European Investment Bank

European Investment Bank

EIB headquarters, East building
Founded	1958
Type	International financial institution
Location	Kirchberg, Luxembourg
Owner	EU member states
President	Werner Hoyer
Employees	3200
Website	www.eib.org

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The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the European Union's nonprofit long-term lending institution established in 1958 under the Treaty of Rome. As a "policy-driven bank" whose shareholders are the member states of the EU, the EIB uses its financing operations to bring about European integration and social cohesion.^[1] It should not be confused with the European Central Bank, which is based in Frankfurt (Germany) or with the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) which is based in London (United Kingdom).

The EIB is a publicly owned international financial institution and its shareholders are the EU member states. Thus the member states set the bank's broad policy goals and oversee the two independent decision-making bodies—the board of governors and the board of directors.^[2] In 2018, seven EU governments demanded improvements in the governance and structure of the institution as well as stricter cost controls. There were concerns that EIB had been slow to implement recommendations raised by its own audit committee, which aimed at improving the risk management and project selection.^[3] It is the world's largest international public lending institution.^[4]

History[edit]

The European Investment Bank was founded in Brussels in 1958 when the Treaty of Rome came into force. It relocated to Luxembourg, its current headquarters, in 1968. By 1999, it had more than 1,000 staff members, a figure that had nearly doubled by 2012; when the EIB was founded in 1958 it had 66 employees.^[5]

The EIB Group was formed in 2000, comprising the EIB and the European Investment Fund (EIF), the EU's venture capital arm that provides finances and guarantees for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The EIB is the EIF's majority shareholder, with 62% of the shares.^[6] In 2012, the EIB Institute was created, with the goal of promoting "European initiatives for the common good" in EU Member States and candidate and potential candidate countries, as well as EFTA nations.

The total subscribed capital of the Bank was EUR 232 billion in 2012.^[7] The capital of the EIB was virtually doubled between 2007 and 2009 in response to the crisis. The EU heads of government agreed to increase paid-in capital by EUR 10 billion in June 2012, with implementation expected in early 2013.

For the fiscal year 2011, EIB lent EUR 61 billion in various loan products, bringing total outstanding loans to EUR 395 billion; one-third higher than at the end of 2008. Nearly 90% of these were with EU member states with the remainder dispersed between around 150 "partner countries" (in southern and eastern Europe, the Mediterranean region, Africa, Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean and the Pacific). The bank uses its AAA credit rating and funds itself by raising equivalent amounts on the capital markets.

Mission[edit]

As the "Bank of the European Union", the EIB's mission is to make a difference to the future of Europe and its partners by supporting sound investments which further EU policy goals.^[8]

Although about 90 percent of projects financed by the EIB are based in EU member countries, the bank does fund projects in about 150 other countries—non-EU Southeastern European countries, Mediterranean partner countries, ACP countries, Asian and Latin American countries, the members of the Eastern Partnership and Russia.^[9] According to the EIB, it works in these countries to implement the financial pillar of the union's external cooperation and development policies by encouraging private sector development, infrastructure development, security of energy supply and environmental sustainability. In the wake of the 2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine, the Council of the European Union instructed the EIB to suspend the signature of new financing operations in Russia.^[10]

Strategy[edit]

Operating strategy:

• To finance viable capital projects which further EU objectives
• To borrow on the capital markets to finance these projects

Lending strategy within the EU

Within the EU the EIB has six priority objectives:

• Cohesion and convergence (regional policy)
• Support for small and medium-sized enterprises
• Environmental sustainability
• Knowledge economy
• Development of Trans-European Networks of transport and energy
• Sustainable, competitive, and secure energy supply

Lending strategy outside the EU

Outside the EU the EIB's priority objectives for lending activity are:

• Private sector development
• Financial sector development
• Infrastructure development
• Security of energy supply
• Environmental sustainability
• EU presence

When making loans outside the EU, the bank has lending mandates based on EU external cooperation and development policies, which differ from region to region.

1. Pre-Accession: Candidate and Potential Candidate countries in the Enlargement region (states which could possibly join the EU)
2. European Neighbourhood: Mediterranean Neighbourhood / Russia and Eastern Neighbours
3. Development: Africa, Pacific and Caribbean (ACP) / Republic of South Africa
4. Economic Cooperation: Asia and Latin America (ALA)

Within pre-accession countries, activities support both the EU priority lending objectives and the objectives of the external mandates.^[8]

Corporate policies[edit]

Transport Policy (renewed in 2011), Energy Policy (2012), Transparency Policy (latest renewal in 2015), Climate Strategy (2015), Governance at the EIB, Complaints Mechanism Policy (renewed in 2010), Anti-Fraud and Anti-Corruption Policy, Integrity Policy and Compliance Charter, Statement on Environmental and Social Principles and Standards, EIB Whistleblowing Policy, EIB Policy towards weakly regulated, non-transparent and uncooperative jurisdictions. As such, the European Investment Bank is currently represented in the Standard Committee of SuRe® – The Standard for Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, which is a global voluntary standard, developed by the Swiss Global Infrastructure Basel Foundation and the French bank Natixis, which integrates key criteria of sustainability and resilience into infrastructure development and upgrade.^[11]

Governance[edit]

The EIB is governed by the:

• Board of Governors – usually the Finance Ministers of the Member States. Their mandate is to authorise EIB activities outside the Union, form credit policy guidelines and approve the annual accounts.
• Board of directors – twenty-eight members (one nominated by each member state and one by the European Commission).^[12]:13–14 There are eighteen alternates,^[12]:13–14 meaning that some of these positions are shared by groups of states.^[13] The board also co-opts a maximum of six experts (three directors and three alternates),^[12]:13–14 who participate in the Board meetings in an advisory capacity, without voting rights. The Board has sole power to take decisions in respect of loans, guarantees and borrowings. They are responsible only to the bank.

• Management committee – EIB President and eight vice-presidents
• Audit committee – six members appointed by the Board of Governors

The EIB addresses complaints internally and the bank can also be referred to the European Ombudsman if concerns about maladministration persist.^[14]

Offices[edit]

The headquarters is situated at 100 Boulevard Konrad Adenauer in Kirchberg, Luxembourg.^[15] The building's first phase, now the West building, was designed by British architect Sir Denys Lasdun and is one of his few works outside the UK. An extension, the East building, was designed by Ingenhoven Architects, Düsseldorf. Covered by a glass roof that spans the entire structure, the extension adds 72,500 meters of office space.^[16]

The EIB has offices in the different EU countries, including Athens, Berlin, Brussels, Bucharest, Fort-de-France, Martinique (one of France's overseas departments); Dublin, Helsinki, Lisbon, London, Lubliana, Madrid, Paris, Rome, Sofia, Warsaw, Copenhagen and Vienna.

Outside of the EU, it has offices in Belgrade, Serbia; Bogota, Columbia; Kiev, Ukraine; Ankara, Turkey; Beijing, China; Cairo, Egypt; Dakar, Senegal; Istanbul, Turkey; Nairobi, Kenya; Pretoria, South Africa; Rabat, Morocco; Sydney, Australia; and Tunis, Tunisia and Tbilisi, Georgia.^[17]

In 2007, the EIB opened a regional office in Helsinki, located at the headquarters of the Nordic Investment Bank (NIB), with the aim of enhancing the Bank's presence in the Baltic Sea region.^[18]

Presidents[edit]

The EIB president is the head of the Management Committee, a nine-member executive body that is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the EIB. They are "appointed by the EIB's Board of Governors, on a proposal from the board of directors", for a renewable six-year term. The President is also the chair of the board of directors.^[19] The other eight members are vice-presidents.^[20]

• Werner Hoyer (Germany): January 2012 – present^[21]
• Philippe Maystadt (Belgium): March 2000 – December 2011
• Sir Brian Unwin (UK): April 1993 – December 1999
• Ernst-Günther Bröder (Germany): August 1984 – March 1993
• Yves Le Portz (France): September 1970 – July 1984
• Paride Formentini (Italy): June 1959 – September 1970
• Pietro Campilli (Italy): February 1958 – May 1959

Shareholders[edit]

The shareholders of the EIB are the 28 member states of the EU, while each state’s share in the EIB’s capital is based on its economic weight within the European Union (expressed in GDP) at the time of its accession.^[22] Shares of capital are following:^[23]

Country	Capital (EUR mil.)	Capital (%)
Germany	39,195	16.1
France	39,195	16.1
Italy	39,195	16.1
United Kingdom	39,195	16.1
Spain	23,517	9.7
Belgium	10,865	4.5
Netherlands	10,865	4.5
Sweden	7,208	3.0
Denmark	5,501	2.3
Austria	5,393	2.2
other member states	23,156	9.5
Total	243,284	100

Active projects[edit]

• Crossrail, United Kingdom
• Kanpur Metro, India
• Manchester Metrolink Phase 3, United Kingdom
• Eurasia Tunnel, Turkey
• Marmaray Railway, Turkey

Controversial projects[edit]

There are a few projects financed or under the appraisal procedure by the EIB that have raised objections from local communities as well as international and national NGOs.^[24][25] Such projects include the M10 motorway in Russia^[26], the Gazela Bridge in Serbia,^[27] Rača Bridge between Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina,^{[citation needed]} the D1 motorway in the Slovakia, Šoštanj Power Plant in Slovenia,^[28] the Bujagali Hydroelectric Power Station in Uganda^[29]

The Transparency Policy of the EIB has been criticised by NGOs. In 2004, Article 19 issued a memorandum in which it accused the EIB of failing to meet international (including EU) standards on openness.^[30] In 2010 the EIB updated its transparency policy following a public consultation.^[31] The latest update of the Transparency Policy in 2015 equally followed a public consultation.

A 2011 report accused the EIB of a lending policy that failed its responsibility to further the EU goal of cutting carbon emissions.^[32]

In 2014 11 NGOs demanded the release of an EIB report into allegations of tax fraud by Glencore in Zambia.^[33] Following a recommendation of the European Ombudsman the EIB released a summary which stated their investigation had been "non-conclusive".^[34][35] The Ombudsman subsequently called this summary inadequate and accused the EIB of failing to meet its own transparency policy.^[36][37]

Reports in 2010 and 2015, from a coalition of NGOs, implicated the EIB in tax avoidance by lending to businesses which use tax havens.^[38][39][40]

See also[edit]

• Development finance institution
• European Investment Fund
• Institutions of the European Union
• Economics

Notes and references[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: Protocol on the Statute of the EIB

Wikimedia Commons has media related to European Investment Bank.

• Official website
• Historical Archives of the European Investment Bank at the Historical Archives of the EU in Florence
• European Investment Bank European Navigator
• CEE Bankwatch Network's Information pages about European Investment Bank