Frederick I set up Alsace as a province to be ruled by ministeriales, a non-noble class of civil servants
Alsace
Alsace
Alsace
Alsace
8.
Bourgogne
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Burgundy is a historical territory and a former administrative region of east-central France, entities that trace their name from the Burgundians, a Germanic people. Historically, Burgundy has referred to political entities, including kingdoms. The first known inhabitants of the area that became Burgundy were Celts, during the 4th century, the Burgundians, a Germanic people, who may have originated in Bornholm, settled in the western Alps. They founded the Kingdom of the Burgundians, which was conquered in the 6th century by another Germanic tribe, under Frankish dominion, the Kingdom of Burgundy continued for several centuries. Later, the region was divided between the Duchy of Burgundy and the Free County of Burgundy, burgundys modern existence is rooted in the dissolution of the Frankish Empire. In the 880s, there were four Burgundies, which were the Kingdom of Upper and Lower Burgundy, the duchy, during the Middle Ages, Burgundy was the seat of some of the most important Western churches and monasteries, among them Cluny, Cîteaux, and Vézelay. During the Hundred Years War, King John II of France gave the duchy to his youngest son, the duchy soon became a major rival to the crown. The court in Dijon outshone the French court both economically and culturally, in 1477, at the battle of Nancy during the Burgundian Wars, the last duke Charles the Bold was killed in battle, and the Duchy itself was annexed by France and became a province. However the northern part of the empire was taken by the Austrian Habsburgs, with the French Revolution in the end of the 18th century, the administrative units of the provinces disappeared, but were reconstituted as regions during the Fifth Republic in the 1970s. The modern-day administrative region comprises most of the former duchy, as of he region of Burgundy is both larger than the old Duchy of Burgundy and smaller than the area ruled by the Dukes of Burgundy, from the modern Netherlands to the border of Auvergne. Today, Burgundy is made up of the old provinces, Burgundy, Côte-dOr, Saône-et-Loire and this corresponds to the old duchy of Burgundy. However, the old county of Burgundy is not included inside the Burgundy region, also, a small part of the duchy of Burgundy is now inside the Champagne-Ardenne region. Nivernais, now the department of Nièvre, the climate of this region is essentially oceanic, with a continental influence. The regional council of Burgundy is the legislative assembly, the council has been chaired by the Socialist François Patriat since 2004. The councils seat is in the capital city Dijon, at 17 boulevard de la Trémouille, Burgundy is one of Frances main wine producing areas. The region is divided into the Côte-dOr, where the most expensive and prized Burgundies are found, and Beaujolais, Chablis, with regard to cuisine, the region is famous for the Burgundian dishes coq au vin, beef bourguignon, and époisses de Bourgogne cheese. Earlier, the part of Burgundy was heavily industrial, with coal mines near Montceau-les-Mines and iron foundries. These industries declined in the half of the twentieth century
Bourgogne
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Arboretum de Pézanin
Bourgogne
–
Flag
Bourgogne
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Dijon, Place du Bareuzai
Bourgogne
–
Le Creusot
9.
Doubs
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Doubs is a department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region of eastern France named after the Doubs River. As early as the 13th century, inhabitants of the northern two-thirds of Doubs spoke Franc-Comtois, residents of the southern third of Doubs spoke a dialect of the Arpitan language. Both languages co-existed with French, the language of law and commerce. They are both still spoken today but not on a daily basis, Doubs was important as a portal to Switzerland through the pass at Joux. Many famous people, including Mirabeau, Toussaint Louverture and Heinrich von Kleist, were imprisoned in the Château de Joux, Doubs is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the province of Franche-Comté. In 1793, the republic of Mandeure was annexed by France, however, the commune of Le Cerneux-Péquignot was annexed by the Canton of Neuchâtel under the terms of the 1814 Treaty of Paris, and since remained Swiss territory. Between the defeat of France at the Battle of Waterloo and November 1818, victor Hugo, Gustave Courbet, and Auguste and Louis Lumière are among the famous people born in Doubs. The department is dominated by the Jura mountains, which rise east of Besançon, the President of the General Council is Claude Jeannerot of the Socialist Party. The inhabitants of the department are called Doubistes, the Doubs department is at the same time the greenest and the most industrialized in France. It is the birthplace of the automotive manufacturer Peugeot, the castle of Joux and Besançon are important tourist destinations
Doubs
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Prefecture building of the Doubs department, in Besançon
Doubs
–
The
citadel and the old town of
Besançon in a meander of the
Doubs
Doubs
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Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans
Doubs
–
Montbéliard
10.
Germany
–
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
Germany
–
The
Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.
Germany
–
Flag
Germany
–
Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the
Protestant Reformation.
Germany
–
Foundation of the
German Empire in
Versailles, 1871.
Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.
11.
Switzerland
–
Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a federal republic in Europe. It consists of 26 cantons, and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western-Central Europe, and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2. The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the medieval period, resulting from a series of military successes against Austria. Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation, it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815, nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to international organisations. On the European level, it is a member of the European Free Trade Association. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties, spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions, German, French, Italian and Romansh. Due to its diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names, Schweiz, Suisse, Svizzera. On coins and stamps, Latin is used instead of the four living languages, Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life, with the former ranked second globally, according to Mercer. The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer, a term for the Swiss. The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse, also in use since the 16th century. The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer, in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory, the Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499, used alongside the term for Confederates, Eidgenossen, used since the 14th century. The data code for Switzerland, CH, is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica. The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972, as Old High German Suittes, ultimately related to swedan ‘to burn’
Switzerland
–
Founded in 44 BC by
Lucius Munatius Plancus,
Augusta Raurica was the first Roman settlement on the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland.
Switzerland
–
Flag
Switzerland
–
The 1291 Bundesbrief (Federal charter)
Switzerland
–
The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 (dark green) to the sixteenth century (light green) and its associates (blue). In the other colors are shown the subject territories.
12.
Alabama Shakes
–
Alabama Shakes is an American blues rock band formed in Athens, Alabama in 2009. The band currently consists of singer and guitarist Brittany Howard, guitarist Heath Fogg, bassist Zac Cockrell. The group rose to prominence in the early 2010s with their distinctive, the band began their career touring and performing at bars and clubs around the Southeast for two years while honing their sound and writing music. They recorded their album, Boys & Girls, with producer Andrija Tokic in Nashville while still unsigned. Online acclaim led ATO Records to sign the band, which released Boys & Girls in 2012 to acclaim, the album had a hit single, Hold On, and was nominated for three Grammy Awards. After a long touring cycle, the recorded their second record, Sound & Color, which was released in 2015 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200. Howard grew up interested in music, filling notebooks with lyrics and teaching herself to play drums, bass and she met upperclassman Heath Fogg in junior high when he played guitar at house parties. She met classmate and bassist Zac Cockrell in a psychology class some time later, after graduation, Howard hosted twice-weekly jam sessions at her great-grandparents former home. Drummer Steve Johnson, who had heard Howard singing at a party years prior and they began making music together and recording homemade demos having little else to do in the small town. The group made its debut in May 2009 under the name The Shakes. Fogg, by this point a guitarist in the Tuscaloosa-based Tucos Pistol, the band was nervous to perform for an audience, as they felt vulnerable. Their set included covers of Led Zeppelin, James Brown, Otis Redding, the show went over well, and Fogg soon joined the group. For much of their years, the Shakes performed shows on weekends at sports bars. They also began recording their album at Tokics Bomb Shelter—the home of producer Andrija Tokic—in Nashville. The band chose Tokics over other studios because they mostly live to tape. The band would complete arrangements in their hometown and drive an hour and their first breakthrough came when Justin Gage, a Los Angeles music blogger and SiriusXM host, found a photo of Howard performing online. After contacting the band, he posted an MP3 of their song You Aint Alone on his blog, Aquarium Drunkard. By the next morning, the group was awash in offers from record labels, Gage also contacted Patterson Hood, vocalist of the band Drive-By Truckers, who attended a show not long after
Alabama Shakes
–
Alabama Shakes performing in
Santa Monica in 2014
Alabama Shakes
–
The band performing three months prior to the release of
Boys & Girls (2012).
13.
Amadou et Mariam
–
Amadou & Mariam are a Grammy Award-nominated musical duo from Mali, composed of the couple Amadou Bagayoko and Mariam Doumbia. Amadou lost his vision at the age of 16, while Mariam became blind at age 5 as a consequence of untreated measles, between 1974 and 1980, Amadou played guitar in the West African band Les Ambassadeurs du Motel de Bamako. In 1980 the couple married and by 1983 they began to play together while Amadou continued a solo career. The duos early recordings in the 1980s and 1990s featured sparse arrangements of guitar, since the late 1990s Amadou & Mariam have produced music that mixes traditional Mali sound with rock guitars, Syrian violins, Cuban trumpets, Egyptian ney, Indian tablas and Dogon percussion. In combination these elements have been called Afro-blues, by 1985 the couple had made a name for themselves playing Malian blues. They embarked on a tour of Burkina Faso, in 1986 the couple moved to Côte dIvoire and recorded several cassette albums. During this time they met Stevie Wonder, and the duo started playing at festivals around the world, by 1996 the duet moved to Paris where they were signed to Polygram’s Emarcy label. In 1998 they released their first album recorded outside of Africa, the track Je pense à toi was a hit on French radio and the album went on to sell 100,000 copies. In 2003 they were approached by World–Latin music star Manu Chao, who produced their 2004 album Dimanche à Bamako. In 2005 The Côte dIvoire recordings were released for the first time on CD as a limited box set and best of collection, 1990–1995. Amadou & Mariam won the French Victoire de la Musique prize for best World Music album of the year with Dimanche à Bamako. On 26 October after their show at the Olympia in Paris and they also won two BBC Radio 3 Awards for World Music in the African and Best Album categories for Dimanche à Bamako. In 2006, they recorded, together with Herbert Grönemeyer, the anthem for the 2006 FIFA World Cup Celebrate The Day. The song topped the German charts in June 2006 and they went on to play major festivals in the US including Coachella and Lollapalooza. On 26 June 2007 they took part in Damon Albarn’s “Africa Express” project at Glastonbury with a line-up including Rachid Taha, KNaan, Tony Allen, Fat Boy Slim and this was also their first encounter with Jake Shears of the Scissor Sisters. They then supported the Scissor Sisters on their UK tour, including three nights at London’s O2 Arena, in summer of 2008, they played the Lollapalooza music festival in Chicago, Illinois and the Latitude Festival in Henham Park, Suffolk. In 2008 they released their 6th album Welcome To Mali with the participation of KNaan, Keziah Jones, -M- and their song Sabali was placed 15 on Pitchfork Medias Top 100 Best Tracks of 2008. It also became the most-played French single worldwide of 2009, in the same year they had played the main stage at Glastonbury Festival
Amadou et Mariam
–
Mariam Doumbia and Amadou Bagayoko in 2005
14.
Busy P
–
Pedro Winter, also known as Busy P, is a French DJ, music producer, record label owner, and artist manager. Winter managed Daft Punk from 1996 to 2008 and currently manages Cassius and artists on Ed Banger Records, Winter was born on April 21,1975 in Paris, France. He grew up under the influence of metal, hip-hop. He discovered electronic music in 1992 with his brother, Thomas Winter, shortly after, he started DJing at the Whats Up Bar and organizing the events Hype at Folies Pigalle and then Smoker The Palace with David Guetta. Pedro met Daft Punk in 1996 when he was a law student, the duo asked him to be their manager. In 2002, he created Headbangers Entertainment, through which he also managed artists Cassius, Cosmo Vitelli, DJ Mehdi, and Thomas Winter & Bogue. A year later, Winter founded the label Ed Banger Records, a division that has included artists such as Breakbot, Feadz, Justice, Krazy Baldhead, Mr. Flash, SebastiAn. In 2008, he stopped managing Daft Punk to focus on his label and music career as Busy P, for Phoenixs debut album, United, Winter performed on a Rapman synthesizer in the song Funky Squaredance. His remix single of Fancys Whats Your Name Again was a hit on its release. The music video for this was created under the Ed Banger Records label. Pedro was married to Nadege Winter, head of public relations at Parisian boutique Colette and his brother, Thomas Winter, an indie and electro house vocalist, is a tattooshop owner. Busy P is currently working with Boston Bun and on a compilation album for Ed Banger Records. com
Busy P
–
in November 2010
15.
C2C (group)
–
C2C was formed in 1998 in the city of Nantes. The collaboration group consists of 4 French DJs, Atom and pFeL from Beat Torrent and 20Syl, each member of the group uses his turntable as an instrument, recreating in turn drums, bass guitars, scratching a riff of guitar or shearing the brass. They met during their school years and as teens they were fascinated by the work of DJ Qbert and DJ Shadow. They set off to make a name for themselves at the turn of the millennium, in September 2006, C2C won their fourth DMC team world champion title in a row. With their previous victories in 2003,2004 and 2005, they achieved a first quadruple and they also won the ITF team championship in 2005 and the Hip Hop World Challenge title. This rise lead them in parallel to all around the world with DJ Qbert, A-Trak, DJ Kentaro. Both 20syl and Greem are founders of Hocus Pocus and their album on Motown has earned them two nominations at the French Grammies. DJ Atom and pFeL, founders of Beat Torrent have performed almost one thousand concerts and have featured in each others album releases. The group released their first EP called Down the Road EP on January 23,2012, the cover of this album was done by design agency LVL Studio, and features a photograph by Wang Chien-Yang. The single Down The Road was voted into 88th place in the annual Triple Js Hottest 100 of 2012. Their album Tetra has earned them 4 trophies out of 4 nominations during the 2013 edition of the French Grammies, including “Best New Artist”, “Best Music Video”, C2C is a winner of the 2013 European Border Breakers Awards, which honor the best new music acts in Europe. The award ceremony takes place at the Eurosonic Noorderslag music festival in Groningen, the band uses tailor-made LED-display systems to provide a dynamic visual representation of their performance. During the summer of 2012 the group toured around Europe performing in sold out events. In early 2013, they received two European Border Breakers Awards, one as the laureate for France, the other being the Public Choice award, during their AV tour they included original ideas of enhancing their live performance. “Every time we drop a sound there will be a visual, “It brings another dimension to the show. ”Other charted songs Official website Onandon-records. com
C2C (group)
–
C2C (2012)
C2C (group)
–
C2C - Le chabada - Sept 2012. From left to right: DJ Atom, DJ pFeL, DJ Greem, and 20syl
16.
Charlie Winston
–
Charlie Winston Gleave, better known as Charlie Winston, is an English singer-songwriter based in London. Winston has so far had his most significant commercial success in France, Charlie played bass guitar for his brother Tom Baxter, appearing on Baxter’s Feather and Stone album. As well as touring with Tom, much of Charlie’s early career saw him composing music for, Winstons unreleased debut album, Make Way, was recorded at Real World Studios in 2006. Winston supported Peter Gabriel on his 2007 European tour, tracks from Make Way would eventually find their way on to his first officially released album. His debut album has also certified as being platinum. The first single, Like a Hobo, also topped the French SNEP charts for one week on 11 April 2009, in 2010, Winston won a European Border Breakers Award for Best UK artist in Europe. Winstons third album Running Still was released in France on 21 November 2011, in 2012, Winston contributed the track This Wheels on Fire to the compilation CD set for Amnesty International titled Chimes of Freedom – The Songs of Bob Dylan. Lately, the first single from Winstons fourth album Curio City debuted on French radio station Virgin Radio on 13 October 2014, the album was released on 26 January 2015. On 17 September 2010, Charlie Winston headlined a global telecast for the day of peace Peace One Day Peace One Day with Jude Law. On 10 November 2011, the track She Went Quietly was used over the ending of the finale of Greys Anatomy. In 2008, his cover of The Spencer Davis Group song Im a Man appeared on an advertisement for Volkswagen Polo. The ad featured a dog miming the words to the track, Winston was born to parents Jeff and Julie Gleave. At an early age he moved to Bungay, Suffolk where his parents owned the Kings Head Hotel and his older brother, Tom Baxter, and younger sister, Vashti Anna, are also musicians and all use their middle name as a stage surname. Charlie Winston currently lives in London,1 Digital Downloads*Did not appear in the official Belgian Ultratop 50 charts, but rather in the bubbling under Ultratip charts. Featured in Official website Charlie Winston – Live pictures in Paris Personal Interview with Charlie Winston
Charlie Winston
–
Cruïlla BCN 2010, Barcelona
17.
Cypress Hill
–
Cypress Hill is an American hip hop group from South Gate, California. Cypress Hill was the first Latino American hip hop recording group to have platinum and multi-platinum albums and they are considered to be among the main progenitors of West Coast rap and hip hop in the early 1990s, being critically acclaimed for their first four albums. The band has also advocated for medical and recreational use of cannabis in the United States, senen Reyes and Ulpiano Sergio Reyes are brothers born in Pinar del Río, Cuba. In 1971, their family immigrated to the United States from Cuba and they initially lived in South Gate, California. In 1988, the two teamed up with New York City native Lawrence Muggerud and Louis Freese to form a hip-hop group named DVX. The band soon lost Mellow Man Ace to a solo career, after recording a demo in 1989, Cypress Hill signed a record deal with the major label, Columbia Records. Their self-titled first album was released in August 1991, the lead single was the double A-side The Phuncky Feel One/How I Could Just Kill a Man which received heavy airplay on urban and college radio. The other two singles released from the album were Hand on the Pump and Latin Lingo, the latter of which combined English and Spanish lyrics, the success of these singles led to the album selling two million copies in the US alone. Cypress Hill contributed the song Shoot Em Up to the soundtrack of the movie Juice, the group made their first appearance at Lollapalooza on the side stage in 1992. Black Sunday, the second album, debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 in 1993. Also, with their debut still in the charts, they became the first rap group to have 2 albums in the top 10 of the Billboard 200 at the same time. With Insane in the Brain becoming a hit, the album went triple platinum in the U. S. The band headlined the Soul Assassins tour with House of Pain and Funkdoobiest as support, then performed on a tour with Rage Against the Machine. In 1993, Cypress Hill also had two tracks on the Judgment Night soundtrack, teaming up with Pearl Jam on the track Real Thing and Sonic Youth on I Love You Mary Jane. The group later played at Woodstock 94, introducing new member Eric Bobo, son of Willie Bobo, rolling Stone magazine named the group as the best rap group in their music awards voted by critics and readers. Cypress Hill played at Lollapalooza for two years, topping the bill in 1995. They also appeared on the Homerpalooza episode of The Simpsons, prior to Bobo joining the crew, Panchito Ponch Gomez sat in as a percussionist when not acting. Their third album III, Temples of Boom was released in 1995, Cypress Hill also contributed a track I Wanna Get High to the High Times sponsored Hempilation album to support NORML
Cypress Hill
–
Cypress Hill performing at
Bonnaroo in 2006
Cypress Hill
–
Germany 1998
18.
Die Antwoord
–
Die Antwoord is a South African rap group formed in Cape Town in 2008. The group was formed by rappers Ninja and Yolandi Visser, Die Antwoords image is based on a counterculture movement known as Zef in South Africa, and incorporated elements of the work of photographer Roger Ballen. Die Antwoord released their album, $O$, free online. After briefly signing with Interscope Records, in 2011 they founded their own label Zef Recordz and they released their fourth album, Mount Ninji and da Nice Time Kid, in 2016. Die Antwoords male vocalist, Ninja, was part of the South African hip-hop scene for years, fronting acts such as The Original Evergreen, MaxNormal. TV. Their debut album $O$ relates to their work, specifically Good Morning South Africa. Ninja told Rolling Stone, Everything I did before Die Antwoord was me experimenting, messing around, Die Antwoord observed that journalists and critics, particularly in the United States, frequently ask if their creative output is a joke or a hoax. When asked if he was playing a character, Ninja said, Ninja is, how can I say, the only difference is I dont take off this fokken Superman suit. They have described their work as documentary fiction and exaggerated experience designed for shock value, Ninja told Spin, People are unconscious, and you have to use your art as a shock machine to wake them up. Some people are too far gone, theyll just keep asking, Is it real. Thats a word we have in South Africa, dwanky and you have to be futuristic and carry on. You gotta be a guide to help people get away from dull experience. Die Antwoord is known for their following, in particular the unusually prolific creation of fan art by their followers. Some of their videos have incorporated artwork by the noted photographer Roger Ballen. Die Antwoords musical and visual style incorporates elements of a zef culture, described as modern and trashy, appropriating out-of-date, yo-Landi said, Its associated with people who soup their cars up and rock gold and shit. Zef is, youre poor but youre fancy, youre poor but youre sexy, youve got style. Their lyrics are performed in Afrikaans, Xhosa, and English and their name is Afrikaans for The Answer Their debut album $O$ was made available as a free download on their official website. $O$ features Cape Flats rappers Garlic Brown, Scallywag, Isaac Mutant, Jack Parow, the album cover was shot by photographer Clayton James Cubitt
Die Antwoord
–
Die Antwoord performing at the
El Rey Theater in Los Angeles, California on 17 July 2010
19.
Django Django
–
Django Django are a British art rock band based in London, England. The group was formed in 2009 and they have released a self-titled studio album in 2012, followed up by Born Under Saturn, released on 4 May 2015. The quartet of David Maclean, Vincent Neff, Jimmy Dixon and Tommy Grace met at Edinburgh College of Art, David Maclean is the brother of musician and director John Maclean and cousin of singer Lindsey Leven, who performs with Guto Pryce in the band Gulp. Maclean and Grace are Scottish, Neff is originally from Northern Ireland while Dixon hails from Yorkshire and our name has absolutely nothing to do with Django Reinhardt, wrote the band beneath the video post for their track WOR. Because Music released the bands self-titled debut album on 30 January 2012, the album featured already released singles Waveforms and Default. The debut album reached number 33 on the UK album charts in the first week of release and it was then nominated for the 2012 Mercury Prize. Their song Hail Bop was featured in the video game by EA Sports, FIFA13. The album received critical acclaim, and featured in the end-of-year lists of both Rolling Stone and the NME. The band were surprised to achieve success with Maclean commenting I thought it would be an underground album that would sell a few hundred copies”. Their latest album, Born Under Saturn, was released on 4 May 2015 which was received by fans
Django Django
–
Django Django live in
Leicester in August 2012
20.
Dropkick Murphys
–
The Dropkick Murphys are an American Celtic punk band formed in Quincy, Massachusetts in 1996. The 2004 single Tessie became the bands first mainstream hit and one of their biggest charting singles to date, the band is known for their loud, energetic live shows. In 2007, the band began releasing music through their own imprint label,6, giving the band their highest-charting album to date. The bands ninth album,11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory was released on January 6,2017, the band was named after Dr. John Dropkick Murphys alcohol-detoxification facility. The Dropkick Murphys, first started playing in the basement of a barbershop and soon began to tour. They received their first big break when The Mighty Mighty Bosstones selected them as the act for their 1997 tour in support of Lets Face It. After putting out a series of EPs, they were signed by Hellcat Records in 1997, in 1998 they released their first full-length album, Do or Die, which was produced by Rancids Lars Frederiksen. Lead singer Mike McColgan left the band in 1998 during the middle of a US tour with The Business, according to McColgan he wanted to follow in the footsteps of his uncle and join the Boston Fire Department, which he eventually would do in 2001. We apologize to anyone who was a fan of Mike as our singer, however contrary to popular rumor, Mike left the band because he is no longer interested in being a member of this band or the movement of which we are a part. The band goes on to explain that their music is serious to them. Even Mike felt that the band deserved a singer who was invested in the music. Mike would later return to the scene in 2003 as singer of the Street Dogs. Following McColgans departure, the searched for a replacement however were not having much luck. Barr went in to audition for the band, first performing a new song titled 10 Years of Service and was offered the job right away, Barrs first release with the band was the 19987 single for Curse of a Fallen Soul. On March 9,1999, the released their second studio album and first with Barr. The album featured more of a punk sound closer to that of Barrs former band, The Bruisers. The band gained their first mainstream exposure when the video for their single 10 Years of Service received airplay on the MTV show 120 Minutes, the band set out on a year-long tour to support the album. In late 1999, the band along with The Business, released a single titled
Dropkick Murphys
–
Dropkick Murphys at
ShamrockFest in 2011
Dropkick Murphys
–
Ken Casey in front of the crowd, 2007
Dropkick Murphys
–
James Lynch playing guitar in 2007
Dropkick Murphys
–
During the band's 2010 tour, a special pirate-themed backdrop was unfurled during the encore performance of "
I'm Shipping Up to Boston ".
21.
Electric Guest
–
Electric Guest is a Los Angeles-based band formed in 2011. The group comprises Asa Taccone and Matthew Cornbread Compton, brothers Todd and Tory Dahlhoff play bass and keyboards/guitar, respectively, in the touring version of the band. On April 24,2012, the released their debut album. Asa Taccone met Michael Compton after renting a room, previously inhabited by Brian Danger Mouse Burton, Compton was a session drummer, and the two artists began to collaborate. Burton heard demos of their work and, over the span of a year, Taccone recalled an older woman once calling him “an electric guest of the universe, and used the quote as an inspiration for their band name. In the UK, they have done performances for Lauren Laverne, Dermot OLeary. While they have performed live on television they have also had their music featured in popular US television shows such as Teen Wolf, HBOs award winning Girls, Electric Guest debuted their album Mondo on April 2012. The album is much influenced on retro grooves from the 70s and 80s. As reviewed by Rolling Stone magazine, the sound of Mondo is a journey into L. A. slacker soul, full of hooky neon jams that ponder fames fraught highway and the emptiness of modern life. ”Burton co-produced Electric Guests debut album Mondo after a year of exchanging advice and music with Asa Taccone. Taccone then moved to Los Angeles by taking the room Burton was moving out of and their relationship continued, and ultimately blossomed into their collaboration on Mondo. Besides the album and singles, there has also been a cover of Little Dragons Ritual Union which was done for the Like a Version sessions for Triple J in Australia. Nu, Logic also did a remix of This Head I Hold on UFK Drum&Bass Both men have been influenced by distinct genres, Compton has noted Melody of Certain Damaged Lemons and Vu de lextérieur as favorites, and said he grew up mostly listening to indie artists. Taccone grew up on hip/hop and soul, citing Souls Of Mischiefs 93 til Infinity album, E-40, the band is notable for its pop sound that features Motown sensibilities with Taccones falsettos. The band has released four videos, This Head I Hold, American Daydream, The Bait. They were featured as one of twelve on MTVs list of Artists to Watch in 2012 as well as NMEs Radar Band of the Week in February 2013. The Guardian said the band specialise in soulful, funked-up pop so insidiously catchy you suspect it was designed as a homage to – even a pastiche of – the originators of the form and their Mondo tour debuted in 2012, selling out shows. Along with Taccone and Compton, keyboardist Todd Dahloff and his brother, guitarist Tory Dahloff, one tour review reads, “Real, raw, good emotion was a pumping from these fellows. ”. In 2012 and 2013 they toured through France several times, with the last tour ending with a sold out headliner at Le Trianon venue in Paris
Electric Guest
–
Asa Taccone of Electric Guest performing at
Montreux Jazz Festival
22.
Factory Floor
–
Factory Floor are a London-based band formed in 2005. They have been described as post-industrial, using drums, synthesizers. The band formed in 2005, originally comprising Gabriel Gurnsey and Mark Harris, Harris later left, going on to form Shift Work. Gurnsey and Butler were then joined by Nik Colk, formerly of KaitO, Gurnsey played drums and drum machines, Butler played modular synths and electronics, and Colk added manipulated vocals, guitar and samples. The singles Real Love and Two Different Ways followed in 2011, the band approached Morris by sending him a CD and asking if he would do a remix. After remixing Wooden Box, Morris continued to work with the band as producer, Two twelve-inch releases followed featuring remixes by Stephen Morris and Chris Carter. Since then, Factory Floor released and Two Different Ways on DFA Records, in 2011 the band played a support slot for Chris & Cosey at the ICA, and Chris Carter joined the band later that year for two performances at Primavera Sound and the Roundhouse. Colk Void released a single, Gold E, under the name Nik Colk Void in February 2012, Fall Back, the first single off their debut album, was released on 14 January 2013. Their second album 2525 was released on August 19,2016, early single Bipolar drew comparisons with Joy Division and The Fall. Paul Lester of The Guardian described the band in 2009 as metronomic synth-noir over which a woman – who vaguely resembles, vocally, collaborator Stephen Morris described the bands sound as unsettling disco. The NME described the band as post industrial, but it moves beyond that, this is post-apocalyptic, FACT magazine described them as tech-savvy but pared-down no wave electronic rock
Factory Floor
–
Performing at the Summer Sundae festival, August 2011
23.
Gentleman
–
In modern parlance, the term gentleman refers to any man of good, courteous conduct. It may also refer to all men collectively, as in indications of gender-separated facilities, the modern female equivalent is lady. In its original meaning, the term denoted a man of the lowest rank of the English gentry, standing below an esquire, in this sense, the word equates with the French gentilhomme, which latter term has been, in Great Britain, long confined to the peerage. Maurice Keen points to the category of gentlemen in this context as thus constituting the nearest contemporary English equivalent of the noblesse of France, by social courtesy the designation came to include any well-educated man of good family and distinction, analogous to the Latin generosus. To a degree, gentleman came to signify a man with a derived from property, a legacy, or some other source. The term was used of those who could not claim any other title or even the rank of esquire. Widening further, it became a politeness for all men, as in the phrase Ladies, chaucer, in the Meliboeus, says, Certes he sholde not be called a gentil man, that. For no creation could make a man of blood than he is. The word gentleman, used in the wide sense with which birth, William Harrison, writing in the late 1500s, says, gentlemen be those whom their race and blood, or at the least their virtues, do make noble and known. Being called also to the wars what soever it cost him, he will both array and arm himself accordingly, and show the more manly courage, and all the tokens of the person which he representeth. No man hath hurt by it but himself, who peradventure will go in wider buskins than his legs will bear, or as our proverb saith, now and then bear a bigger sail than his boat is able to sustain. In this way, Shakespeare himself was demonstrated, by the grant of his coat of arms, to be no vagabond, the inseparability of arms and gentility is shown by two of his characters, Petruchio, I swear Ill cuff you if you strike again. Katharine, So may you lose your arms, If you strike me, you are no gentleman, And if no gentleman, however, although only a gentleman could have a coat of arms, the coat of arms recognised rather than created the status. Thus, all armigers were gentlemen, but not all gentlemen were armigers, hence, Henry V, act IV, scene iii, For he today that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother, be he neer so vile, This day shall gentle his condition. And gentlemen in England now abed Shall think themselves accursd they were not here And hold their manhoods cheap whilst any speaks That fought with us upon St. Crispins Day. At the last, the wearing of a sword on all occasions was the outward and visible sign of a gentleman, the custom survives in the sword worn with court dress. The suggestion is discredited by an examination, in England, of the records of the High Court of Chivalry and, in Scotland, the Far East held similar ideas to the West of what a gentleman is, which are based on Confucian principles. The term Jūnzǐ is a crucial to classical Confucianism
Gentleman
–
Richard Brathwait's The Complete English Gentleman (1630), showing the exemplary qualities of a gentleman
Gentleman
–
Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks
Gentleman
–
Raja Ravi Varma, Painting of a Gentleman; India, 19th century.
24.
Hank Williams III
–
Shelton Hank Williams, known as Hank Williams III and Hank 3, is an American musician, singer and multi-instrumentalist. Williams style alternates between outlaw country, punk rock and metal and he is the principal member of the punk metal band Assjack, the drummer for the Southern hardcore punk band Arson Anthem, and was the bassist for Pantera singer Phil Anselmos band Superjoint Ritual. He has released seven albums, including five for Curb Records. Williams is the grandson of Hank Williams, the son of Hank Williams, Jr. Williams spent much of his early career playing drums in punk rock bands during the late 1980s and early to mid-1990s. He signed a contract with Nashville, Tennessee, music industry giant Curb Records, three Hanks, Men with Broken Hearts was issued shortly thereafter, which spliced together recordings to make it seem that three generations of Williams men were singing alongside one another. Williams first solo album, Risin Outlaw, was released in September 1999 to respectable sales and his opinions on this subject are well summed up in his songs Trashville and Dick in Dixie. He plays both the country and the psychobilly with his The Damn Band, Assjack produces a very different sound than either, mixing heavy doses of metalcore, psychobilly, and hardcore punk. The lineup for Assjack includes the addition of supplemental vocalist Gary Lindsey, fiddleboy died on February 1,2003. Another former band member was guitarist Duane Denison, previously with The Jesus Lizard, Williams has had significant contractual conflicts with Curb Records. He expressed dissatisfaction with his debut, and reportedly the label was unwilling to release his appropriately named This Aint Country LP, in response, Williams began making T-shirts stating Fuck Curb. Also during this era, Williams played bass guitar in heavy metal band Superjoint Ritual, in late 2004 Thrown Out of the Bar was slated for release, but Curb opted not to issue it. Williams and label executive Mike Curb would be in and out of court for the year before a judge ruled in favor of Williams in the spring of 2005. Shortly thereafter Williams and Curb came to terms, and Williams dropped his Fuck Curb campaign, Bar was reworked into Straight to Hell, released on Curb’s rock imprint, Bruc. One of the songs, Pills I Took, was written by a little-known Wisconsin group called Those Poor Bastards, Williams played drums for Arson Anthem, formed with Phil Anselmo and Mike Williams of the sludge band Eyehategod. Williams released his long-awaited punk-metal album Assjack on August 4,2009 and his next album, Rebel Within, was released in May 2010. It charted at number 20 in Billboard magazine, Williams told his fans, Don’t buy it, but get it some other way and burn the hell out of it and give it to everyone. On June 23,2011, it was revealed through Williams personal Facebook that he would be releasing four new CDs on September 6,2011 and it said to expect country, doom-rock, and speed metal with cattle callin on the releases. Troy Medlin, Dave Sherman and Williams dog, Trooper, on April 17,2012, Curb released a Williams album titled Long Gone Daddy, marking the second album the company has released under his name since his departure
Hank Williams III
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Hank III performing at Roskilde Festival 2012.
Hank Williams III
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Williams in 2006
Hank Williams III
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Hank III in 2010
25.
Hanni El Khatib
–
His 2013 sophomore full-length Head In The Dirt was produced by the Black Keys’ Dan Auerbach. His most recent full-length album Moonlight was released on Jan. He was described by the Guardian as a “former skate-punk raised on rock and R&B is keeping the spirit of 76 alive with his primal raunch ‘n’ roll. ”Hanni El Khatib, a first-generation American, who was raised in San Francisco, California by a Palestinian father. He grew up skateboarding and listening to 60s soul, surf music, doo-wop and British invasion bands like the Beatles and he took piano lessons as a child and learned to play the guitar between age 11 and 12. He attended art school but dropped out before graduating, while employed as creative director for streetwear label HUF, he recorded himself singing and playing acoustic guitar as a hobby. He spent a year recording his songs with guitar and drums at the suggestion of friend. After participating in a 2009 art show in San Francisco, he began circulating a homemade CDR of his music and he was signed to Innovative Leisure in 2010. His debut was the 7” vinyl single “Dead Wrong, ” released on September 21,2010 and his second 7” vinyl single “Build. B/w “Loved One” was released on November 3,2010, during this time, he would perform live and begin touring extensively, including a tour with Florence and the Machine, as a duo with drummer and longtime friend Nicky Fleming-Yaryan. He quickly developed a substantial audience and his debut album Will The Guns Come Out was released on Innovative Leisure on September 27,2011. It was described by the Los Angeles Times as “a taut, muscular collection of rock ‘n’ roll” and by The Guardian as “if Joe Strummer came back as an angry young Filipino-Palestinian American. ”Much of this record consisted of the tracks recorded with Bianchi. The album’s final track “I Got A Thing, ” a cover of the 1970 Funkadelic single “I Got A Thing…” that was recorded by Josh Marcy, reached more than 2 million YouTube views in August 2011. It was licensed for a Nike advertising campaign to serve as what NPR called a surf, skate and all-around shredding anthem. ”In the spring of 2012. In 2012, El Khatib met Black Keys’ frontman Dan Auerbach by chance in a bar during a shared DJ set in Paris, later that year he recorded his second album Head In The Dirt in three weeks at Auerbach’s Nashville studio Easy Eye. Its track “Can’t Win ‘Em All” was featured in a popular Audi commercial that ran during 2013’s Superbowl XLVII and was reported to have reached 114 million Americans. In 2014, El Khatib spent 30 days recording his third full-length Moonlight with drummer Ron Marinelli, with the exception of drums, El Khatib played most of the instruments on Moonlight himself and also sampled and edited Marinelli’s drums. Moonlight also includes a recording of a funeral procession, recorded by El Khatib during a skateboarding trip through a Mexican village. A remix of the track featuring Wu-Tang Clan member GZA was released on Nov.18,2014
Hanni El Khatib
–
Hanni El Khatib at
Rock am Ring, Germany, 2013
26.
Jack White (musician)
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Jack White is an American musician, singer, songwriter, record producer and actor. He is known as the singer and guitarist of duo The White Stripes. On April 24,2012, White released his solo album. His second studio album, Lazaretto, was released on June 10,2014, both received wide commercial and critical acclaim. After moonlighting in several underground Detroit bands as a drummer, White founded The White Stripes with fellow Detroit native Meg White in 1997. Their 2001 breakthrough album, White Blood Cells, brought international fame with the hit single and accompanying music video. This recognition provided White opportunities to collaborate with artists, including Loretta Lynn. In 2006, White founded The Raconteurs with Brendan Benson, White has enjoyed consistent critical and popular success, and is widely credited as one of the key artists in the garage rock revival of the 2000s. He has won twelve Grammy Awards, and both of his albums have reached number one on the Billboard charts. Rolling Stone ranked him number 70 on its 2010 list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time, david Frickes 2011 list ranked him at number 17. White has a collection of guitars and other instruments, and has a preference for vintage items that often have connections to famous blues artists. He is an advocate for analog technology and recording techniques. His record label and studio Third Man Records releases vinyl recordings of his own work, as well as that of other artists and his latest album holds the record for most first-week vinyl sales since 1991. White values his privacy and has known to create misdirection about his personal life. He and Meg divorced in 2000 and he was married to model and singer Karen Elson from 2005 to 2013, together, they have a son and daughter. He currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee and he recently bought a house in Kalamazoo, Michigan. John Anthony Gillis was born in Detroit, Michigan, the youngest of ten children—and the seventh son—of Teresa and his mothers family was Polish, while his father was of Scottish-Canadian descent. He was raised a Catholic, and his father and mother worked for the Archdiocese of Detroit
Jack White (musician)
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White performing at
Roskilde Festival (2012)
Jack White (musician)
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At the O2
Wireless Festival in 2007
Jack White (musician)
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Brendan Benson and Jack White
Jack White (musician)
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Jack White and Alison Mosshart performing live with the Dead Weather at the
Glastonbury Festival, June 26, 2009.
27.
Justice
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Justice is the legal or philosophical theory by which fairness is administered. The concept of justice differs in every culture, an early theory of justice was set out by the Ancient Greek philosopher Plato in his work The Republic. Advocates of divine command theory argue that justice issues from God, in the 17th century, theorists like John Locke argued for the theory of natural law. Thinkers in the social contract tradition argued that justice is derived from the agreement of everyone concerned. In the 19th century, utilitarian thinkers including John Stuart Mill argued that justice is what has the best consequences, Theories of distributive justice concern what is distributed, between whom they are to be distributed, and what is the proper distribution. Egalitarians argued that justice can only exist within the coordinates of equality, John Rawls used a social contract argument to show that justice, and especially distributive justice, is a form of fairness. Property rights theorists take a view of distributive justice and argue that property rights-based justice maximizes the overall wealth of an economic system. Theories of retributive justice are concerned with punishment for wrongdoing, restorative justice is an approach to justice that focuses on restoring what is good, and necessarily focuses on the needs of victims and offenders. Understandings of justice differ in culture, as cultures are usually dependent upon a shared history. Each cultures ethics create values which influence the notion of justice, although there can be found some justice principles that are one and the same in all or most of the cultures, these are insufficient to create a unitary justice apprehension. In his dialogue Republic, Plato uses Socrates to argue for justice that covers both the just person and the just City State, Justice is a proper, harmonious relationship between the warring parts of the person or city. Hence, Platos definition of justice is that justice is the having and doing of what is ones own, a just man is a man in just the right place, doing his best and giving the precise equivalent of what he has received. This applies both at the level and at the universal level. A persons soul has three parts – reason, spirit and desire, similarly, a city has three parts – Socrates uses the parable of the chariot to illustrate his point, a chariot works as a whole because the two horses power is directed by the charioteer. Lovers of wisdom – philosophers, in one sense of the term – should rule because only they understand what is good, if one is ill, one goes to a medic rather than a farmer, because the medic is expert in the subject of health. Similarly, one should trust ones city to an expert in the subject of the good, not to a politician who tries to gain power by giving people what they want. For Socrates, the way the ship will reach its destination – the good – is if the navigator takes charge. Advocates of divine command theory argue that justice, and indeed the whole of morality, is the command of God
Justice
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Lady Justice, a symbol of justice. She is depicted as a
goddess equipped with three items: a sword, symbolising the coercive power of a
court;
scales, representing an objective standard by which competing claims are weighed; and a blindfold indicating that justice should be impartial and meted out objectively, without fear or favor and regardless of money, wealth, power or identity.
Justice
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Justice by
Luca Giordano.
Justice
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Allegory or The Triumph of Justice by
Hans von Aachen.
Justice
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J. L. Urban, statue of
Lady Justice at court building in
Olomouc,
Czech Republic.
28.
Kavinsky
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Vincent Pierre Claude Belorgey, known as Kavinsky, is a French house artist whose production style is very reminiscent of the electropop film soundtracks of the 1980s. Kavinsky claimed that his music is inspired by thousands of movies he watched as a young boy, Kavinsky has been compared to many similar French house artists including Daft Punk and Danger. He achieved greater recognition after his track Nightcall was featured in the 2011 film Drive. During this period Kavinsky produced his first single Testarossa Autodrive which was inspired by the Testarossa model of Ferrari. Kavinsky presented the single to Quentin, who in turn presented it to a label he had access to because of his filming career. Subsequently Kavinsky went on to release three EPs on the Record Makers label, Teddy Boy in 2006,1986 a year later, during this period, Kavinskys fellow producer Surkin jokingly claimed in an interview that Kavinsky was his father. Kavinsky has since toured alongside Daft Punk, The Rapture, Justice and he has also been remixed by SebastiAn and other notable electro artists. The SebastiAn remix of Testarossa Autodrive off the 1986 EP is featured in the video games Grand Theft Auto IV, Kavinskys single Nightcall was featured in the opening credits of the film Drive, and became a major hit soon after. In December 2012 he released ProtoVision and on 25 February 2013 released the studio album OutRun, after a brief hiatus lasting for 9 months, Kavinsky reappeared with the single Sovereign, released in November 2014, and has since as of 2016 released no new singles to date. Kavinsky is a made by Vincent Belorgey that has a striking resemblance to Vincent himself. Kavinskys story is that after crashing his Testarossa in 1986, he reappeared as a zombie in 2006 to make his own electronic music. In interview, Kavinsky stated that the entirety of Teddy Boy was written and recorded on a Yamaha DX7, Kavinsky originally started making music on an old Apple computer given to him by his friend Mr. Oizo. * Did not appear in the official Belgian Wallonia Ultratop 50 chart, Kavinsky on Facebook Kavinsky on SoundCloud Kavinsky on Twitter Kavinsky on Bandcamp Kavinsky at Record Makers Fools Gold, Interview with Kavinsky
Kavinsky
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Kavinsky at The Academy Gallery in Montreal, 2007
