European Americans

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European Americans
Regions with significant populations
Contiguous United States and Alaska
smaller populations in Hawaii and the territories
Languages
Predominantly English
German • Russian • Spanish • Italian • French • Portuguese • others
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (of which majority Protestant with Roman Catholicism the largest single denomination); Minority religions: Judaism, Islam
Related ethnic groups
Non-Hispanic Whites
European diaspora • Europeans

European Americans (also referred to as Euro-Americans) are Americans of European ancestry.[1][2] This term includes people who are descended from the first European settlers in America and as well as people who are descended from more recent European arrivals. Euro-Americans are the largest ethnic group in the United States, both historically and at present.

The Spaniards are thought to be the first Europeans to establish a continuous presence in what is now the contiguous United States, with Martín de Argüelles (b. 1566) in St. Augustine, Spanish Florida, New Spain.[3][4] Virginia Dare (b. August 18, 1587) on Roanoke Colony, present-day North Carolina, United States was the first English child and girl, in a late 16th-century attempt by Queen Elizabeth I to establish a permanent English settlement in North America. In the 2016 American Community Survey, German Americans (13.9%), Irish Americans (10.0%), English Americans (7.4%), Italian Americans (5.2%), and Polish Americans (3%) were the five largest self-reported European ancestry groups in the United States forming over a third of the total population.[5] However, the English Americans and British Americans demography is considered by some to be under-counted, as the people in that demographic tend to identify themselves simply as Americans (20,151,829 or 6.2%).[6][7][8][9]

In the United States, the term European American is sometimes used interchangeably and synonymously with the broader terms white and Caucasian.

Terminology[edit]

Number of European Americans: 1800–2010
Year Population % of the United States Ref(s)
1800 4,306,446 81.1% [10]
1850 19,553,068 84.3% [10]
1900 66,809,196 87.9% [10]
1950 134,942,028 89.5% [10]
2010 223,553,265 72.4% [11]

Use[edit]

In 1995, as part of a review of the Office of Management and Budget's Statistical Policy Directive No. 15 (Race and Ethnic Standards for Federal Statistics and Administrative Reporting), a survey was conducted of census recipients to determine their preferred terminology for the racial/ethnic groups defined in the Directive. For the White group, European American came third, preferred by 2.35% of panel interviewees.[12]

The term is sometimes used interchangeably with Caucasian American, White American, and Anglo American in many places around the United States.[13] However, the terms Caucasian and White are purely racial terms, not geographic, and include some populations whose origin is outside of Europe; and Anglo-American also has another definition, meaning, Euro-Americans with English ancestry. European American, when used properly, has a more specific definition and scope.

Origin[edit]

The term is used by some to emphasize the European cultural and geographical ancestral origins of Americans, in the same way as is done for African Americans and Asian Americans. A European American awareness is still notable because 90% of the respondents classified as white in the U.S. Census knew[clarification needed] their European ancestry.[14] Historically, the concept of an American originated in the United States as a person of European ancestry, thus excluding African Americans, Jews, and Native Americans.[15]

As a linguistic concern, the term is sometimes meant to discourage a dichotomous view of the racial landscape between the white category and everyone else.[16] Margo Adair suggests that the recognition of specific European American ancestries allows certain Americans to become aware that they come from a variety of different cultures.[17]

History[edit]

U.S. historical populations[18]
Country Immigrants before 1790 Population
(ancestry 1790)[19]
England* 230,000 1,900,000
Ulster Scot-Irish* 135,000 320,000
Germany[20]1 103,000 280,000
Scotland* 48,500 160,000
Ireland 8,000 200,000
Netherlands 6,000 100,000
Wales* 4,000 120,000
France 3,000 80,000
Sweden and Other[21] 500 20,000
*British total 417,500 2,500,000+
Total[22] 950,000 3,929,214
African[23] immigrants before 1790: 360,000, total ancestry in 1790: 757,208.

1It may include Poles. See: Partitions of Poland

Since 1607, some 57 million immigrants have come to the United States from other lands. Approximately 10 million passed through on their way to some other place or returned to their original homelands, leaving a net gain of some 47 million people. Prior to 1960, the overwhelming majority came from Europe or European descent from Canada. In 1960 for example, 75.0% of foreign-born population in the United States came from the region of Europe.[24]

Before 1881, the vast majority of immigrants, almost 86% of the total, arrived from northwest Europe, principally Great Britain, Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia. The years between 1881 and 1893 the pattern shifted, in the sources of U.S. "New immigration". Between 1894 and 1914, immigrants from southern, central, and eastern Europe accounted for 69% of the total.[25][26][27]

Colonial[edit]

Colonial stock (see Old Stock Americans), which mostly consists of people of English, Scottish, Scotch-Irish, Cornish or Welsh descent, may be found throughout the country but is especially dominant in New England and the South. Some people of colonial stock, especially in the Mid-Atlantic states, are also of Dutch, German and Flemish descent. The vast majority of these are Protestants. The Pennsylvania Dutch (German American) population gave the state of Pennsylvania a high German cultural character. French descent, which can also be found throughout the country, is most concentrated in Louisiana, while Spanish descent is dominant in the Southwest and Florida. These are primarily Roman Catholic and were assimilated with the Louisiana Purchase and the aftermath of the Mexican–American War and Adams–Onís Treaty, respectively.

The first large wave of European migration after the Revolutionary War came from Northern and Central-Western Europe between about 1820 and 1890. Most of these immigrants were from Ireland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and Britain, and with large numbers of Irish and German Catholics immigrating, Roman Catholicism became an important minority religion. Polish Americans usually used to come as German or Austrian citizens, since Poland lost its independence in the period between 1772 and 1795. Descendants of the first wave are dominant in the Midwest and West, although German descent is extremely common in Pennsylvania, and Irish descent is also common in urban centers in the Northeast. The Irish and Germans held onto their ethnic identity throughout the 19th and early half of the 20th centuries, as well as other European ethnic groups. Most people of Polish origin live in the Northeast and the Midwest (see also White ethnic).

Second wave[edit]

Population / Proportion
born in Europe in 1850−2016
Year Population % of foreign-born
1850 2,031,867 92.2% (highest)
1860 3,807,062 92.1%
1870 4,941,049 88.8%
1880 5,751,823 86.2%
1890 8,030,347 86.9%
1900 8,881,548 86.0%
1910 11,810,115 87.4%
1920 11,916,048 85.7%
1930 11,784,010 83.0%
1960 7,256,311 75.0%
1970 5,740,891 61.7%
1980 5,149,572 39.0%
1990 4,350,403 22.9%
2000 4,915,557 15.8%
2010 4,817,437 12.1%
2016 4,785,267 10.9% (lowest)
Source:[28][29][30][31]

The second wave of European Americans arrived from the mid-1890s to the 1920s, mainly from Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Ireland.[14] This wave included Irish, Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, Portuguese, Romanians, Ukrainians, Russians, Poles and other Slavs. With large numbers of immigrants from Spain, Mexico, Spanish Caribbean, and South and Central America, White Hispanics have increased to 8% of the US population, and Texas, California, New York, and Florida are important centers for them.

Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used continental boundaries[32]
Key: black: states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia; green: states not geographically in Europe, but closely associated with the continent.

Immigration since 1820[edit]

Immigration from Europe to the United States, 1820–1970[33][34][35][36][37]
Years Arrivals Years Arrivals Years Arrivals
1820–1830 98,816 1901–1910 8,136,016 1981–1990
1831–1840 495,688 1911–1920 4,376,564 1991–2000
1841–1850 1,597,502 1921–1930 2,477,853
1851–1860 2,452,657 1931–1940 348,289
1861–1870 2,064,407 1941–1950 621,704
1871–1880 2,261,904 1951–1960 1,328,293
1881–1890 4,731,607 1961–1970 1,129,670
1891–1900 3,558,793 1971–1980
Arrivals Total (150 yrs) 35,679,763
European emigration, 1820–1978[38][39][40]
Country Arrivals % of total Country Arrivals % of total
Germany1 6,978,000 14.3% Norway 856,000 1.8%
Italy 5,294,000 10.9% France 751,000
Great Britain 4,898,000 10.01% Greece 655,000 1.3%
Ireland 4,723,000 9.7% Portugal 446,000 0.9%
Austria-Hungary1, 2 4,315,000 8.9% Denmark 364,000 0.7%
Russia1, 2 3,374,000 6.9% Netherlands 359,000 0.7%
Sweden 1,272,000 2.6% Finland 33,000 0.1%
Total (158 yrs) 34,318,000
Note: Many returned to their country of origin1 It may include Poles. See: Partitions of Poland.2
It may include Belarusians, Jews, Lithuanians, Ukrainians. See: Partitions of Poland and Russian Empire

Demographics[edit]

The New York City Metropolitan Area is home to the largest European population in the United States.[41]

The numbers below give numbers of European Americans as measured by the U.S. Census in 1980, 1990, and 2000. The numbers are measured according to declarations in census responses. This leads to uncertainty over the real meaning of the figures: For instance, as can be seen, according to these figures, the European American population dropped 40 million in ten years, but in fact, this is a reflection of changing census responses. In particular, it reflects the increased popularity of the 'American' option following its inclusion as an example in the 2000 census forms.

Birthplace Population
in 2010 		Percent
in 2010 		Population
in 2016 		Percent
in 2016
Totals, European-born 4,817,437 12.0% 4,785,267 10.9%
Northern Europe 923,564 2.3% 950,872 2.2%
United Kingdom United Kingdom 669,794 1.7% 696,896 1.6%
Republic of Ireland Ireland 124,457 0.3% 125,840 0.3%
Other Northern Europe 129,313 0.3% 128,136 0.3%
Western Europe 961,791 2.4% 939,383 2.1%
Germany Germany 604,616 1.5% 563,985 1.3%
France France 147,959 0.4% 175,250 0.4%
Other Western Europe 209,216 0.5% 200,148 0.4%
Southern Europe 779,294 2.0% 760,352 1.7%
Italy Italy 364,972 0.9% 335,763 0.8%
Portugal Portugal 189,333 0.5% 176,638 0.4%
Other Southern Europe 224,989 0.6% 247,951 0.5%
Eastern Europe 2,143,055 5.4% 2,122,951 4.9%
Poland Poland 475,503 1.2% 424,928 1.0%
Russia Russia 383,166 1.0% 397,236 0.9%
Other Eastern Europe 1,284,286 3.2% 1,300,787 3.0%
Other Europe (no country specified) 9,733 0.0% 11,709 0.0%
Source: 2010 and 2016[42]

Breakdowns of the European American population into sub-components is a difficult and rather arbitrary exercise. Farley (1991) argues that "because of ethnic intermarriage, the numerous generations that separate respondents from their forebears and the apparent unimportance to many whites of European origin, responses appear quite inconsistent".[43]

In particular, a large majority of European Americans have ancestry from a number of different countries and the response to a single 'ancestry' gives little indication of the backgrounds of Americans today. When only prompted for a single response, the examples given on the census forms and a pride in identifying the more distinctive parts of one's heritage are important factors; these will likely adversely affect the numbers reporting ancestries from the British Isles. Multiple response ancestry data often greatly increase the numbers reporting for the main ancestry groups, although Farley goes as far to conclude that "no simple question will distinguish those who identify strongly with a specific European group from those who report symbolic or imagined ethnicity." He highlights responses in the Current Population Survey (1973) where for the main 'old' ancestry groups (e.g., German, Irish, English, and French), over 40% change their reported ancestry over the six-month period between survey waves (page 422).

An example is that in 1980 23.75 million Americans claimed English ancestry and 25.85 claimed English ancestry together with one or more other. This represents 49.6 million people. The table below shows that in 1990 when only single and primary responses were allowed this fell to 32 million and in 2000 to 24 million.[44]

The largest self-reported ancestries in 2000, reporting over 5 million members, were in order: German, Irish, English, American, Italian, French, and Polish. They have different distributions within the United States; in general, the northern half of the United States from Pennsylvania westward is dominated by German ancestry, and the southern-half by English and American. Irish may be found throughout the entire country.

Italian ancestry is most common in the Northeast, Polish in the Great Lakes Region and the Northeast, and French in New England and Louisiana. U.S. Census Bureau statisticians estimate that approximately 62 percent of European Americans today are either wholly or partly of English, Welsh, Irish, or Scottish ancestry. Approximately 86% of European Americans today are of northwestern and central European ancestry, and 14% are of southeastern European and White Hispanic and Latino American descent. The figures above show that of the total population of specified birthplace in the United States. A total of 11.1% were born-overseas of the total population.

Ancestral origins[edit]

Further information: Maps of American ancestries and Race and ethnicity in the United States
Ancestral origin 1980 % 1990 % 2000 % 2014 % Change
1990–2000
Albania Albanian 38,658 0.02% 47,710 0.02% 113,661 0.04% 186,030 +138.2%
United States American1notes - - 12,395,999 5.0% 20,188,305 7.2% 22,097,012 6.9% +62.9%
Austria Austrian 948,558 0.42% 864,783 0.3% 730,336 0.3% 702,772 -15.5%
Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque 43,140 0.02% 47,956 0.02% 57,793 0.02% +20.5%
Belarus Belarusian - - - - 25,639 0.2%
Belgium Belgian 360,277 0.16% 380,403 0.2% 348,531 0.1% -08.4%
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnian - - - - 350,000 0.1%
United Kingdom British - - 1,119,140 0.4% 1,085,718 0.4% 1,326,960 -03.0%
Bulgaria Bulgarian 42,504 0.02% 29,595 0.01% 55,489 0.02% +87.5%
Catalonia Catalan - - - - 1,738 - -
Croatia Croatian 252,970 0.11% 544,270 0.2% 374,241 0.1% -31.2%
Cyprus Cypriotnotes 4,897 7,643
Czech Republic Czech 1,892,456 0.84% 1,296,369 0.5% 1,258,452 0.4% -02.9%
Denmark Danish 1,518,273 0.67% 1,634,648 0.7% 1,430,897 0.5% -12.5%
Netherlands Dutch 6,304,499 2.78% 6,226,339 2.5% 4,541,770 1.6% 4,243,067 -27.1%
England English 49,598,035 21.89% 32,651,788 13.1% 24,509,692 8.7% 24,382,182 7.6% -24.9%
Estonia Estonian 25,994 0.01% 26,762 0.01% 25,034 0.01% 29,453 -06.5%
Finland Finnish 615,872 0.27% 658,854 0.3% 623,559 0.2% 635,566 -05.4%
France French: (incl: Cors..)
(except Basque) 		12,892,246 5.69% 10,320,656 4.1% 13,172,178 4.0% 8,153,515
2,099,430 		2.6%
0.7% 		+27.6%
Georgia (country) Georgiannotes 6,298
Germany German: (incl: Amish, Tex.) 49,224,146 21.73% 57,947,171 23.3% 42,841,569 15.2% 46,047,113 14.4% -26.1%
Greece Greek 959,856 0.42% 1,110,292 0.4% 1,153,295 0.4% +03.9%
Hungary Hungarian 1,776,902 0.78% 1,582,302 0.6% 1,398,702 0.5% -11.6%
Iceland Icelandic 32,586 0.01% 40,529 0.02% 42,716 0.01% 49,518 +05.4%
Republic of Ireland Irish 40,165,702 17.73% 38,735,539 15.6% 30,524,799 10.8% 33,147,639 10.4% -21.2%
Italy Italian: (incl: Sicilian) 12,183,692 5.38% 14,664,189 5.9% 15,638,348 5.6% 17,220,604 5.4% +06.6%
Latvia Latvian 92,141 0.04% 100,331 0.04% 87,564 0.03% -12.7%
Liechtenstein Liechtensteiner - - - - 1,244 0.0004
Lithuania Lithuanian 742,776 0.33% 811,865 0.3% 659,992 0.2% -18.7%
Luxembourg Luxembourg - - - - 45,139 0.01% -/+ 0%
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia - - - - 57,200 0.02% -/+ -6,927%
Malta Maltese 31,645 0.01% 39,600 0.02% 40,159 0.01% +01.4%
Moldova Moldovan - - - - 7,859 0.003
Monaco Monégasque - - - - 486
Montenegro Montenegrin - - - - 2,528 0.03%
Norway Norwegian 3,453,839 1.52% 3,869,395 1.6% 4,477,725 1.6% +15.7%
Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Dutch - - - - 255,807 0.1%
Poland Polish 8,228,037 3.63% 9,366,051 3.8% 8,977,235 3.2% -04.2%
Portugal Portuguese 1,024,351 0.45% 1,148,857 0.5% 1,173,691 0.4% +02.2%
Romania Romanian 315,258 0.14% 365,531 0.1% 367,278 0.1% +0.5%
Russia Russian 2,781,432 1.23% 2,951,373 1.2% 2,652,214 0.9% -10.1%
Ulster Scotch-Irish 16,418 0.007% 5,617,773 2.3% 4,319,232 1.5% 2,978,827 -23.1%
Scotland Scottish 10,048,816 4.44% 5,393,581 2.2% 4,890,581 1.7% 5,365,154 -09.3%
Serbia Serbian 100,941 0.04% 116,795 0.05% 51,679 0.05% -50%
Slovakia Slovak 776,806 0.3% 1,882,897 0.8% 797,764 0.3% -57.6%
Slovenia Slovene 126,463 0.06 124,437 0.1% 176,691 0.1% +42%
San Marino Sammarinese - - - - 538
Spain Spanish: (incl: Ast.,
Can., Hisp.) 		94,52 0.1% 360,935 299,948 760,151 -16.9%
Sweden Swedish 4,345,392 1.92% 4,680,863 1.9% 3,998,310 1.4% 4,325,000 -4.9%
Switzerland Swiss 981,543 0.43% 1,045,492 0.4% 911,502 0.3% -12.8%
Ukraine Ukrainian 730,056 0.32% 740,723 0.3% 892,922 0.3% +20.5%
Wales Welsh 1,664,598 0.73% 2,033,893 0.82% 1,753,794 0.6% 1,757,657 -13.8%
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavian - - - - 328,547 0.1% 268,205
Europe Other European - - - - 1,968,696 0.7% 3,679,468 - -
Scandinavian - - - - 425,099 0.2% 583,323 - -
United States United States total 214,726,269 94.78% 223,371,445 89.81% 201,290,597 71.53% -18,28%
Source: Figures for the 1980,[45][46] 1990[47] and the 2000[48] United States Census. 2014 American Community Survey.[49][50][51]
Number and (%) percentage of total United States population. ^1 American ethnicity – people who self-identify their
ethnicity as "American", rather than the more common hyphenated American ancestry groups that make up the majority of the American people.

Culture[edit]

American cultural icons, apple pie, baseball, and the American flag. All have European influence primarily from the British.

Cultural roots[edit]

The culture of the Americans of European descent, European-American culture, is the culture of the United States. As the largest component of the American population, the overall American culture deeply reflects the European-influenced culture that predates the United States of America as an independent state. Much of American culture shows influences from the diverse nations of the United Kingdom and Ireland, such as the English, Irish, Cornish, Manx, Scotch-Irish and Welsh. Colonial ties to Great Britain spread the English language, legal system and other cultural attributes.[2] Scholar David Hackett Fischer asserts in Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America that the folkways of four groups of people who moved from distinct regions of the United Kingdom to the United States persisted and provide a substantial cultural basis for much of the modern United States.[52] Fischer explains "the origins and stability of a social system which for two centuries has remained stubbornly democratic in its politics, capitalist in its economy, libertarian in its laws and individualist in its society and pluralistic in its culture."[53]

Much of the European-American cultural lineage can be traced back to Western and Northern Europe, which is institutionalized in the government, traditions, and civic education in the United States.[54] Since most later European Americans have assimilated into American culture, most European Americans now generally express their individual ethnic ties sporadically and symbolically and do not consider their specific ethnic origins to be essential to their identity; however, European American ethnic expression has been revived since the 1960s.[14] Southern Europeans, specifically Italian and Greeks (see Greek American), have maintained high levels of ethnic identity. Same applied to Polish Americans. In the 1960s, Mexican Americans, Jewish Americans, and African Americans started exploring their cultural traditions as the ideal of cultural pluralism took hold.[14] European Americans followed suit by exploring their individual cultural origins and having less shame of expressing their unique cultural heritage.[14]

The Solutrean hypothesis suggested that Europeans may have been among the first in the Americas.[55][56][57] More recent research has argued this not to be the case and that the founding Native American population came from Siberia through Beringia. An article in the American Journal of Human Genetics states "Here we show, by using 86 complete mitochondrial genomes, that all Native American haplogroups, including haplogroup X, were part of a single founding population, thereby refuting multiple-migration models."[58]

Law[edit]

The American legal system also has its roots in French philosophy with the separation of powers and the federal system[59] along with English law in common law.[60] For example, elements of the Magna Carta in it contain provisions on criminal law that were incorporated into the Bill of Rights of the U.S. Constitution. It as well as other documents had elements influencing and incorporated into the United States Constitution.[61]

All-American icons and symbols[edit]

Mount Rushmore was sculpted by Danish-American Gutzon Borglum. Sculptures of the heads of former U.S. presidents Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt and Lincoln. It has become an iconic symbol of the United States.[62]

American flag[edit]

Cuisine[edit]

Main article: Cuisine of the United States

Thanksgiving[edit]

  • Thanksgiving – In the United States, it has become a national secular holiday (official since 1863) with religious origins. The first Thanksgiving was celebrated by English settlers to give thanks to God and the Native Americans for helping the Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony survive the brutal winter.[66] The modern Thanksgiving holiday traces its origins from a 1621 celebration at the Plymouth Plantation, where the Plymouth settlers held a harvest feast with the Native Americans after a successful growing season. William Bradford is credited as the first to proclaim the American cultural event which is generally referred to as the "First Thanksgiving".

Sports[edit]

Main article: Origins of baseball
  • Baseball – English lawyer William Bray recorded a game of baseball on Easter Monday 1755 in Guildford, Surrey; Bray's diary was verified as authentic in September 2008.[67][68] This early form of the game was apparently brought to North America by English immigrants. The first appearance of the term that exists in print was in "A Little Pretty Pocket-Book" in 1744, where it is called Base-Ball. Today, Rounders which has been played in England since Tudor times holds a similarity to Baseball. Although, literary references to early forms of "base-ball" in England pre-date use of the term "rounders".[69]
  • American football – can be traced to modified early versions of rugby football played in England and Canadian football mixed with and ultimately changed by American innovations which led over time to the finished version of the game from 1876 to now. The basic set of rules were first developed in American universities in the mid-19th century.[70]

Music[edit]

Another area of cultural influence are American Patriotic songs:

Before 1931, other songs served as the hymns of American officialdom.

Industry[edit]

Notes[edit]

  • Jewish Americans, particularly those of Ashkenazi and Sephardi descent, are a diaspora population with origins in South Western Asia, but are often classified as White rather than Asian. In addition, all of the original peoples of the Middle East are classified as White by the US Census Bureau.[76][77]
  • Gypsy Americans are a diaspora group with origins in the Indian Subcontinent, but are sometimes classified as European.

Notable people[edit]

Presidents of European descent[edit]

Most of the heritage that all 44 US Presidents come from (or in some combination thereof): is British (English, Scottish, Scotch-Irish or Welsh) ancestry. Others include John F. Kennedy of Irish descent, Martin Van Buren of Dutch descent and two presidents whose fathers were of German descent: Dwight D. Eisenhower (whose original family name was Eisenhauer) and Herbert Hoover (Huber). Later US Presidents' ancestry can often be traced to ancestors from multiple nations in Europe.[78]

Admixture in Non-Hispanic Whites[edit]

Some White Americans have varying amounts of American Indian and Sub-Saharan African ancestry. In a recent study, Gonçalves et al. 2007 reported Sub-Saharan and Amerindian mtDna lineages at a frequency of 3.1% (respectively 0.9% and 2.2%) in American Caucasians (Please note that in the USA, "Caucasian" includes people from North Africa and Western Asia as well as Europeans).[79] Recent research on Y-chromosomes and mtDNA detected no African admixture in European-Americans. The sample included 628 European-American Y-chromosomes and mtDNA from 922 European-Americans[80]

DNA analysis on White Americans by geneticist Mark D. Shriver showed an average of 0.7% Sub-Saharan African admixture and 3.2% Native American admixture.[81] The same author, in another study, claimed that about 30% of all White Americans, approximately 66 million people, have a median of 2.3% of Black African admixture.[82] Later, Shriver retracted his statement, saying that actually around 5% of White Americans exhibit some detectable level of African ancestry.[83]

From the 23andMe database, about 5 to at least 13 percent of self-identified White American Southerners have greater than 1 percent African ancestry.[84] Southern states with the highest African American populations, tended to have the highest percentages of hidden African ancestry.[85] White Americans (European Americans) on average are: "98.6 percent European, 0.19 percent African and 0.18 percent Native American." Inferred British/Irish ancestry is found in European Americans from all states at mean proportions of above 20%, and represents a majority of ancestry, above 50% mean proportion, in states such as Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Scandinavian ancestry in European Americans is highly localized; most states show only trace mean proportions of Scandinavian ancestry, while it comprises a significant proportion, upwards of 10%, of ancestry in European Americans from Minnesota and the Dakotas.[84][85]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Euro-American". Merriam Webster Dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. Retrieved March 13, 2014. 
  2. ^ a b Ethnic Groups of the Americas: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia: By James B. Minahan – Americans of European descent (Page: 17-18)
  3. ^ "A Spanish Expedition Established St. Augustine in Florida". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2009-03-27. 
  4. ^ "Latino Chronology". google.co.uk. Retrieved February 4, 2015. 
  5. ^ SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES Archived 2017-01-29 at the Wayback Machine. - 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates
  6. ^ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
  7. ^ Farley, Reynolds (1991). "The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?". Demography. 28 (3): 414, 421. doi:10.2307/2061465. JSTOR 2061465. 
  8. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, "The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns", Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
  9. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.
  10. ^ a b c d "Official census statistics of the United States race and Hispanic origin population" (PDF). US Statistics Bureau. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-25. 
  11. ^ Karen R. Humes; Nicholas A. Jones; Roberto R. Ramirez (March 2011). "Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 11 March 2016. 
  12. ^ "A Test of Methods For Collecting Racial and Ethnic Information: May 1995" (Press release). CPS Publications. October 26, 1995. Archived from the original on December 12, 2011. Retrieved March 24, 2015. 
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External links[edit]

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