1.
Ticker symbol
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A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
2.
Euronext
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Euronext NV is a European stock exchange seated in Amsterdam, Brussels, London, Lisbon and Paris. In addition to cash and derivatives markets, the Euronext group provides listing market data, market solutions, custody and its total product offering includes equities, exchange-traded funds, warrants and certificates, bonds, derivatives, commodities and indices. As of 2017, Euronext was the largest in continental Europe with 1,300 issuers representing a €3 trillion market capitalization, Euronext merged with NYSE Group, Inc. on April 4,2007 to form NYSE Euronext. On November 13,2013 Intercontinental Exchange, completed acquisition of NYSE Euronext, in June 2014 Euronext completed an initial public offering making it a standalone company again. In December 2001, Euronext acquired the shares of the London International Financial Futures and Options Exchange, in 2002 the group merged with the Portuguese stock exchange Bolsa de Valores de Lisboa e Porto, renamed Euronext Lisbon. In 2001, Euronext became a company itself after completing its Initial Public Offering. Despite this, NYSE Group and Euronext penned an agreement, subject to shareholder vote. The initial regulatory response by SEC chief Christopher Cox was positive, the new firm, tentatively dubbed NYSE Euronext, would be headquartered in New York City, with European operations and its trading platform run out of Paris. In addition, the two hoped to add Borsa Italiana into the grouping. Deutsche Börse dropped out of the bidding for Euronext on 15 November 2006, a run-up of NYSE Groups stock price in late 2006 made the offering far more attractive to Euronexts shareholders. On 19 December 2006, Euronext shareholders approved the transaction with 98. 2% of the vote, only 1. 8% voted in favour of the Deutsche Börse offer. Jean-François Théodore, the Chief Executive Officer of Euronext, stated that expected the transaction to close within three or four months. Some of the agencies with jurisdiction over the merger had already given approval. NYSE Group shareholders gave their approval on 20 December 2006, the merger was completed on 4 April 2007, forming NYSE Euronext. In 2008 and 2009 Deutsche Börse made two attempts to merge with NYSE Euronext. Both attempts did not enter into advanced steps of merger, in 2011, Deutsche Börse and NYSE Euronext confirmed that they were in advanced merger talks. Such a merger would create the largest exchange in history, the deal was approved by shareholders of NYSE Euronext on July 7,2011, and Deutsche Börse on July 15,2011 and won the antitrust approved by the US regulators on December 22,2011. Deutsche Börse unsuccessfully appealed this decision, in 2012, Euronext announced the creation of Euronext London to offer listing facilities in the UK
3.
Communications satellite
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Communications satellites are used for television, telephone, radio, internet, and military applications. There are over 2,000 communications satellites in Earth’s orbit, Wireless communication uses electromagnetic waves to carry signals. These waves require line-of-sight, and are thus obstructed by the curvature of the Earth, the purpose of communications satellites is to relay the signal around the curve of the Earth allowing communication between widely separated points. Communications satellites use a range of radio and microwave frequencies. To avoid signal interference, international organizations have regulations for which frequency ranges or bands certain organizations are allowed to use and this allocation of bands minimizes the risk of signal interference. The concept of the communications satellite was first proposed by Arthur C. Clarke, building on work by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and on the 1929 work by Herman Potočnik Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums — der Raketen-motor, in October 1945 Clarke published an article titled Extraterrestrial Relays in the British magazine Wireless World. The article described the fundamentals behind the deployment of artificial satellites in geostationary orbits for the purpose of relaying radio signals, thus, Arthur C. Clarke is often quoted as being the inventor of the communications satellite and the term Clarke Belt employed as a description of the orbit. Decades later a project named Communication Moon Relay was a project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of communication by using the Moon as a passive reflector. The first artificial Earth satellite was Sputnik 1, put into orbit by the Soviet Union on October 4,1957, it was equipped with an on-board radio-transmitter that worked on two frequencies,20.005 and 40.002 MHz. Sputnik 1 was launched as a step in the exploration of space, while incredibly important it was not placed in orbit for the purpose of sending data from one point on earth to another. And it was the first artificial satellite in the leading to todays satellite communications. The first artificial satellite used solely to further advances in communications was a balloon named Echo 1. Echo 1 was the worlds first artificial communications satellite capable of relaying signals to other points on Earth and it soared 1,600 kilometres above the planet after its Aug.12,1960 launch, yet relied on humanitys oldest flight technology — ballooning. Launched by NASA, Echo 1 was a 30-metre aluminized PET film balloon served as a passive reflector for radio communications. The worlds first inflatable satellite — or satelloon, as they were informally known — helped lay the foundation of todays satellite communications, the idea behind a communications satellite is simple, Send data up into space and beam it back down to another spot on the globe. Echo 1 accomplished this by serving as an enormous mirror,10 stories tall
4.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
5.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
6.
European Space Agency
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The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states, dedicated to the exploration of space. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a staff of about 2,000. The main European launch vehicle Ariane 5 is operated through Arianespace with ESA sharing in the costs of launching, after World War II, many European scientists left Western Europe in order to work with the United States. The meeting was attended by representatives from eight countries, including Harrie Massey. The Western European nations decided to have two different agencies, one concerned with developing a system, ELDO, and the precursor of the European Space Agency. The latter was established on 20 March 1964 by an agreement signed on 14 June 1962, from 1968 to 1972, ESRO launched seven research satellites. ESA in its current form was founded with the ESA Convention in 1975, ESA has 10 founding member states, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. These signed the ESA Convention in 1975 and deposited the instruments of ratification by 1980, during this interval the agency functioned in a de facto fashion. ESA launched its first major scientific mission in 1975, Cos-B, ESA joined NASA in the IUE, the worlds first high-orbit telescope, which was launched in 1978 and operated very successfully for 18 years. A number of successful Earth-orbit projects followed, and in 1986 ESA began Giotto, its first deep-space mission, to study the comets Halley and Grigg–Skjellerup. Hipparcos, a mission, was launched in 1989 and in the 1990s SOHO, Ulysses. Recent scientific missions in co-operation with NASA include the Cassini–Huygens space probe, as the successor of ELDO, ESA has also constructed rockets for scientific and commercial payloads. Ariane 1, launched in 1979, brought mostly commercial payloads into orbit from 1984 onward, the successor launch vehicle of Ariane 5, the Ariane 6 is already in the definition stage and is envisioned to enter service in the 2020s. The beginning of the new millennium saw ESA become, along with agencies like NASA, JAXA, ISRO, CSA and Roscosmos, one of the major participants in scientific space research. Although ESA had relied on co-operation with NASA in previous decades, especially the 1990s, changed circumstances led to decisions to rely more on itself, a 2011 press issue thus stated, Russia is ESAs first partner in its efforts to ensure long-term access to space. ESA maintains its scientific and research projects mainly for astronomy-space missions such as Corot, launched on 27 December 2006 and this is the reason space exploration is an integral part of overall space activities. It has always been so, and it will be more important in the future. ESA describes its work in two overlapping ways, For the general public the various fields of work are described as Activities, Member states participate to varying degrees in the mandatory and optional space programmes
7.
Hot Bird
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Hot Bird is a group of satellites operated by Eutelsat, located at 13°E over the Equator and with a transmitting footprint over Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Only digital radio and television channels are transmitted by the Hot Bird constellation, in addition there are a few interactive and IP services. The satellites currently operate at 13° East and are numbered 13B, 13C, Hot Bird 1 was launched by Ariane 44LP on 28 March 1995. The 13° East slot predates the launch, with Eutelsat 1F1 having been located there as early as 1983, Hot Bird 3 was launched by Ariane 44LP on 2 September 1997 and intended to be moved to 10°E to become Eurobird 10. During the drift from 13°E to 10°E, the satellite suffered loss of power from one solar array and it was nevertheless successfully moved to 10°E, but could only operate at a reduced capacity. Since then, it is operating at 4°E under the name Eurobird 4, at last it was moved to 75°E and renamed to ABS_1B. It has reached end-of-life. 5°E and renamed Eurobird 2, six transponders are leased to Arabsat under the name Badr 2, after having been called Arabsat 2D. Hot Bird 6 was launched by Atlas V401 on 21 July 2002, starting on 12 June 2009, the day of Iranian elections, deliberate interference affecting this satellite was traced to Iran. Hot Bird 6 is the carrier for BBC Persian Television. As of 2013, it is replaced with Hot Bird 10 Hot Bird 7 was lost in December 2002 during the Ariane 5 ECA launch and its replacement, Hot Bird 7A was successfully launched on 11 March 2006. Hot Bird 8 was launched by Proton on 5 August 2006, with a launch mass of 4.9 tonnes, Hot Bird 8 is the largest and the most powerful broadcast satellite serving Europe. Hot Bird 9 was launched by Ariane 5 ECA in December 2008 and its entry into service enabled the Hot Bird 7A satellite to be redeployed to 9° East and rebranded Eurobird 9A, increasing capacity to 38 Ku band transponders at this orbital position. Hot Bird 10 was launched by Ariane 5 ECA in February 2009 with NSS-9, Spirale A, the Eutelat 33E satellite is located at 33° East, Eutelsat’s premium video neighbourhood for cable and satellite broadcasting in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Bis TV Cyfrowy Polsat Eurosport Globecast NC+ NOVA Greece NOVA Cyprus Press TV Sky Italia Tivù Sat Viacom Up to 1000 television, official Eutelsat Satellites Eutelsat Hot Bird UnOfficial Hot Bird Frequency List Hot Bird 3D Channels
8.
European Telecommunications Satellite Organization
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Eutelsat S. A. is a French-based satellite provider. Eutelsats satellites are used for broadcasting 6,000 television stations, of which 600 are in HD, Eutelsat Communications Chief Executive Officer is currently Rodolphe Belmer. Its main craft have traditionally operated from four positions, each separated by three degrees at Geostationary orbit,7,10,13 and 16°E, although more positions are now operated, in December 2016, Eutelsat made a four-year agreement to lease AsiaSat 8s Ku-band. In 1982 Eutelsat decided to start operations of its first TV-channel on the Orbital Test Satellite in cooperation with ESA and this was the first satellite based direct-to-home TV-channel launched in Europe. Eutelsat was the first satellite operator in Europe to broadcast television channels direct-to-home, with the general liberalisation of the telecommunications sector in Europe, the IGO’s operations and activities were transferred to a private company called Eutelsat S. A. in July 2001. In April 2005, the shareholders of Eutelsat S. A. grouped their investment in a new entity. Currently it owns 96. 0% of Eutelsat S. A, the transaction was finalized on January 2,2014. Based in Mexico, Satmex operates three satellites at contiguous positions, 113° West,114. 9° West and 116. 8° West that cover 90% of the population of the Americas. Eutelsat commercializes capacity on 40 satellites located in orbit between 116 degrees West and 172 degrees East. On 1 March 2012, Eutelsat changed the names of its satellites, the groups satellites mostly take the Eutelsat name, with the relevant figure for their orbital position and a letter indicating their order of arrival at that position. On 21 May 2014, Eutelsat Americas aligned its satellite names with the Eutelsat brand, guy Lebègue, « Eutelsat II, OK For West-to-East Service. », in Revue aerospatiale, n°73, November 1990, official Website Tooway, Eutelsats consumer broadband service
9.
Satmex
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Satmex was a company set up in Mexico in the mid-1990s through 2014 that operated space communication satellites that provide services to the Americas. In 2014, it was acquired by Eutelsat, and Eutelsat now operates the three satellites formerly operated by Satmex, SATMEX existed as a company from approximately 1997 until 2014, when it was acquired by Eutelsat. At the time of the acquisition in 2014, SATMEX had three operating satellites prior to the sale to Eutelsat, Satmex 8, Satmex 6, Satmex 5, the three communication satellites provide local, regional and continental coverage in C band and Ku band. 2016 The Eutelsat 117 West B was launched with the similar ABS 2A,2015 Eutelsat 115 West B was ordered by Satmex but after the acquisition by Eutelsat was renamed. It was built on Boeing 702SP satellite bus that was launched in a pair with the similar ABS 3A satellite, the first pair was launched on SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle on March 2,2015. 2014 On May 21 Eutelsat Americas realigned its satellite names with the Eutelsat brand, Satmex 5 = EUTELSAT115 West A, Satmex 6 = EUTELSAT113 West A, March 7 Satmex was renamed Eutelsat Americas. As previously communicated, the amounts to 831 million$. Based in Mexico, Satmex operates three satellites at contiguous positions, 113° West,114. 9° West and 116. 8° West that cover 90% of the population of the Americas. 2010 The restructuring process of SATMEX begins, as well as the construction of the SATMEX_8 satellite to replace SATMEX_5,2009 Development and implementation of the first Strategic Map, that consolidates the companys strategic objectives for the next five years. Thus allowing SATMEX to become one of the preeminent satellite companies in the world by employing its resources for the benefit of SATMEX. 2001 SATMEX is certified with ISO9001,2000 in Engineering and Satellite Operations including the Traffic and this certification accounts for our two control centers, engineering and satellite operations, access and satellite monitoring and customer support. The first SATMEX’s Users Group meeting in Cancun, Mexico,2000 Internationalization and growth of revenue base. Robust participation of the company in financial and industry forums worldwide, Solidaridad 1 is lost due to a short circuit generated by the growth of tin filaments in the redundant processor. 1998 The new management team isincorporated to the company, new administration tools and executive management are integrated to consolidate a new SATMEX. On December 5, SATMEX_5 is launched into space aboard an Ariane 4L launch vehicle departing from Kourou,1997 Hughes is asked to build the Morelos 3 with coverage for the C and Ku bands throughout the Americas. June 26, The Fixed Satellite Services section of Telecomm is registered under Mexican law and was constituted as the company Satélites Mexicanos, the company is still owned by the Mexican State. After performing a public tenure, the alliance integrated by Principia, the Mexican government owns 25% with non-voting capabilities in the council. SATMEX attracts an investment of U. S. $645 million to Mexico,1995 –1996 Beginning of the privatization process of the Fixed Satellite Services sector of Telecomm
10.
Eutelsat 70B
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Eutelsat 70B is a commercial communications satellite run by Eutelsat. It was launched on 3 December 2012 and is designed to provide services for the Middle East, Central Asia, South East Asia. It will replace Eutelsat 70A, which was known as Eutelsat W5. That satellite, which was launched in 2002, currently occupies the same 70. 5° E location this satellite is intended for, Eutelsat 70B was built by EADS Astrium based on their Eurostar E-3000 bus. It contains 48 Ku band transponders in four distinct beams covering Europe, Asia, Africa and South East Asia. The transponders have bandwidths of 54 MHz and 72 MHz and will operate on the frequencies 10.95 to 11.70 GHz,11.20 to 11.45 GHz,11.45 to 11.70 GHz and 12.5 to 12.75 GHz. The craft is 7 m high with a width of 8m due to the antennas and it is 30m long with solar panels extended. One of the functions of the satellite will be for government communications in Central Asia. The satellite was known as Eutelsat W5A until March 2012 when Eutelsat changed their satellite naming schedule. Eutelsat 70A, previously known as Eutelsat W5, will move to a different location once its replacement is operational, Eutelsat 70B was launched on 3 December 2012 by Sealaunch using a Zenit 3SL rocket with a Block DM-SL upper stage. It launched from the floating platform Ocean Odyssey at 154°W at Kiritimati in the Pacific Ocean and it was launched at 20,43 UTC and the satellite separated at 21,50 UTC and was placed into geosynchronous transfer orbit. It was given the international designator 2012-069A and the United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 39020, the launch was delayed for 24 hours as the floating launch pad was delayed arriving at the launch site. Photograph of launch Promotional video from Eutelsat Launch and promotional video from Sea Launch
11.
Eutelsat 115 West B
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Eutelsat 115 West B is a communications satellite that is operated by Eutelsat, providing video, data, government, and mobile services for the Americas. The satellite was designed and manufactured by Boeing Space Systems, and is a Boeing 702SP model communication satellite and it is located at 115 degrees West longitude. It was launched on board a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket on 2 March 2015, the satellite is solely propelled by electrically powered spacecraft propulsion, with the onboard thrusters used for both geostationary orbit insertion and station keeping. The satellite had a mass of 4,861 pounds. It is notable for being the first commercial satellite in orbit to use electric propulsion. Eutelsat 115 West B was launched with another Boeing 702SP satellite, ABS-3A, Eutelsat 115 West B is planned to be the first in a family of four satellites in the Eutelsat constellation. The satellite was scheduled for entry into service in November 2015, the launch occurred on March 2,2015 at 03,50 UTC and the satellite has been deployed in the planned supersynchronous transfer orbit.1 capabilities. A press release on 15 October 2015 stated that Eutelsat 115 West B has started providing service,2015 in spaceflight List of Falcon 9 launches ABS/Eutelsat-1 Launch, Fact Sheet, SpaceX,26 February 2015
12.
Revue Aerospatiale
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Revue aerospatiale was a monthly magazine published by the French aerospace company Aerospatiale. Aerospatiale created the magazine Aerospatiale in January 1970 as part of its public relations effort, the publication was a monthly and was published by PEMA-2B. 128 issues were published through 1983, at that point, the magazine was restructured with the addition of professional journalists, became bilingual, and was renamed Revue aerospatiale. The magazine also covered competing firms, which helped to push circulation to a typical 50,000 copies, gilles Patri, was the founder and editor-in-chief of Revue aerospatiale for its entire 17-year run. Publication ceased in 2000, when Revue aerospatiale became part of EADS, in March 1990 she published a special edition of 132 pages summarizing its first 20 years of activity from 1970 to 1990. The President Henri Martre signed editorial entitled, Aerospatiale an ongoing challenge, the official company name is clearly written without an accent, and chosen to be as international as possible
13.
SpaceNews
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SpaceNews is a print and online publication that covers news in the space and satellite industry. SpaceNews provides news, commentary and analysis on a variety of topics to an audience of government officials, politicians. SpaceNews details topics in civil, military and commercial space and the communications business. Each issue features a profile on a relevant and important figure within the space industry and these profiles have featured numerous CEOs, members of the United States House of Representatives and other knowledgeable space experts. Founded in 1989, SpaceNews publishes 49 times per year, SpaceNews is currently owned by Pocket Ventures, LLC. which acquired the publication from Imaginova in June 2012
14.
Eutelsat
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Eutelsat S. A. is a French-based satellite provider. Eutelsats satellites are used for broadcasting 6,000 television stations, of which 600 are in HD, Eutelsat Communications Chief Executive Officer is currently Rodolphe Belmer. Its main craft have traditionally operated from four positions, each separated by three degrees at Geostationary orbit,7,10,13 and 16°E, although more positions are now operated, in December 2016, Eutelsat made a four-year agreement to lease AsiaSat 8s Ku-band. In 1982 Eutelsat decided to start operations of its first TV-channel on the Orbital Test Satellite in cooperation with ESA and this was the first satellite based direct-to-home TV-channel launched in Europe. Eutelsat was the first satellite operator in Europe to broadcast television channels direct-to-home, with the general liberalisation of the telecommunications sector in Europe, the IGO’s operations and activities were transferred to a private company called Eutelsat S. A. in July 2001. In April 2005, the shareholders of Eutelsat S. A. grouped their investment in a new entity. Currently it owns 96. 0% of Eutelsat S. A, the transaction was finalized on January 2,2014. Based in Mexico, Satmex operates three satellites at contiguous positions, 113° West,114. 9° West and 116. 8° West that cover 90% of the population of the Americas. Eutelsat commercializes capacity on 40 satellites located in orbit between 116 degrees West and 172 degrees East. On 1 March 2012, Eutelsat changed the names of its satellites, the groups satellites mostly take the Eutelsat name, with the relevant figure for their orbital position and a letter indicating their order of arrival at that position. On 21 May 2014, Eutelsat Americas aligned its satellite names with the Eutelsat brand, guy Lebègue, « Eutelsat II, OK For West-to-East Service. », in Revue aerospatiale, n°73, November 1990, official Website Tooway, Eutelsats consumer broadband service
15.
KA-SAT
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KA-SAT is a high-throughput telecommunications satellite owned by Eutelsat. The satellite provides broadband Internet access services across Europe and also an area of the Middle East. It is positioned at 9°E, joining Eurobird 9A Ku band satellite, KA-SAT was manufactured by EADS Astrium, based on the Eurostar E3000 platform, with a total weight of 6 tons. It was launched by Proton in December 2010, the satellite is named after the Ka band frequency, which is used on the spacecraft. The spacecraft is equipped with four multi-feed deployable antennas with enhanced pointing accuracy and it is configured with 82 spotbeams, making it the most advanced multi-spot satellite designed in the world to date. Each spotbeam is associated with a 237 MHz wide transponder, allowing a data bit rate throughput of 475 Mbit/s per spot, the spacecraft power is about 14 kW and the payload DC power is 11 kW. The solar array power provides up to 16 kW, the payload mass is about 1000 kg, the dry mass is about 3170 kg, the launch mass was 6100 kg. The manoeuvre lifetime in orbit is estimated to 16 years, according to Eutelsat, KA-SAT will be able to provide broadband Internet access to potentially more than one million homes. The company invested about €350 million in the program, including the satellite manufacturing, KA-SAT features a high level of frequency reuse enabling the system to achieve a total capacity of more than 90 Gbit/s. The introduction of KA-SAT has tripled the total capacity commercialized by Eutelsat, the service is centrally operated from Skylogics NOC based in Torino
