1.
Cemetery
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A cemetery or graveyard is a place where the remains of dead people are buried or otherwise interred. The word cemetery implies that the land is designated as a burial ground. The term graveyard is used interchangeably with cemetery, but primarily referred to a burial ground within a churchyard. The intact or cremated remains of people may be interred in a grave, commonly referred to as burial, or in a tomb, an above-ground grave, in Western cultures, funeral ceremonies are often observed in cemeteries. These ceremonies or rites of passage according to cultural practices. Modern cemeteries often include crematoria, and some previously used for both, continue as crematoria as a principal use long after the interment areas have been filled. The Oxford English Dictionary defines a cemetery as a burial-ground generally, a large public park or ground laid out expressly for the interment of the dead, and not being the ‘yard’ of any church. Prehistoric cemeteries are referred to by the term grave field. From about the 7th century, European burial was under the control of the Church, practices varied, but in continental Europe, bodies were usually buried in a mass grave until they had decomposed. The bones were exhumed and stored in ossuaries, either along the arcaded bounding walls of the cemetery, or within the church under floor slabs. In Europe this was accompanied with a depiction of their coat of arms. Most others were buried in graveyards again divided by social status, mourners who could afford the work of a stonemason had a headstone engraved with a name, dates of birth and death and sometimes other biographical data, and set up over the place of burial. Usually, the writing and symbols carved on the headstone. Some families hired a blacksmith and had large crosses made from various metals put on the place of burial, in many European states, burial in graveyards was eventually outlawed altogether through government legislation. Instead of graveyards, completely new places of burial were established away from populated areas and outside of old towns. Many new cemeteries became municipally owned or were run by their own corporations, in some cases, skeletons were exhumed from graveyards and moved into ossuaries or catacombs. A large action of this occurred in 18th century Paris when human remains were transferred from graveyards all over the city to the Catacombs of Paris. The bones of an estimated 6 million people are to be found there, an early example of a landscape-style cemetery is Père Lachaise in Paris
2.
Crematory
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A crematory is a machine in which peoples bodies or remains are burned down to the bones, eliminating all soft tissue. Crematories are usually found in homes, chapels, cemeteries. A facility which houses the actual crematory units is referred to as a crematorium, prior to the Industrial Revolution, any cremation which took place was on an outdoor, open pyre. The organized movement to reinstate cremation as a method for body disposal began in the 1870s. In 1869 the idea was presented to the Medical International Congress of Florence by Professors Coletti and Castiglioni in the name of public health, in 1873, Professor Paolo Gorini of Lodi and Professor Ludovico Brunetti of Padua published reports or practical work they had conducted. Meanwhile, Sir Charles William Siemens had developed his regenerative furnace in the 1850s and his furnace operated at a high temperature by using regenerative preheating of fuel and air for combustion. In regenerative preheating, the exhaust gases from the furnace are pumped into a chamber containing bricks, the flow of the furnace is then reversed so that fuel and air pass through the chamber and are heated by the bricks. Through this method, a furnace can reach temperatures high enough to melt steel. Charless nephew, Carl Friedrich von Siemens perfected the use of this furnace for the incineration of organic material at his factory in Dresden, the radical politician, Sir Charles Wentworth Dilke, took the corpse of his dead wife there to be cremated in 1874. The first duty of the Cremation Society was to ascertain whether cremation could be performed in the country. In 1878, a piece of land in Woking on which the crematorium was to be established was bought by Sir Henry Thompson, Professor Gorini was invited to visit Woking and supervise the erection of his cremation apparatus there. In 1885, the first official cremation in the UK took place in Woking, the deceased was Mrs Jeannette C. Pickersgill, a figure in literary and scientific circles. By the end of the year, the Cremation Society of Great Britain had overseen two more cremations, a total of 3 out of 597,357 deaths in the UK that year, in 1886 ten bodies were cremated at Woking Crematorium. During 1888, in which 28 cremations took place, the Cremation Society planned to provide a chapel, waiting rooms, in 1892 a crematorium opened in Manchester, followed by one in Glasgow in 1895, Liverpool in 1896 and Birmingham Crematorium in 1903. Crematoria in Europe were built in 1878 in the town of Gotha in Germany, the first modern crematory in the U. S. was built in 1876 by Francis Julius LeMoyne after hearing about its use in Europe. During that time it was thought that people were getting sick by attending funerals of those recently deceased, LeMoyne built the crematory to cremate bodies in a controlled environment primarily for sanitary reasons. Cremation was used to any organic matter that could cause illness
3.
Mausoleum
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A mausoleuma is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the interment space or burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A monument without the interment is a cenotaph, a mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb, or the tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum. A Christian mausoleum sometimes includes a chapel, the word derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, the grave of King Mausolus, the Persian satrap of Caria, whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Historically, mausolea were, and still may be, large, however, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire, these were often ranged in necropoles or along roadsides, however, when Christianity became dominant, mausoleums were out of use. Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during the modern and modern periods. A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed, a mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches, modern mausolea may also act as columbaria with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in a cemetery, a churchyard or on private land, in the United States, the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and it is known as the crypt mausoleum. In Europe, these vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs. Mausoleum of Mohammed V Bourguiba mausoleum The Dr. John Garang De Mabior mausoleum in Juba, agostinho Netos Mausoleum in Luanda, Angola. Omar Bongos Mausoleum in Franceville, Gabon, kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum Marien Ngouabis mausoleum and Pierre Savorgnan de Brazzas mausoleum in Brazzaville, The Republic of Congo. Mausoleum of the late president Felix Houphouet-Boigny in Yamoussoukro, Côte dIvoire, laurent Kabilas mausoleum in Kinshasa, The Democratic Republic of Congo. The pyramids of ancient Egypt and Nubian pyramids are also types of mausolea, Abdel Nasser Mosque, is the Mausoleum of Gamal Abdel Nasser, in Cairo, Egypt. Unknown Soldier Memorial Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania Al Hussein Mosque, Cairo – Holy Shrine and mausoleum, Qalawun Mausoleum is the Mausoleum of Qalawun, Located in Cairo, Egypt, it was regarded by scholars as the second most beautiful medieval mausoleum ever to be built. Jedars - thirteen ancient monumental Berber mausoleums located south of Tiaret, Late President Eyademas Family Mausoleum in Kara, Togo. Kamuzu Banda Mausoleum, in Lilongwe, Malawi, Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi built a mausoleum in which his late first wife and Bingu himself are buried
4.
Oakland, California
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Oakland /ˈoʊklənd/ is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. The city was incorporated in 1852, Oaklands territory covers what was once a mosaic of California coastal terrace prairie, oak woodland, and north coastal scrub. Its land served as a resource when its hillside oak and redwood timber were logged to build San Francisco. In the late 1860s, Oakland was selected as the terminal of the Transcontinental Railroad. Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, many San Francisco citizens moved to Oakland, enlarging the citys population, increasing its housing stock and it continued to grow in the 20th century with its busy port, shipyards, and a thriving automobile manufacturing industry. Oakland is known for its sustainability practices, including a top-ranking for usage of electricity from renewable resources, in addition, due to a steady influx of immigrants during the 20th century, along with thousands of African-American war-industry workers who relocated from the Deep South during the 1940s. Oakland is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. The earliest known inhabitants were the Huchiun Indians, who lived there for thousands of years, the Huchiun belonged to a linguistic grouping later called the Ohlone. In Oakland, they were concentrated around Lake Merritt and Temescal Creek, in 1772, the area that later became Oakland was claimed, with the rest of California, by Spanish settlers for the King of Spain. In the early 19th century, the Spanish crown granted the East Bay area to Luis María Peralta for his Rancho San Antonio, the grant was confirmed by the successor Mexican republic upon its independence from Spain. Upon his death in 1842, Peralta divided his land among his four sons, Most of Oakland fell within the shares given to Antonio Maria and Vicente. The portion of the parcel that is now Oakland was called encinal—Spanish for oak grove—due to the oak forest that covered the area. In 1851, three men—Horace Carpentier, Edson Adams, and Andrew Moon—began developing what is now downtown Oakland, on May 4,1852, the Town of Oakland incorporated. Two years later, on March 25,1854, Oakland re-incorporated as the City of Oakland, with Horace Carpentier elected the first mayor, the city and its environs quickly grew with the railroads, becoming a major rail terminal in the late 1860s and 1870s. In 1868, the Central Pacific constructed the Oakland Long Wharf at Oakland Point, a number of horsecar and cable car lines were constructed in Oakland during the latter half of the 19th century. The first electric streetcar set out from Oakland to Berkeley in 1891, at the time of incorporation, Oakland consisted of the territory that lay south of todays major intersection of San Pablo Avenue, Broadway, and Fourteenth Street. The city gradually annexed farmlands and settlements to the east and the north, Oaklands rise to industrial prominence, and its subsequent need for a seaport, led to the digging of a shipping and tidal channel in 1902. This resulted in the town of Alameda being made an island
5.
Alameda County, California
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Alameda County is a county in the state of California in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 1,510,271, Alameda County is included in the San Francisco Bay Area, occupying much of the East Bay region. The county was formed on March 25,1853, from a portion of Contra Costa County. The Spanish word alameda means a place where trees grow. The willow and sycamore trees along the banks of the river reminded the early explorers of a road lined with trees, the county seat at the time it was formed was located at Alvarado, now part of Union City. In 1856 it was moved to San Leandro, where the county courthouse was destroyed by the devastating 1868 quake on the Hayward Fault, the county seat was then re-established in the town of Brooklyn from 1872-1875. Brooklyn is now part of Oakland, which has been the county seat since 1873, much of what is now considered an intensively urban region, with major cities, was developed as a trolley car suburb of San Francisco in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The annual county fair is held at the Alameda County Fairgrounds in Pleasanton, the fair runs for three weekends from June to July. Attractions include horse racing, carnival rides, 4-H exhibits, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 821 square miles, of which 739 square miles is land and 82 square miles is water. The San Francisco Bay borders the county on the west, the crest of the Berkeley Hills form part of the northeastern boundary, and reach into the center of the county. A coastal plain several miles wide lines the bay, and is Oaklands most populous region, Livermore Valley lies in the eastern part of the county. Don Edwards San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge A2014 analysis found Alameda County to be the 4th most racially diverse county in the United States, the 2010 United States Census reported that Alameda County had a population of 1,510,271. The population density was 2,047.6 people per square mile, Hispanic or Latino of any race were 339,889 persons,16. 4% Mexican,0. 8% Puerto Rican,0. 2% Cuban,5. 1% Other Hispanic. 26. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 7. 3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.71 and the average family size was 3.31. In the county, the population was out with 24. 6% under the age of 18,9. 6% from 18 to 24,33. 9% from 25 to 44,21. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 96.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.00 males, the median income for a household in the county was $55,946, and the median income for a family was $65,857. Males had an income of $47,425 versus $36,921 for females
6.
Eastmont Town Center
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The mall opened in 1970 on the site of a 1920s-era Chevrolet automobile factory called Oakland Assembly. Architect William Pereira designed the building and it is physically almost next to, and by entry access a few blocks away from, the similarly sized Evergreen Cemetery. Eastmonts primary anchor tenants were JCPenney, Mervyns, Woolworths, Safeway, Pay n Save and Kinney Shoes, hickory Farms had a location in Eastmont Mall, and there were also branches of Smiths and Roos/Atkins, both popular regional mens clothing stores. The mall also housed a Syufy movie theater, opened in 1971, food choices included Orange Julius, Karmelkorn and the H. The Safeway store was part of the first phase of the mall, a freestanding location fronting Bancroft Avenue. The other stores adjacent to it were opened by 1967, the JCPenney wing began construction in 1968. This may have been intentionally done by JCPenney to protect the trademark on the older logo, Eastmont Mall became the only remaining indoor mall in Oakland after the closure of the MacArthur-Broadway Center in North Oakland in the mid-1990s. JCPenney and Mervyns closed their Eastmont locations in the early 1990s, in the early 2000s, the mall was only 30 percent leased and had fallen into bankruptcy. Local real estate purchased the mall in 2000, and emphasized a focus on neighborhood and community services. The Mervyns location was converted into a substation for the Oakland Police Department, in the spring of 2007, the mall was sold to a group of real estate investors based in Oregon. A $6 million renovation of the property was completed in July 2008, the interior was brightened, new lighting, skylights and seating areas were installed, escalators and elevators were given an upgrade and the parking areas received new landscaping
7.
Mills College
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Mills College is a liberal arts and sciences college located in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mills was founded as the Young Ladies Seminary in 1852 in Benicia, California, the school was relocated to Oakland, California, in 1871, and became the first womens college west of the Rockies. Currently, Mills is a womens college with graduate programs for women and men. The college offers more than 60 undergraduate majors and minors and over 25 graduate degrees, certificates, the college is also home to the Mills College School of Education and the Lorry I. Lokey Graduate School of Business & Public Policy, in 1865, Susan Tolman Mills, a graduate of Mount Holyoke College, and her husband, Cyrus Mills, bought the Young Ladies Seminary renaming it Mills Seminary. In 1871, the school was moved to Oakland, California, the school became Mills College in 1885. In 1890, after serving for decades as principal, Susan Mills became the president of the college, beginning in 1906 the seminary classes were progressively eliminated. In 1921, Mills granted its first masters degrees, on May 3,1990, the Trustees announced that they had voted to admit male undergraduate students to Mills. This decision led to a student and staff strike, accompanied by numerous displays of non-violent protests by the students. At one point, nearly 300 students blockaded the administrative offices, on May 18, the Trustees met again to reconsider the decision, leading finally to a reversal of the vote. In 2014, Mills became the first single-sex college in the U. S. to adopt a policy explicitly welcoming transgender students, Mills offers more than 60 undergraduate majors and minors across the arts and sciences, as well as the option to design your own college major. The school runs on a system, with optional winter and summer sessions. As of the 2014-2015 academic years, Mills’ top 5 most popular majors are, English, Nursing, Psychology, Biology, and Political, Legal, the engineering program in conjunction with University of Southern California is a five-year program, with the first three years completed at Mills. After completing the program, students will have received a BA from Mills, available tracks include biomedical, chemical, computer, electrical, environmental, and industrial systems engineering. Undergraduate students can participate in one of eight bachelors-to-masters accelerated degree programs, which students to earn an undergraduate. Mills is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, rated by Washington Monthly in their 2014 Top Master’s Universities study, Mills ranked 8th out of 100 institutions when considering Social Mobility, Research, and Service. The school’s graduate program offers over 25 degrees, credentials, and these include unique programs in Bio-chemistry, Book Art, Interdisciplinary Computer Science, Infant Mental Health, and Pre-Medical studies, as well as groundbreaking joint-degree programs. Currently the school’s top 5 most popular programs are, Education, Business Administration, Pre-Med, English
8.
Mountain View Cemetery (Oakland, California)
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The Mountain View Cemetery is a large 226-acre cemetery in Oakland, Alameda County, California. It was established in 1863 by a group of East Bay pioneers under the California Rural Cemetery Act of 1859, the association they formed still operates the cemetery today. Mountain View was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted, the architect who also designed New York Citys Central Park and much of UC Berkeley. Because of this, and its setting, the cemetery is a tourist draw. Olmsteds intent was to create a space that would express a harmony between humankind and the natural setting, in the view of 19th century English and American romantics, park-like cemeteries, such as Mountain View, represented the peace of nature, to which humanitys soul returns. Olmsted, drawing upon the concepts of American Transcendentalism, integrated Parisian grand monuments, adjoining Mountain View Cemetery is Saint Mary Cemetery and the Chapel of the Chimes mausoleum and columbarium. There are many notable people interred in Mountain View, many are local figures in California history, English, US Representative California John B. Perkins, Governor of California 1880–1883, U. S. Senator, John Swett, Founder of the California Public School System. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System, Mountain View Cemetery
9.
Jonestown
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Jonestown was the informal name for the Peoples Temple Agricultural Project formed by the Peoples Temple, an American religious organization under the leadership of Jim Jones, in northwestern Guyana. It became internationally notorious when on November 18,1978, a total of 918 people died in the commune, at the nearby airstrip in Port Kaituma. The name of the settlement became synonymous with the incidents at those locations, the poisonings in Jonestown followed the murder of five others by Temple members at Port Kaituma, including United States Congressman Leo Ryan, an act that Jones ordered. Four other Temple members committed murder-suicide in Georgetown at Jones command, while some refer to the events in Jonestown as mass suicide, many others, including Jonestown survivors, regard them as mass murder. All who drank poison did so under duress, and more than a third of victims were minors and it was the largest such event in modern history and resulted in the largest single loss of American civilian life in a deliberate act until September 11,2001. In recent years, the Jonestown massacre has been the subject of conspiracy theories. The Peoples Temple was formed in Indianapolis, Indiana, during the mid-1950s, though its roots and teachings shared more with biblical church and Christian revival movements than with Marxism, it purported to practice what it called apostolic socialism. In doing so, the Temple preached that those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment — socialism. In the early 1960s, Jones visited Guyana – then still a British colony – while on his way to establishing a short-lived Temple mission in Brazil, after Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views, the Temple moved to Redwood Valley, California in 1965. In the early 1970s, the Peoples Temple opened other branches in California, including Los Angeles, in the mid-1970s, the Temple moved its headquarters to San Francisco. With the move to San Francisco came increasing political involvement by the Peoples Temple, unlike many other figures who are considered cult leaders, Jones enjoyed public support and contact with some of the highest level politicians in the United States. Governor Jerry Brown, Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally, and Assemblyman Willie Brown, among others, the plan listed various options, including fleeing to Canada or to a Caribbean missionary post, such as Barbados or Trinidad. For its Caribbean missionary post, the Temple quickly chose Guyana, conducting research on its economy, in October 1973, the directors of the Peoples Temple passed a resolution to establish an agricultural mission there. The Temple chose Guyana, in part, because of its own socialist politics, former Temple member Tim Carter stated that the reasons for choosing Guyana were the Temples view of a perceived dominance of racism and multinational corporations in the U. S. government. Jones also thought that Guyana was small, poor, and independent enough for him to obtain influence. The site was isolated and had soil of low fertility, even by Guyanese standards, the nearest body of water was seven miles away by muddy roads. As 500 members began the construction of Jonestown, the Temple encouraged more to relocate to the settlement, Jones saw Jonestown as both a socialist paradise and a sanctuary from media scrutiny. In 1976, Guyana finally approved the lease it had negotiated with the Temple for the over 3,000 acres of land in Northwest Guyana on which Jonestown was located, in 1974, Guyanese government officials granted the Temple permission to import certain items duty-free
10.
Jim Jones
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James Warren Jim Jones was an American cult leader. Ordained as a Disciples of Christ pastor, Jones founded and led the Peoples Temple, nearly three hundred children were murdered at Jonestown, almost all of them by poisoning. Jones died from a wound to the head - it is suspected his death was a suicide. Jones was born in Indiana and started the Temple there in the 1950s and he later moved the Temple to California in the mid-1960s, and gained notoriety with the move of the Temples headquarters to San Francisco in the early 1970s. Jones was born in a area of Crete, Indiana, to James Thurman Jones, a World War I veteran. Lynetta reportedly believed she had given birth to a messiah and he was of Irish and Welsh descent. Jones later claimed partial Cherokee ancestry through his mother, though according to his second cousin Barbara Shaffer. Economic difficulties during the Great Depression necessitated that Jones family move to Lynn, Indiana, in 1934, where he grew up in a shack without plumbing. Jones was a reader as a child and studied Joseph Stalin, Karl Marx, Mao Zedong, Mahatma Gandhi and Adolf Hitler carefully, noting the strengths. Jones also developed an intense interest in religion, primarily because he found making friends difficult, childhood acquaintances later recalled Jones as being a really weird kid who was obsessed with religion. They alleged that he frequently held funerals for small animals on his parents property and had stabbed a cat to death, Jones and a childhood friend both claimed that his father, who was an alcoholic, was associated with the Ku Klux Klan. Jones himself, however, came to sympathize with the countrys repressed African-American community due to his own experiences as a social outcast, after Jones parents separated, Jones moved with his mother to Richmond, Indiana. He graduated from Richmond High School early and with honors in December 1948, Jones married nurse Marceline Baldwin in 1949, and moved to Bloomington, Indiana. He attended Indiana University Bloomington, where a speech by Eleanor Roosevelt about the plight of African-Americans impressed him, in 1951, Jones moved to Indianapolis, where he attended night school at Butler University, earning a degree in secondary education in 1961. In 1951, Jones began attending meetings and rallies of the Communist Party USA in Indianapolis and he also became frustrated with ostracism of open communists in the United States, especially during the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. This frustration, among other things, provoked a seminal moment for Jones in which he asked himself, the thought was, infiltrate the church. Jones was surprised when a Methodist superintendent helped him get a start in the even though he knew Jones to be a communist. In 1952, Jones became a student pastor in Sommerset Southside Methodist Church, around this time, Jones witnessed a faith-healing service at a Seventh Day Baptist Church
11.
C. L. Best
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Clarence Leo Best, usually known as C. L. Best, was a pioneering tractor company executive. Best Gas Traction Company in 1910 then merged his company with Holt Manufacturing Company to form Caterpillar Tractor Company in 1925, Best was chairman of the board of Caterpillar Tractor Company from its founding until his death in 1951. Best started out working for Best Manufacturing Company, owned by his father, Daniel Best, Best Manufacturing Company was acquired by Holt Manufacturing Company in 1908. Best left Holt Manufacturing Company and formed his own company, C. L, Best Gas Traction Company, to continue his fathers work. Originally operating out of a plant in Elmhurst, California, the C. L, Best Traction Company became large enough to purchase Daniel Bests former San Leandro, California plant in mid-1916. Best Traction Company was restructured and renamed the C. L, in the mid-1920s, Holt encountered financial trouble. Bests financial backers approached Holt executives to discuss a merger, Best Tractor Company and Holt Manufacturing Company merged to form Caterpillar Tractor Company. Best remained chairman of the board of Caterpillar until his death in 1951 and he was interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland, CA Daniel Best Best Manufacturing Company Benjamin Holt Caterpillar Inc. Caterpillar 60 — tractor originally manufactured by C. L
12.
Caterpillar Inc.
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Caterpillar is a leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives. With more than US$89 billion in assets, Caterpillar was ranked one in its industry. In 2016 Caterpillar was ranked #59 on the Fortune 500 list, Caterpillar stock is a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Caterpillar Inc. traces its origins to the 1925 merger of the Holt Manufacturing Company, Best Tractor Company, creating a new entity, the California-based Caterpillar Tractor Company. In 1986, the company re-organized itself as a Delaware corporation under the current name, Caterpillars headquarters are located in Peoria, Illinois, it announced in January 2017 that over the course of that year it would relocate its headquarters to Chicago. The company also licenses and markets a line of clothing and workwear boots under its Cat / Caterpillar name, Caterpillar machinery is recognizable by its trademark Caterpillar Yellow livery and the CAT logo. Benjamin Holt attempted to fix the problem by increasing the size and width of the wheels up to 7.5 feet tall and 6 feet wide, but this also made the tractors increasingly complex, expensive and difficult to maintain. Another solution considered was to lay a temporary plank road ahead of the tractor, but this was time-consuming, expensive. Holt thought of wrapping the planks around the wheels and he replaced the wheels on a 40 horsepower Holt steamer, No. 77, with a set of wooden tracks bolted to chains, on Thanksgiving Day, November 24,1904, he successfully tested the updated machine plowing the soggy delta land of Roberts Island. Company photographer Charles Clements was reported to have observed that the tractor crawled like a caterpillar, some sources, though, attribute this name to British soldiers in July 1907. Two years later Holt sold his first steam-powered tractor crawlers for US$5,500, each side featured a track frame measured 30 inches high by 42 inches wide and were 9 feet long. The tracks were 3 inches by 4 inches redwood slats, Holt received the first patent for a practical continuous track for use with a tractor on December 7,1907 for his improved Traction Engine. On February 2,1910, Holt opened up a plant in East Peoria, Illinois, there Pliny met farm implement dealer Murray Baker who knew of an empty factory that had been recently built to manufacture farm implements and steam traction engines. On October 25,1909, Pliny Holt purchased the factory, Holt incorporated it as the Holt Caterpillar Company, although he did not trademark the name Caterpillar until August 2,1910. Tractors were built in both Stockton and East Peoria, on January 31,2017, after more than 90 years of being headquartered in Peoria, Illinois, the company announced plans to move their headquarters from Peoria to Chicago, Illinois by the end of 2017. The upper echelon of executives, including newly installed CEO Jim Umpleby, will begin relocating later this year, about 300 employees will work in the new office at an as-yet undecided location once the transition is complete. The changes contributed to $2.3 billion in savings in 2016, Umpleby said that decline is a fundamental reason the companys Board of Directors opted to move global headquarters to an area where the global marketplace is in easier reach
13.
Daniel Best
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Daniel Best was an American adventurer, inventor, and entrepreneur known for pioneering agriculture machinery and heavy machinery. In 1839, Daniel Best’s father, John, moved the family to Missouri, there he built a saw mill and proceeded to cut lumber for the local pioneers to use in building their homes. The first nine years of Daniels life were spent here and is probably where he received his interest in logging, in 1847, the family moved again to Lee County, Iowa, here they took up farming and raised stock. In 1859 Daniel, desiring adventure, and wanting to follow his brother, joined a train heading west to Fort Walla Walla, Washington, employed as an ox tender. As was the case for many other Americans of his day, along the way, he went from fighting Indians to befriending Indians. Once the wagon train reached its destination, Daniel went his own way to try his hand at gold mining followed by working in sawmills and eventually building his own sawmill. While working in his sawmill, an accident occurred that changed the course of his life and it was at this time in his life, as he would say later, that he began to use his head. He then moved to Sutter County, California to work with his brother, Henry Best, on his ranch, over a period of forty-three years, Daniel Best received 41 patents, ranging from an improved washing machine to combine harvesters. His first invention, patented April 25,1871, was a portable grain cleaner, prior to this, farmers had to haul their grain to town to have it cleaned and separated, now the cleaner and separator could be brought to the grain. This invention won first prize at the California State Fair in 1871, while continuing to produce grain cleaners Daniel began experimenting with the idea of combining grain harvesting, threshing and cleaning in one machine. He was successful in 1885 when he sold his first horse-powered combined harvester and this new addition to his product line gave him the capital and the means to move onto the next major invention. It was actually an improvement on a design, but is still one of his better known inventions. Daniel Best, as with most industrialists, was looking to improve, simplify. It began when he saw the need for a traction engine, what some now call a steam tractor. He first purchased the rights to build a steam traction engine from Remington of Woodburn. He immediately began to make improvements until his engines were known as the strongest, most dependable, around 1891, Daniel began to experiment with gas engines to replace the steam engines on his tractors. He developed his first gas-powered tractor in 1896, to prove its superiority, he staged a tug of war between his steam tractor and his new gas-powered engine. Not only did the gas-powered engine win, but it pulled the steam tractor around the block, as word spread of his dependable traction engines, he received more and more orders from clients all around the world
14.
Otto G. Foelker
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Otto Godfrey Foelker was an American politician from New York. Foelker was born in Mainz, Germany, and immigrated to the United States in 1888 with his parents and they settled in Troy, New York, where he attended public schools. He moved to Brooklyn in December 1895 and studied law in the New York Law School and he was admitted to the bar in 1908 and commenced practice in Brooklyn. He was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1905 and 1906, Foelker was elected as a Republican to the 60th United States Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Charles T. Dunwell. He was at the time elected to the 61st United States Congress, holding office from November 3,1908. Afterwards Foelker moved to California and resumed the practice of law in Oakland and he was interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland. This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. BIG SCANDAL LATENT IN GARDNERS ARREST, Hes Only One of a Number Said to be Implicated in Handling a $500,000 Lobby Fund, handwriting Experts Search Albany for Them in Gardners Interest
15.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
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New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
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Earl Hines
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Earl Kenneth Hines, universally known as Earl Fatha Hines, was an American jazz pianist and bandleader. He was one of the most influential figures in the development of piano and. The trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie wrote, The piano is the basis of modern harmony and this little guy came out of Chicago, Earl Hines. He changed the style of the piano and you can find the roots of Bud Powell, Herbie Hancock, all the guys who came after that. If it hadnt been for Earl Hines blazing the path for the generation to come. There were individual variations but the style of, the modern piano came from Earl Hines. The pianist Lennie Tristano said, Earl Hines is the one of us capable of creating real jazz. Horace Silver said, He has a unique style. No one can get that sound, no other pianist, Erroll Garner said, When you talk about greatness, you talk about Art Tatum and Earl Hines. Count Basie said that Hines was the greatest piano player in the world, Hines was born in Duquesne, Pennsylvania,12 miles from the center of Pittsburgh, in 1903. His father, Joseph Hines, played cornet and was the leader of the Eureka Brass Band in Pittsburgh, Hines intended to follow his father on cornet, but blowing hurt him behind the ears, whereas the piano did not. The young Hines took lessons in playing classical piano, by the age of eleven he was playing the organ in his Baptist church. He had an ear and a good memory and could replay songs after hearing them in theaters and park concerts. That astonished a lot of people and theyd ask where I heard these numbers, later, Hines said that he was playing piano around Pittsburgh before the word jazz was even invented. With his fathers approval, Hines left home at the age of 17 to take a job playing piano with Lois Deppe and His Symphonian Serenaders in the Liederhaus and he got his board, two meals a day, and $15 a week. Deppe, a well-known baritone concert artist who sang both classical and popular songs, also used the young Hines as his concert accompanist and took him on his trips to New York. In 1921 Hines and Deppe became the first African Americans to perform on radio, Hiness first recordings were accompanying Deppe – four sides recorded for Gennett Records in 1923, still in the very early days of sound recording. Only two of these were issued, one of which was a Hines composition, Congaine, a keen snappy foxtrot, which also featured a solo by Hines
18.
Allen Hoskins
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Allen Clayton Hoskins was an American child actor, most famous for portraying the character of Farina in 105 Our Gang short films from 1922 to 1931. Born in Boston in 1920, Allen Clayton Hoskins was just one year old when his tenure with Our Gang began and his character stayed in the series through the silent years and the transition to talking pictures, and he left the series in 1931 at the age of eleven. The name Farina, derived from a type of cereal, was chosen because its gender was ambiguous, As a toddler, Farina was portrayed as both a boy and a girl, sometimes both genders in the same film. He was born in Boston in 1920, but soon afterward his parents, Clayton H. Hoskins and Florence A. Fortier Hoskins, moved the family to Los Angeles and in 1922 his acting career began. His younger sister Jannie also appeared in the series as Mango and Hoskinss aunt, Variety, the magazine devoted to entertainment, reported that his parents divorced in 1926. By that time he was 6 years old and a child actor. The Our Gang comedies were created by Hal Roach Studios, located in Culver City, School was required for child actors. Hoskins and the other Roach studio children attended school on the lot at the Little Red School House, the children were taught by Fern Carter. In 1959, an article about Fern Carter and her career as a teacher in Hollywoods Little Red School House was published. The article explained that she was teaching there when the series began in 1921 and she often said that Farina was the brightest student she ever had. And Fern Carters daughter, Wadell Carter, in 1929 Hoskins aunt and guardian on set, Edith Fortier, also appeared as an extra in two films, #82 Noisy Noises as a pedestrian and #89 Small Talk as a domestic. In addition to acting in the Our Gang short films, the children also made personal appearances, in 1927, the Oakland Tribune published an article about such an appearance. Countless millions of boys and girls have seen Our Gang comedies, east Bay orphans, however, are going to get their chance to see these popular screen stars in person. During his time in the Gang, Farina became both the anchor and its most popular character. While he was not the first black actor, Farina became arguably the first black child star. Hoskins last contract with the Hal Roach Studio called for $350 a week, when he finally outgrew the series, he was replaced by Matthew Beard in 1931. When his career in Our Gang comedies ended because of his age, lemme spill, Eight years ago Allen Clayton Hoskins, dressed as a girl pickaninny started getting bumps and stopping pies. Millions all over the world knew and liked him, now he is 11 years old and is no longer cute so he cant scrabble a dime out of Hollywood
19.
Our Gang
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Our Gang is a series of American comedy short films about a group of poor neighborhood children and their adventures. The series broke new ground by portraying white and black boys, the franchise began in 1922 as a series of silent short subjects produced by the Roach studio and released by Pathé Exchange. Roach changed distributors from Pathé to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1927, and the series entered its most popular period after converting to sound in 1929, production continued at the Roach studio until 1938, when the series was sold to MGM, which produced the comedies until 1944. In total, the Our Gang series includes 220 shorts and one film, General Spanky. Roachs The Little Rascals package and MGMs Our Gang package have since remained in syndication, new productions based on the shorts have been made over the years, including a 1994 feature film, Little Rascals, released by Universal Pictures. Senior director Robert F. McGowan helmed most of the Our Gang shorts until 1933, McGowan worked to develop a style that allowed the children to be as natural as possible, downplaying the importance of the filmmaking equipment. Scripts were written for the shorts by the Hal Roach comedy writing staff, when sound came in at the end of the 1920s, McGowan modified his approach slightly, but scripts were not adhered to until McGowan left the series. Douglas in particular had to streamline his films, as he directed Our Gang after Roach halved the running times of the shorts from two reels to one reel. As children became too old for the series, they were replaced by new children, eventually Our Gang talent scouting employed large-scale national contests in which thousands of children tried out for an open role. Norman Chubby Chaney, Matthew Stymie Beard and Billie Buckwheat Thomas all won contests to become members of the gang, even when there was no talent search, the studio was bombarded by requests from parents who were sure their children were perfect for the series. Among them were the child stars Mickey Rooney and Shirley Temple. The Our Gang series is notable for being one of the first in history in which blacks. The four African-American child actors who held main roles in the series were Ernie Sunshine Sammy Morrison, Allen Farina Hoskins, Matthew Stymie Beard and Billie Buckwheat Thomas. Ernie Morrison was, in fact, the first African-American actor signed to a contract in Hollywood history. In their adult years, Morrison, Beard and Thomas became some of Our Gangs staunchest defenders, maintaining that its integrated cast and we were just a group of kids who were having fun, Stymie Beard recalled. Ernie Morrison stated, When it came to race, Hal Roach was color-blind, other minorities, including the Asian Americans (Sing Joy, Allen Tong, and Edward Soo Hoo and the Italian American actor, were depicted in the series with varying levels of stereotyping. According to Roach, the idea for Our Gang came to him in 1921, the girl was, in his opinion, overly made up and overly rehearsed, and Roach waited for the audition to be over. After the girl and her left the office, Roach looked out of his window to a lumberyard across the street
20.
Huey P. Newton
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Dr. Huey Percy Newton was an African-American political activist and revolutionary who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1966. He continued to pursue an education, eventually earning a Ph. D. in social philosophy, in 1989 he was shot and killed in Oakland, California. Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana and he was the youngest of seven children of Armelia Johnson and Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist lay preacher. His parents named him after former Governor of Louisiana Huey Long, in 1945, the family migrated to Oakland, California, as part of the second wave of the Great Migration of African Americans out of the South to the Midwest and West. The Newton family was close-knit, but quite poor, and often relocated throughout the San Francisco Bay Area during Newtons childhood, despite this, Newton said he never went without food and shelter as a child. As a teenager, he was arrested several times for offenses, including gun possession. Growing up in Oakland, Newton stated that he was made to feel ashamed of being black. In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, he wrote, During those long years in Oakland public schools, not one instructor ever awoke in me a desire to learn more or to question or to explore the worlds of literature, science, and history. All they did was try to rob me of the sense of my own uniqueness and worth, Newton graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1959 without being able to read, although he later taught himself, The Republic by Plato was the first book he read. Newton also attended Merritt College, where he earned an Associate of Arts degree in 1966 and he then attended San Francisco Law School, and the University of California at Santa Cruz, where he earned a bachelors degree and, in 1980, a Ph. D. After Newton taught himself to read, he started questioning everything, in his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide, he states, Most of all, I questioned what was happening in my own family and in the community around me. This was the start of his involvement in the civil rights movement, Newton once wrote that he began his law studies to become a better criminal, although he said that he had been a big-time fool for having such narrow ambitions. As a student at Merritt College in Oakland, Newton became involved in politics in the Bay Area and he read the works of Karl Marx, Vladimir Lenin, Frantz Fanon, Malcolm X, Mao Zedong, Durkheim, and Che Guevara. During his time at Merritt College he met Bobby Seale, based on a casual conversation, Seale became Chairman and Newton became Minister of Defense. Newton learned about black history from Donald Warden, the leader of the party, in his autobiography, Newton says, The mass media, the oppressors, give him public exposure for only one reason, he will lead the people away from the truth of their situation. The Black Panther Party was an African-American left-wing organization working for the right of self-defense for African Americans in the United States, the Party achieved national and international renown through their deep involvement in the Black Power movement and the politics of the 1960s and 1970s. The group believed that violence—or the threat of it—might be needed to bring social change. They sometimes made news with a show of force, as they did when they entered the California Legislature fully armed in order to protest a gun bill, Newton adopted what he termed revolutionary humanism
21.
Black Panther Party
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In 1969, community social programs became a core activity of party members. The party enrolled the largest number of members and made the greatest impact in the Oakland-San Francisco Bay Area, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Seattle, Federal Bureau of Investigation Director J. The program was accused of assassinating Black Panther members. Black Panther Party membership reached a peak in 1970, with offices in 68 cities and thousands of members, after being vilified by the mainstream press, public support for the party waned, and the group became more isolated. In-fighting among Party leadership, caused largely by the FBIs COINTELPRO operation, by 1972 most Panther activity centered on the national headquarters and a school in Oakland, where the party continued to influence local politics. Though under constant police surveillance, the Chicago chapter remained active, the Seattle chapter lasted longer than most, with a breakfast program and medical clinics that continued even after the chapter disbanded in 1977. Party contractions continued throughout the 1970s, and by 1980 the Black Panther Party had just 27 members, the history of the Black Panther Party is controversial. Other commentators have described the Party as more criminal than political, the sweeping migration of black families out of the South during World War II transformed Oakland and cities throughout the West and the North. But not much changed in the cities of the North and West, Police departments were almost all white. In 1966, only 16 of Oaklands 661 police officers were African American, insurgent civil rights practices proved incapable of redressing these conditions, and the organizations that had led much of the nonviolent civil disobedience such as SNCC and CORE went into decline. Young black people in Oakland and other cities developed a rich ferment of study groups and political organizations, in late October 1966, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale founded the Black Panther Party. In formulating a new politics, they drew on their experiences working with a variety of Black Power organizations, Newton and Seale first met in 1962 when they were both students at Merritt College. They joined Donald Warden’s Afro-American Association, where they read widely, debated, dissatisfied with the failure of these organizations to directly challenge police brutality and appeal to the brothers on the block, Huey and Bobby sought to take matters into their own hands. After the police killed Matthew Johnson, a young black man in San Francisco. He had an epiphany that would distinguish the Black Panther Party from the multitude of organizations seeking to build Black Power. Newton saw the explosive rebellious anger of the ghetto as a force, inspired by Robert F. Williams armed resistance to the KKK, Newton studied California gun law until he knew it better than many police officers. Like the Community Alert Patrol in Los Angeles after the Watts Rebellion, but with a crucial difference, his patrols would carry loaded guns. According to Bobby Seale, they would sell the books, make the money, buy the guns, well protect a mother, protect a brother, and protect the community from the racist cops
22.
Hells Angels
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The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club is a worldwide one-percenter motorcycle club whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. The organization is predominantly male and is considered an organized crime syndicate by the United States Department of Justice. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporation, common nicknames for the club are the H. A. The Hells Angels website denies the suggestion that any misfit or malcontent troops are connected with the motorcycle club. The website also notes that the name was suggested by Arvid Olsen, an associate of the founders, who had served in the Flying Tigers Hells Angels squadron in China during World War II. In 1930, the Howard Hughes film Hells Angels displayed extraordinary and dangerous feats of aviation, some of the early history of the HAMC is not clear, and accounts differ. One of the lesser known clubs existed in North Chino/South Pomona, California, the Frisco Hells Angels were reorganized in 1955 with thirteen charter members, Frank Sadilek serving as President, and using the smaller, original logo. The Oakland chapter, at the time headed by Barger, used a version of the Deaths Head patch nicknamed the Barger Larger. It later became the club standard, the Hells Angels are often depicted in semi-mythical romantic fashion like the 19th-century James–Younger Gang, free-spirited, iconic, bound by brotherhood and loyalty. At other times, such as in the 1966 Roger Corman film The Wild Angels, they are depicted as violent and nihilistic, little more than a violent criminal gang, the club launched the career of Gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson. The Hells Angels official website attributes the deaths head insignia design to Frank Sadilek. The colors and shape of the early-style jacket emblem were copied from the insignias of the 85th Fighter Squadron, the Hells Angels utilize a system of patches similar to military medals. Although the specific meaning of each patch is not publicly known, the official colors of the Hells Angels are red lettering displayed on a white background—hence the clubs nickname The Red and White. These patches are worn on leather or denim jackets and vests, Red and white are also used to display the number 81 on many patches, as in Support 81, Route 81. The 8 and 1 stand for the positions in the alphabet of H and A. These are used by friends and supporters of the club in deference to club rules, the diamond-shaped one-percenter patch is also used, displaying 1% in red on a white background with a red merrowed border. The AMA has no record of such a statement to the press, most members wear a rectangular patch identifying their respective chapter locations. Another similarly designed patch reads Hells Angels, when applicable, members of the club wear a patch denoting their position or rank within the organization
23.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
24.
Find a Grave
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Find a Grave is a website that allows the public to search and add to an online database of cemetery records. It is owned by Ancestry. com, the worlds largest for-profit genealogy company, the site was created in 1995 by Salt Lake City resident Jim Tipton to support his hobby of visiting the burial sites of celebrities. He later added an online forum, Find a Grave was launched as a commercial entity in 1998, first as a trade name and then incorporated in 2000. The site later expanded to include graves of non-celebrities, in order to allow visitors to pay respect to their deceased relatives or friends. In 2013, Tipton sold Find a Grave to Ancestry. com, burial information is a wonderful source for people researching their family history. In a September 30,2013, press release, Ancestry, as of March 2017, Find a Grave contained over 159 million burial records and 75 million photos. The website contains listings of cemeteries and graves from around the world, american cemeteries are organized by state and county, and many cemetery records contain Google Maps and photographs of the cemeteries and gravesites. Individual grave records may contain dates and places of birth and death, biographical information, cemetery and plot information, photographs, Interment listings are added by individuals, genealogical societies, and other institutions such as the International Wargraves Photography Project. Contributors must register as members to submit listings, called memorials, the submitter becomes the manager of the listing but may transfer management. Only the current manager of a listing may edit it, although any member may use the features to send correction requests to the listings manager. Managers may add links to other listings of deceased spouses, parents, members may post requests for photos of a specific grave, these requests will be automatically sent to other members who have registered their location as being near that grave. Find a Grave also maintains lists of memorials of famous persons by their claim to fame, such as Medal of Honor recipients, religious figures, Find a Grave exercises editorial control over these listings. Canadian Headstones Interment. net National Cemetery Administrations Nationwide Gravesite Locator Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness Tombstone tourist Colker, web site answers grave concerns about stars. Web site attracts millions of grave-seekers, Find VIPs who R. I. P. through online cemetery. Genealogy, Find a Grave tremendous on many different levels, terre Haute, Indiana, Community Newspaper Holdings Inc. Archived from the original on May 14,2011, tip, Find a Grave has info youre dying to know. Tracking Down Relatives, Visiting Graves Virtually, media related to Images from Find A Grave at Wikimedia Commons Official website
25.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
26.
Chapel of the Chimes (Oakland, California)
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Chapel of the Chimes was founded in 1909 as a crematory and columbarium in Oakland, California. The present building dates largely from a 1928 redevelopment based on the designs of the architect Julia Morgan, the Moorish- and Gothic-inspired interior is a maze of small rooms featuring ornate stonework, statues, gardens, fountains and mosaics. The name chapel refers primarily to the style of interior design, the building maintains its original functions, and also serves as the venue for annual music festivals on the winter and summer solstices. The chapels owners operate funeral homes and cemeteries, not designed by Morgan, in Hayward, also under the name Chapel of the Chimes, Chapel of the Chimes holds the records of the Chapel of Memories on Pleasant Valley Avenue. Garden of Memory has been held 1996–present, this is a columbarium walk-through event held every year on the evening of the summer solstice and it features over 40 musicians performing on unique instruments, or compositions designed for the event. The sound is often electronic or electro-acoustic in source and then electronically processed. S
27.
Children's Fairyland
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Childrens Fairyland, U. S. A. is an amusement park, located in Oakland, California, on the shores of Lake Merritt. It was the first themed amusement park in the United States, Fairyland includes 10 acres of play sets, small rides, and animals. The park is home to the Open Storybook Puppet Theater. Fairyland was built in 1950 by the Oakland Lake Merritt Breakfast Club, the park was immediately recognized nationally for its unique value, and during the City Beautiful movement of the 1950s it inspired numerous towns to create their own parks. Walt Disney toured many amusement parks in 1950, including Children’s Fairyland and he hired the first director of Fairyland, Dorothy Manes, to work at Disneyland as youth director, in which position she continued from the parks opening until 1972. Numerous artists have contributed exhibits, murals, puppetry, and sculptures to the park, some of the better-known artists are Ruth Asawa and Frank Oz, who was an apprentice puppeteer in the park as a teenager. His hope was to much larger sets that children could climb in. Mott and the Breakfast Club were able to raise $50,000 from Oakland citizens, contributing sponsors included Earl Warren, Clifford E. Rishell, Joseph R. Knowland and Thomas E. Caldecott. Navlet hired fantasy artist and architect William Russell Everritt to design the original 17 sets, Everritt originally presented models which followed a standard fantasy architecture, straight-sided, precious buildings in gingerbread and candy. When told his models were too staid, he destroyed them and came back with buildings with no straight sides and outré colors. It was exactly what Navlet was looking for, the park opened on September 2,1950. Admission was 9 to 14 cents, depending on age, the original guides to the park were a dwarfish married couple dressed in glamorous Munchkin-style costumes. The park was reported on nationally, with numerous newsreels shot in the park, the original sets included Pinocchios Castle, Thumbelina, Three Billy Goats Gruff, The Merry Miller, The Three Little Pigs, Willie the Whale, and several others. The entrance to the park was through the shoe illustrating the Old Woman in the Shoe, the entrance through the shoe was sized for children, so that adults had to bend over to go through. The park thrived, and in 1956, the City of Oakland Parks, mr. Weber created a program for young children called Fairyland Personalities, which is still part of Fairylands Children’s Theater program. Fairyland is also home to the original Magic Key and Talking Storybook Boxes, Oakland television personality Bruce Sedley would often make appearances at the park to tell the stories of the sets. The constant strain of speaking threatened his voice, and he invented a system of talking books with recorded stories on tape, the boxes were activated by a plastic key. Sedley took the system he developed at Fairyland to zoos and childrens parks across the country and you can still use any magic key purchased from Fairyland to this day
28.
Dunsmuir House
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The Dunsmuir House and Gardens is located in Oakland, California on a 50-acre site. The Dunsmuir House has an architectural style and is listed in the U. S. National Register of Historic Places. It is now used primarily for weddings, receptions, business gatherings, the house was built in 1899 by Alexander Dunsmuir, son of Robert Dunsmuir, a wealthy coal magnate from Victoria, BC. His new bride returned to live in the home but soon died herself in 1901, mrs. Hellman kept the estate well into the 1950s after her husbands death in 1920. During this time included the swimming pool and Dinkelspiel House. In the early 1960s, the mansion and lands were purchased by the City of Oakland with the intention of using it as a conference center, deer, wild turkeys and water fowl also make the estate their home. The Dunsmuir mansion was designed by the San Francisco architect J. Eugene Freeman and is an example of Neoclassical-Revival architecture which was popular in the late 1800s. The 37-room mansion is 16,224 square feet and features 10 fireplaces, the servant quarters in the house are designed to accommodate 12 live-in staff. Docents lead tours of the grounds and the 37-room Dunsmuir Mansion on Wednesdays. The non-profit organization rents out all or part of the property for various such as weddings, corporate engagements, auctions
29.
First Unitarian Church of Oakland
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The First Unitarian Church of Oakland is located in western Downtown Oakland, California. It is a member of the Unitarian Universalist Association, the building site was purchased in November 1888 from Jane K. Sather, a patron of the University of California. Construction began in 1890 and was completed in September 1891, although it began to be used for various activities while still unfinished, the church building was designed in 1889 by Walter J. Mathews. This solid masonry Romanesque Revival style church departed radically from Californias then predominant wood framed Carpenter Gothic style churches. It is noted for its famous stained glass windows produced by Goodhue of Boston, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake damaged the building, but did not destroy it. The church is listed as California Historical Landmark #896, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The church remains a significant cultural and architectural landmark in Oakland, office of Historic Preservation, California State Parks. Official website Harvard. edu, Historical records of the First Unitarian Church of Oakland — at the Andover-Harvard Theological Library, Harvard Divinity School. CA-2670, First Unitarian Church of Oakland,685 Fourteenth Street, Oakland, Alameda County, CA,12 photos,41 data pages,2 photo caption pages
30.
Jack London Square
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Jack London Square is a popular entertainment and business destination on the waterfront of Oakland, California, United States. A farmers market is hosted among the shops on Sunday mornings. The former presidential yacht USS Potomac is moored at an adjacent slip, Jack London Square is located at the south end of Broadway, across the Oakland Estuary from Alameda. Current California Governor Jerry Brown made his home here before moving north to the Uptown neighborhood. KTVU, the Bay Areas Fox affiliate, has had studios at the Square since it began broadcasting on March 3,1958, swarm Gallery is a contemporary art gallery in the neighborhood. A mainline railroad runs through the middle of the street, with the speed limit set at 15 mph. The tracks running through Jack London Square are used by BNSF Railway, Capitol Corridor, Coast Starlight, San Joaquin, the trains share the road with automobiles, AC Transit buses, and pedestrians. The square is a popular spot for railfans. Jack London Square’s most recent changes are adding more businesses, restaurants, under lead developer Ellis Partners, Jack London Squares new architecture and public spaces are adding to the daytime and nighttime population and use. Recent new components include the 55 Harrison building, a 178,000 square-foot mid-rise by RMW Architects in association with Steve Worthington, Jack London District, Oakland, California Chinatown, Oakland, California Old Oakland Official website The Jack London District Association The Jack London News
31.
Kaiser Center
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The property is bounded by Lakeside Drive, which terminates and joins Harrison Street at the site, 20th-, 21st-, and Webster-streets. When completed in 1960, it was Oaklands tallest building, as well as the largest office tower west of the Rocky Mountains, a three-story office/retail building adjacent to the main tower was completed in 1963. Kaiser Center was the headquarters of Kaiser Industries, a Fortune 500 conglomerate that was headed by industrialist Edgar F. Kaiser at the time the building was constructed. The buildings roof garden was designed by San Francisco-based landscape architecture firm, Theodore Osmundson & Associates, other tenants include the University of California Office of the President, Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, The Port Company, and California Bank & Trust. Global technical services company AECOM is set to move into the building in 2016, official website Kaiser Center at The Swig Company Historic American Landscapes Survey No. CA-3, Kaiser Center,300 Lakeside Drive, Oakland, Alameda County, CA,22 photos,18 measured drawings,6 data pages,3 photo caption pages
32.
Lake Merritt
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Lake Merritt is a large tidal lagoon in the center of Oakland, California, just east of Downtown. It is surrounded by parkland and city neighborhoods and it is historically significant as the United States first official wildlife refuge, designated in 1870, and has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1966. A popular walking and jogging path runs along its perimeter, the circumference of the lake is 3.4 miles and its area is 155 acres. The lake was originally a leg of the San Francisco Bay formed where several creeks empty into the bay and it was surrounded by 1,000 acres of wetlands when the Ohlone people fished, hunted and gathered food along its shores. By 1810, the remaining Native Americans were removed to Mission San José, in 1856, Peralta fought and won a United States Supreme Court case against the squatters but further court cases between his sons and daughters would greatly diminish their holdings. The Peralta brothers had to much of the land to Carpentier to pay legal fees. Oakland was incorporated in 1852 with Carpentier as its first mayor, Lake Merritt naturally had tidal flows via a broad 600 foot outlet, but this has been steadily reduced with development of the region after 1869. Currently the tidal flows are limited in size and managed for flood control, for years the lake acted as a waste collector. It was regarded as ideal for sewage because of its chemical contents, sixty miles of brick and wood channeling sent the broken down sewage to the bottom of the lake to then be eaten by bottom feeders. The stench at the lake during the decomposition of the sewage was a problem for Oaklanders on the west shore and residents of Clinton and San Antonio villages on the east. Dr. Samuel Merritt, a mayor of Oakland who owned property at the edge, was keen to get the body of water cleaned up so that it could become a source of civic pride. Sewage was to be redirected elsewhere by two new city projects, though these werent completed until 1875, the resulting body of water was called variously Lake Peralta, Merritts Lake and later Lake Merritt. The lake at that time still had thick wetlands fringing the shores, in order to protect the birds from duck hunters and stop the noise and danger of gunfire so close to the city, Dr. Merritt proposed to turn the lake into a wildlife refuge in 1869. The state legislature voted Lake Merritt Wildlife Refuge into law in 1870, no hunting of any sort was to be allowed and the only fishing was to be by hook and line. The ornate Camron-Stanford House was built in 1876 near the western shore. Tax records suggest that Samuel Merritt built the Italianate Victorian as part of his plan to promote and develop downtown Oakland, in 1877, the houses title was transferred to Mrs. Alice Camron, a purchase she was able to make due to an inheritance. She, her husband Will and their two daughters were the first residents of the home, further fine homes were built on the lakeshore by others following Dr. Merritts lead, though none but Camron-Stanford remain today. From 1910 until 1967, the served as the Oakland Public Museum with an active program of changing exhibits
33.
Leimert Bridge
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Leimert Bridge is located in the Oakmore neighborhood of Oakland, California. It spans 357 ft and is 117 ft high above Sausal Creek and it is a cement and steel arch bridge. When it was built in 1926, it was the largest single-span bridge on the West Coast, the bridge was designed by George Posey who also designed the Posey Tube tunnel between Oakland and Alameda. Realtor Walter H. Leimert built the bridge in order to develop the Oakmore Heights area and it became a City of Oakland landmark in 1980. Hiking Trails that travel under the bridge, can be accessed from the Sausal Creek train heads at Dimond Park, ISBN 0-7385-2926-5 The Leimert Bridge, Historical background - Oakmore Homes Association with pictures of bridge
34.
Oakland City Hall
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Oakland City Hall is the seat of government for the city of Oakland, California. The current building was completed in 1914, and replaced a building that stood on what is now Frank H. Ogawa Plaza. Standing at the height of 320 feet, it was the first high-rise government building in the United States, at the time it was built, it was also the tallest building west of the Mississippi River. The building was designed by New York-based architecture firm Palmer & Hornbostel in 1910, the building, constructed in the Beaux-Arts style, resembles a rectangular wedding cake. The bottom tier serves the foundation and it is three stories high and houses the mayors office, the city council chamber, hearing rooms, and a police station with a firing range below in the basement. The thinner second tier follows, it is an office tower. The top floor of section houses a 36-cell jail with an outdoor yard that has gone unused since the 1960s. Above the second tier is the podium with a clock tower on top. The exterior is built of granite and terra cotta, while the inside is built of white. In 1983, the Oakland City Hall was added to the National Register of Historic Places, after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, the building suffered from major structural damage and was immediately closed down. Instead of tearing it down and replacing it with a newer building, to do so, steel columns in the foundation were cut and they were replaced by rubber bearings. Steel beams were added to support the structure and concrete walls were added to support existing walls. The building can now move laterally 18-20 inches in an earthquake, the city hall was repaired along with the downtown revitalization project of building new office buildings. The repair project cost $85 million
35.
Oakland California Temple
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The Oakland California Temple is the 15th constructed and 13th operating temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. During a January 23,1961 meeting, plans for the temple were announced by David O. McKay, ground was broken on May 26,1962, with the cornerstone laid May 25,1963, and dedication on November 19,1964. Located in the city of Oakland, California, at 4770 Lincoln Ave, it is the only LDS temple built with a modern five-spire design and its architect was Harold W. Burton. The exterior of the temple is reinforced concrete faced with white granite from Raymond. On the north and south faces of the temple are two friezes, it is the last LDS temple to have such. The back is a depiction of Christ descending from heaven to the people of the American continent soon after his resurrection in the Holy Land, the front illustrates Christ preaching his gospel to the people. The temple sits on a prominent site in the Oakland hills and has become a local landmark, through the front courtyard are stairways which lead to the temple terrace situated above the ground floor of the temple. From the temple grounds and terrace are spectacular views of the Bay Area, including downtown Oakland, the Bay Bridge, Yerba Buena Island, downtown San Francisco and the Golden Gate Bridge. The grounds are accented by flowers, palm trees, and a formal-style man-made river running from one fountain to the other. The temple was built on an 18. 3-acre plot, has four rooms, seven sealing rooms. The visitors center has free tours around the grounds and atop the temple daily, the building of the Oakland Temple, as well as other temples in California was planned as early as 1847. The site where the Oakland Temple now stands was inspected by David O. McKay, then second counselor in the First Presidency, the 14.5 acres were purchased by the church on January 28,1943. Ground was broken for the temple in 1962, on February 23,2017 the LDS Church announced that beginning February 2018, the temple will close for renovations that are anticipated to be completed during 2019. Notable presidents of the temple have included Lorenzo N. Hoopes, in the nearby Interstake Center, local members performed a Latter-day Saint pageant for many years. The pageant, commonly known as the Temple Pageant, was a stage production rehearsing the history. It was one of only a few temple pageants around the country, others include the Easter Pageant in Mesa, Arizona, until its retirement, it was the only such pageant performed indoors as well as the only one to be fully accompanied by a live orchestra. Initially, the pageant consisted of three acts performed over three nights, however, it was eventually shortened to an hour and a half. In November 2007, a letter sent to stake and mission presidents in the region from D, todd Christofferson, then of the Presidency of the Seventy, indicated that the pageant would no longer be held
36.
Pardee Home
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The Pardee Home is a house in Oakland, California that was home to three generations of the Pardee family. It is now a museum, showing over 100 years of the life of a prominent California family. The house, an example of Italianate architecture, is a city landmark, a California Historical Landmark. The house was constructed in 1868 by California State Senator Enoch H. Pardee and his son, George Pardee, a Governor of California, also inhabited the house, inheriting it after his fathers death. After Georges death in 1941, it passed on to his two daughters, Madeline and Helen, who lived in the house until their deaths in 1980 and 1981 respectively, the interior of the house is the main attraction of the museum. Georges wife Helen collected knick-knacks from all over the world, including scrimshaw from Alaska, tobacco pipes from the Philippines, and she was fond of giving house tours to show off her collection. All of the furnishings are original and the house looks as it did in 1981, the original carriage house and stable are still standing and the entire complex is part of Oaklands Preservation Park Historic District. The house was to be demolished for the construction of Interstate 980 and it opened as a public museum in 1991. Northern California History Found in Oakland Oasis, Pardee Home web site Preservation Park web site Historic American Buildings Survey
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Preservation Park
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Preservation Park is located in Oakland, California. The park includes sixteen historic buildings, five of which stand in their original location, the sixteen houses are arranged to resemble a late 19th-century Oakland neighborhood. The sixteen buildings are, Remillard House, Queen Anne style, pierre Remillard was a brickyard owner, and his bricks were used in the construction of the nearby First Unitarian Church of Oakland. Lilly Remillard tutored Jack London at the home, Ginn House, English Arts and Crafts style. Frederick Burrell Ginn and wife Mary Crocker commissioned architect A, page Brown to design the home. Brown later worked on the San Francisco Ferry Building, the Nile Club, a members-only group of Oaklands male elite, built a theater next to Ginn House. It was later used as a USO facility, designed by Charles W. Dickey, who also worked on the Claremont Hotel. The home was built when the Sather House and Garden occupied the lot across the street, jane Sather is the donor of UC Berkeleys Sather Gate and Sather Tower. Later, the home was purchased by Orrin Gowell, who became an architect in the office that designed the 1923 Tribune Tower, elisha Higgins was a San Francisco lumber dealer. Owned by Ellen Gould White and James White, together, they worked within the Seventh Day Adventist church. They launched a paper called the Sign of the Times and this building now houses the Preservation Park offices, and the Rio California cafe. Henry Knox was a San Francisco dentist, the house was originally located on what is now 28th Street in what is now called Pill Hill. The house was owned by John and Catherine Buckley. This was the last home moved to Preservation Park, originally stood at what is now the 14th Street freeway overpass. Owned by William Bartling, partner in a San Francisco bookbinding firm, Charles O. Park painted train cars for the Central Pacific Railroad. This house originally stood at 7th and Grove, Robinson House, Queen Anne Cottage style. Owned by Gertrude and W. H. Robinson, originally built in Fruit Vale, or what is now called Fruitvale. Her father worked at the San Francisco Mint and she later married John F. Conners, who became the owner and publisher of the Oakland Enquirer
38.
Ronald V. Dellums Federal Building
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The Ronald V. Dellums Federal Building complex is a federal building complex in Oakland, California, constructed as part of the Oakland City Center redevelopment project. In 1998, the United States Congress passed a bill naming the building for former mayor and it consists of two identical towers topped with pyramid-shaped roofs, echoing similar landmarks such as the Alameda County Courthouse. The towers are connected by a ground level rotunda and a sky bridge. The podium of one of the houses a federal courthouse. Both buildings are 268 feet /81.7 meters in height to roof,100.0 m in height including spires
39.
USS Potomac (AG-25)
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USS Potomac, formerly USCGC Electra, was Franklin Delano Roosevelts presidential yacht from 1936 until his death in 1945. In January 2016 the USS Williamsburg was scrapped leaving USS Potomac, on 3 August 1941, she played a decoy role while Roosevelt held a secret conference to develop the Atlantic Charter. She is now preserved in Oakland, California, as a National Historic Landmark, Potomac was originally built in 1934 by the Manitowoc Ship Building Company, Manitowoc, Wisconsin as the United States Coast Guard Cutter Electra. She was converted to serve as a yacht and commissioned into the United States Navy in 1936. In the following years, Potomac was heavily used by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, for fishing trips, the second funnel is fake, and concealed the elevator used for raising Roosevelt in his wheelchair in the unlikely event of having to enter lifeboats on the roof. In 1939 the United Kingdoms King George VI and Queen Elizabeth travelled with the Roosevelts aboard Potomac to George Washingtons home at Mount Vernon, on 3 August 1941, President Roosevelt left Washington to board Potomac at the submarine base at New London. Potomac then sailed for Appogansett Bay where the President did some fishing, eventually Potomac anchored in Menemsha Bight in Vineyard Sound, where the heavy cruiser USS Augusta already lay at anchor. In the early hours of 5 August Potomac came alongside Augusta, Augusta then proceeded at high speed to Newfoundland for a clandestine meeting with Winston Churchill. In the meantime and for security purposes, the Presidents flag continued to be flown from Potomac while she transited the Cape Cod Canal in New England waters. A Secret Serviceman, approximating the President in size and affecting his mannerisms when visible from a distance, press releases issued daily from Potomac led all who read them to believe that the President was really embarked in his yacht on a pleasure cruise. After the meetings, Augusta returned the President to Potomac on 14 August, after President Roosevelts death, Potomac was decommissioned by the Navy, and returned to US Coast Guard custody in November 1945. From 1946 she served with the Maryland Tidewater Fisheries Commission, and was sold to Warren G. Toone in April 1960, in January 1964 she was purchased by Elvis Presley for US$55,000. Presley offered it to the March of Dimes who could not use it and he then gave it to St. Jude Childrens Hospital, in Memphis, to sell as a fund raiser. The hospital was able to sell it that year for US$75,000. By 1980, she was involved in smuggling and was seized by the United States Customs Service in San Francisco, then towed to Treasure Island. After being refloated by the U. S. Navy just two later, Potomac was sold to the Port of Oakland for $15,000. She is now preserved by the Potomac Association, and berthed at Jack London Square in Oakland and she is open to dockside tours and regular cruises on San Francisco Bay. Potomac was used in June 2011 to film scenes of the Paul Thomas Anderson film The Master
40.
Tribune Tower (Oakland)
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The Tribune Tower is a 305-ft. 22-story building located in downtown Oakland, California, built in 1906, tower erected in 1923, the 89,251 sq. -ft. Building was the tallest building in Oakland constructed in the 1920s and it is currently the 11th tallest building in Oakland. The architecture of the tower, much like The Campanile on the UC Berkeley campus, was inspired by St Marks Campanile in Venice, Italy. The building was opened by Joseph R. Knowland on January 1,1924, as the home of the Oakland Tribune newspaper, and is a symbol of both the Tribune and the city of Oakland. In 1915, when Joseph Knowland, a former U. S. congressman, acquired the Oakland Tribune, in 1918, the Breuner Furniture Company vacated its home at Thirteenth and Franklin. Knowland envisioned the vacated showroom and an adjacent warehouse as the site of a first-class newspaper facility and he began to implement this vision with the acquisition of the Breuners property and the move of the Tribune there. What became the base of the Tribune Tower had been designed by D. Franklin Oliver. The now-familiar clock tower, designed by Edward T. Foulkes, was added in 1923 to complete the Tribune Tower as it appears today. The architect designed the tower with a mix of French and Italian classical elements, from 1924, the Tower would appear on the newspapers masthead. The top floor of the tower housed radio station KLX from its opening until the station was sold in 1959, KLX was sold to pay off debts incurred in the ill-fated 1958 run by U. S. Senator William F. Knowland, Joseph Knowlands son, for governor of California, Joseph Knowland was a political mentor to his son, as well as to California attorney general and governor Earl Warren and many other Republicans. The building was declared a city landmark on May 4,1976, at various times, the building has flown a flag with the word, THERE emblazoned upon it. This is a send-up of Gertrude Steins comment that in Oakland there is no there there, in 1979, Gannett Company purchased the newspaper and the Tower from the Tribune Publishing Corporation. The Tower was damaged in the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, which forced the Tribune to relocate to new offices in Jack London Square, the Tower sat empty until 1995, when John Protopappas purchased it for $300,000. His company, Madison Park Financial Corporation, renovated the Tower in the late 1990s, the Tribunes parent company, ANG Newspapers, returned the Tribune to the building after it reopened in 1999. In early 2006, Protopappas sold the Tower to Edward B, the Tribune moved permanently out of the Tower in 2007 and is now located in a building on Oakport Street, near the Oakland International Airport. The Clock mechanisms were rebuilt in 1999 by Kevin Binkert, the clock faces were restored and repainted in the late fall of 2006
41.
Oakland Technical High School
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It is one of six comprehensive public high school campuses in Oakland. Oakland Techs attendance jurisdiction includes several neighborhoods, including Oakland Chinatown, Rockridge, North Oakland, Tech received the maximum 6-year accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 2009. Oakland Techs main building was built in 1914 and resembles the main building of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. During the 1970s, when many California schools were being demolished and rebuilt for earthquake safety, instead, it was gutted and rebuilt on the inside, while its historic exterior was preserved. The school was declared the 99th historic landmark by the city of Oakland on July 23,1985, while Tech was closed for earthquake retrofitting in the 1970s, the school was displaced to 5714 Martin Luther King Jr. Way. This location is sometimes referred to Old Tech but was actually the campus of the now defunct University High School. That campus had then served as Merritt College from 1954 to 1966 and is considered the birthplace of the Black Panthers. In 1977 a group of students from a U. S. Government class at Tech launched a drive to create a California state holiday in honor of Martin Luther King, Jr. The idea was not new - about a dozen states already had such holidays, the students formed themselves into a group called The Apollos and lobbied for the holiday for four years, it was finally passed by the legislature and signed by the governor in 1981. In 2008 two students at other Oakland high schools heard about the Apollos and made a short documentary film about their successful quest. Students at Oakland Technical High School have the option of enrolling in one of the schools academies, students take one class within their academies, and spend the rest of the day in normal classes. Paideia is an advanced History and English program, in the sophomore year, students have the option to take English 2 Paideia and World Cultures. In 11th grade, students, based on their grades, have the option to enroll in AP or HP English, in senior year, students, according to grades, are also able to take AP Government and AP English 4. The Engineering Academy focuses on mechanical engineering, starting in 10th grade, the students in this academy study engineering, physics, drafting, etc. Students can be enrolled in the Paideia and the Engineering programs. In 2008, over half of the senior block was accepted to the prestigious UC Berkeley. Students regularly score 4s or 5s for AP classes taken in the Paideia program, - rapper Huey P. Louis Browns, Detroit Tigers, Washington Senators, St. In 1993, Tech, at its current location, was featured in the movie Made in America
42.
African American Museum and Library at Oakland
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It contains an extensive archival collection of such artifacts as diaries, correspondence, photos, and periodicals. The AAMLO began as a collection in 1946, and in 1964 became the East Bay Negro Historical Society. Among the more than 160 collections in the library are archives relating to Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm X, the Black Panthers, Africa, materials include photographs, manuscripts, letters, diaries, newspapers, recorded oral histories, videos, and microfilms. AAMLO’s two galleries host changing exhibitions of art, history, and culture, AAMLO began as a private collection in 1946. Initially housed in a shop front on Grove Street, the collection grew quickly and, in 1960. It officially became AAMLO, a private partnership, in 1994. AAMLO moved into its current location in 2002, list of museums focused on African Americans The AAMLO Website Friends of the Oakland Library page on the AAMLO Oakland Heritage page on the AAMLO A number of photographs from the AAMLO collection
43.
Chabot Space and Science Center
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The Center is the continuation and expansion of a public observatory that has served San Francisco Bay Area schools and citizens with astronomy and science education programs since 1883. It is named after the father of mining and benefactor of the original Oakland Observatory. The institution began in 1883 as the Oakland Observatory, through a gift from Anthony Chabot to the City of Oakland, the original Oakland Observatory was located in downtown Oakland and provided public telescope viewing for the community. For decades, it served as the official timekeeping station for the entire Bay Area. The observatory moved to its Mountain Boulevard location in 1915 due to increasing light pollution, in the mid-1960s, the facility was expanded considerably. Throughout this time, the Chabot Science Center, as it was renamed, was staffed mainly by Oakland Unified School District personnel, in 1977, seismic safety concerns terminated public school students’ access to the original observatory facility. The observatory building remained open to the public, but school activities were limited to outlying classroom buildings. In January 2000, anticipating the opening of the new facility, opened August 19,2000, the Chabot Space & Science Center is an 86, 000-square-foot, state-of-the-art science and technology education facility on a 13-acre site in the hills of Oakland, California. The museum was formerly an affiliate in the Smithsonian Affiliations program, but is currently no longer an affiliate. Aside from its telescopes, it contains, The Planetarium, a full digital projection system with various shows running daily. The Tien MegaDome Theater, a 70-foot dome screen auditorium which presented various IMax-like shows, the Challenger Learning Center, a hands-on simulated space mission environment where 8 teams work together to complete a mission. Many changing exhibits, full of hands-on displays, that space and science topics. As of August 18,2006, there are nine open exhibits, Chabot Space and Science Center has three observatory telescopes. Leah, an 8 refractor telescope, was built in 1883 by Alvan Clark, rachel is a 20 refractor telescope, commissioned in 1914 from Warner & Swasey, with optics by John Brashear. It is the largest refractor in the western United States regularly open to the public, nellie is a 36 reflecting telescope which opened in June 2003 and is housed in a rolling roof observatory. The weekly live shows are presented by a staff astronomer, live Show, Cosmos 360 uses the planetariums digital fulldome system to view the night sky as well as flying through space to see the universe from a different perspective. The guided tour include in-depth views of planets, constellations and other current astronomical events, the show is updated to reflect seasonal night skies. Daily Shows, The daily shows range from content geared for children through more sophisticated shows designed for a general audience
