Ford Mustang (first generation)
The first-generation Ford Mustang was manufactured by Ford from March 1964 until 1973. The introduction of the Mustang created a new class of known as the pony car. The Mustang’s styling, with its hood and short deck, proved wildly popular. It was initially introduced as a hardtop and convertible with the version put on sale in August 1964. At the time of its introduction, the Mustang, sharing its underpinnings with the Falcon, was slotted into a compact car segment, with each revision, the Mustang saw an increase in overall dimensions and in engine power. The 1971 model saw a redesign to its predecessors. After an initial surge, sales were declining, as Ford began working on a new generation Mustang. With the onset of the 1973 oil crisis, Ford was prepared and this new car had no common components with preceding models. — while Iacocca himself championed the project as Ford Division general manager, drawing on inspiration from the mid-engined Ford Mustang I concept vehicle, Lee Iacocca ordered development of a new small car to vice-president of design at Ford, Eugene Bordinat.
Bordinat tasked Fords three design studios to create proposals for the new vehicle, the Lincoln–Mercury design studio ultimately produced the winning design in the intramural contest, under Project Design Chief Joe Oros and his team of L. David Ash, Gale Halderman, and John Foster. In a 2004 interview, Oros recalls the planning behind the design, Oros added and it used a unitized platform-type frame from the 1964 Falcon, and welded box-section side rails, including welded crossmembers. Although hardtop Mustangs accounted for the highest sales, durability problems with the new led to the engineering of a convertible first. Overall length of the Mustang and Falcon was identical, although the Mustangs wheelbase was slightly shorter, with an overall width of 68.2 in, it was 2.4 in narrower, yet the wheel track was nearly identical. Shipping weight, approximately 2,570 lb with the straight six-cylinder engine, was similar to the Falcon. A fully equipped V8 model weighed approximately 3,000 lb, although most of the mechanical parts were from the Falcon, the Mustangs body was completely different, sporting a shorter wheelbase, wider track, lower seating position and lower overall height.
An industry first, the box was an innovative structural system that greatly stiffened the Mustangs construction. Gale Haldeman spoke of the engineering and design of the car in his interview, The idea for a fastback originated with Joe Oros as well, and was designed in Charlie Phaneufs studio. Haldeman recalls as follows, An additional 4-door model was designed by Dave Ash as a clay model, but was not considered
Journalist
A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards.
While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment.
The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Russia, Mexico, Pakistan, Somalia and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, Iran, Burma, Vietnam, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger
Hillman Imp
The Hillman Imp is a small economy car made by the Rootes Group and its successor Chrysler Europe from 1963 until 1976. It was the first mass-produced car with the block and cylinder head cast in aluminium. It used an opening rear hatch to allow luggage to be put into the back seat rest. In addition to its engine, it was the first mass-produced British car to have an engine in the back. The baulk-ring synchromesh unit for the transaxle compensated for the speeds of gear and shaft before engagement and it incorporated many design features which were uncommon in cars until the late 1970s such as a folding rear bench seat, automatic choke and gauges for temperature and oil pressure. This unorthodox small/light car was designed for the Rootes Group by Michael Parkes and it was manufactured at the purpose-built Linwood plant in Scotland. Along with the Hillman marque was a series of variations including a car, a van. The Imp gained a reputation as a rally car when Rosemary Smith won the Tulip Rally in 1965.
This led the Rootes Group to produce a special rally conversion of the Imp under both the Hillman and Singer marques known as the Imp Rallye, in 1966, Rosemary Smith after winning the Coupe des Dames, was disqualified under a controversial ruling regarding the headlamps of her Imp. The Imp was successful in touring car racing when Bill McGovern won the British Saloon Car Championship in 1970,1971 and 1972, arguably, it was considered advanced for the time with its various innovative features and technical advantages over other cars. But reliability problems harmed its reputation, which led to the Rootes Group being taken over by Chrysler Europe in 1967, the Imp continued production until 1976, selling just under half a million units in 13 years. Known internally at Rootes as the Apex project, the Imp was to be the groups first post-Second World War small car and its main rival on the home market was the BMC Mini, which preceded the Imp by almost four years. It is mounted behind the wheels and canted over at 45°.
This relatively costly and sophisticated solution, atypical for small-car design at the time, was insisted upon by its designers after testing at length a Chevrolet Corvair with swing axles. To attain balanced handling, the Imp actually uses swing axle geometry at the front, but this led to too much understeer. Rootes relied upon a team led by two designers, Tim Fry and Mike Parkes who were given an almost free hand to come up with a small car that would fit well into the Rootes car programme. This at the time centred on derivatives of the Hillman Minx, over the life of the car, Rootes produced four body styles. The original saloon was introduced in May 1963 and ran through to the end of production in 1976 and it has an opening rear window, making it effectively a hatchback
BMC ADO17
The BMC ADO17 is the model code that was used by the British Motor Corporation for a range of cars produced from September 1964 to 1975 and sold initially under its Austin marque as the Austin 1800. The car was sold by Morris as the Morris 1800 and by Wolseley as the Wolseley 18/85. In Denmark it was sold as the Morris Monaco, the Austin 1800 was developed at BMC as the large-car follow-up to the successful Mini and Austin 1100 under the ADO17 codename, ADO being an abbreviation for Amalgamated Drawing Office. Additional badge-engineered Morris 1800 and Wolseley 18/85 variants were launched in 1966 and 1967 respectively, catering for BMC dealerships selling these marques, the 18/85 name had previously been used on the Wolseley 18/85 of 1938 to 1948. There was an umbrella handle handbrake under the dashboard parcel shelf. Both Alec Issigonis and Pininfarina worked on its exterior, the bodyshell was exceptionally stiff with a torsional rigidity of 18032 Nm/degree, this was greater structural rigidity than many modern cars up to the end of the century.
A month after its launch, in December 1964, reclining front seats, further improvements followed the launch of the Morris 1800 early in 1966. Gear cables were revamped to deal with difficult engagement of first and third gears in cold weather, the Landcrab nickname came from the cars unusual proportions, being much wider and lower than most other cars in its class, and its great structural strength. The cars stance and slow but sure nature over rough ground put the BMC rally crews in mind of a terrestrial crab, the nickname stuck and became widespread in the press and public. The Mark Is doors were used on the Austin Maxi. In May 1968 a Mark II version was launched, the Wolseley retained its unique rear lights. Other changes included a second gear and final drive ratio for the manual transmission. The compression ratio was increased and maximum power output boosted by 5 bhp to a claimed 86 bhp. The Mark II had larger wheels In 1969, the sills and doors from the 1800 were used on the bodyshell of the otherwise new Austin Maxi, apart from that, the 1800S twin carburettor 95 bhp engine came in from October 1968.
By 1970, a 97 bhp S model with twin SU HS6 carburettors, less dramatic modifications heralded a Mark III version in 1972. This had another change to the front grille and interior improvements, at this point, six-cylinder versions were introduced – the Austin 2200, Morris 2200 and Wolseley Six. While 1800 versions of the Austin and Morris were continued, the Wolseley 18/85 was dropped, the 2. 2-litre straight-six engine used in the Australian Austin Tasman & Kimberley X6 cars was introduced into the British ADO17 range in 1972. The British 6-cylinder models were marketed as the Austin 2200, Morris 2200, the ubiquitous doors even appeared on the further upmarket Austin 3-Litre of 1968 and, at prototype stage and Rolls-Royces
BMW New Six
The BMW New Six is a line of full-size luxury sedans and GT coupes produced by the German automaker BMW from 1968 to 1977. All models used the then-new M30 straight-6 engine, the E3 sedan version, which marked BMWs return to the full-size luxury sedan market after a hiatus of 5 years, was introduced as a response to growing market segment dominated by Mercedes-Benz. It was important in establishing BMWs reputation as a maker of sporting, the E9 2-door coupe version were produced alongside and racing versions of the coupé enhanced BMWs reputation in auto racing. After a long hiatus, BMW decided to develop a car in the early 1960s. Work on what was to become the E3 commenced in 1965, the engine was based on the existing fours, sharing their overall layout while not merely an addition of two cylinders. The design team was led by Wilhelm Hofmeister, with detail work executed by Italys Bertone. A goal was to allow for more space and comfort than what the earlier Neue Klasse saloons had been able to offer.
The new sedan was noticeably a drivers car, focusing on the occupants. A new feature was the twin headlights, set into the grille, the new car required a new welding plant at BMWs Munich site. In spite of the cars all-new construction it only cost 70 million D-mark to develop and this was less than half of what one might have expected at the time. Models were given names denoting their engine sizes, and suffixes to indicate the long-wheelbase and they were large six-cylinder cars that handled well and impressed contemporary reviewers. Road & Track called the Bavaria delightful and superb, concluding that it was one of the worlds best buys. The big-bore, dual-carbureted 3.0 S was introduced in 1971, being a powerful and expensive model than the 2800. Also produced were long-wheelbase L models, whose sharp handling was a stark contrast to the large Mercedes-Benz models of the time, langley Motors in Thames Ditton UK produced an estate version. With a fully independent suspension along with four disc brakes.
Surprisingly quick, the 3.0 Si sedan was faster than the 3.0 coupe, the body was surprisingly light for its size, weighing less than the smaller E9 coupé. Vision is good, with pillars and no less than 2.5 m2 of overall glass area. At the end of 1973 the new, larger 3.3 L was presented and it had the longer wheelbase and a bigger engine, although the power was no more than that of the 3.0 Si
Magazine
A magazine is a publication, usually a periodical publication, which is printed or electronically published. Magazines are generally published on a schedule and contain a variety of content. They are generally financed by advertising, by a price, by prepaid subscriptions. At its root, the magazine refers to a collection or storage location. In the case of written publication, it is a collection of written articles and this explains why magazine publications share the word root with gunpowder magazines, artillery magazines, firearms magazines, and, in French, retail stores such as department stores. By definition, a magazine paginates with each issue starting at three, with the standard sizing being 8 3/8 ×10 7/8 inches. However, in the sense a journal has continuous pagination throughout a volume. Some professional or trade publications are peer-reviewed, an example being the Journal of Accountancy, academic or professional publications that are not peer-reviewed are generally professional magazines.
That a publication calls itself a journal does not make it a journal in the technical sense, magazines can be distributed through the mail, through sales by newsstands, bookstores, or other vendors, or through free distribution at selected pick-up locations. The subscription business models for distribution fall into three main categories. In this model, the magazine is sold to readers for a price, either on a basis or by subscription. Paid circulation allows for defined readership statistics and this means that there is no cover price and issues are given away, for example in street dispensers, airline, or included with other products or publications. Because this model involves giving issues away to unspecific populations, the statistics only entail the number of issues distributed and this is the model used by many trade magazines distributed only to qualifying readers, often for free and determined by some form of survey. This allows a level of certainty that advertisements will be received by the advertisers target audience.
This latter model was used before the rise of the World Wide Web and is still employed by some titles. For example, in the United Kingdom, a number of computer-industry magazines use this model, including Computer Weekly and Computing, for the global media industry, an example would be VideoAge International. The earliest example of magazines was Erbauliche Monaths Unterredungen, a literary and philosophy magazine, the Gentlemans Magazine, first published in 1731, in London was the first general-interest magazine. Edward Cave, who edited The Gentlemans Magazine under the pen name Sylvanus Urban, was the first to use the term magazine, founded by Herbert Ingram in 1842, The Illustrated London News was the first illustrated magazine
Rover SD1
The Rover SD1 is both the code name and eventual production name given to a series of executive cars built by British Leyland, under the Rover marque. It was produced through its Specialist, Rover Triumph and Austin Rover divisions from 1976 until 1986, the SD1 was marketed under various names. In 1977 it won the European Car of the Year title, in SD1, the SD refers to Specialist Division and 1 is the first car to come from the in-house design team. The SD1 can be considered as the last British Rover, being the final Rover-badged vehicle to be produced at Solihull, future Rovers would be built at the former British Motor Corporation factories at Longbridge and Cowley, and were to rely largely on Honda engineering. In 1971, Rover, at time a part of the British Leyland group. The designers of both Triumph and Rover submitted plans for the new car, of which the latter was chosen, spen King was responsible for the engineering. The two had collaborated on the Range Rover. The project was first code-named RT1 but changed to SD1 as Rover.
The new car was designed with simplicity of manufacture in mind in contrast to the P6, the SD1 used a well-known live rear axle instead. However, with the rear axle came another retrograde step – the car was fitted with drum brakes at the rear. The Rover V8 engine was fitted in the engine bay, the three-speed automatic gearbox was the BorgWarner 65 model. The dashboard of the SD1 features an air vent, directly facing the passenger. The air vent doubles as a passage for the column. This concept was not entirely new, it had used on the Range Rover and was used again on the Mk.1 Austin Metro. An estate body had been envisaged, but it did not get beyond the prototype stage, two similarly specified estates have survived, and are exhibited at the Heritage Motor Centre and the Haynes International Motor Museum respectively. One was used by BL chairman Sir Michael Edwardes as personal transport in the late 1970s, the two cars as befit prototypes differ in the detail of and around the tailgate. One car has a tailgate, while the other has a clamshell arrangement.
The SD1 was intended to be produced in an extension to Rovers historic Solihull factory alongside the TR7
General Motors
With global headquarters at the Renaissance Center in Detroit, United States, GM manufactures cars and trucks in 35 countries. In 2008,8.35 million GM cars and trucks were sold globally under various brands, current auto brands are Buick, Chevrolet, GMC, and Wuling. Former GM automotive brands include McLaughlin, Oldsmobile, Hummer, Saturn, the company was founded by William C. Durant on September 16,1908 as a holding company. The company was the largest automobile manufacturer from 1931 through 2007, in addition to brands selling assembled vehicles, GM has had various automotive-component and non-automotive brands, many of which it divested in the 1980s through 2000s. General Motors produces vehicles in 37 countries under twelve brands, Buick, GMC, Holden, HSV, Vauxhall, Baojun, Jie Fang, and Ravon. The current company, General Motors Company LLC, was formed in 2009 following the bankruptcy of General Motors Corporation, the new company purchased the majority of the assets of the old GM, including the brand General Motors.
In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors holds a 20% stake in IMM, General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. General Motors is divided into five segments, GM North America, Opel Group, GM International Operations, GM South America. General Motors led global vehicle sales for 77 consecutive years from 1931 through 2007, longer any other automaker. General Motors acts in most countries outside the U. S. via wholly owned subsidiaries, GMs OnStar subsidiary provides vehicle safety and information services. In 2009, General Motors shed several brands, closing Saturn and Hummer, in 2010, the reorganized GM made an initial public offering that was one of the worlds top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability that year. General Motors Corporation was formed on September 16,1908, in Flint, Michigan, GMs co-founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GMs creation. Over the years, Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM, and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, GM acquired Oldsmobile that year.
In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Oakland, in 1909, GM acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant, along with R. S. McLaughlin, lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers trust, because of the amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in the U. S. and in Canada in 1915, Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation in 1916, merging Chevrolet with GM, shortly thereafter, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. These facilities were added to the factories that were exclusive to Cadillac, Oldsmobile, Oakland
Geneva
Geneva is the second most populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandy, the French-speaking part of Switzerland. Situated where the Rhône exits Lake Geneva, it is the capital of the Republic, the municipality has a population of 198,072, and the canton has 484,736 residents. In 2014, the compact agglomération du Grand Genève had 946,000 inhabitants in 212 communities in both Switzerland and France, within Swiss territory, the commuter area named Métropole lémanique contains a population of 1.25 million. This area is essentially spread east from Geneva towards the Riviera area and north-east towards Yverdon-les-Bains, Geneva is the city that hosts the highest number of international organizations in the world. It is the place where the Geneva Conventions were signed, Geneva was ranked as the worlds ninth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index, ahead of Frankfurt, and third in Europe behind London and Zürich. A2009 survey by Mercer found that Geneva has the third-highest quality of life of any city in the world, the city has been referred to as the worlds most compact metropolis and the Peace Capital.
In 2009 and 2011, Geneva was ranked as, the city was mentioned in Latin texts, by Caesar, with the spelling Genava, probably from a Celtic toponym *genawa- from the stem *genu-, in the sense of a bending river or estuary. The medieval county of Geneva in Middle Latin was known as pagus major Genevensis or Comitatus Genevensis, the name takes various forms in modern languages, Geneva /dʒᵻˈniːvə/ in English, Genève, Genf, Italian and Romansh, Genevra. The city in origin shares its name, *genawa estuary, with the Italian port city of Genoa, Geneva was an Allobrogian border town, fortified against the Helvetii tribe, when the Romans took it in 121 BC. It became Christian under the Late Roman Empire, and acquired its first bishop in the 5th century, having been connected to the bishopric of Vienne in the 4th. In the Middle Ages, Geneva was ruled by a count under the Holy Roman Empire until the late 14th century, around this time the House of Savoy came to dominate the city. In the 15th century, a republican government emerged with the creation of the Grand Council.
In 1541, with Protestantism in the ascendancy, John Calvin, by the 18th century, Geneva had come under the influence of Catholic France, which cultivated the city as its own. France tended to be at odds with the ordinary townsfolk, in 1798, revolutionary France under the Directory annexed Geneva. At the end of the Napoleonic Wars, on 1 June 1814, in 1907, the separation of Church and State was adopted. Geneva flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, becoming the seat of international organizations. Geneva is located at 46°12 North, 6°09 East, at the end of Lake Geneva. It is surrounded by two chains, the Alps and the Jura
Vauxhall Carlton
The Vauxhall Carlton is a series of large family car/executive car sold in two distinct generations by the Vauxhall division of GM Europe between 1978 and 1994. The Carlton was based on the Opel Rekord E and Omega A, with the exception of the pre-facelift Mk.1 cars, most Carltons were manufactured by Opel in Rüsselsheim, and differed only from their Opel Rekord/Omega sisters in badging and trim. It was replaced by the Omega B in 1994, mirroring the standardisation of model names across both GM Europe brands, main Article, Opel Rekord E The first Vauxhall Carlton was introduced in September 1978 as a replacement for the ageing VX1800/VX2300 saloons. Based on the Opel Rekord, but with Vauxhalls typical droop snoot front end that featured no traditional grille. The other difference was the dashboard, which featured the instrument binnacle going across the whole width of the car with wooden embellishment. It was a large saloon or estate with rear-wheel drive. Power came from a 2. 0–litre carburettor petrol engine which gave reasonable performance, there were some impressive options available, including central door locking, alloy wheels and electric windows, which in the late 1970s were relatively plush equipment on mainstream cars.
It was designed to compete directly with the Ford Granada, which was consistently the most popular car of that size in Britain during the 1970s. It competed with British Leylands Princess and Rover SD1 model ranges, as well as foreign competitors including the Citroen CX and it was launched shortly before the Peugeot 505. Lengthened, more models, based on the Carlton and Rekord, were available. The Viceroy/Commodore however sold poorly and were discontinued after the E2 facelift in 1982, the update saw the disappearance of the droop snoot front, in favour of a more traditional grille shared with the Rekord. Both cars shared the new dashboard moulding and redesigned interior and this marked the end of UK sale of the Opel Rekord as the Opel brand was being phased out in the UK. In 1984, a range topping 2.2 L CIH fuel injected petrol became available in the CD trim, a 2.3 L diesel version was available. A wider range of levels consisting of L, GL. A2.0 L fuel injection engine was introduced for the 1984 model year and was replaced by a 2.2 L fuel injection engine for 1985, main Article, Opel Omega A Opel chose to name its 1986 replacement car in this segment Omega rather than Rekord.
Vauxhall stayed with the Carlton name, on its launch at the end of 1986 the Vauxhall Carlton / Opel Omega saloon and estate range earned itself the accolade of European Car of the Year. Again there was a version of the Carlton, this time known in both Opel and Vauxhall forms by the same name, Senator. Vauxhall scrapped the Carlton nameplate in early 1994, but the name of its Opel equivalent, at which point the Vauxhall equivalent adopted the name change and so the Carltons replacement was sold as the Vauxhall Omega
Toyota Yaris
The Toyota Yaris is a subcompact car produced by Toyota since 1999, replacing the Starlet. Between 1999 and 2005, some received the same vehicles under the Toyota Echo name. Toyota has used the Yaris and Echo names on the version of several different Japanese-market models. The name Yaris is derived from Charis, the form of Charites. First generation models were marketed between 1999 and 2005 under the Yaris and Echo names depending on the market, hatchback and sedan body variants were offered. Hatchback, versions derive from the Japanese-market Toyota Vitz and sedan, versions derive from the Japanese-market Toyota Platz. Second generation models have been marketed since 2005 under the Yaris name worldwide and sedan body styles were offered. The hatchback version was discontinued in early 2014 for Asian markets, versions derive from the Japanese-market Toyota Vitz. Sedan, versions derive from the Japanese-market Toyota Belta, third generation models have been marketed since 2011 under the Yaris name worldwide.
Originally available only as a hatchback, a body style arrived in 2013. Hatchback, versions derive from the Japanese-market Toyota Vitz, introduced in early 2011, versions derive from the Asian-market Toyota Vios, introduced in 2013. Since 2013, a different version of the Yaris, based on the Toyota Vios, was launched for the Asian market – including China, Indonesia, Taiwan and the Philippines. The Chinese market released the regular XP90 Vitz-based Yaris produced locally by the GAC Toyota joint venture, China sells the Vios-based model as the Yaris L, available in 1. 3- 6NR-FE and 1. 5-liter 7NR-FE versions. The facelift Yaris L was unveiled at the April 2016 Auto China, in 2016, a facelift was conducted by the GAC Toyota joint venture, and a sedan version was added based on the Toyota Vios sedan. In Thailand, this Yaris was released in October 2013, using the 1. 2-liter 3NR-FE engine, models offered are as follows, J ECO, J, E, G and TRD Sportivo. For the Indonesian market, the XP150 model was revealed in December 2013 and this Indonesian Yaris is similar to the Thai version, thus bigger than the Yaris in other markets, and uses the 1. 5-liter 1NZ-FE engine.
Trim levels offered are, E, G, and TRD Sportivo with manual or automatic transmission, the XP150 model received an update on 3 November 2016, along with the new crossover SUV-like variant, the Yaris Heykers. The updated XP150 model uses the newer 1. 5-liter 2NR-FE engine from the second generation Avanza
Autobianchi A112
The Autobianchi A112 is a supermini produced by the Italian automaker Autobianchi. It was developed using a version of the contemporary Fiat 128s platform. The mechanicals of the A112 subsequently underpinned the Fiat 127 and it was introduced in November 1969, as a replacement for the Bianchina and Primula, and was built until 1986, when it made way for the more modern Autobianchi Y10. Over 1.2 million A112s were produced in Autobianchis Milan factory, the A112 was available only with a 3-door body. It was offered with the OHV engine of 903 cc from the Fiat 850 capable of attaining 42 PS, claimed power increased to 47 PS in 1971, but without any mechanical changes having taken place. The A112 reached a particular market, by 1984 female buyers represented 35% of A112 owners. In September 1971 the A112 E was introduced and this featured improved seats, higher grade trimming and equipment, as well as a five-speed gearbox in life. The mechanics were originally identical to the version, now referred to as the Normale.
A performance edition Abarth was introduced too, in March 1973 the A112 received a makeover. The grille was new, with a mesh, and the bumpers were now of rubber with chrome insert. A new style of alloys were available, and the seats, the Abarth received a new chess pattern upholstery. In 1975 the third series arrived, the insides in the rear were recontoured, so that the car now became a five-seater. The easiest way to spot a third series is that it received new, much larger vents on the C-pillars, as well as redesigned taillights - with integrated reversing lights on the Elegant and Abarth. The Abarth received a new larger 1050 cc engine, while the Normales output dropped to 42 PS in July 1975, all engines were still pushrod units, derived from the old tipo 100 engine first introduced in the Fiat 600. In 1976, due to new standards, the Elegant lost two horsepower, now down to 45 PS. Third series Normales still received metal bumpers, but from now on they were painted black and this was the last model to have the diamond shaped turn signals on the front fenders, with models receiving more orthodox rectangular ones.
Rayton Fissore showed a version of the A112 called Otas in 1976. In November 1977 the Nuova A112 was introduced, The most obvious difference is a taller roof
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