1.
Butte, Montana
–
Butte /ˈbjuːt/ is a city in, and the county seat of Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the entity of Butte-Silver Bow. As of the 2010 census, Buttes population was approximately 34,200, Butte is Montanas fifth largest city. In the 19th and 20th centuries, Butte experienced every stage of development of a town, from camp to boomtown to mature city to center for historic preservation. Unlike most such towns, Buttes urban landscape includes mining operations set within residential areas, despite the dominance of the Anaconda Company, Butte was never a company town. It prided itself on architectural diversity and an ethos of rough-and-tumble individualism. In the 21st century, efforts at interpreting and preserving Buttes heritage are addressing both the historical significance and the continuing importance of mining to its economy and culture. Butte was one of the largest cities in the Rocky Mountains in the late 1800s, Silver Bow County had 24,000 people in 1890, and peaked at 100,000 in 1920. The population steadily declined with falling copper prices after World War I, eventually dropping to 34,000 in 1990, in 2013, the population remains at 34,200. The documentary Butte, America, depicts its history as a producer and the issues of labor unionism, economic rise and decline. The city is served by Bert Mooney Airport with airport code BTM, Butte began as a mining town in the late 19th century in the Silver Bow Creek Valley, a natural bowl sitting high in the Rockies straddling the Continental Divide. At first only gold and silver were mined in the area, but the advent of electricity caused a demand for copper. The small town was called the Richest Hill on Earth. It was the largest city for hundreds of miles in all directions. Among the migrants, many Chinese workers moved in, and amongst them set up businesses that led to the creation of a Chinatown in Butte, the Chinese migrations stopped in 1882 with the passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act. The business owners fought back by suing the unions and winning, the history of the Chinese migrants in Butte is documented in the Mai Wah Museum. The influx of miners gave Butte a reputation as a town where any vice was obtainable. The citys famous saloon and red-light district, called the Line or The Copper Block, was centered on Mercury Street, behind the brothel was the equally famous Venus Alley, where women plied their trade in small cubicles called cribs
Butte, Montana
–
Butte viewed from the campus of Montana Tech
Butte, Montana
–
Location of Butte in Montana
Butte, Montana
–
Uptown Butte
Butte, Montana
–
Panorama of Butte, looking Northwest. "M" on mountain sits above the campus of Montana Tech
2.
Clearwater, Florida
–
Clearwater is a city located in Pinellas County, Florida, United States, northwest of Tampa and St. Petersburg. To the west of Clearwater lies the Gulf of Mexico and to the southeast lies Tampa Bay, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 107,685. It is the county seat of Pinellas County, Clearwater is the smallest of the three principal cities in the Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater metropolitan area, most commonly referred to as the Tampa Bay Area. Cleveland Street is one of the citys avenues and the city includes Spectrum Field. The city is separated by the Intracoastal Waterway from Clearwater Beach, Clearwater is the home of Clearwater Marine Aquarium, where bottlenose dolphins Winter and Hope live. Clearwater is the spiritual headquarters for the Church of Scientology. Present-day Clearwater was originally the home of the Tocobaga people, around 1835, the United States Army began construction of Fort Harrison, named after William Henry Harrison, as an outpost during the Seminole Wars. The fort was located on a bluff overlooking Clearwater Harbor, which became part of an early 20th-century residential development called Harbor Oaks. University of South Florida archaeologists excavated the site in 1962 after Mark Wyllie discovered an under ground ammunition bunker while planting a tree in his yard. The areas population grew after the Federal Armed Occupation Act of 1842 offered 160 acres to anyone who would bear arms, early settlers included the Stevens, Stevenson, Sever and McMullen families, who claimed and farmed large tracts of land. Prior to 1906, the area was known as Clear Water Harbor, the name Clear Water is thought to have come from a fresh water spring flowing from near where the City Hall building is located today. There were many other freshwater springs that dotted the bluff, many in the bay or harbor itself, originally part of Hillsborough County, the first road joining Clearwater and Tampa was built in 1849, which dramatically reduced the prior day-long commute between the cities. During the American Civil War, Union gunboats repeatedly raided the communitys supplies, the town began developing in the late nineteenth century, prompted by Peter Demens completion of the first passenger railroad line into the city in 1888. Clearwater was incorporated in 1891, with James E. Crane becoming the first mayor, the areas popularity as a vacation destination grew after railroad magnate Henry B. Plant built a sprawling Victorian resort hotel named Belleview Biltmore just south of Clearwater in 1897, by the early 1900s, Clearwaters population had grown to around 400, ballooning to nearly 1,000 in the winter. Clearwaters oldest existing newspaper, the Clearwater Sun, was first published on March 14,1914, Clearwater was reincorporated, this time as a city, on May 27,1915, and was designated the county seat for Pinellas County, which broke from Hillsborough County in 1912. In 1915, a bridge was built across Clearwater Harbor, joining the city with Clearwater Beach to the west, Clearwater Beach, although located on a separate barrier island, belongs to the city of Clearwater and fronts the Gulf of Mexico. A new, much higher bridge now arcs over the bay, replacing the former drawbridge, during World War II, Clearwater became a major training base for US troops destined for Europe and the Pacific
Clearwater, Florida
–
Old Pinellas County Courthouse
Clearwater, Florida
–
Clearwater at daybreak, as seen from Clearwater Beach
Clearwater, Florida
–
View north from Sand Key toward Clearwater Beach
Clearwater, Florida
–
Pinellas County Courthouse in Clearwater
3.
Robbie Knievel
–
Robert Edward Robbie Knievel is an American daredevil and son of stunt performer Evel Knievel. Robbie Knievel is the son of the late famous stuntman Robert Knievel and his first wife, the third of four children, Knievel is named after his paternal grandfather. Knievel has two daughters, Krysten and Karmen and he also has a granddaughter and grandson, Analise and Kane. Knievel began jumping his bicycle at age 4 and rode motorcycles at age 7, at age 8, he performed his first show with his father at Madison Square Garden. At age 12 he was on tour with his father where he would perform in the pre-jump shows, Knievel attended Central Catholic High School in Butte, Montana between 1975–76, but never graduated. He wanted to lengthen his jumps, but his father disapproved, Knievel then went solo after his dads approval. Knievels jumping career is markedly different from his fathers, in that Robbie, up until 2009, Evel made most of his record breaking jumps using a Harley-Davidson XR-750 motorcycle. The XR-750 is a heavier and less agile motorcycle than the CR500 because the Honda is a motocross bike whereas the Harley is a flat-track racing motorcycle. Robbie has made and often replicated Evels jumps with the exception of two of his fathers major accomplishments, a Harley-Davidson XR-750 jump and the Snake River Canyon jump using the X-2 Skycycle. Although never attempted, Robbie stated that he would use a XR-750 to clear a record-breaking 16 buses, additionally, Robbie stated that he would attempt to re-create his fathers 1974 failed rocket jump over the Snake River Canyon near Twin Falls, Idaho. Like his fathers famous white leather jumpsuit, Knievel would also use the red, white, throughout his career, Knievel has had three notable variances in the jumpsuits, A white jumpsuit with a red V lined with white stars, Used as a teenager touring with his father. A white jumpsuit with a blue V lined with white stars, a black jumpsuit with a white V lined with blue stars, Used in 2009 for the Las Vegas Mirage jump and promotional photos for the possible XR-750 Wembley jump. A second black jumpsuit with a white V lined with red stars was used in photographs in 2010 and 2011. Robbie has completed over 350 jumps, setting 20 world records, in 2003, Knievel made a spectacular jump at the Chinook Winds Casino where Knievel jumped 15 Diet Pepsi trucks. On March 18,2007, Knievel jumped an assortment of vehicles at the North Carolina Auto Expo in Raleigh. Soon afterwards, he appeared in a nationally broadcast commercial for Holiday Inn Express, on June 9,2007, he appeared in Wilmington, Delaware and successfully jumped $4.8 billion in bogus money representing the amount of interest paid to the customers of ING Direct. In August 2007, he was inducted into the Motorcycle Hall of Fame in Sturgis, South Dakota, Knievel successfully jumped over 24 Coca-Cola Zero truck cabs at The Kings Island Amusement Park outside Cincinnati, Ohio on May 24,2008. The jump took place 33 years after his father, Evel Knievel, at age 46, Knievel landed a few feet short on his safety deck over the 23rd truck
Robbie Knievel
–
Doing a
wheelie at
Texas Motor Speedway in June 2008
Robbie Knievel
–
Jumping 21 Hummers at Texas Motor Speedway
4.
Stunt performer
–
A stunt performer, often referred to as a stuntman, stuntwoman, or daredevil, is someone who performs dangerous stunts, often as a career. A stuntman typically performs stunts intended for use in a picture or dramatized television. Stunts seen in films and television include car crashes, falls from height, drags. There is an inherent risk in the performance of all stunt work, the most risk exists when performing stunts in front of a live audience. In filmed performances, visible safety mechanisms can be removed by editing, in live performances the audience can see more clearly if the performer is genuinely doing what they claim or appear to do. To reduce the risk of injury or death, most often stunts are choreographed or mechanically-rigged so that, while they look dangerous, despite their well-choreographed appearance, stunts are still very dangerous and physically testing exercises. From its inception as a skill in the early 1900s to the 1960s. This allows them to break down and plan an action sequence, physically prepare themselves. However, even when executed perfectly, there is still strain, daredevils are distinct from stunt performers and stunt doubles, their performance is of the stunt itself, without the context of a film or television show. Daredevils often perform for an audience, live stunt performers include escape artists, sword swallowers, glass walkers, fire eaters, trapeze artists, and many other sideshow and circus arts. They also include motorcycle display teams and the once popular Wall of Death, the Jackass films and television series are well-known and prominent recorded examples of the act in modern cinematography. Some people, such as Buster Keaton, Harry Houdini, Jackie Chan, Akshay Kumar, Pawan Kalyan, Tony Jaa, the earliest stunt performers were travelling entertainers and circus performers, particularly trained gymnasts and acrobats. This acrobatic discipline required long training in the ring and perfect body control to present a performance to the public. The word stunt was more formally adopted during the 19th century travelling vaudeville performances of the early Wild West Shows, in North America, the first and prototypical wild west show was Buffalo Bills, formed in 1883 and lasting until 1913. The shows which involved simulated battles with the firing of both guns and arrows, were a romanticized version of the American Old West. Egerton Castle and Captain Alfred Hutton were part of a wider Victorian era group based in London, by the early 1900s, the motion picture industry was starting to fire-up on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, but had no need for professional stunt performers. Firstly, motion pictures were so new that even if the producer had a budget for performers, there were more than enough applicants willing to do the scene for free. For instance, if you needed a shot of someone on a steel beam 1,000 feet up on a New York skyscraper, then there was always willing to do the scene for real
Stunt performer
–
Pyrotechnics stunt exhibition by "Giant Auto Rodéo",
Ciney,
Belgium
Stunt performer
–
Circus performers doing an automobile stunt in
Delorimier Stadium,
Montreal, in 1946
Stunt performer
–
Harold Lloyd in 1923's
Safety Last!, hanging (safely) from the clock tower. Lloyd may have been influenced by the real life stunts of
Rodman Law a decade earlier
5.
Painter
–
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
Painter
–
The
Mona Lisa, by
Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable paintings in the world.
Painter
–
Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (
Ming Dynasty)
Painter
–
Circus Sideshow (
French: Parade de cirque),
Georges Seurat, 1887–88
Painter
–
Cave painting of aurochs, (
French: Bos primigenius primigenius),
Lascaux,
France,
prehistoric art
6.
Snake River Canyon (Idaho)
–
The canyon ranges up to 500 feet deep and 0.25 miles wide, and runs for just over 50 miles. Perrine Bridge crosses the canyon north of the city of Twin Falls. Shoshone Falls is located approximately 5 miles east of Perrine Bridge along the canyon, in the late 19th century I. B. Perrine and others founded the Magic Valleys first successful agricultural operations on the Snake River Canyon floor, the canyons value as a farming area diminished after irrigation projects made agriculture practical in the surrounding areas in the early 20th Century. Today the canyon floor is a tourist attraction and features several parks, in the past it was generally believed the Snake River Canyon was created by a cataclysmic flood caused by water released from Lake Bonneville approximately 15,000 years ago. However, as of 2000, geologists believe that while the canyon was shaped by the flood, the canyon is well known as the site of an unsuccessful 1974 attempt by Evel Knievel to jump across it in the Skycycle X-2 rocket. The dirt ramp built for that jump is still there and remains a tourist attraction, on September 16,2016, stuntman Eddie Braun successfully jumped the canyon using technology similar to that used by Evel Knievel 42 years previously
Snake River Canyon (Idaho)
–
View east up the Snake River Canyon from the
Perrine Bridge
Snake River Canyon (Idaho)
–
Looking west down the Snake River Canyon from the Perrine Bridge
Snake River Canyon (Idaho)
–
View west down the Snake River Canyon from
Shoshone Falls
Snake River Canyon (Idaho)
–
View up the Snake River Gorge above Shoshone Falls
7.
Skycycle X-2
–
The Skycycle X-2 was a steam-powered rocket owned by Evel Knievel and flown during his Snake River Canyon jump in Idaho in 1974. An earlier prototype, the Skycycle X-1 designed by Doug Malewicki and retired U. S. Navy engineer Robert Truax and it was tested in November 1973 and dove in the Snake River. The Skycycle X-2 was designed by Truax, and ridden by Knievel in his attempt to jump the Snake River near Twin Falls on September 8,1974, the parachute deployed during the launch, causing the stunt to fail. A later analysis showed that a flaw in a mechanical parachute retention cover. Following the failed jump, Truax blamed Knievel for the failure, later Truax accepted full responsibility for the failure. Although the parachute deployed early, the photographs show the X-2 cleared the canyon. However, the winds blew the back to launch side, crashing at the bottom of the canyon. Knievel stated that if the X-2 had landed in the water, he would have drowned, in order to obtain permission from the State of Idaho to perform the canyon jump, the X-2 was registered as an airplane rather than a motorcycle. Three X-2 Skycycles were built for Knievel, the first two were used for test flights. Unable to fund further tests, Knievel used the third for the canyon jump, in 2007, the X-2-1 Skycycle was offered for sale for $5 million. The X-2-2 is owned by the Knievel estate and periodically exhibited along with a museum of Knievel artifacts, taped coverage by ABC was shown on Wide World of Sports later in the month. The ticket price at the site was twenty-five dollars. The jump was pushed out of the headlines by the pardon of Richard Nixon by President Gerald Ford. Since the 1974 launch, seven daredevils have expressed interest in recreating the jump, Robbie announced he would recreate the jump in 2010. Stuntman Eddie Braun announced he is working with Kelly and Robert Truaxs son to recreate the jump using a replica of the X-2 Skycycle and he successfully flew his rocket, named Evel Spirit, across the Snake River Canyon on September 16,2016. On July 18,2012, Audi of America recreated Knievels Snake River Jump in a commercial for the Audi RS5. The commercial depicts the RS5 being driven by a professional driver and jumping the canyon off a jump ramp. com – Skycycle X-1 Magic Valley. com – A leap into history
Skycycle X-2
–
Skycycle X-2
8.
Germans
–
Germans are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe, who share a common German ancestry, culture and history. German is the mother tongue of a substantial majority of ethnic Germans. The English term Germans has historically referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages, before the collapse of communism and the reunification of Germany in 1990, Germans constituted the largest divided nation in Europe by far. Ever since the outbreak of the Protestant Reformation within the Holy Roman Empire, of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. Thus, the number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied. Today, people from countries with German-speaking majorities most often subscribe to their own national identities, the German term Deutsche originates from the Old High German word diutisc, referring to the Germanic language of the people. It is not clear how commonly, if at all, the word was used as an ethnonym in Old High German, used as a noun, ein diutscher in the sense of a German emerges in Middle High German, attested from the second half of the 12th century. The Old French term alemans is taken from the name of the Alamanni and it was loaned into Middle English as almains in the early 14th century. The word Dutch is attested in English from the 14th century, denoting continental West Germanic dialects, while in most Romance languages the Germans have been named from the Alamanni, the Old Norse, Finnish and Estonian names for the Germans were taken from that of the Saxons. In Slavic languages, the Germans were given the name of němьci, originally with a meaning foreigner, the English term Germans is only attested from the mid-16th century, based on the classical Latin term Germani used by Julius Caesar and later Tacitus. It gradually replaced Dutch and Almains, the latter becoming mostly obsolete by the early 18th century, the Germans are a Germanic people, who as an ethnicity emerged during the Middle Ages. Originally part of the Holy Roman Empire, around 300 independent German states emerged during its decline after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ending the Thirty Years War and these states eventually formed into modern Germany in the 19th century. The concept of a German ethnicity is linked to Germanic tribes of antiquity in central Europe, the early Germans originated on the North German Plain as well as southern Scandinavia. By the 2nd century BC, the number of Germans was significantly increasing and they began expanding into eastern Europe, during antiquity these Germanic tribes remained separate from each other and did not have writing systems at that time. In the European Iron Age the area that is now Germany was divided into the La Tène horizon in Southern Germany and the Jastorf culture in Northern Germany. By 55 BC, the Germans had reached the Danube river and had either assimilated or otherwise driven out the Celts who had lived there, and had spread west into what is now Belgium and France. Conflict between the Germanic tribes and the forces of Rome under Julius Caesar forced major Germanic tribes to retreat to the east bank of the Rhine, in Roman-held territories with Germanic populations, the Germanic and Roman peoples intermarried, and Roman, Germanic, and Christian traditions intermingled. The adoption of Christianity would later become an influence in the development of a common German identity
Germans
Germans
–
Germanic Kingdoms in Europe c. 500 AD
Germans
–
Extent of
Holy Roman Empire in 972 (red line) and 1035 (red dots) with
Kingdom of Germany marked in blue
Germans
–
18 January 1871: The proclamation of the
German Empire in the
Hall of Mirrors of the
Palace of Versailles.
Bismarck appears in white. The Grand Duke of Baden stands beside Wilhelm, leading the cheers. Crown Prince Friedrich, later
Friedrich III, stands on his father's right.
9.
Irish people
–
The Irish people are a nation and ethnic group native to the island of Ireland, who share a common Irish ancestry, identity and culture. Ireland has been inhabited for about 9,000 years according to archaeological studies, for most of Irelands recorded history, the Irish have been primarily a Gaelic people. Today, Ireland is made up of the Republic of Ireland, the people of Northern Ireland hold various national identities, including Irish, Northern Irish, British, or some combination thereof. The Irish have their own customs, language, music, dance, sports, cuisine, although Irish was their main language in the past, today the huge majority of Irish people speak English as their first language. Historically, the Irish nation was made up of kin groups or clans, there have been many notable Irish people throughout history. After Irelands conversion to Christianity, Irish missionaries and scholars exerted great influence on Western Europe, the 6th-century Irish monk and missionary Columbanus is regarded as one of the fathers of Europe, followed by saints Cillian and Fergal. The scientist Robert Boyle is considered the father of chemistry, famous Irish writers include Oscar Wilde, W. B. Yeats, George Bernard Shaw, Bram Stoker and James Joyce, notable Irish explorers include Brendan the Navigator, Robert McClure, Ernest Shackleton and Tom Crean. By some accounts, the first European child born in North America had Irish descent on both sides, many presidents of the United States have had some Irish ancestry. The population of Ireland is about 6.3 million, but it is estimated that 50 to 80 million people around the world have Irish forebears, historically, emigration from Ireland has been the result of conflict, famine and economic issues. People of Irish descent are mainly in English-speaking countries, especially the United Kingdom. There are also significant numbers in Argentina, Mexico and New Zealand, the United States has the most people of Irish descent, while in Australia those of Irish descent are a higher percentage of the population than in any other country. Many Icelanders have Irish and Scottish Gaelic forebears, in its summary of their article Who were the Celts. The National Museum Wales notes It is possible that genetic studies of ancient. However, early studies have, so far, tended to produce implausible conclusions from very small numbers of people and using outdated assumptions about linguistics, nineteenth century anthropology studied the physical characteristics of Irish people in minute detail. During the past 10,000 years of inhabitation, Ireland has witnessed some different peoples arrive on its shores, the ancient peoples of Ireland—such as the creators of the Céide Fields and Newgrange—are almost unknown. Neither their languages nor terms they used to describe themselves have survived, as late as the middle centuries of the 1st millennium the inhabitants of Ireland did not appear to have a collective name for themselves. Ireland itself was known by a number of different names, including Banba, Fódla, Ériu by the islanders, Iouerne and Hiverne to the Greeks, other Latin names for people from Ireland in Classic and Mediaeval sources include Attacotti and Gael
Irish people
–
Carrowmore tomb, circa 3000 BC
Irish people
–
Robert Boyle, Anglo-Irish scientist and
father of chemistry, whose family obtained land in the plantations
Irish people
–
Finnian of Clonard imparting his blessing to the "
Twelve Apostles of Ireland "
Irish people
–
Irish Gaels in a painting from the 16th century
10.
Anaconda Mining Company
–
Anaconda Copper Mining Company was one of the largest trusts of the early 20th century. Founded in 1881 when Marcus Daly bought a mine, the company expanded rapidly based on the discovery of huge copper deposits. Daly built a smelter to process copper mined in Butte, Montana, by 1910, Anaconda had expanded its operations and bought the assets of two other Montana copper companies. In 1922 it bought mining operations in Mexico and Chile, the latter was the largest mine in the world, the company added aluminum reduction to its portfolio in 1955. In 1960 its operations still had 37,000 employees in North America and it was purchased by Atlantic Richfield Company on January 12,1977. Anaconda halted production in 1980, and mining ceased completely in 1982 when the deep pumps keeping the mine drained were shut off and it currently exists only as a massive environmental liability for BP, the current owner of ARCO. Anaconda Copper Mining Company was started in 1881 when Marcus Daly bought a silver mine called Anaconda near Butte. At the time, Daly was working for the Walker Bros. of Salt Lake City, Utah as a manager and engineer of the Alice, a silver mine in Walkerville. He was a geologist and knew the red mineral he was looking at, after Dalys employers refused to buy the Anaconda, Daly sold his interest in the Alice and bought it himself. Placer gold and silver mining had taken place at Butte, placer mining at Helena, Bannock and Virginia City. Daly asked George Hearst, San Francisco mining magnate, for additional support, Hearst agreed to buy one-fourth of the new companys stock without visiting the site. While mining the silver left in his mine, huge deposits of copper were soon developed, when surrounding silver mines played out and closed, Daly quietly bought up the neighboring mines, forming a mining company. Daly built a smelter at Anaconda, Montana and connected his smelter to Butte by a railway, Anaconda Company eventually owned all the mines on Butte Hill. Butte, a small and poor town, became one of the most prosperous cities in the country, from 1892 through 1903, the Anaconda mine was the largest copper-producing mine in the world. It produced more than $300 billion worth of metal in its lifetime, in 1889 the Rothschilds tried to gain control of the world copper market. In 1892 the French Rothschilds began negotiations to buy the Anaconda mine, in mid-October 1895 the Rothschilds, French and British, bought one quarter of the stock in Anaconda for $7.5 million. By the late 1890s the Rothschilds probably had control over the sale of about forty percent of the copper production. The Rothschilds role in Anaconda was brief, in 1899, Daly teamed up with two directors of Standard Oil to create the giant Amalgamated Copper Mining Company, one of the largest trusts of the early 20th century
Anaconda Mining Company
Anaconda Mining Company
–
Anaconda Copper Mining Company (ACM)
11.
Wheelie
–
Wheelies are usually associated with bicycles and motorcycles, but can be done with other vehicles such as cars, especially in drag racing and tractor pulling. The first wheelie was done in 1890 by trick bicyclist Daniel J. Canary, wheelies appear in popular culture as early as 1943, as U. S Army motorized cavalry are pictured in Life magazine performing high speed wheelies. Daredevil Evel Knievel performed motorcycle acrobatics including wheelies in his shows, doug The Wheelie King Domokos has accomplished such feats as a 145-mile wheelie. Types of wheelies can be divided into two categories,1. Wheelies in which the power is sufficient by itself, as described in the Physics section below. These include, Clutch wheelies, performed by disengaging the clutch and opening the throttle to let the engine race, power wheelies or roll-on wheelies, performed by simply opening the throttle. If the engine has sufficient power, it will be able to lift the front wheel, wheelies performed with the aid of suspension dynamics or rider motion. These include, Bounce wheelies or slap wheelies, performed by opening and closing the throttle in time with suspension rebounding, tire rebounding, rider motion, wheelies are a common stunt in artistic cycling and freestyle BMX. The bike is balanced by the weight and sometimes use of the rear brake. A style of bicycle, the bike, has a seating position. A wheelie is also a motorcycle stunt. The worlds fastest motorcycle wheelie record is 307.86 km/h by Patrik Furstenhoff, the world record for the fast wheelie over 1 km is 172.9 mph, set in September 2006 by Terry Calcott at Elvington airfield in Yorkshire, England. In Pakistan, India, and some countries its illegal to perform these kinds of stunts. If someone is caught performing these acts, they can have their motorcycle impounded, wheelies are common in auto- or motorcycle drag racing, where they represent torque wasted lifting the front end, rather than moving the vehicle forward. They also usually resulting in raising the center of mass, which limits the maximum acceleration, in the absence of wheelie bars, this effect is quantified in the physics section below. If wheelie bars are present, then a wheelie results in a reduction the load on the rear, driving wheels, wheelies are possible with some snowmobiles. This is where the skis are lifted off the ground, some wheelchair users can learn to balance their chair on its rear wheels and do a wheelie. This enables them to climb and descend curbs and maneuver over small obstacles, Wheelie bars help prevent a vehicles front end from raising too high or flipping over
Wheelie
–
Motorcycle wheelie
Wheelie
–
Wheelie at a
tractor pull
Wheelie
–
Wheelie at a
drag race
Wheelie
–
Manual on a
BMX bike
12.
Rodeo
–
Rodeo is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later Central America, the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and New Zealand. It was based on the skills required of the vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada. Today it is an event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys. American style professional rodeos generally comprise the events, tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding. The events are divided into two categories, the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other such as breakaway roping, goat tying. American rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States, is the state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota. The iconic silhouette image of a Bucking Horse and Rider is a federal, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta has considered making American rodeo the official sport of that province. However, enabling legislation has yet to be passed, associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups. Rodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and animal welfare advocates, the American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However, rodeo is opposed by a number of animal welfare organizations in the United States, some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos, certain rodeo events, or types of equipment. Internationally, rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, the American English word rodeo is taken directly from Spanish rodeo, which roughly translates into English as round up. The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the Juez del Campo, the term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working rodeo. This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills and it was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada. The term rodeo was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up, today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event. Many rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching, the working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and there were many regional variations. The skills required to manage cattle and horses back to the Spanish traditions of the vaquero. Early rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys, following the American Civil War, rodeo competitions emerged, with the first held in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1872
Rodeo
–
Bucking horse at the
Calgary Stampede
Rodeo
–
Branding calves, 1888.
Rodeo
–
Fannie Sperry Steele, Champion Lady Bucking Horse Rider, Winnipeg Stampede, 1913
Rodeo
–
Barrel racing
13.
Ski jumping
–
Ski jumping is an Olympic winter sport which was firstly contested in Norway in the late 19th century, and later spread through Europe and North America in the early 20th century. The ski jumping venue consists of the ramp, take-off table. Each jump is evaluated according to the distance traveled and the style performed, the distance score is related to the construction point, which is a line drawn in the landing area and serves as a target for the competitors to reach. The score of each judge evaluating the style can reach a maximum of 20 points, the jumping techniques has evolved over the years, from jumps with the parallel skis with both arms pointing forwards, to the V-style, which is widely used today. Ski jumping has been included at the Winter Olympics since 1924, womens participation in the sport began in the 1990s, while the first womens event at the Olympics has been held in 2014. All major ski jumping competitions are organised by the International Ski Federation, stefan Kraft holds the official record for the longest ski jump with 253.5 metres, set in Vikersund in 2017. Ski jumping can also be performed in the summer on an in-run where the tracks are made from porcelain, the highest level summer competition is the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix, contested since 1994. Like most of the Nordic skiing disciplines, the first ski jumping competitions were held in Norway in the 19th century, the recorded origins of the first ski jump traces back to 1808, when Olaf Rye reached 9,5 metres. Sondre Norheim, who is regarded as the father of the ski jumping, won the first-ever ski jumping competition with prizes. The first larger ski jumping competition was held on Husebyrennet hill in Oslo, Norway, the event was moved to Holmenkollen in 1892 due to the poor infrastructure and the weather conditions, and is today still one of the main ski jumping events in the season. In the late 19th century, Sondre Norheim and Nordic skiier Karl Hovelsen emigrated to the United States, in 1924, ski jumping was featured at the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix, France. The sport has been featured at the every Olympics since then, in 1935, the origins of the ski flying began in Planica, Slovenia, where Josef Bradl became the first competitor in the history to jump over 100 metres. At the same venue, the first official jump over 200 metres was achieved in 1994, in 1964 in Zakopane, Poland, the large hill event was introduced at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships. In the same year, the normal hill event was included on the Olympic programme at the 1964 Winter Olympics, the team event was added later, at the 1988 Winter Olympics. In 1990, qualifiers for the event were introduced to limit the number of competitors. The slopes are composed of the ramp and the hill and are classified according to the distance that the competitors travel in the air. Each hill has a point, which serves as a target that the competitors must reach. The classification of the hills are as follows, The winner is decided with a system based on distance, style, inrun length, gate factor
Ski jumping
–
A ski jumper,
Magnus Moan, descending the hill at
Holmenkollbakken in
Oslo
Ski jumping
–
Eidsberg church in Norway, the site of the first ever known ski jump—a distance of 9.5 metres—set by lieutenant
Olaf Rye in 1808
Ski jumping
–
Natasha Solovyov in her flight phase at
Tramplin Stork in
Nizhniy Tagil, 2014
Ski jumping
–
Primož Peterka at
Holmenkollbakken in
Oslo, 1998
14.
United States Army
–
The United States Army is the largest branch of the United States Armed Forces and performs land-based military operations. After the Revolutionary War, the Congress of the Confederation created the United States Army on 3 June 1784, the United States Army considers itself descended from the Continental Army, and dates its institutional inception from the origin of that armed force in 1775. As a uniformed service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army. As a branch of the forces, the mission of the U. S. The branch participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force of the United States, the United States Army serves as the land-based branch of the U. S. Section 3062 of Title 10, U. S, the army was initially led by men who had served in the British Army or colonial militias and who brought much of British military heritage with them. As the Revolutionary War progressed, French aid, resources, a number of European soldiers came on their own to help, such as Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, who taught Prussian Army tactics and organizational skills. The army fought numerous pitched battles and in the South in 1780–81 sometimes used the Fabian strategy and hit-and-run tactics, hitting where the British were weakest, to wear down their forces. Washington led victories against the British at Trenton and Princeton, but lost a series of battles in the New York and New Jersey campaign in 1776, with a decisive victory at Yorktown, and the help of the French, the Continental Army prevailed against the British. After the war, though, the Continental Army was quickly given land certificates, State militias became the new nations sole ground army, with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Points arsenal. However, because of continuing conflict with Native Americans, it was realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army. The War of 1812, the second and last war between the United States and Great Britain, had mixed results. After taking control of Lake Erie in 1813, the U. S. Army seized parts of western Upper Canada, burned York and defeated Tecumseh, which caused his Western Confederacy to collapse. Following U. S. victories in the Canadian province of Upper Canada, British troops, were able to capture and burn Washington, which was defended by militia, in 1814. Two weeks after a treaty was signed, Andrew Jackson defeated the British in the Battle of New Orleans and Siege of Fort St. Philip, U. S. troops and sailors captured HMS Cyane, Levant, and Penguin in the final engagements of the war. Per the treaty, both sides, the United States and Great Britain, returned to the status quo. Both navies kept the warships they had seized during the conflict, the armys major campaign against the Indians was fought in Florida against Seminoles. It took long wars to defeat the Seminoles and move them to Oklahoma
United States Army
–
Storming of Redoubt #10 in the
Siege of Yorktown during the
American Revolutionary War prompted the British government to begin negotiations, resulting in the
Treaty of Paris and British recognition of the United States of America.
United States Army
–
Emblem of the United States Department of the Army
United States Army
–
General
Andrew Jackson stands on the parapet of his makeshift defenses as his troops repulse attacking
Highlanders during the
defense of New Orleans, the final major battle of the War of 1812
United States Army
–
The
Battle of Gettysburg, the turning point of the American Civil War
15.
Pole vault
–
Pole vaulting is a track and field event in which a person uses a long, flexible pole as an aid to jump over a bar. Pole jumping competitions were known to the ancient Greeks, Cretans and it has been a full medal event at the Olympic Games since 1896 for men and 2000 for women. It is typically classified as one of the four jumping events in athletics, alongside the high jump, long jump. It is unusual among track and field sports in that it requires a significant amount of specialised equipment in order to participate, running speed, however, may be the most important skill required. Artificial draining of these created a network of open drains or canals intersecting each other. To cross these without getting wet, while avoiding tedious roundabout journeys over bridges, venetian gondoliers have traditionally used punting poles for moving to the shore from their boat. Distance pole vaulting competitions continue to be held annually in the lowlands around the North Sea and these far-jumping competitions are not based on height. Other early pole vaulting competitions where height was measured took place at the Ulverston Football and Cricket Club, Lancashire, north of the sands in 1843. Modern competition began around 1850 in Germany, when pole vaulting was added to the exercises of the Turner gymnastic clubs by Johann C. F. GutsMuths, in Great Britain, it was first practiced at the Caledonian Games. Initially, vaulting poles were made from materials such as bamboo or aluminum. The introduction of flexible vaulting poles in the early 1950s made from such as fiberglass or carbon fiber allowed vaulters to achieve greater height. Physical attributes such as speed, agility and strength are essential to pole vaulting effectively, the object of pole vaulting is to clear a bar or crossbar supported upon two uprights without knocking it down. In 2000, IAAF rule 260. 18a was amended, so that records can be set in a facility with or without roof. This rule was not applied retroactively, With many indoor facilities not conforming to outdoor track specifications for size and flatness, today, athletes compete in the pole vault as one of the four jumping events in track and field. Because the high jump and pole vault are both vertical jumps, the competitions are conducted similarly, each athlete can choose what height they would like to enter the competition. Once they enter, they have three attempts to clear the height, if a height is cleared, the vaulter advances to the next height, where they will have three more attempts. Once the vaulter has three consecutive misses, they are out of the competition and the highest height they cleared is their result, a no height, often denoted NH, refers to the failure of a vaulter to clear any bar during the competition. Once the vaulter enters the competition, they can choose to pass heights, similarly, after earning two misses at a height, they could pass to the next height, when they would have only one attempt
Pole vault
–
An athlete in the middle of the vaulting phase
Pole vault
–
Pole vault in the 1890s at
US Naval Academy
Pole vault
–
Traditional
fierljeppen in the Netherlands, using poles to clear distances over rivers
Pole vault
–
A college pole vaulter prepares for her jump
16.
1960 Winter Olympics
–
The 1960 Winter Olympics was a winter multi-sport event held between February 18–28,1960 in Squaw Valley, California, United States. Squaw Valley was chosen to host the Games at the 1956 meeting of the International Olympic Committee and it was an undeveloped resort in 1955, so from 1956 to 1960 the infrastructure and all of the venues were built at a cost of US$80,000,000. It was designed to be intimate, allowing spectators and competitors to walk to all the venues. Squaw Valley hosted athletes from thirty nations who competed in four sports, womens speed skating and biathlon made their Olympic debuts. The organizers decided the bobsled events did not warrant the cost to build a venue, so for the first, the Soviet Union dominated the medal count winning twenty-one medals, seven of which were gold. Soviet speed skaters Yevgeny Grishin and Lidiya Skoblikova won two medals each. Swedish cross-country skier Sixten Jernberg added a gold and silver to the four medals he won at the 1956 Winter Games, cold War politics forced the IOC to debate the participation of China, Taiwan, North Korea and East Germany. In 1957 the United States government threatened to deny visas to athletes from Communist countries, the IOC responded with a threat to revoke Squaw Valleys right to host the 1960 Games. The United States conceded and allowed entry to athletes from Communist countries, Squaw Valley was a struggling ski resort with minimal facilities, which made its selection to host the 1960 Winter Olympics a surprise. Wayne Poulsen and Alexander Cushing, who were inspired to an Olympic bid by an article mentioning that Reno, Nevada. Poulsen, president of the Squaw Valley Development Company, petitioned California Governor Goodwin Knight to support a bid to host the Olympic Games, knights administration agreed and recommended that the California Legislature appropriate $1,000,000 to the effort. Based on the support received from the State of California. Preliminary reports were drafted and submitted to the IOC, which was considering bids from Innsbruck, Austria, St. Moritz, Switzerland and Chamonix, another $4,000,000 were committed by the State Legislature, which met Brundages requirements. On April 4,1956, the right to host the 1960 Winter Olympics was officially awarded to Squaw Valley, Squaw Valley in 1956 consisted of one chair lift, two rope tows, and a fifty-room lodge. Cushing presented the site as a canvas of unspoiled environment. The obscurity of the location was underscored at the ceremonies of the 1956 Winter Olympics. Traditionally the mayor of the current host city passes a flag to the mayor of the next host city signalling the transfer of the Games, since Squaw Valley was an unincorporated village it had no city government. John Garland, an IOC member from California, was asked to stand in, after winning the right to host the Games, the California Olympic Commission was formed
1960 Winter Olympics
–
Sign outside Olympic Village at Squaw Valley
1960 Winter Olympics
–
The emblem represents a star or snowflake, and the Olympic rings.
1960 Winter Olympics
–
US - Russia (3:2) at the 1960 Winter Olympics in Squaw Valley
1960 Winter Olympics
–
Sixten Jernberg in an Olympic cross-country race
17.
United States Olympic Committee
–
Founded in 1894 and headquartered in Colorado Springs, the United States Olympic Committee is the National Olympic Committee for the United States. In addition, the USOC is one of only four NOCs in the world that serve as the National Paralympic Committee for their country. The USOC is responsible for supporting, entering and overseeing U. S, the Olympic Movement is overseen by the International Olympic Committee. Similarly, the National Paralympic Committee is the governing body responsible for the selection. The USOC is one of 204 NOCs and 174 NPCs within the international Olympic and Paralympic Movements, forty-seven NGBs are members of the USOC. Unlike most other nations, the United States does not have a sports ministry, the USOC was reorganized by the Ted Stevens Olympic and Amateur Sports Act, originally enacted in 1978. It is a federally chartered nonprofit corporation and does not receive financial support. Pursuant to the Act, the USOC has the right to use and authorize the use of Olympic-related marks, images. The USOC licenses that right to sponsors as a means of generating revenue in support of its mission, in 1921, the committee adopted a constitution and bylaws to formally organize the American Olympic Association. From 1928 to 1953, its president was Avery Brundage, who went on to become the president of the IOC. In 1940, the AOA changed its name to the United States of America Sports Federation and, in 1945, in 1950, federal mandate allowed the USOA to solicit tax-deductible contributions as a private, non-profit corporation. After several constitutional revisions were made to the charter in 1961. The Amateur Sports Act of 1978 established the USOC as the body for all Olympic-related athletic activity in the United States. The provisions protect individual athletes, and provide the USOC’s counsel, virgin Islands, which fall under the authority of separate NOCs and NPCs. U. S. Paralympics, a division of the USOC, was founded in 2001, in 2006, the USOC created the Paralympic Military Program with the goal of providing Paralympic sports as a part of the rehabilitation process for injured soldiers. The USOC moved its headquarters from New York City to Colorado Springs on July 1,1978. S, in October 2007, the ARCO Training Center in Chula Vista, California was closed temporarily due to the Harris Fire, one of many that ravaged southern California. Several national law firms were enlisted to aid, Free of charge, in responding to claims of misconduct in sport. In February 2011 the USOC launched a campaign in conjunction with the Ad Council called Play Asterisk Free aimed at teens
United States Olympic Committee
–
U.S. Olympic Committee headquarters in
Colorado Springs, Colorado
United States Olympic Committee
–
United States Olympic Committee logo
18.
Hunting
–
Hunting is the practice of killing or trapping animals, or pursuing or tracking them with the intent of doing so. Hunting wildlife or feral animals is most commonly done by humans for food, recreation, to predators that are dangerous to humans or domestic animals. Lawful hunting is distinguished from poaching, which is the killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The species that are hunted are referred to as game or prey and are usually mammals, Hunting can also be a means of pest control. However, hunting has also contributed to the endangerment, extirpation and extinction of many animals. The pursuit, capture and release, or capture for food of fish is called fishing, the practice of foraging or gathering materials from plants and mushrooms is also considered separate from hunting. The word hunt serves as both a noun and a verb, the noun has been dated to the early 12th century, act of chasing game, from the verb hunt. The meaning of a body of persons associated for the purpose of hunting with a pack of hounds is first recorded in the 1570s, meaning the act of searching for someone or something is from about 1600. The verb, Old English huntian to chase game, perhaps developed from hunta hunter, is related to hentan to seize, from Proto-Germanic huntojan, the general sense of search diligently is first recorded c. Hunting has a history and may well pre-date the rise of the species Homo sapiens. Evidence from western Kenya suggests that hunting has been occurring for more two million years. Furthermore, evidence exists that hunting may have one of the multiple environmental factors leading to the Holocene extinction of megafauna. North American megafauna extinction was coincidental with the Younger Dryas impact event, however, in other locations such as Australia, humans are thought to have played a very significant role in the extinction of the Australian megafauna that was widespread prior to human occupation. The closest surviving relatives of the species are the two species of Pan, the common chimpanzee and bonobos. Common chimpanzees have a diet that includes troop hunting behaviour based on beta males being led by an alpha male. Bonobos have also observed to occasionally engage in group hunting. With the establishment of language, culture, and religion, hunting became a theme of stories and myths, as well as such as dance. Hunting was a component of hunter-gatherer societies before the domestication of livestock
Hunting
–
Boar hunting,
Tacuinum Sanitatis (a medieval handbook on health and wellbeing) (14th century)
Hunting
–
Mughal aristocrats hunting a
blackbuck alongside an
Asiatic cheetah.
Hunting
–
Saharan rock art
Hunting
–
Inuit walrus hunters
19.
Fishing
–
Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild, techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fishing may include catching aquatic animals other than fish, such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, the term is not normally applied to catching farmed fish, or to aquatic mammals, such as whales where the term whaling is more appropriate. According to United Nations FAO statistics, the number of commercial fishermen. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries, in 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational pastime, Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back to at least the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period about 40,000 years ago. Isotopic analysis of the remains of Tianyuan man, a 40. Archaeology features such as middens, discarded fish bones, and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival. During this period, most people lived a lifestyle and were, of necessity. However, where there are examples of permanent settlements such as those at Lepenski Vir. The British dogger was a type of sailing trawler from the 17th century. The Brixham trawler that evolved there was of a build and had a tall gaff rig. They were also sufficiently robust to be able to tow large trawls in deep water, the great trawling fleet that built up at Brixham, earned the village the title of Mother of Deep-Sea Fisheries. The small village of Grimsby grew to become the largest fishing port in the world by the mid 19th century, an Act of Parliament was first obtained in 1796, which authorised the construction of new quays and dredging of the Haven to make it deeper. It was only in the 1846, with the expansion in the fishing industry. The foundation stone for the Royal Dock was laid by Albert the Prince consort in 1849, the dock covered 25 acres and was formally opened by Queen Victoria in 1854 as the first modern fishing port. The elegant Brixham trawler spread across the world, influencing fishing fleets everywhere, by the end of the 19th century, there were over 3,000 fishing trawlers in commission in Britain, with almost 1,000 at Grimsby. These trawlers were sold to fishermen around Europe, including from the Netherlands, twelve trawlers went on to form the nucleus of the German fishing fleet
Fishing
–
Stilts fishermen, Sri Lanka
Fishing
–
Fishing with nets, Mexico
Fishing
–
Stone Age
fish hook made from bone
Fishing
–
Painting of A Brixham trawler by
William Adolphus Knell. The painting is now in the
National Maritime Museum.
20.
Game (food)
–
Game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food. The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world, in some countries, game is classified, including legal classification with respect to licences required, as either small game or large game. Game or quarry is any animal hunted for sport or for food, the term game arises in medieval hunting terminology by the late 13th century and is particular to English, from the generic meaning of Old English gamen joy, amusement, sport, merriment. Small game includes animals, such as rabbits, pheasants. Large game includes animals like deer and bear, big game is a term sometimes used interchangeably with large game although in other contexts it refers to large, typically African, mammals which are hunted mainly for trophies in safaris. The type and range of animals hunted for food varies in different parts of the world and this is influenced by climate, animal diversity, local taste and locally accepted views about what can or cannot be legitimately hunted. Sometimes a distinction is made between varieties and species of a particular animal, such as wild turkey and domestic turkey. Fish caught for sport are referred to as game fish, the flesh of the animal, when butchered for consumption is often described as having a gamey flavour. This difference in taste can be attributed to the diet of the animal. In some countries, game is classified, including legal classification with respect to licences required, a single small game licence may cover all small game species and be subject to yearly bag limits. Large game are often subject to individual licensing where a licence is required for each individual animal taken. In some parts of Africa, wild animals hunted for their meat are called bushmeat, see article for more detailed information on how this operates within the economy. In Africa, animals hunted for their pelts or ivory are sometimes referred to as the big game, also see the legal definition of game in Swaziland. South Africa has 62 species of gamebirds, including guineafowl, francolin, partridge, quail, sandgrouse, duck, geese, snipe, bustard, of the remaining 41 species,24 have shown an increase in numbers and distribution range in the last 25 years or so. The status of 14 species appears unchanged, with insufficient information being available for the three species. S. and Canada, deer are the most commonly hunted big game. Other game species include, In the PRC there is a special category called ye wei. In the UK game is defined in law by the Game Act 1831 and it is illegal to shoot game on Sundays or at night. Other that are hunted for food in the UK are specified under the Wildlife, the ban is generally considered voluntary on private lands, and few birds live away from RSPB or Forestry Commission land allegedly
Game (food)
–
Common pheasant, widely introduced and hunted as game
Game (food)
–
An
African buffalo bull
Game (food)
–
Bobwhite quail, an important North American gamebird
Game (food)
–
White-tailed deer
21.
Game warden
–
A game warden or wildlife officer is an employee who has the role of protecting wildlife. Game wardens may also be referred to as troopers, state troopers, wildlife troopers and they have much the same role as gamekeepers in the United Kingdom. They play a role in keeping a balance in the animal kingdom. As noted at the North American Game Warden Museum, confronting armed poachers in rural and even remote locations can be lonely, dangerous and even fatal work for game wardens. Recognition of the sacrifice of these officers at this museum is considered to be important, concomitant to recognition at the National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial. Officers are exposed to other risks beyond being killed by hunters, trappers, motor vehicle, boating, snowmobile and airplane accidents, animal attacks, drowning, and hypothermia are other risk they face while on duty. In North America game wardens are employees of state or provincial governments. 26 of the 50 U. S. states have government departments entitled Department of Natural Resources or a similar title, Game wardens/conservation officers are front and center in keeping out invasive species. In an increasingly interconnected and globalized world, their concerns are more comprehensive than local enforcement. They also enforce broader conservation laws, such as the Endangered Species Act, Fish and Wildlife Service or Environment Canada. Guy Bradley Dave Jackson North American Game Warden Museum Park ranger Trooper Gamekeeper Association of Fish & Wildlife Agencies, North American Wildlife Enforcement Officers Association
Game warden
–
L. Pressley Reeves,
South Carolina 's first game wardens ventured afield in 1905
Game warden
–
Game trying to loosen rope on the deer's neck to prevent choking. Being unsuccessful in his attempts to loosen the rope, he cut it. November 1939
22.
Yellowstone National Park
–
Yellowstone National Park is a national park located in the U. S. states of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho. It was established by the U. S. Congress and signed into law by President Ulysses S. Grant on March 1,1872. Yellowstone was the first National Park in the U. S. and is widely held to be the first national park in the world. The park is known for its wildlife and its many features, especially Old Faithful Geyser. It has many types of ecosystems, but the subalpine forest is the most abundant and it is part of the South Central Rockies forests ecoregion. Native Americans have lived in the Yellowstone region for at least 11,000 years, aside from visits by mountain men during the early-to-mid-19th century, organized exploration did not begin until the late 1860s. Management and control of the park fell under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Interior. However, the U. S. Army was subsequently commissioned to oversee management of Yellowstone for a 30-year period between 1886 and 1916, in 1917, administration of the park was transferred to the National Park Service, which had been created the previous year. Hundreds of structures have been built and are protected for their architectural and historical significance, Yellowstone National Park spans an area of 3,468.4 square miles, comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years, half of the worlds geothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earths northern temperate zone, hundreds of species of mammals, birds, fish, and reptiles have been documented, including several that are either endangered or threatened. The vast forests and grasslands also include species of plants. Yellowstone Park is the largest and most famous location in the Continental United States. Grizzly bears, wolves, and free-ranging herds of bison and elk live in the park, the Yellowstone Park bison herd is the oldest and largest public bison herd in the United States. Forest fires occur in the each year, in the large forest fires of 1988. Yellowstone has numerous opportunities, including hiking, camping, boating, fishing and sightseeing
Yellowstone National Park
–
Grand Canyon of Yellowstone
Yellowstone National Park
Yellowstone National Park
–
Aerial view, 3D computer generated image
Yellowstone National Park
–
Detailed pictorial map from 1904
23.
Poaching
–
Poaching has traditionally been defined as the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights. According to Encyclopædia Britannica, poaching was performed by impoverished peasants for subsistence purposes, Poaching was as well set against the hunting privileges of nobility and territorial rulers. By contrast, stealing domestic animals classifies as theft, not as poaching, since the 1980s, the term poaching has also referred to the illegal harvesting of wild plant species. Austria and Germany refer to poaching not as theft, but as intrusion in third party hunting rights, while Germanic law allowed any free man including peasants to hunt, especially on the commons, roman law restricted hunting for the rulers. Medieval Europe saw feudal territory rulers from the king downward trying to enforce exclusive rights of the nobility to hunt, Poaching was being deemed a serious crime punishable by imprisonment but the enforcement, till the 16th century, was comparably weak. Peasants still were able to continue small game hunting, the right of the nobility to hunt was restricted in the 16th century, the development of modern hunting rights is closely connected to the comparably modern idea of exclusive private property of land. In the 17th and 18th centuries the restrictions on hunting and shooting rights on private property were being enforced by gamekeepers and foresters and they denied shared usages of forests, e. g. resin collection and wood pasture and the peasants right to hunt and fish. However, comparably easy access to rifles increasingly allowed peasants and servants to poach end of the 18th century, the low quality of guns made it necessary to approach to the game as close as 30 meters. For example, poachers in the Salzburg region then were around 30 years old men, not yet married, hunting was being used in the 18th century as a theatrical demonstration of aristocratic rule of the land and had a strong impact on land use patterns as well. Poaching in so far inferred not only with property rights but clashed symbolically with the power of the nobility, the years between 1830 and 1848 saw a strong increase in poaching and poaching related deaths in Bavaria. The revolution of 1848 was interpreted as an allowance for poaching in Bavaria. The reform of hunting law in 1849 reduced legal hunting to rich land owners, some of the frontier region, where smuggling was of importance, showed especially strong resistance. In 1849, the Bavarian military forces were being asked to occupy a number of municipalities on the frontier to Austria. Both, in Wallgau and in Lackenhäuser, one soldier per household was to be fed, the people of Lackenhäuser had had several skirmishes about poached deer with Austrian foresters and even military and were known as well armed pertly poachers. Poaching, like smuggling, has a long counter-cultural history, the verb poach is derived from the Middle English word pocchen literally meaning bagged, enclosed in a bag. Poaching was dispassionately reported for England in Pleas of the Forest, William the Conqueror, who was a great lover of hunting, established and enforced a system of forest law. Henceforth hunting of game in royal forests by commoners or in other words poaching, was punishable by death by hanging. In 1087, a poem called The Rime of King William contained in the Peterborough Chronicle, Poaching was romanticised in literature from the time of the ballads of Robin Hood, as an aspect of the greenwood of Merry England
Poaching
–
Memorial to rhinos killed by poachers near
St Lucia Estuary, South Africa
Poaching
–
Lady Baltimore, a
bald eagle in
Alaska who survived a poaching attempt, in her
Juneau Raptor Center mew, on 15 August 2015
Poaching
–
The
leatherback sea turtle is globally threatened due to poaching for eggs, meat and oil.
24.
Culling
–
In biology, culling is the process of segregating organisms from a group according to desired or undesired characteristics. In animal breeding, culling is the process of removing or segregating animals from a stock based on specific trait. This is done to exaggerate desirable characteristics, or to remove undesirable characteristics, for livestock and wildlife, culling often refers to the act of killing removed animals. This usually happens at collection centres located at, or close to farms, Culling is sometimes used as a term to describe indiscriminate killing within one particular species which can be due to a range of reasons, for example, badger culling in the United Kingdom. The word comes from the Latin colligere, which means to collect, the term can be applied broadly to mean sorting a collection into two groups, one that will be kept and one that will be rejected. The cull is the set of items rejected during the selection process, the culling process is repeated until the selected group is of proper size and consistency desired. In the breeding of pedigreed animals, both desirable and undesirable traits are considered when choosing which animals to retain for breeding and which to place as pets. The process of culling starts with examination of the standard of the animal and will often include additional qualities such as health, robustness, temperament, color preference. The breeder takes all things into consideration when envisioning his/her ideal for the breed or goal of their breeding program, from that vision, selections are made as to which animals, when bred, have the best chance of producing the ideal for the breed. Breeders of pedigreed animals cull based on many criteria, the first culling criterion should always be health and robustness. Secondary to health, temperament and conformation of the animal should be considered, the filtering process ends with the breeders personal preferences on pattern, color, etc. Once that level of quality in the trait is achieved. With the tandem method, a level of quality is set for important characteristics that the breeder wishes to remain constant. The breeder is focussing improvement in one particular trait without losing quality of the others, the breeder will raise the threshold for selection on this trait with each successive generation of progeny, thus ensuring improvement in this single characteristic of his breeding program. Progeny is first evaluated on the existing quality thresholds in place for muzzle length, muzzle shape, independent levels is a method where any animal who falls below a given standard in any single characteristic is not used in a breeding program. With each successive mating, the threshold culling criteria is raised thus improving the breed with each successive generation and this method measures several characteristics at once. Should progeny fall below the quality in any one characteristic being measured. With each successive generation of progeny, the quality of each characteristic is raised thus insuring improvement of these traits
Culling
–
Drafting out culled sheep
Culling
–
Double crested cormorant
Culling
–
New Zealand fur seal
Culling
–
Great white shark
25.
Hitchhiking
–
Hitchhiking is a means of transportation that is gained by asking people, usually strangers, for a ride in their automobile or other vehicle. A ride is usually, but not always, free, itinerants have also used hitchhiking as a primary mode of travel for the better part of the last century, and continue to do so today. The hitchhikers methods of signaling to drivers differ around the world, many hitchhikers use various hand signals. If the hitchhiker wishes to indicate that he needs a ride, in North America, United Kingdom and most of Europe, the gesture involves extending the arm toward the road and sticking the thumb of the outstretched hand upward with the hand closed. For example, in the US and UK, they point their thumb up, in some African countries, the hand is held still with the palm facing upwards. In other parts of the world, such as Australia, it is common to use a gesture where the index finger is pointed at the road. Hitchhiking is a common practice worldwide and hence there are very few places in the world where laws exist to restrict it. However, a minority of countries have laws that restrict hitchhiking at certain locations, in the United States, for example, some local governments have laws outlawing hitchhiking, on the basis of drivers and hitchhikers safety. In 1946, New Jersey arrested and imprisoned a hitchhiker, leading to intervention by the American Civil Liberties Union, in Canada, several highways have restrictions on hitchhiking, particularly in British Columbia and the 400-series highways in Ontario. In all countries in Europe, it is legal to hitchhike, julian Portis points out that the rise of faster highways, such as freeways, motorways, and expressways, has made hitchhiking more difficult. He adds, The real danger of hitchhiking has most likely remained relatively constant, ur national tolerance for danger has gone down, things that we previously saw as reasonably safe suddenly appeared imminently threatening. This trend is not just isolated to the world of hitchhiking, some British researchers discuss reasons for hitchhikings decline in the UK, and possible means of reviving it in safer and more-organized forms. In recent years, hitchhikers themselves have started seeing efforts to strengthen the hitchhiking community, one example is the annual Hitchgathering, an event organized by the hitchhikers, for the hitchhikers. There now are websites like hitchwiki and hitchbase, which are platforms for hitchhikers to share tips, not much data is available regarding the safety of hitchhiking. Compiling good safety data requires counting hitchhikers, counting rides, and counting problems, two studies on the topic include a 1974 California Highway Patrol study and a 1989 German federal police study. The California study found that hitchhikers were not disproportionately likely to be victims of crime, the German study concluded that the actual risk is much lower than the publicly perceived risk, and the authors did not advise against hitchhiking in general. They found that in some there were verbal disputes and inappropriate comments. Recommended safety practices include, Asking for rides at gas stations instead of signalling at the roadside and this measure decreases the likelihood of harm by a factor of six
Hitchhiking
–
Hitchhiking near
Vicksburg, Mississippi in 1936, photograph by
Walker Evans
Hitchhiking
–
Hitchhiking in
New Zealand in 2006
Hitchhiking
–
A typical hitchhiker's gesture
Hitchhiking
–
Orthodox Jews tremping in
Jerusalem
26.
Washington, D.C.
–
Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
Washington, D.C.
–
Clockwise from top left:
Smithsonian Institution Building,
Rock Creek Park,
National Mall (including the
Lincoln Memorial in the foreground),
Howard Theatre and the
Frederick Douglass National Historic Site
Washington, D.C.
–
Map of the District of Columbia in 1835, prior to the
retrocession
Washington, D.C.
–
Ford's Theatre in the 19th century, site of the 1865
assassination of
President Lincoln
Washington, D.C.
–
Crowds surrounding the
Reflecting Pool during the 1963
March on Washington
27.
United States House of Representatives
–
The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
United States House of Representatives
–
United States House of Representatives
United States House of Representatives
–
Seal of the House
United States House of Representatives
–
Republican
Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from
Maine, and
Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.
United States House of Representatives
–
House Speaker
Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader
Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman
George Miller confer with President
Barack Obama at the
Oval Office in 2009.
28.
Arnold Olsen
–
He was born in Butte, Montana on December 17,1916. He attended Butte public schools, the Montana School of Mines, 1934–1936 and he served four years of overseas duty in the Navy during World War II. Upon returning to the States, Olsen married Mary Margaret Williams and they had three children - Margaret Rae Olsen, Anna Kristine Olsen, and Karin Synneve Olsen Billings. Arnold and Margaret have 5 grandchildren, John David Childs, Todd Arnold Graetz, Kara Ann Trapp, Jonathan Olsen Billings, Olsen opened a private law practice in 1940. He was elected as Attorney General of Montana in 1948, and was re-elected in 1952, following a close campaign, Olsen narrowly lost to Aronson. Following his defeat, he ran for the position of Chief Justice of the Montana Supreme Court, in 1960, when Congressman Lee Metcalf opted to run for the Senate rather than seek re-election, Olsen ran to succeed him in the 1st congressional district. He defeated George P. Sarsfield, the Republican nominee, winning his first of five terms, Olsen was narrowly re-elected over Republican Wayne Montgomery in 1962, and by a wider margin against Montgomery in 1964. In 1966, he defeated Republican nominee Dick Smiley by about two thousand votes, and, in a rematch against Smiley in 1968, by a wider margin. When Olsen ran for a term in 1970, he was narrowly defeated for re-election by Richard G. Shoup. He ran against Shoup again in 1972, but ultimately lost to him, in 1974, he ran for Congress one final time, but lost in the Democratic primary to Max Baucus, who ended up defeating Shoup in the general election. Following his final defeat for public office, Olsen was appointed by Governor Thomas Lee Judge to the Second Judicial District of Montana, biographical Directory of the United States Congress. The Honorable Arnold Olsen Arnold Olsen Papers
Arnold Olsen
–
Arnold Olsen
29.
United States Senate
–
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
United States Senate
–
United States Senate
United States Senate
–
Seal of the U.S. Senate
United States Senate
–
The Senate side of the
United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.
United States Senate
–
A typical Senate desk
30.
Mike Mansfield
–
Michael Joseph Mike Mansfield was an American politician and diplomat. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a U. S and he was the longest-serving Senate Majority Leader, serving from 1961 to 1977. During his tenure, he shepherded Great Society programs through the Senate, after retiring from the Senate, Mansfield served as U. S. Mansfield is the longest-serving American ambassador to Japan in history. After his ambassadorship, Mansfield served for a time as an adviser on East Asian affairs to Goldman Sachs. Mansfield was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, the son of Patrick J. Mansfield and Josephine Mansfield, who were both Irish Catholic immigrants. His mother died from pneumonia in 1906, and his father subsequently sent Michael and he attended local public schools, and worked in his relatives grocery store. He turned into a runaway, even living at a state orphanage in Twin Bridges for half a year. At 14, Mansfield dropped out of school and lied about his age in order to enlist in the U. S. Navy during World War I. He went on several overseas convoys on the USS Minneapolis, but was discharged by the Navy after his age was discovered. After his Navy discharge, he enlisted in the U. S. Army, Mansfield was a Private First Class in the U. S. Marine Corps from 1920 to 1922. He served in the Western Recruiting Division at San Francisco until January 1921, the following month, he was detached to the Guard Company, Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Mare Island, California. In April, he boarded the USAT Sherman, bound for the Philippines, after a brief stopover at the Marine Barracks at Cavite, he arrived at his duty station on May 5,1921, the Marine Barracks, Naval Station, Olongapo, Philippine Islands. One year later, Mansfield was assigned to Company A, Marine Battery, a short tour of duty with the Asiatic Fleet took him along the coast of China, before he returned to Olongapo in late May 1922. His service with the Marines established a lifelong interest in Asia and that August, Mansfield returned to Cavite in preparation for his return to the United States and eventual discharge. On November 9,1922, Marine Private Michael J. Mansfield was released on the completion of his enlistment and he was awarded the Good Conduct Medal, his character being described as “excellent” during his two years as a Marine. Following his return to Montana in 1922, Mansfield worked as a mucker, shoveling ore and other waste, having never attended high school, he took entrance examinations to attend the Montana School of Mines, studying to become a mining engineer. He later met a schoolteacher and his future wife, Maureen Hayes. With her financial support, Mansfield studied at the University of Montana in Missoula and he was also a member of Alpha Tau Omega fraternity
Mike Mansfield
–
Mike Mansfield
Mike Mansfield
–
Mansfield's official Congressional portrait, by
Aaron Shikler
31.
United States Secretary of the Interior
–
The United States Secretary of the Interior is the head of the U. S. Department of the Interior. The Secretary also serves on and appoints the private citizens on the National Park Foundation board, the Secretary is a member of the Presidents Cabinet. The U. S. Department of the Interior should not be confused with the Ministries of the Interior as used in other countries. Ministries of the Interior in these other countries correspond primarily to the Department of Homeland Security in the U. S, Cabinet and secondarily to the Department of Justice. On December 13,2016, President-elect Donald Trump picked Ryan Zinke for the position of Interior Secretary, the most recent to die was William P. Clark, Jr. on August 10,2013. List of Secretaries of the Interior List of Secretaries of the Interior The Department of Everything Else, Highlights of Interior History
United States Secretary of the Interior
–
Incumbent
Sally Jewell since April 12, 2013
United States Secretary of the Interior
–
Seal of the U.S. Department of the Interior
United States Secretary of the Interior
United States Secretary of the Interior
32.
Stewart Udall
–
Stewart Lee Udall was an American politician and later, a federal government official. After serving three terms as a congressman from Arizona, he served as Secretary of the Interior from 1961 to 1969, under presidents John F. Kennedy, born January 31,1920, in Saint Johns, Arizona, to Louisa Lee Udall and Levi Stewart Udall. He had five siblings, Inez, Elma, Morris, Eloise, as a young boy Stewart worked on the family farm in St. Johns. Stewart was remembered by his mother as a child with tremendous energy, Stewart Udall attended the University of Arizona for two years until World War II. He returned to the University of Arizona in 1946, where he attended law school, in 1947, Udall, along with his brother Mo, helped integrate the University of Arizona cafeteria. Mo and Stewart were respected student athletes and Mo was student body president, on their way to lunch at the Student Union one day, they saw a group of black students eating lunch outside the building. Black students were allowed to buy food in the cafeteria, but had to eat outside, when Mo and Stewart invited Morgan Maxwell Jr. a black freshman, to share their table in the cafeteria, it helped to calm some long-simmering racial issues surrounding segregation at the university. Udall received his law degree and was admitted to the Arizona bar in 1948 and he began his law practice in Tucson shortly thereafter. Udall became increasingly active in service, being elected to the School Board of Amphitheater Public Schools in Tucson in June 1951. As a school board member, he participated in desegregating the Amphitheater School District before the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education, Udall was elected to the U. S. House of Representatives from Arizonas Second District in 1954. He served with distinction in the House for three terms on the Interior and Education and Labor committees, Udall served as Secretary of the Interior from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Under his leadership, the Interior Department aggressively promoted an expansion of public lands. Marshall integrated the team in 1962, during Udalls tenure as Secretary of the Interior, in September 1962, he was summoned unexpectedly into a meeting with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev while on a tour of the Soviet Union. It was during this meeting that Khrushchev famously hinted at his secret deployment of nuclear missiles to Cuba by telling Udall, now we can swat your ass. This was a prelude to the Cuban Missile Crisis, upon Udalls recommendation President Kennedy asked former U. S. Poet Laureate Robert Frost to read a poem at his inauguration. A pioneer of the movement, Udall warned of a conservation crisis in the 1960s with his best-selling book on environmental attitudes in the United States. In the book, he wrote about the dangers of pollution, overuse of natural resources, along with Rachel Carsons Silent Spring, The Quiet Crisis is credited with creating a consciousness in the country that led to the environmental movement
Stewart Udall
–
Stewart Udall
Stewart Udall
–
Udall (rear) standing next to
Mrs. John F. Kennedy at the president's Swearing In Ceremony, January 21, 1961
Stewart Udall
–
Lady Bird Johnson and Udall on a trip to
Grand Teton National Park, August 1964
Stewart Udall
–
Robert Frost and Stewart Udall in 1962
33.
Motocross
–
Motocross is a form of off-road motorcycle racing held on enclosed off-road circuits. The sport evolved from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom, Motocross was first evolved in the U. K. from motorcycle trials competitions, such as the Auto-Cycle Clubss first quarterly trial in 1909 and the Scottish Six Days Trial that began in 1912. The first known scramble race took place at Camberley, Surrey in 1924, during the 1930s, the sport grew in popularity, especially in Britain where teams from the Birmingham Small Arms Company, Norton, Matchless, Rudge, and AJS competed in the events. Off-road bikes from that era differed little from those used on the street, the intense competition over rugged terrain led to technical improvements in motorcycles. The period after World War II was dominated by BSA which had become the largest motorcycle company in the world, BSA riders dominated international competitions throughout the 1940s. In 1952, the FIM, motorcyclings international governing body, created an individual European Championship using a 500 cc engine displacement formula, in 1957 it was upgraded to World Championship status. In 1962, a 250 cc world championship was created and it was in the smaller 250 cc category that companies with two-stroke motorcycles came into their own. Companies such as Husqvarna from Sweden, CZ from the former Czechoslovakia and Greeves from England, became popular due to their lightness, stars of the day included BSA works riders Jeff Smith and Arthur Lampkin, with Dave Bickers, Joe Johnson and Norman Brown on Greeves. By the 1960s, advancements in engine technology meant that the heavier. Riders from Belgium and Sweden began to dominate the sport during this period, the following year Hallman was joined by other motocross stars including Roger DeCoster, Joël Robert, and Dave Bickers. They dominated the event placing their lightweight two-strokes into the top six finishing positions, Motocross began to grow in popularity in the United States during this period, which fueled an explosive growth in the sport. By the late 1960s, Japanese motorcycle companies began challenging the European factories for supremacy in the motocross world, Suzuki claimed the first world championship for a Japanese factory when Joël Robert won the 1970250 cc crown. The first stadium motocross event was held in 1972 at the Los Angeles Coliseum, in 1975, a 125 cc world championship was introduced. European riders continued to dominate throughout the 1970s but, by the 1980s, American riders had caught up. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers presided over a period in motocross technology. The typical two-stroke air-cooled, twin-shock rear suspension gave way to machines that were water-cooled and fitted with single-shock absorber rear suspension. By 2003, increasingly stringent environmental laws in California forced some manufacturers to develop environmentally friendly four-stroke technology, by 2004, all the major manufacturers have begun competing with four-stroke machines. European firms also experienced a resurgence with Husqvarna, Husaberg, the sport evolved with sub-disciplines such as stadium events known as supercross and arenacross held in indoor arenas
Motocross
–
A motocross rider coming off a jump.
Motocross
–
A
Maico 360 cc with
air-cooled engine and twin shock absorbers on the rear suspension
Motocross
–
FIM Motocross World Championship
Motocross
–
Motocross des Nations
34.
Aon Corporation
–
Aon has approximately 500 offices worldwide, serving 120 countries with 72,000 employees. In 2011, Aon was ranked as the largest insurance broker in the based on revenue. Aon was the partner and global shirt sponsor of the Premier League team Manchester United F. C. from 2010 until 2014. Aon was created in 1982 when the Ryan Insurance Group merged with the Combined Insurance Company of America, in 1987, that company was renamed Aon, a Gaelic word meaning. In January 2012, Aon announced that its headquarters would be moved to London, Aon is a global professional services firm that advises clients on the topics of risk and human resources. The company is a provider of management, insurance and reinsurance brokerage, human resource solutions. Aon is divided into three units that each specialize in a particular line of business. The firms risk management business, Aon Risk Solutions provides retail property/casualty, liability and its reinsurance business, Aon Benfield, specializes in reinsurance brokerage and investment banking & capital advisory. The firms human resource solutions business, Aon Hewitt, provides consulting and outsourcing services to clients, W. Clement Stones mother bought a small Detroit insurance agency, and in 1918 brought her son into the business. Mr. Stone sold low-cost, low-benefit accident insurance, underwriting and issuing policies on-site, the next year he founded his own agency, the Combined Registry Co. As the Great Depression began, Stone reduced his workforce and improved training, forced by his sons respiratory illness to winter in the South, Stone moved to Arkansas and Texas. In 1939 he bought American Casualty Insurance Co. of Dallas, Texas and it was consolidated with other purchases as the Combined Insurance Co. of America in 1947. The company continued through the 1950s and 1960s, continuing to sell health, in the 1970s, Combined expanded overseas despite being hit hard by the recession. Ryan, the son of a Ford dealer in Wisconsin, had started his company as a credit insurer in 1964. In 1976, the company bought the insurance brokerage units of the Esmark conglomerate, Ryan focused on insurance brokering and added more upscale insurance products. He also trimmed staff and took other cost-cutting measures, and in 1987 he changed Combineds name to Aon, in 1992, he bought Dutch insurance broker Hudig-Langeveldt. In 1995, the company sold its remaining direct life insurance holdings to General Electric to focus on consulting, the following year, it began offering hostile takeover insurance policies to small and mid-sized companies. Aon built a presence through purchases
Aon Corporation
–
Aon North America Headquarters,
Aon Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Aon Corporation
–
Aon plc
Aon Corporation
–
Aon Center, Los Angeles
Aon Corporation
–
Aon Australia Head Office, Aon Tower, Sydney
35.
W. Clement Stone
–
William Clement Stone was a businessman, philanthropist and New Thought self-help book author. He was born in Chicago, Illinois on May 4,1902 and his father died in 1905 leaving his family in debt. In 1908 he hawked newspapers on the South Side of Chicago while his mother worked as a dressmaker, by 1915 he owned his own newsstand. In 1918 he moved to Detroit to sell casualty insurance for his mother, Stone dropped out of high school to sell insurance full-time. He received a diploma from the YMCA Central High School in Chicago and he took courses at Detroit College of Law and Northwestern University. Much of what is known about Stone comes from his autobiography The Success System That Never Fails, in that book, he tells of his early business life, which started with selling newspapers in restaurants. At the time, this was a thing to do. From there, he graduated to selling insurance policies in downtown business offices and his mother managed his new career and together they were very successful. Stone ran $100 into millions with his desire to succeed and by putting into practice the principles outlined in the well-known self-help book, Think. Stone was a example of the proverbial rags-to-riches protagonist in the Horatio Algers stories he loved. Eventually he became an angel to others, lifting some from the gutter to the heights of success, One of his great success stories was Og Mandino, an alcoholic whom Stone took under his wing. The relationship led to a new life for Mandino, who became the publisher of Success Magazine, in 1978, Stone met an aggressive young securities broker named Christopher Nolan and recruited him as his Director of Education for the Entrepreneurship Forums. The forums were created by Stone to educate aspiring business owners in Chicago, by 1979, his insurance company exceeded $1 billion in assets. Combined later merged with the Ryan Insurance Group to form Aon Corporation in 1987. Stone wanted to become ambassador to Great Britain, which already was occupied by Ambassador Walter Annenberg, who gave $254,000 in order to stay on”. Stone associated with Napoleon Hill to teach the Philosophy of Personal Achievement “Science of Success course, Stone wrote, One of the most important days in my life was the day I began to read Think and Grow Rich in 1937. Stone said that the Bible was “the worlds greatest self-help book, in the last interview before his death, Stone explained the importance of PMA, A positive mental attitude is necessary for achieving worthwhile success. We in America know what it is for us, for we have inherited the tenets of the Judeo-Christian faiths on which our Constitution, laws, strive to understand and apply the Golden Rule. Believe that any goal that doesn’t violate the laws of God or the rights of fellow men can be achieved
W. Clement Stone
–
Stone (seated at right) meets with
Gerald Ford in the Oval Office.
W. Clement Stone
–
Bust of Mr. Stone in the Canadian headquarters of the Combined Insurance Co.
36.
Napoleon Hill
–
Napoleon Hill was an American self-help author. He is well known for his book Think and Grow Rich which is among the top 10 best selling books of all time. Hills works insisted that fervid expectations are essential to improving ones life, most of his books were promoted as expounding principles to achieve success. Hill was born in a cabin near the Appalachian town of Pound in Southwest Virginia. His parents were James Monroe Hill and Sarah Sylvania and he was grandson of James Madison Hill and his grandfather came to the United States from England and settled in southwestern Virginia in 1847. Hills mother died when he was nine years old, and his father remarried two years later to Martha. His stepmother had a big influence on him, Hills stepmother, at the age of 13, Hill began writing as a mountain reporter, initially for his fathers paper. At the age of 15, he married a girl who had accused him of fathering her child, the girl recanted the claim. At the age of 17, Hill graduated high school and went to Tazewell, in 1901, Hill took a job working for the lawyer Rufus A. Ayers, a coal magnate and former Virginia attorney general. The author Richard Lingeman said Hill received this position after arranging to cover up the death of a black bellhop, Hill left his coal mine management job shortly afterwards, and entered law school before withdrawing for lack of funds. Later in life, Hill would use the title of Attorney of Law, Hill moved to Mobile, Alabama in 1907 and co-founded the Acree-Hill Lumber Company. In October 1908, the Pensacola Journal reported that the firm faced bankruptcy proceedings, in May 1909, Hill moved to Washington D. C. and founded the Automobile College of Washington, where he instructed students to build, chauffeur and sell motor cars. The college assembled cars for the Carter Motor Corporation, which declared bankruptcy in early 1912, in April 1912, the automobile magazine Motor World accused Hills college of being a scam relying upon on misleading marketing materials that would be a joke to anyone of average intelligence. Hills automobile college went out of later that year. While running his automobile college, in June 1910, Hill married his third wife, the couple had their first child together, James, in 1911, a second child named Napoleon Blair in 1912, and a third son, David, in 1918. After his automobile college folded, Hill moved to Lumberport, West Virginia with his wifes family and he later moved to Chicago and took a job with the LaSalle Extension University before co-founding a candy business that he named the Betsy Ross Candy Shop. In September 1915, Hill established a new school in Chicago, the George Washington Institute, later in his life, Hill would say that he spent the years of 1917-1918 advising president Woodrow Wilson amidst World War I. Following the closure of the George Washington Institute, Hill embarked on other business ventures
Napoleon Hill
–
Portrait Napoleon Hill, 1904
Napoleon Hill
–
Andrew Carnegie
Napoleon Hill
–
Napoleon Hill holding his book
Think and Grow Rich
37.
Moses Lake, Washington
–
Moses Lake is a city in Grant County, Washington, United States. The population was 20,366 as of the 2010 census, Moses Lake is the largest city in Grant County. Moses Lake, on which the city lies, is made up of three main arms over 18 miles long and up to one mile wide and it is the largest natural body of fresh water in Grant County and has over 120 miles of shoreline covering 6,500 acres. Before it was dammed in the early 1900s and then incorporated into the Columbia Basin Project, Moses Lake was a smaller, salty, one of its early names was Salt Lake. To the south of the town is the Potholes Reservoir and the Columbia National Wildlife Refuge that has a number of lakes and vast amounts of migratory birds. Before the construction of Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in 1941, Native Americans knew the area as Houaph, which meant willow. Chief Moses was leader of the Sinkiuse tribe from 1859 to 1899, under pressure from the government, Chief Moses traded the Columbia Basin land for a reservation that stretched from Lake Chelan north to the Canada–US border. The government later traded again for what is now the Colville Indian Reservation, the new settlers named the lake in honor of the chief. The city was originally named Neppel, after a town in Germany where one of the settlers had lived. When the town was incorporated and renamed Moses Lake in 1938, Moses Lake was quickly transformed into a hub for a vast region where transportation, agriculture and recreation came together. The air base was built to train World War II pilots to fly the P-38 Lightning and B-17 Flying Fortress, two planes that were essential to the war effort. The base was closed after the war ended, but reopened in 1948 as a U. S. Air Force base and test area for Boeing’s B-47 Stratojet, the B-47 tests led to development of modern commercial jetliners still used today. Fighter jets were stationed there to protect Grand Coulee Dam to the north, Boeing still uses the airport as a test and evaluation facility for its aircraft. Japan Airlines used the airport as an area from November 1968 until March 2009. The old air base is now owned by the Port of Moses Lake and is home to Grant County International Airport, Big Bend Community College and several businesses. Farmers, meanwhile, had developed new methods to water from the lake and from the Columbia River. When the Columbia Basin Project was completed in the mid-1950s, farms expanded by thousands of acres, growing potatoes, corn, onions, carrots, in little more than a decade, Moses Lake’s population grew from 300 to 2,679 in 1950. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 18.75 square miles
Moses Lake, Washington
–
Aerial view of Moses Lake & Potholes Reservoir
Moses Lake, Washington
–
Moses Lake War Memorial
Moses Lake, Washington
–
Moses Lake Public Library, showing its distinctive hyperbolic-paraboloid roof
Moses Lake, Washington
–
The
BMW i3 electric car uses carbon fiber–reinforced plastic manufactured in Moses Lake
38.
Honda
–
Honda Motor Co. Ltd. is a Japanese public multinational conglomerate corporation primarily known as a manufacturer of automobiles, aircraft, motorcycles, and power equipment. Honda became the second-largest Japanese automobile manufacturer in 2001, Honda was the eighth largest automobile manufacturer in the world behind General Motors, Volkswagen Group, Toyota, Hyundai Motor Group, Ford, Nissan, and PSA Peugeot Citroën in 2011. Honda was the first Japanese automobile manufacturer to release a luxury brand, Acura. Aside from their automobile and motorcycle businesses, Honda also manufactures garden equipment, marine engines, personal watercraft and power generators. Since 1986, Honda has been involved with artificial intelligence/robotics research and they have also ventured into aerospace with the establishment of GE Honda Aero Engines in 2004 and the Honda HA-420 HondaJet, which began production in 2012. Honda has three joint-ventures in China, in 2013, Honda invested about 5. 7% of its revenues in research and development. Also in 2013, Honda became the first Japanese automaker to be a net exporter from the United States, exporting 108,705 Honda and Acura models, throughout his life, Hondas founder, Soichiro Honda had an interest in automobiles. He worked as a mechanic at the Art Shokai garage, where he tuned cars, in 1937, with financing from his acquaintance Kato Shichirō, Honda founded Tōkai Seiki to make piston rings working out of the Art Shokai garage. After initial failures, Tōkai Seiki won a contract to supply piston rings to Toyota, Honda also aided the war effort by assisting other companies in automating the production of military aircraft propellers. The relationships Honda cultivated with personnel at Toyota, Nakajima Aircraft Company, with a staff of 12 men working in a 16 m2 shack, they built and sold improvised motorized bicycles, using a supply of 500 two-stroke 50 cc Tohatsu war surplus radio generator engines. When the engines ran out, Honda began building their own copy of the Tohatsu engine and this was the Honda A-Type, nicknamed the Bata Bata for the sound the engine made. In 1949, the Honda Technical Research Institute was liquidated for ¥1,000,000, or about US$5,000 today, at about the same time Honda hired engineer Kihachiro Kawashima, and Takeo Fujisawa who provided indispensable business and marketing expertise to complement Soichiro Hondas technical bent. The close partnership between Soichiro Honda and Fujisawa lasted until they stepped down together in October 1973, the first complete motorcycle, with both the frame and engine made by Honda, was the 1949 D-Type, the first Honda to go by the name Dream. Honda Motor Company grew in a time to become the worlds largest manufacturer of motorcycles by 1964. The first production automobile from Honda was the T360 mini pick-up truck, powered by a small 356-cc straight-4 gasoline engine, it was classified under the cheaper Kei car tax bracket. The first production car from Honda was the S500 sports car and its chain-driven rear wheels pointed to Hondas motorcycle origins. Over the next few decades, Honda worked to expand its line and expanded operations. In 1986, Honda introduced the successful Acura brand to the American market in an attempt to ground in the luxury vehicle market
Honda
–
Honda Headquarters
Honda
–
Honda headquarters building in
Minato, Tokyo
Honda
–
2008
Honda Accord (USA-Canada)
Honda
–
Ninth Generation
Honda Civic (Asian Version)
39.
Japan
–
Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
Japan
–
The
Golden Hall and
five-storey pagoda of
Hōryū-ji, among the oldest wooden buildings in the world,
National Treasures, and a
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Japan
Japan
–
Samurai warriors face Mongols, during the
Mongol invasions of Japan. The
Kamikaze, two storms, are said to have saved Japan from Mongol fleets.
Japan
–
Samurai could
kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population.
Edo period, 1798
40.
Sunnyside, Washington
–
Sunnyside is a city in Yakima County, Washington, United States. As of the 2010 census the population was 15,858, on September 16,1902, residents voted 42 to one to incorporate as the town of Sunnyside. By state law a town needed to have 300 citizens in order to legally incorporate, with 314 residents, Sunnyside was just eligible to legally vote for incorporation. The first mayor of Sunnyside was the town druggist James Henderson, the settlement was founded by Walter Granger in 1893. The name Sunnyside was coined by a merchant named W. H. Cline, Granger was involved in the financing and construction of the Sunnyside Canal which would allow Yakima River water to irrigate the area. However, due to the Panic of 1893, Grangers creditors foreclosed on the canal, however, by the end of 1901, the population had doubled, finally exceeding 300 people. The townsite contained 1 bank,11 stores,3 hotels,1 newspaper,2 blacksmith shops,2 livery barns,3 churches, sunnysides population increase at this time was stimulated by the immigration of the Dunkards from South Dakota who were moving to the town. The population of Dunkards was of notable size that by 1902 it was noted that they had built a commodious place of worship at Sunnyside which was the largest church in Yakima County at the time. The Dunkards, members of the German Baptist Progressive Brethren, relocated to Sunnyside in order to form what they called the Christian Cooperative Colony, the Brethren bought the entire town site and were the developers of its first bank, and a telephone system. They enforced clauses prohibiting alcohol, dancing, and gambling as a condition on every parcel of land sold, because of this, old maps of Washington identify the town with a cross or halo symbol. Later, in the 1930s, refugees from the Dust Bowl also moved to Sunnyside, under the leadership of mayor William Bright Billy Cloud, Sunnyside initiated a project to pave its dirt streets on June 5,1917. This project was necessary since years of irrigation had raised the table to the point that the streets had become unbearably muddy. The cost of the project was $62,629.45. In 1948, Sunnyside became the first city in the State of Washington to adopt the Council-manager plan of government. This plan provides for a city council which is responsible for policy making, and a professional city manager, appointed by the council. The city manager provides policy advice, directs the operations of city government. Under the council-manager statutes, the city council is prohibited from interfering with the managers administration, the city manager, however, is directly accountable to and can be removed by a majority vote of the council at any time. Sunnyside was awarded the distinction of being an All-America City in 1979, first held in 1989, the Lighted Farm Implement Parade has been called the NWs premier lighted parade
Sunnyside, Washington
–
Edison Avenue
Sunnyside, Washington
–
Location of Sunnyside, Washington
Sunnyside, Washington
–
Iconic barn in Sunnyside
Sunnyside, Washington
–
A 9410
John Deere Combine harvester typical of a parade entrant.
41.
Motocross World Championship
–
FIM Motocross World Championship is the premier championship of motocross racing, organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme, currently divided into two distinct classes, MX1 and MX2. Race duration is 30 minutes plus 2 laps per moto, the series runs 18 events with two motos at each round. The Motocross World Championship is a motocross series sanctioned by the F. I. M. It was inaugurated in 1957 using a 500 cc engine displacement formula, in 1962 a 250cc class was added and in 1975, a 125cc class was introduced. Prior to 1957, the championship was known as the European Championship, changed the displacement formulas to reflect the changes in engine technology and as a move towards environmentally friendlier four-stroke engines. The new MX1 class became the class, allowing two-stroke engines of up to 250cc. The MX2 class allowed two-stroke engines of up to 125cc and four-stroke motors of up to 250cc, the MX3 class allowed two-stroke engines of up to 500cc and four stroke engines of up to 650cc. Note, Pink background denotes European Championship only, Last updated,12 September 2016 Last updated,12 September 2016 Including also the European Championships. Countries that have held Grand Prix as of the 2017 season, countries in bold currently hold a Grand Prix
Motocross World Championship
–
Motocross World Championship
Motocross World Championship
42.
Rattlesnake
–
Rattlesnakes are a group of venomous snakes of the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus of the subfamily Crotalinae. The 36 known species of rattlesnakes have between 65 and 70 subspecies, all native to the America, ranging from southern Alberta, Rattlesnakes are predators that live in a wide array of habitats, hunting small animals such as birds and rodents. The threat of envenomation, advertised by the shaking of the titular noisemaker at the end of their tails. However, rattlesnakes fall prey to hawks, weasels, king snakes, Rattlesnakes are heavily preyed upon as neonates, while they are still weak and mentally immature. Large numbers of rattlesnakes are killed by humans, Rattlesnake populations in many areas are severely threatened by habitat destruction, poaching, and extermination campaigns. Rattlesnake are the leading contributor to snakebite injuries in North America, however, rattlesnakes rarely bite unless provoked or threatened, if treated promptly the bites are seldom fatal. Rattlesnakes receive their name from the rattle located at the end of their tails, the scientific name Crotalus is derived from the Greek κρόταλον, meaning castanet. The name Sistrurus is the Latinized form of the Greek word for tail rattler and shares its root with the ancient Egyptian musical instrument the sistrum, Rattlesnakes are native to the Americas, living in diverse habitats from southwestern Canada to central Argentina. The large majority of live in the American Southwest and Mexico. Four species may be found east of the Mississippi River, in the United States, the states with the most types of rattlesnakes are Texas and Arizona. Most species live near open, rocky areas, rocks offer them cover from predators, plentiful prey, and open basking areas. However, rattlesnakes can also be found in a variety of other habitats including prairies, marshes, deserts. The most probable ancestral area of rattlesnakes is the Sierra Madre Occidental region in Mexico, the most probable vegetation or habitat of the ancestral area appears to be pine-oak forests. Feeding habits play an important ecological role by limiting the size of rodent populations, Rattlesnakes consume mice, rats, small birds, and other small animals. They lie in wait for their prey, or hunt for it in holes, the prey is killed quickly with a venomous bite as opposed to constriction. If the bitten prey moves away before dying, the rattlesnake can follow it by its scent, when it locates the fallen prey, it checks for signs of life by prodding with its snout, flicking its tongue, and using its sense of smell. Once the prey has become incapacitated, the rattlesnake locates its head by odors emitted from the mouth, the prey is then ingested head-first, which allows wings and limbs to fold at the joints in a manner which minimizes the girth of the meal. The gastric fluids of rattlesnakes are extremely powerful, allowing for the digestion of flesh, optimal digestion occurs when the snake maintains a body temperature between 80 and 85 °F
Rattlesnake
–
Rattlesnake
Rattlesnake
–
Western diamondback rattlesnake (
Crotalus atrox), responsible for the majority of venomous snakebites in North America, coiled in defensive posture with rattle erect
Rattlesnake
–
Timber rattlesnake (
Crotalus horridus) with clearly visible facial pits
Rattlesnake
–
Rattlesnake skull
43.
Mountain lion
–
The cougar, also commonly known as the mountain lion, puma, panther, or catamount, is a large felid of the subfamily Felinae native to the Americas. Its range, from the Canadian Yukon to the southern Andes of South America, is the greatest of any large wild terrestrial mammal in the Western Hemisphere, an adaptable, generalist species, the cougar is found in most American habitat types. It is the second-heaviest cat in the New World, after the jaguar, secretive and largely solitary by nature, the cougar is properly considered both nocturnal and crepuscular, although there are daytime sightings. The cougar is more related to smaller felines, including the domestic cat, than to any species of subfamily Pantherinae. The cougar is a predator and pursues a wide variety of prey. Primary food sources are ungulates, particularly deer, but also livestock and it also hunts species as small as insects and rodents. This cat prefers habitats with dense underbrush and rocky areas for stalking, the cougar is territorial and survives at low population densities. Individual territory sizes depend on terrain, vegetation, and abundance of prey, while large, it is not always the apex predator in its range, yielding to the jaguar, gray wolf, American black bear, and grizzly bear. It is reclusive and mostly avoids people, fatal attacks on humans are rare, but have recently been increasing in North America as more people enter their territories. Intensive hunting following European colonization of the Americas and the human development of cougar habitat has caused populations to drop in most parts of its historical range. In particular, the cougar was extirpated in eastern North America in the beginning of the 20th century, reports of eastern cougars still surface, although it was declared extirpated in 2011. With its vast range across the length of the Americas, P. concolor has dozens of names and various references in the mythology of the indigenous Americans and in contemporary culture. Currently, it is referred to as puma by most scientists, Mountain lion was a term first used in writing in 1858 from the diary of George A. Jackson of Colorado. Other names include catamount, mountain screamer, and painter, lexicographers regard painter as a primarily upper-Southern US regional variant on panther. The word panther is used to specifically designate the black panther, a melanistic jaguar or leopard, and the Florida panther. P. concolor holds the Guinness record for the animal with the greatest number of names, Cougar may be borrowed from the archaic Portuguese çuçuarana, the term was originally derived from the Tupi language susuarana, meaning similar to deer. A current form in Brazil is suçuarana and it may also be borrowed from the Guaraní language term guaçu ara or guazu ara. Less common Portuguese terms are onça-parda or leão-baio, or unusually non-native puma or leão-da-montanha, people in rural regions often refer to both the cougar and the jaguar as simply gata, and outside of the Amazon, both are colloquially referred to as simply onça by many people
Mountain lion
Mountain lion
–
Although large, the cougar is more closely related to smaller felines.
Mountain lion
–
Close-up of face
Mountain lion
–
Cougar skull and jawbone
44.
Berliner Motor Corporation
–
He was a Hungarian Jewish refugee from the Holocaust who had spent time in Hungarian slave labor camps, and had lost 16 close family members on arrival at Auschwitz. The Berliner brothers survived by maintaining a fleet of German army trucks, one brother would die of hunger and typhus, leaving only Joseph, Michael, and two other siblings alive after the war. Prior to the Holocaust, Joseph Berliner worked in his fathers radio-bicycle-motorcycle shop, after the war he assisted in Jewish relief in Frankfurt, Germany, and was able to find his wife who had been liberated by the Swedish Red Cross. As the sons of a Hungarian anti-Communist World War I war hero, the brothers feared returning to their Soviet-controlled homeland, Berliner Motor Corporation provided Ducati with both the almost freakish for the time specification and part of the financing to develop the failed, yet visionary, Ducati Apollo. The detailed specification Joseph Berliner created came about because he wanted to take advantage of anti-trust rules that police departments to consider vendors other than Harley-Davidson. Moto Guzzi V7/Ambassador/Eldorado Moto Guzzi, like Ducati, was under pressure from the Berliner brothers to produce a Harley-Davidson-style big-bore V-engined bike and it was reported that Moto Guzzi sold 5,000 Eldorados per year from 1972–1974, making it a fierce competitor to the Harley FLH. Moto Guzzi Le Mans 1941 Joseph Berliner taken to labor camp. 1944 Berliner brothers transferred to Auschwitz,1951 Distributed Zündapp East of the Mississippi. 1957 Took over International Motorcycle Company, where Joseph Berliner had previously been a partner,1959 Headquarters moved from New York City to Railroad Ave. and Plant Road in Hasbrouck Heights, NJ.1961 Became sole Norton distributor for all US. 1963 Became sole US Matchless distributor,1965 Evel Knievels new motorcycle stunt troupe secured the sponsorship of Berliner Motor Corporation, who supplied them with a fleet of Norton Scramblers. In one version of the origin of stage name Evel Knievel,1968 Berliner Motor abruptly refused an entire shipment of over 3,000 Ducati motorcycles they had ordered, as the stocks they had on hand were not selling quickly. The effect of Berliners actions rippled through the UK motorcycle world, as this was a flood of stock to enter the smaller. The existing, formerly exclusive, Ducati distributor refused to sell parts to anyone whose bike had been purchased from what they saw as a player in the field. 1984 Moto Guzzi distributorship changes hands to Benelli/Moto Guzzi North America, Berliner Motor Corporation is out of business. There is wide agreement that bureaucrats and government are the villains when the failed or nearly failed. Some place Berliner Motor Corporation squarely in the camp of those who were bringing disaster, for being dollars, fallloon also admits that the Berliner brainchild Ducati Scrambler single was the most successful Ducati of the 60s and early 70s. The Apollo engine, in V-twin form, would in fact become the heart of Ducatis for the four decades. Similarly, the Berliners pushed Moto Guzzi to create a big v-twin for the American police market, and had greater success with the production of the Moto Guzzi V7
Berliner Motor Corporation
–
Joseph and Michael Berliner at the Earl's Court Show, 1965
Berliner Motor Corporation
–
Moto Guzzi Eldorado 850, imported by Berliner
45.
Norton Motorcycles
–
The Norton Motorcycle Company is a British motorcycle marque, originally from Birmingham, UK. It was founded in 1898 as a manufacturer of fittings and parts for the two-wheel trade, by 1902, the company began manufacturing motorcycles with bought-in engines. In 1908, a Norton-built engine was added to the range and this began a long series of production of single and eventually twin-cylinder motorcycles, and a long history of racing involvement. Production of the military Model 16 H and Big 4 sidevalve motorcycles was Nortons contribution to the WWII war effort, when major shareholders started to leave Norton in 1953, the company declined and Associated Motor Cycles bought the shares. Although motorcycle sales went through a recession in the 1950s, and Norton Motors Ltd was only a small manufacturer, Norton sales flourished. A series of Norton Dominator Twins of 500 cc, then 600 cc, then 650 cc and then the 750 cc Norton Atlas kept sales buoyant, especially with sales to the USA. In 1968, the new 750 cc Norton Commando Model appeared and this kept the vibrations from the rider, giving a smooth comfortable ride. The Commando was a best seller, and voted #1 Motorcycle of the Year a number of times in Britain,850 cc models appeared for 1973, giving more torque. For 1975 an electric start arrived in the 850 Mk3, the largest UK motorcycle manufacturer at the time was BSA-Triumph, comprising Birmingham Small Arms Company in Birmingham, and Triumph Motorcycles in Meriden. BSA-Triumph faced difficulties caused by poor management, outdated union practices, old-fashioned motorcycle designs, the Triumph factory Meriden was the least modern, but workers engaged in a sit-in, forming a workers co-operative. Poore was CEO of Manganese Bronze Holdings, an apparently more concerned with asset stripping than with motorcycle production. Subsequent political manoeuvrings led to the downfall of NVT, as taxpayer-assisted wranglings over amalgamations and sell-offs all, the original company was formed by James Lansdowne Norton at 320, Bradford Street, Birmingham, in 1898. In 1902, Norton began building motorcycles with French and Swiss engines, in 1907, a Norton ridden by Rem Fowler won the twin-cylinder class in the first Isle of Man TT race, beginning a sporting tradition that went on until the 1960s. The first Norton engines were made in 1907, with production models available from 1908 and these were the 3.5 hp and the Big 4, beginning a line of side-valve single-cylinder engines which continued with few changes until the late 1950s. The first Norton logo was a simple, art nouveau design. However, a new logo appeared on the front of the catalogue for 1914 and it became known as the curly N logo, with only the initial letter as a capital, and was used by the company thereafter, first appearing on actual motorcycles in 1915. Ethel Norton also did some testing of her fathers motorcycles, in 1913 the business declined, and R. T. Shelley & Co. the main creditors, intervened and saved it, Norton Motors Ltd was formed shortly afterwards under joint directorship of James Norton and Bob Shelley
Norton Motorcycles
–
1921 Norton 16 H (490 cc)
Norton Motorcycles
Norton Motorcycles
–
Norton International M30 500 cc OHC Racer 1937
Norton Motorcycles
–
1939 Norton ES2
46.
Hells Angels
–
The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club is a worldwide one-percenter motorcycle club whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The organization is predominantly male and is considered an organized crime syndicate by the United States Department of Justice. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation, common nicknames for the club are the H. A. The Hells Angels website denies the suggestion that any misfit or malcontent troops are connected with the motorcycle club. The website also notes that the name was suggested by Arvid Olsen, an associate of the founders, who had served in the Flying Tigers Hells Angels squadron in China during World War II. In 1930, the Howard Hughes film Hells Angels displayed extraordinary and dangerous feats of aviation, some of the early history of the HAMC is not clear, and accounts differ. One of the lesser known clubs existed in North Chino/South Pomona, California, the Frisco Hells Angels were reorganized in 1955 with thirteen charter members, Frank Sadilek serving as President, and using the smaller, original logo. The Oakland chapter, at the time headed by Barger, used a version of the Deaths Head patch nicknamed the Barger Larger. It later became the club standard, the Hells Angels are often depicted in semi-mythical romantic fashion like the 19th-century James–Younger Gang, free-spirited, iconic, bound by brotherhood and loyalty. At other times, such as in the 1966 Roger Corman film The Wild Angels, they are depicted as violent and nihilistic, little more than a violent criminal gang, the club launched the career of Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson. The Hells Angels official website attributes the deaths head insignia design to Frank Sadilek. The colors and shape of the early-style jacket emblem were copied from the insignias of the 85th Fighter Squadron, the Hells Angels utilize a system of patches similar to military medals. Although the specific meaning of each patch is not publicly known, the official colors of the Hells Angels are red lettering displayed on a white background—hence the clubs nickname The Red and White. These patches are worn on leather or denim jackets and vests, Red and white are also used to display the number 81 on many patches, as in Support 81, Route 81. The 8 and 1 stand for the positions in the alphabet of H and A. These are used by friends and supporters of the club in deference to club rules, the diamond-shaped one-percenter patch is also used, displaying 1% in red on a white background with a red merrowed border. The AMA has no record of such a statement to the press, most members wear a rectangular patch identifying their respective chapter locations. Another similarly designed patch reads Hells Angels, when applicable, members of the club wear a patch denoting their position or rank within the organization
Hells Angels
–
Hells Angels MC
Hells Angels
–
This B-17F, tail number 41-24577, was named Hell's Angels after the 1930
Howard Hughes movie about
World War I fighter pilots.
Hells Angels
–
Insignia of the Hells Angels from
Karlsruhe chapter, with the '1%' patch
Hells Angels
–
New York Hells Angels patch.
47.
Indio, California
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Indio is a city in Riverside County, California, United States, located in the Coachella Valley of Southern Californias Colorado Desert region. It lies 23 miles east of Palm Springs,77 miles east of Riverside and it is about 98 miles north of Mexicali, Baja California on the U. S. -Mexican border. The word Indio is Spanish for Indian, the population was 76,036 in the 2010 United States Census, up from 49,116 at the 2000 census, an increase of 55%. Railroad line construction east out of Los Angeles began in 1873, trains were operated to Colton on July 16,1875, and to Indio on May 29,1876. Moving on eastward from Indio, the reached the west bank of the Colorado River opposite Yuma on May 23,1877. There was delay in getting military authority to lay tracks across the Yuma Indian reservation, but the rail-head of the T & P was at a standstill far off in Texas, so Southern Pacific continued building eastward. The City of Indio came about because of the need of a point for the Southern Pacific Railroad between Yuma, Arizona and Los Angeles. The engines needed to be re-filled with water, at first, the-would-be city was called Indian Wells, but because of so many other areas already called that, Indio – after a Spanish variation of the word Indian – was chosen. After the railroads arrival in 1876, Indio really started to grow, the first permanent building was the craftsman style Southern Pacific Depot station and hotel. Southern Pacific tried to make life as comfortable as it could for their workers in order to them from leaving such a difficult area to live in at the time. It was at the center of all life in the desert with a fancy dining room. While Indio started as a town, it soon became agricultural. However, water also was a problem for Indio and the city was flooded several times until the storm water canals were created throughout the Coachella Valley. Businessmen and women found this last frontier land of the continental United States as a place to start fresh. Dr. Harry Smiley and his wife Nell were early residents and stayed in Indio after their car broke down on the way to Los Angeles and became people of influence and helped shape the area. A. G. Tingman was an early storeowner and first Postmaster of Indio, later Dr. June Robertson McCarroll became a leading philanthropist as well as successful doctor in Indio. But even though these early founders of the city are considered pioneers, Indio established itself quickly and kept up with all the trends as they were brought in by the railroads. By the turn of the 20th century, Indio was already more than a railroad town
Indio, California
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Indio during the 1950s: Stan Sniff, a local date grower's booth at the annual National Date Festival and Riverside County Fair, selling dates which is one of the region's most popular crops.
