1.
White House
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The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States, located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D. C. It has been the residence of every U. S. president since John Adams in 1800, the term White House is often used to refer to actions of the president and his advisers, as in The White House announced that. The residence was designed by Irish-born architect James Hoban in the Neoclassical style, construction took place between 1792 and 1800 using Aquia Creek sandstone painted white. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he added low colonnades on each wing that concealed stables and storage. In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior, reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed Executive Residence in October 1817. Exterior construction continued with the addition of the semi-circular South portico in 1824, because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later in 1909, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office, in the main mansion, the third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as an area for social events. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space, by 1948, the houses load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the rooms were completely dismantled. Once this work was completed, the rooms were rebuilt. The Executive Residence is made up of six stories—the Ground Floor, State Floor, Second Floor, the property is a National Heritage Site owned by the National Park Service and is part of the Presidents Park. In 2007, it was ranked second on the American Institute of Architects list of Americas Favorite Architecture, in May 1790, New York began construction of Government House for his official residence, but he never occupied it. The national capital moved to Philadelphia in December 1790, the July 1790 Residence Act named Philadelphia, Pennsylvania the temporary national capital for a 10-year period while the Federal City was under construction. The City of Philadelphia rented Robert Morriss city house at 190 High Street for Washingtons presidential residence, the first president occupied the Market Street mansion from November 1790 to March 1797, and altered it in ways that may have influenced the design of the White House. As part of an effort to have Philadelphia named the permanent national capital, Pennsylvania built a much grander presidential mansion several blocks away. President John Adams also occupied the Market Street mansion from March 1797 to May 1800, on Saturday, November 1,1800, he became the first president to occupy the White House. The Presidents House in Philadelphia became a hotel and was demolished in 1832, the Presidents House was a major feature of Pierre Charles LEnfants plan for the newly established federal city, Washington, D. C
2.
John F. Kelly
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John Francis Kelly is the fifth and current United States Secretary of Homeland Security. Kelly succeeded General Douglas M. Fraser as commander of U. S, southern Command on November 19,2012. Kelly was succeeded by Navy Admiral Kurt W. Tidd on January 14,2016, Kelly was appointed Secretary of Homeland Security on January 20,2017 by President Donald Trump. Kelly was born on May 11,1950 in Boston, Massachusetts into an Irish Catholic family and he grew up in the Brighton neighborhood of Boston. Before he reached the age of 16, he hitchhiked to Washington State and rode the trains back and he then served for one year as a United States Merchant Marine, where he says my first time overseas was taking 10,000 tons of beer to Vietnam. In 1970, when his mother told him that his number was coming up. He was discharged from duty as a sergeant in 1972, after serving in an infantry company with the 2nd Marine Division, Camp Lejeune. He was commissioned on December 27,1975 as a lieutenant in the Marine Corps via Officer Candidates School. In 1976, he graduated from the University of Massachusetts Boston and, in 1984, Kelly returned to the Second Marine Division where he served as a rifle and weapons platoon commander, company executive officer, assistant operations officer, and infantry company commander. Sea duty in Mayport, Florida, followed, at time he served aboard aircraft carriers USS Forrestal. In 1980, then-Captain Kelly attended the U. S. Armys Infantry Officer Advanced Course at Fort Benning, after graduation, he was assigned to Headquarters Marine Corps in Washington, D. C. serving there from 1981 through 1984, as an assignment monitor. Kelly returned to the Second Marine Division in 1984, to command a rifle, promoted to major in 1987, he then served as a battalion operations officer. After three years of instructing young officers, he attended the Marine Corps Command and Staff College, during his tenure, 1st LAR was called in to provide augmentation support for police in the city of Long Beach, California during the Los Angeles riots of 1992. Holding this command position for two years, Kelly returned to the East Coast in 1994, to attend the National War College in Washington, D. C. He graduated in 1995 and was selected to serve as the Commandants Liaison Officer to the U. S. House of Representatives, Capitol Hill, where he was promoted to colonel. In 1999, Kelly transferred to joint duty and served as the assistant to the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, in Mons. He returned to the United States in 2001 and was assigned to a tour of duty at Camp Lejeune. In 2002, Kelly again served with the 1st Marine Division, much of Kellys two-year assignment was spent deployed in Iraq
3.
White House Chief of Staff
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The White House Chief of Staff has traditionally been the highest-ranking employee of the White House. With the creation of the new position of White House Chief Strategist by the Trump administration, the Chief of Staffs position is a modern successor to the earlier role of the presidents private secretary. The role was formalized as the assistant to the president in 1946, the Chief of Staff is appointed by and serves at the pleasure of the president, it does not require Senate confirmation. Reince Priebus is the current Chief of Staff, the duties of the White House chief of staff vary greatly from one administration to another, and in fact, there is no legal requirement that the president even fill the position. Because of these duties, the chief of staff has at times been labeled The Gatekeeper. Originally, the duties now performed by the chief of staff belonged to the private secretary and were fulfilled by crucial confidants. Cortelyou, Joseph Tumulty, and Louis McHenry Howe to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Woodrow Wilson, the job of gatekeeper and overseeing the presidents schedule was separately delegated to the appointments secretary, as with FDRs aide Edwin Pa Watson. From 1933 to 1939, as he expanded the scope of the federal governments policies and powers in response to the Great Depression. It was not until 1939, during Franklin D. Roosevelts second term in office, Roosevelt was able to get Congress to approve the creation of the Executive Office of the President, which would report directly to the president. In 1946, in response to the growth of the U. S. governments executive branch. Charged with the affairs of the White House, it was the predecessor to the modern chief of staff. It was in 1953, under Republican President Dwight D. Eisenhower, assistant to the president became a rank generally shared by the chief of staff with such senior aides as deputy chiefs of staff, the White House counsel, the White House press secretary, and others. This new system did not catch on immediately and this concentration of power in the Nixon and Ford White House led presidential candidate Jimmy Carter to campaign in 1976 with the promise that he would not appoint a chief of staff. And indeed, for the first two and a years of his presidency, he appointed no one to the post. The average term of service for a White House chief of staff is a little under 2.5 years, john R. Steelman, under Harry S. Truman, was the last chief of staff to serve for an entire presidential administration. Steelman also holds the record for longest-serving chief of staff, most White House chiefs of staff are former politicians, and many continue their political careers in other senior roles. Lyndon Johnsons chief of staff W. Marvin Watson became postmaster general later in LBJs term, richard Nixons Chief of Staff Alexander Haig became secretary of state under Ronald Reagan. Cheney later became a Congressman for Wyoming, secretary of defense under George H. W. Bush and vice president in the George W. Bush administration
4.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
5.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation
6.
White House Office
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The White House Office is an entity within the Executive Office of the President of the United States. The White House Office is headed by the White House Chief of Staff, the staff of the various offices are based in the West Wing and East Wing of the White House, the Eisenhower Executive Office Building, and the New Executive Office Building. It is made up of personal assistants to the president with offices in the White House and these aides oversee the political and policy interests of the president and do not require Senate confirmation for appointment. The White House Office is organized in accordance with the wishes of each incumbent President and is directed by staff chosen by the President, a staff authorization was initially established in 1978. Some presidential boards, committees, and commissions function organizationally as subunits of the White House Office, although still a subunit of the EOP, the White House Office remains the centerpiece of the presidential staff system. During the transition to office and continuing throughout an administration, the President enjoys a great deal of discretion in terms of how the White House Office is organized. While Chiefs of Staff may differ in the degree of policy advice they provide a President, R. McMasterAssistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor, K
7.
West Wing
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The West Wing of the White House, also known as the Executive Office Building, houses the offices of the President of the United States. The West Wing contains the Oval Office, the Cabinet Room, the Situation Room, the Vice-President has an office in the building, but his primary office is next door in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building. Before construction of the West Wing, presidential staff worked on the floor of what is now the Executive Residence. However, when Theodore Roosevelt became President, he found that the offices in the Mansion were insufficient to accommodate his family of six children as well as his staff. Congress approved over half a million dollars for the renovation, the West Wing was originally intended as a temporary office structure, built on the site of the greenhouse and stables. The Presidents Office and the Cabinet Room took up the third of the building. President Roosevelts office was located approximately where the Roosevelt Room is now, in 1909, William Howard Taft expanded the building southward, covering the tennis court. He placed the first Oval Office at the center of the south facade. President Herbert Hoover rebuilt the West Wing at the beginning of his administration, excavating a partial basement, the completed building lasted less than seven months. On December 24,1929, the West Wing was significantly damaged by an electrical fire, Hoover rebuilt it, and added air-conditioning. The fourth and final major reorganization was undertaken by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, dissatisfied with the size and layout of the West Wing, he engaged New York architect Eric Gugler to redesign it in 1933. The directive to wring the most office space out of the building was responsible for its narrow corridors. Guglers most notable change was the addition to the east side containing a new Cabinet Room, Secretarys Office, and Oval Office. The new offices location gave presidents greater privacy, allowing them to slip back, as presidential staffs grew substantially in the latter half of the 20th century, the West Wing generally came to be seen as too small for its modern governmental functions. In the past, the portrait not hanging over the mantel hung on the opposite wall, during the 1930s, the March of Dimes constructed a swimming pool so that FDR could exercise, as therapy for his disability. Richard Nixon had the swimming pool covered over to create the Press Briefing Room, the West Wing ground floor is also the site of a cafeteria, staffed by Naval culinary specialists and called the White House Mess. It is located underneath the Oval Office, and was established by President Truman on June 11,1951. In 1999, The West Wing television series brought greater attention to the workings of the Presidential staff
8.
United States National Security Council
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Since its inception under Harry S. Truman, the function of the Council has been to advise and assist the president on national security and foreign policies. The Council also serves as the principal arm for coordinating these policies among various government agencies. The Council has counterparts in the national security councils of other nations. The National Security Council was created in 1947 by the National Security Act and it was created because policymakers felt that the diplomacy of the State Department was no longer adequate to contain the USSR in light of the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. On May 26,2009, President Barack Obama merged the White House staff supporting the Homeland Security Council, the HSC and NSC each continue to exist by statute as bodies supporting the President. The name of the organization was changed back to National Security Council Staff in 2014. On April 5,2017, President Trump removed Steve Bannon from the Security Council, however, Chief of Staff Reince Priebus clarified the next day that they still are invited to attend meetings. The reorganization also placed the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development as a permanent member of the Deputies Committee, later in 1949, as part of the Reorganization Plan, the Council was placed in the Executive Office of the President. The High Value Detainee Interrogation Group also reports to the NSC, a secret National Security Council panel pursues the killing of an individual, including American citizens, who has been called a suspected terrorist. In this case, no record of this decision or any operation to kill the suspect will be made available. Reuters has reported that Anwar al-Awlaki, an American citizen, was on such a kill list and was killed accordingly, the National Security Council is chaired by the President. Its members are the Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of Energy, the National Security Advisor, and the Secretary of the Treasury. The Chief of Staff to the President, Counsel to the President, the Attorney General, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget and The Director of the Central Intelligence Agency are invited to attend meetings pertaining to their responsibilities. The heads of executive departments and agencies, as well as other senior officials, are invited to attend meetings of the NSC when appropriate. The Principals Committee of the National Security Council is the Cabinet-level senior interagency forum consideration of security policy issues. The Principals Committee is convened and chaired by the National Security Advisor, the National Security Council Deputies Committee is the senior sub-Cabinet interagency forum for consideration of national security policy issues. The Deputies Committee is also responsible for reviewing and monitoring the national security process including for establishing and directing the Policy Coordination Committees. The Deputies Committee is convened and chaired by the Deputy National Security Advisor or the Deputy Homeland Security Advisor, the Executive Secretary and the Deputy White House Counsel also attend
9.
Office of Management and Budget
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The Office of Management and Budget is the largest office within the Executive Office of the President of the United States. The current OMB Director is Mick Mulvaney, the OMB Director reports to the President, Vice President and the White House Chief of Staff. The Bureau of the Budget was moved to the Executive Office of the President in 1939 and was run by Harold D. Smith during the rapid expansion of spending during the Second World War. The Bureau was reorganized into the Office of Management and Budget in 1970 during the Nixon administration, the first OMB included Roy Ash, Paul ONeill, Fred Malek and Frank Zarb and two dozen others. OMB prepares the Presidents budget proposal to Congress and supervises the administration of the executive branch agencies, OMB evaluates the effectiveness of agency programs, policies, and procedures, assesses competing funding demands among agencies, and sets funding priorities. OMB ensures that agency reports, rules, testimony, and proposed legislation are consistent with the presidents budget, OMB also oversees and coordinates the administrations procurement, financial management, information, and regulatory policies. OMB manages other agencies financials, paperwork, and IT, the Office is made up mainly of career appointed staff who provide continuity across changes of party and persons in the White House. Approximately half of all OMB staff are assigned to these offices, program examiners can be assigned to monitor one or more federal agencies or may be deployed by a topical area, such as monitoring issues relating to U. S. Navy warships. These staff have dual responsibility for management and budgetary issues, as well as responsibility for giving expert advice on all aspects relating to their programs. Each year they review federal agency budget requests and help decide what resource requests will be sent to Congress as part of the presidents budget and they are often called upon to provide analysis information to any EOP staff member. Other offices are OMB-wide support offices which include the Office of General Counsel, the Office of Legislative Affairs, the Budget Review Division, the BRD performs government-wide budget coordination and is largely responsible for the technical aspects relating to the release of the presidents budget each February. The Legislative Reference Division has the important role of being the clearing house across the federal government for proposed legislation or testimony by federal officials. It distributes proposed legislation and testimony to all relevant federal reviewers and they are also responsible for writing an Enrolled Bill Memorandum to the president once a bill is presented by both bodies of Congress for the presidents signature. They also issue Statements of Administration Policy that let Congress know the White Houses official position on proposed legislation. S. com, August 22,2005
10.
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt, commonly known as FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. A Democrat, he won a record four presidential elections and emerged as a figure in world events during the mid-20th century. He directed the United States government during most of the Great Depression and he is often rated by scholars as one of the three greatest U. S. Presidents, along with George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. Roosevelt was born in 1882 to an old, prominent Dutch family from Dutchess County and he attended the elite educational institutions of Groton School, Harvard College, and Columbia Law School. At age 23 in 1905, he married Eleanor Roosevelt, and he entered politics in 1910, serving in the New York State Senate, and then as Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. In 1920, Roosevelt was presidential candidate James M. Coxs running mate and he was in office from 1929 to 1933 and served as a reform governor, promoting the enactment of programs to combat the depression besetting the United States at the time. In the 1932 presidential election, Roosevelt defeated incumbent Republican president Herbert Hoover in a landslide to win the presidency, Roosevelt took office while in the United States was in the midst of the worst economic crisis in its history. Energized by his victory over polio, FDR relied on his persistent optimism and activism to renew the national spirit. He created numerous programs to support the unemployed and farmers, and to labor union growth while more closely regulating business. His support for the repeal of Prohibition in 1933 added to his popularity, the economy improved rapidly from 1933–37, but then relapsed into a deep recession in 1937–38. The bipartisan Conservative Coalition that formed in 1937 prevented his packing the Supreme Court, when the war began and unemployment ended, conservatives in Congress repealed the two major relief programs, the WPA and CCC. However, they kept most of the regulations on business, along with several smaller programs, major surviving programs include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Wagner Act, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Social Security. His goal was to make America the Arsenal of Democracy, which would supply munitions to the Allies, in March 1941, Roosevelt, with Congressional approval, provided Lend-Lease aid to Britain and China. He supervised the mobilization of the U. S. economy to support the war effort, as an active military leader, Roosevelt implemented a war strategy on two fronts that ended in the defeat of the Axis Powers and initiate the development of the worlds first atomic bomb. His work also influenced the creation of the United Nations. Roosevelts physical health declined during the war years, and he died 11 weeks into his fourth term. One of the oldest Dutch families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution, Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president
11.
Public administration
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Public administration is the implementation of government policy and also an academic discipline that studies this implementation and prepares civil servants for working in the public service. As a field of inquiry with a diverse scope its fundamental goal, is to advance management and policies so that government can function. Public administrators are public servants working in departments and agencies. In the US, civil servants and academics such as Woodrow Wilson promoted American civil service reform in the 1880s, however, until the mid-20th century and the dissemination of the German sociologist Max Webers theory of bureaucracy there was not much interest in a theory of public administration. In 1947 Paul H. Appleby defined public administration as public leadership of public affairs directly responsible for executive action. In a democracy, it has to do with such leadership and executive action in terms that respect and contribute to the dignity, the worth, and the potentials of the citizen. One year later, Gordon Clapp, then Chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority defined public administration as a public instrument whereby democratic society may be completely realized. This implies that it must relate itself to concepts of justice, liberty, and fuller economic opportunity for human beings and is concerned with people, with ideas. The key term product refers to items that are constructed or produced such as prisons, roads, laws, schools. As implementors, public managers engage these products and they participate in the doing and making of the living democracy. A living democracy is an environment that is changing, organic, imperfect, inconsistent, more recently scholars claim that public administration has no generally accepted definition, because the scope of the subject is so great and so debatable that it is easier to explain than define. Public administration is a field of study and an occupation, scholar Donald Kettl is among those who view public administration as a subfield within political science. The moral purpose of administration, implicit in its acceptance of its role, is the maximisation of the opportunities of the public to satisfy its wants. The North American Industry Classification System definition of the Public Administration sector states that public administration, dating back to Antiquity, Pharaohs, kings and emperors have required pages, treasurers, and tax collectors to administer the practical business of government. Prior to the 19th century, staffing of most public administrations was rife with nepotism, favoritism, and political patronage, Public administrators have long been the eyes and ears of rulers. In medieval times, the abilities to read and write, add, as the European Imperialist age progressed and the militarily powers extended their hold over other continents and people, the need for a sophisticated public administration grew. Far in advance of the rest of the world until almost the end of the eighteenth century, the eighteenth-century noble, King Frederick William I of Prussia, created professorates in Cameralism in an effort to train a new class of public administrators. The universities of Frankfurt an der Oder and University of Halle were Prussian institutions emphasizing economic and social disciplines, johann Heinrich Gottlob Justi was the most well-known professor of Cameralism
12.
Reorganization Act of 1939
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The Reorganization Act of 1939, Pub. L. 561, enacted April 3,1939, codified at 5 U. S. C and it was the first major, planned reorganization of the executive branch of the government of the United States since 1787. The Act led to Reorganization Plan No,1, which created the Executive Office of the President. As Governor of New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt had a reputation for reorganizing government in order to achieve efficiency, but the president took no action during the two-year term of authority granted by the Act. By 1935, however, the keystone of the New Deal had been declared unconstitutional and Roosevelts views on how to effect recovery had shifted away from economic intervention and toward social justice. On March 22,1936, Roosevelt established the Committee on Administrative Management, the three-person committee consisted of Louis Brownlow, Charles Merriam, and Luther Gulick. Gulicks POSDCORB served as the basis and framing idea and not all parts of their teams research was used and their work revealed a profound constitutional understanding and confidence, not only about improving public management, but how to improve democracy within the American administrative state. On January 8,1937, the Committee released its report, Roosevelt submitted the Brownlow Committees report to Congress and on January 12,1937, sought legislative approval to implement the Committees recommendations. The bill immediately sparked concern that it delegated far too much power to the president, however, the bills prospects for passage appeared relatively good. The Senate defeated the highly contentious motion by four votes, attempts were made in the House to adopt the Wheeler plan. The effort came close to several times, which led the administration to agree to exempt a large number of independent agencies from the bill in an effort to win members favor. However, the House, already upset over the extension of presidential influence, Roosevelt reintroduced the bill in the next Congress. Roosevelt was very active in the House and Senate primaries, working to purge the Democratic Party of Southern conservatives who had opposed the New Deal, although largely unsuccessful, Roosevelts actions had a major, positive impact on Congressional willingness to pass reorganization legislation. Roosevelt met with Gulick, Merriam, and Senator James F. Byrnes on December 8,1938, Roosevelt and Byrnes agreed to have the bill originate in the House, to include a two-chamber legislative veto, and to grant reorganization authority for only two years. Roosevelt also agreed to submit the legislation as a standalone rather than part of an omnibus act. Adhering to this strategy, Roosevelt then declined to submit a plan in January. This committee revived the Roosevelt bill which had been tabled in 1937, in the Senate, a bill offered by Senator Harry F. Byrd was reported out of the United States Senate Select Committee on Executive Agencies of the Government on March 6. The Senate committee refused to include affirmative approval in the Byrd bill on March 14, an amendment by Senator Byrd making efficiency and economy the official goal of the bill was adopted on March 20
13.
United States Department of the Treasury
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The Department of the Treasury is an executive department and the treasury of the United States federal government. It was established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue, the Department is administered by the Secretary of the Treasury, who is a member of the Cabinet. On February 13,2017, the Senate confirmed Steven Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury, the first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton, who was sworn into office on September 11,1789. Hamilton was asked by President George Washington to serve after first having asked Robert Morris, Hamilton almost single-handedly worked out the nations early financial system, and for several years was a major presence in Washingtons administration as well. His portrait is on the obverse of the U. S. ten-dollar bill while the Treasury Department building is shown on the reverse. Besides the Secretary, one of the best-known Treasury officials is the Treasurer of the United States whose signature, along with the Treasury Secretarys, the Treasury prints and mints all paper currency and coins in circulation through the Bureau of Engraving and Printing and the United States Mint. The Department also collects all federal taxes through the Internal Revenue Service, the Congress had no power to levy and collect taxes, nor was there a tangible basis for securing funds from foreign investors or governments. The delegates resolved to issue paper money in the form of bills of credit, the Congress stipulated that each of the colonies contribute to the Continental governments funds. With the signing of the Declaration of Independence on July 4,1776, despite the infusion of foreign and domestic loans to pay for a war of independence, the United Colonies were unable to establish a well-organized agency for financial administration. Michael Hillegas was first called Treasurer of the United States on May 14,1777, the Treasury Office was reorganized three times between 1778 and 1781. The $241.5 million of paper Continental Dollars devalued rapidly, by May 1781, the dollar collapsed at a rate of from 500 to 1000 to 1 against hard currency. Protests against the worthless money swept the colonies and angry Americans coined the expression not worth a Continental, Robert Morris was designated Superintendent of Finance in 1781 and restored stability to the nations finances. Morris, a colonial merchant, was nicknamed the Financier because of his reputation for procuring funds or goods on a moments notice. His staff included a Comptroller, a Treasurer, a Register, and auditors, who managed the finances through 1784. The Treasury Board of three Commissioners continued to oversee the finances of the confederation of former colonies until September 1789, the First Congress of the United States was called to convene in New York on March 4,1789, marking the beginning of government under the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton took the oath of office as the first Secretary of the Treasury on September 11,1789, Hamilton had served as George Washingtons aide-de-camp during the Revolution, and was of great importance in the ratification of the Constitution. Because of his financial and managerial acumen, Hamilton was a choice for solving the problem of the new nations heavy war debt. Hamiltons first official act was to submit a report to Congress in which he laid the foundation for the financial health
14.
Eisenhower Executive Office Building
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Maintained by the General Services Administration, it is occupied by the Executive Office of the President, including the Office of the Vice President of the United States. It was for years the worlds largest office building, with 566 rooms, many White House employees have their offices in the massive edifice. The building—originally called the State, War, and Navy Building because it housed the Departments of State, War, and it was designed by Alfred B. The OEOB was referred to by Mark Twain as the ugliest building in America, President Harry S. Truman called it the greatest monstrosity in America. Historian Henry Adams called it Mulletts “architectural infant asylum, the total cost to construct the building came in at $10,038,482.42 when construction ended in 1888, after 17 years. The original tenants of the building quickly outgrew it and finally vacated it completely in the late 1930s, the building gradually came to be seen as inefficient and was nearly demolished in 1957. In 1969, the received the highest recognition possible, becoming a National Historic Landmark. In 1981, plans began to restore all the secretary of suites, the main office of the Secretary of the Navy was restored in 1987 and is now used as the ceremonial office of the Vice President of the United States. Shortly after September 11,2001, the 17th Street side of the building was vacated and has since been modernized and its most public function is that of the Vice Presidents Ceremonial Office, which is mainly used for special meetings and press conferences. Many celebrated national figures have participated in events that have taken place within the Old Executive Office Building. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, William Howard Taft, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Johnson, Gerald Ford, and George H. W. Bush all had offices in this building before becoming President. It has housed 16 Secretaries of the Navy,21 Secretaries of War, sir Winston Churchill once walked its corridors and Japanese emissaries met there with Secretary of State Cordell Hull after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. President Herbert Hoover occupied the Secretary of the Navys office for a few months following a fire in the Oval Office on Christmas Eve 1929, President Eisenhower held the first televised Presidential news conference in the buildings Indian Treaty Room on January 19,1955. In more recent history, Richard Nixon had an office there during his presidency. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was the first in a succession of Vice Presidents who have had offices in the building. The first wife of a Vice President to have an office in the building was Marilyn Quayle, wife of Dan Quayle, Vice President to George H. W. Bush. The Old Executive Office Building was renamed the Dwight D. Eisenhower Executive Office Building when President Bill Clinton approved legislation changing the name on November 9,1999, President George W. Bush participated in a rededication ceremony on May 7,2002. A small fire on December 19,2007 damaged an office of the vice-presidents staff, according to media reporting, the office of the Vice Presidents Political Director, Amy Whitelaw, was heavily damaged in the fire
15.
Thomas Jefferson
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Thomas Jefferson was an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809. Previously, he was elected the second Vice President of the United States, Jefferson was primarily of English ancestry, born and educated in colonial Virginia. He graduated from the College of William & Mary and briefly practiced law and he became the United States Minister to France in May 1785, and subsequently the nations first Secretary of State in 1790–1793 under President George Washington. Jefferson and James Madison organized the Democratic-Republican Party to oppose the Federalist Party during the formation of the First Party System, as President, Jefferson pursued the nations shipping and trade interests against Barbary pirates and aggressive British trade policies. He also organized the Louisiana Purchase, almost doubling the countrys territory, as a result of peace negotiations with France, his administration reduced military forces. Jeffersons second term was beset with difficulties at home, including the trial of former Vice President Aaron Burr, American foreign trade was diminished when Jefferson implemented the Embargo Act of 1807, responding to British threats to U. S. shipping. In 1803, Jefferson began a process of Indian tribe removal to the newly organized Louisiana Territory. Jefferson mastered many disciplines, which ranged from surveying and mathematics to horticulture and he was a proven architect in the classical tradition. Jeffersons keen interest in religion and philosophy earned him the presidency of the American Philosophical Society and he shunned organized religion, but was influenced by both Christianity and deism. He was well versed in linguistics and spoke several languages and he founded the University of Virginia after retiring from public office. He was a letter writer and corresponded with many prominent and important people throughout his adult life. His only full-length book is Notes on the State of Virginia, Jefferson owned several plantations which were worked by hundreds of slaves. Most historians now believe that, after the death of his wife in 1782, he had a relationship with his slave Sally Hemings and fathered at least one of her children. Various modern scholars are more critical of Jeffersons private life, pointing out the discrepancy between his ownership of slaves and his political principles, for example. Presidential scholars, however, consistently rank Jefferson among the greatest presidents, Thomas Jefferson was born on April 13,1743, at the family home in Shadwell in the Colony of Virginia, the third of ten children. He was of English and possibly Welsh descent and was born a British subject and his father Peter Jefferson was a planter and surveyor who died when Jefferson was fourteen, his mother was Jane Randolph. Peter Jefferson moved his family to Tuckahoe Plantation in 1745 upon the death of a friend who had named him guardian of his children, the Jeffersons returned to Shadwell in 1752, where Peter died in 1757, his estate was divided between his sons Thomas and Randolph. Thomas inherited approximately 5,000 acres of land, including Monticello and he assumed full authority over his property at age 21
16.
Ulysses S. Grant
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Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War and he implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. His presidency has often criticized for tolerating corruption and for the severe economic depression in his second term. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, after the war he married Julia Boggs Dent in 1848, their marriage producing four children. Grant initially retired from the Army in 1854 and he struggled financially in civilian life. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U. S. Army, in 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort, in July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles, trapping Lees army in their defense of Richmond. Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters, as well, in April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the war. Historians have hailed Grants military genius, and his strategies are featured in history textbooks. After the Civil War, Grant led the armys supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states and he also used the army to build the Republican Party in the South. After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities, in his second term, the Republican coalitions in the South splintered and were defeated one by one as redeemers regained control using coercion and violence. In May 1875, Grant authorized his Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow to shut down and his peace policy with the Indians initially reduced frontier violence, but is best known for the Great Sioux War of 1876. Grant responded to charges of corruption in executive offices more than any other 19th Century president and he appointed the first Civil Service Commission and signed legislation ending the corrupt moiety system. In foreign policy, Grant sought to trade and influence while remaining at peace with the world. His administration successfully resolved the Alabama claims by the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, Grant avoided war with Spain over the Virginius Affair, but Congress rejected his attempted annexation of the Dominican Republic. His administration implemented a standard and sought to strengthen the dollar. Grant left office in 1877 and embarked on a two-year diplomatic world tour that captured the nations attention, in 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term
17.
Stenography
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Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos and it has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys, depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. Shorthand was used widely in the past, before the invention of recording. Shorthand was considered a part of secretarial training and police work. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation or discourse, for example, healthcare professionals may use shorthand notes in medical charts and correspondence. The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from the Parthenon in Ancient Greece and this shows a writing system primarily based on vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants. Hellenistic tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older, the oldest datable reference is a contract from Middle Egypt, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the semeiographer Apollonios for two years to be taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs, over time, many syllabic signs were developed. In Ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro, a slave and later a freedman of Cicero, the Tironian notes consisted of Latin word stem abbreviations and of word ending abbreviations. The original Tironian notes consisted of about 4000 signs, but new signs were introduced, in order to have a less complex writing system, a syllabic shorthand script was sometimes used. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were known and taught. After the 11th century, however, they were mostly forgotten, when many monastery libraries were secularized in the course of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, long-forgotten manuscripts of Tironian notes were rediscovered. In imperial China, clerks used an abbreviated, highly cursive form of Chinese characters to record court proceedings and these records were used to create more formal transcripts. One cornerstone of imperial court proceedings was that all confessions had to be acknowledged by the signature, personal seal, or thumbprint. Versions of this technique survived in clerical professions into the modern day, an interest in shorthand or short-writing developed towards the end of the 16th century in England. In 1588 Timothy Bright published his Characterie, An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character which introduced a system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word
18.
Warren G. Harding
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Warren Gamaliel Harding was the 29th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1921 until his death in 1923. In historical rankings of the U. S. presidents, Harding is often rated among the worst, Harding was born in Blooming Grove, Ohio. He lived in rural Ohio all his life, except when political service took him elsewhere and he settled in Marion when not yet 20 years old and bought The Marion Star, building it into a successful newspaper. In 1899, he was elected to the Ohio State Senate and, after four years there and he was defeated for governor in 1910, but was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1914. Harding ran for the Republican nomination for president in 1920, the leading candidates, such as General Leonard Wood, could not gain a majority to secure the nomination, and the convention deadlocked. Hardings support gradually grew until he was nominated on the tenth ballot and he conducted a front porch campaign, remaining for the most part in Marion and allowing the people to come to him. He won in a landslide over Democrat James M. Cox and Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs, running on a theme of return to normalcy and becoming the first sitting senator to be elected president. Harding appointed a number of well-regarded figures, including Andrew Mellon at the Treasury, Herbert Hoover at Commerce, a major foreign policy achievement came with the Washington Naval Conference of 1921–1922, in which the worlds major naval powers agreed on a naval limitations program that lasted a decade. Two members of his cabinet were implicated in corruption, Interior Secretary Albert Fall, the resulting scandals did not fully emerge until after Hardings death, nor did word of his extramarital affairs, but both greatly damaged his reputation. Harding died of an attack in San Francisco while on a western speaking tour, he was succeeded by his vice president. Harding was born November 2,1865, in Blooming Grove, nicknamed Winnie as a small child, Harding was the eldest of eight children born to George Tryon Harding, Sr. and Phoebe Elizabeth Harding. Tryon farmed and taught school near Mount Gilead, Ohio, through apprenticeship, study, and a year of medical school, Tryon became a doctor, and started a small practice. Hardings mothers ancestors were Dutch, including the well known Van Kirk family, Harding also had ancestors from England, Wales, and Scotland. It was rumored in Blooming Grove that one of Hardings great-grandmothers was African American and his great-great grandfather Amos Harding claimed that a thief, who had been caught in the act by the family, started the rumor in an attempt at extortion or revenge. Nevertheless, even after Warren Hardings death in 1923, African Americans made claims of kinship, the Harding family, who were abolitionists, moved to Caledonia, Ohio, where Tryon acquired The Argus, a local weekly newspaper. At The Argus, Harding, from the age of 11, in late 1879, at the age of 14, Harding enrolled at Ohio Central College in Iberia, where he proved an adept student. He and a put out a small newspaper during their final year at Ohio Central. During his final year, the Harding family moved to Marion, Ohio, about 6 miles from Caledonia, in Hardings youth, the majority of the population still lived on farms and in small towns
19.
Presidency of Herbert Hoover
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The presidency of Herbert Hoover began on March 4,1929, when Herbert Hoover was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4,1933. Hoover, a Republican, took office after a victory in the 1928 presidential election over Democrat Al Smith of New York. At the time of his election he was the nations Secretary of Commerce, Hoover, the 31st United States president, was defeated when he ran for re-election against Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York in the 1932 presidential election. As the depression continued, Hoover reluctantly gave into calls for federal intervention. He also reluctantly approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff of 1930, which sent foreign trade spiraling down, Hoover believed that it was essential to balance the budget despite falling tax revenue, so he raised the tax rates. The economy kept falling, and the unemployment rate rose to 25%, with industry, mining. The ailing economy, combined with Hoovers support for Prohibition policies that had lost favor, Hoover is usually ranked lower than average among U. S. presidents. With the end of his presidency came the close of an era in American political history from the mid–1890s to 1932 that was dominated by the Republican Party. In November 1928, President-elect Hoover embarked on a goodwill tour of Latin America. He delivered twenty-five speeches, almost all of which stressed his plans to reduce American political, in sum, he pledged that the United States would act as a good neighbor. While crossing the Andes from Chile, a plot to bomb Hoover’s train as it crossed the vast Argentinian central plain was foiled, on March 4,1929, Hoover was sworn in by Chief Justice William Howard Taft, who had himself served as president from 1909 to 1913. Hoovers inauguration was the first to be recorded by sound newsreels, Hoover held a press conference on his first day in office, promising a new phase of press relations. He asked the group of journalists to elect a committee to recommend improvements to the White House press conference, Hoover declined to use a spokesman, instead asking reporters to directly quote him and giving them handouts with his statements ahead of time. In his first 120 days in office, he held more regular and frequent press conferences than any other President, however, he would change his press policies after the 1929 stock market crash, screening reporters and greatly reducing his availability. Hoover disliked Mellon and relied on Undersecretary Ogden L. Mills instead, Hoovers first choice for Secretary of Agriculture was Charles McNary, author of the controversial McNary-Haugen Farm Relief Bill, which Hoover had strenuously opposed. The position instead went to Arthur Hyde, who was inexperienced regarding agricultural issues, Charles Curtis, who had been the Senate Majority Leader during the Coolidge administration, served as vice president during the Hoover administration. Curtis had opposed Hoovers nomination, and he had influence with Hoover. Hoover appointed three Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, in his first appointment, Hoover appointed Charles Evans Hughes, a former Secretary of State and Associate Supreme Court Justice, to replace the retiring William Howard Taft as Chief Justice
20.
White House Press Secretary
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The press secretary is responsible for collecting information about actions and events within the presidents administration and issues the administrations reactions to developments around the world. The press secretary interacts with the media, and deals with the White House press corps on a daily basis and it was not until after President Abraham Lincolns administration that Congress formally appropriated funds for a White House Staff, which at first consisted merely of a Secretary. Ulysses S. Grants White House Staff officially numbered six people at a cost of $13,800, fifty years later under the Coolidge Administration, the staff had increased to just fewer than fifty people at a cost of nearly $100,000. As presidents increasingly hired more staff to support them in the execution of their duties, one of Abraham Lincolns private secretaries, John G. Nicolay, had been an editor and owner of a newspaper in Illinois before he worked for the President in the White House. He was occasionally asked to verify stories or information that various members of the press had heard, andrew Johnson was the first president to grant a formal interview request to a reporter, sitting down with Col. Alexander K. McClure from Pennsylvania. It should be noted that while various presidents and reporters had participated in conversations or dialogues prior to Johnson, the relationship between government and the press was not as inherently adversarial and arms length as in modern times. For example, the Gazette of the United States won an early U. S. Treasury contract and was supportive of then-President Washington, the media had changed significantly by 1884, when Grover Cleveland was elected as President of the United States. Between the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and 1884, the United States had quadrupled in size, the number of newspaper publications in active circulation had increased from 37 to more than 1,200 dailies, in addition to the many new monthly magazines. The rapid growth in journalism as a booming industry resulted in an increase in reporters covering the activities of the president, Grover Cleveland married 21-year-old Frances Folsom in 1886. President Cleveland relied on his secretary, Daniel Lamont, who had once been an editor of the Albany Argus. The debate over the coverage of Grover Clevelands honeymoon is not dissimilar from disagreements between the first family and the press within the last decade. Even before he was president, then-Senator Obama became irritated with his campaign press pool when he felt they were too close to him, at the end of the Cleveland administration, a new feature of press coverage of the White House materialized. William W. Price, a reporter, auditioned for a job at the Washington Evening Star by stationing himself at the White House to seek out stories. He interviewed guests coming and going from meetings or events with the President, competitor newspapers responded by sending their own reporters to cover the White House in a daily, sustained way and soon the White House had reporters dedicated to covering the White House beat. Some point to this as the origins of a more formal White House Press Corps. When President Cleveland was elected to a second, non-consecutive term in 1893, Cortelyou, formally trained as a stenographer, was named confidential stenographer at the White House and later named executive clerk. Under McKinley, Cortelyou became notable for his popularity with journalists covering the White House, Cortelyou also circulated noteworthy stories to the President and other staffers, which is similar to the exhaustive news summaries formally distributed to the White House staff in the modern era. The White House beat concept that had started during the Cleveland administration by reporter William Price was continued during the McKinley administration
21.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
22.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
23.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn
24.
Supreme Allied Commander
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Supreme Allied Commander is the title held by the most senior commander within certain multinational military alliances. It originated as a used by the Western Allies during World War II. The current NATO Supreme Allied Commander is U. S, during World War II, the Allied leaders appointed Supreme Allied Commanders to manage the multi-nation, multi-discipline fighting forces for a particular theatre of war. These Supreme Allied Commanders were given control over all air, land. In other cases, senior commanders were given the title Commander-in-Chief and these Supreme Allied Commanders – were drawn from the most senior leaders in the British Armed Forces and United States Armed Forces. General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower served in successive Supreme Allied Commander roles, Eisenhower was the Commander-in-Chief, Allied Force for the Mediterranean theatre. In 1951, Eisenhower would again be a Supreme Allied Commander, Field Marshal Henry Maitland Wilson succeeded Eisenhower in the Mediterranean theatre, given the title Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean. Wilson was succeeded by Field Marshal Harold Alexander, who continued in charge of those Allied forces until the end of the war, admiral of the Fleet Lord Louis Mountbatten was Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia throughout most of its existence. General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was appointed Supreme Allied Commander, however, he preferred to use the title Commander-in-Chief. During the Allied occupation of Japan following the war, MacArthur held the title of Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, the term came into use again with the formation of NATO in 1949. In 1952, Allied Command Europe was established, led by Dwight D. Eisenhower and he became the Supreme Allied Commander Europe. Soon afterwards, Allied Command Atlantic was established, at Norfolk, Virginia and his title was Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic, and the entire command was usually known as SACLANT. Both Supreme Commander have, until 2009, been American, with a deputy commander from another NATO member, though only British, in June 2003, the commands were reshuffled. One command was given responsibility for operations, and one for transforming the military components of the alliance to meet new challenges, in Europe, Allied Command Operations was established from the former Allied Command Europe, and given responsibility for all NATO military operations worldwide. However, for reasons, SACEUR retained the traditional title including Europe. In the United States, SACLANT was decommissioned and Allied Command Transformation established, the headquarters of ACT is at the former SACLANT headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. Each has a Supreme Allied Commander as its commander, Allied Command Operations has its headquarters at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe, at Mons, Belgium. It is headed by the Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, a U. S. four-star general or admiral with the role of heading U. S
25.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
26.
Council of Economic Advisers
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The Council of Economic Advisers in the United States is an agency within the Executive Office of the President that advises the President of the United States on economic policy. The CEA provides much of the empirical research for the White House. Currently, the position of chairman of the CEA is vacant, jason Furman, the previous Chairman, was appointed by President Obama on June 10,2013. The councils chairman is nominated by the president and approved by the United States Senate, the members are appointed by the president. The staff of the consists of a chief of staff as well as about twenty economists. Many of the staff economists are academics on leave or government economists on temporary assignment from other agencies, in 1949 a dispute broke out between Chairman Edwin Nourse and member Leon Keyserling. In 1949 Keyserling gained support from powerful Truman advisors Dean Acheson, Nourse resigned as chairman, warning about the dangers of budget deficits and increased funding of wasteful defense costs. The Eisenhower Administration supported an activist contracyclical approach that helped to establish Keynesianism as a bipartisan economic policy for the nation. Especially important in formulating the CEA response to the public works programs, easing credit. The 1978 Humphrey–Hawkins Act required each administration to move toward full employment and it has made CEAs annual economic report highly political in nature, as well as highly unreliable and inaccurate over the standard two or five year projection periods
27.
Office of the United States Trade Representative
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Established as the Office of the Special Trade Representative under the Trade Expansion Act of 1962, the USTR is part of the Executive Office of the President. With over 200 employees, the USTR has offices in Geneva, Switzerland, the Obama administrations last U. S. Trade Representative was Michael Froman, who assumed the office on June 21,2013. To fill the post, the President nominates someone for the position, the United States Trade Representative and Deputy United States Trade Representatives carry the title of Ambassador. Michael Froman served as the US Trade Representative until 2017, with Michael Punke, Ambassador Punke also concurrently serves as the U. S. Ambassador to the World Trade Organization. On May 2,2013, President Obama nominated Michael Froman to succeed Ambassador Ron Kirk as the U. S. Trade Representative, the Senate confirmed Froman on June 19,2013, and he was sworn into office on June 21,2013. The USTR participates in the World Trade Organization, which is currently in the Doha Development Round and this is partially managed by the USTR Office of WTO and Multilateral Affairs. Relevant WTO agreements include the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the National Trade Estimate Report on Foreign Trade Barriers is an annual series that surveys prepared by the USTR, which reports significant foreign barriers to U. S. exports. Since 1986, the NTE provides, where feasible, quantitative estimates of the impact of foreign practices on the value of U. S. exports. Information is also included on actions taken to eliminate barriers and it is based on information provided by USTR, the U. S. Departments of Commerce and Agriculture, and other agencies and sources, the Special 301 Report is prepared annually by the USTR under Section 182 as amended of the Trade Act of 1974. In 2006, along with the International Intellectual Property Alliance, the USTR published a list of places where large-scale copyright infringement takes place in the Special 301 Report, since 2010, the notorious markets report has been published as a separate report
28.
National Security Advisor (United States)
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The APNSA also participates in the meetings of the National Security Council and usually chairs the Principals Committee meetings with the Secretary of State and Secretary of Defense. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs is appointed by the President without confirmation by the Senate. Ideally, the APNSA serves as an honest broker of policy options for the President in the field of national security, in 1949, the NSC became part of the presidents executive office. The National Security Act of 1947 did not create the position of the National Security Advisor per se, robert Cutler became the first National Security Advisor in 1953. The system has remained unchanged since then, particularly since Kennedys time, with powerful National Security Advisors and strong staff. This continuity persists despite the tendency of new president to replace the advisor and senior NSC staff. Henry Kissinger, President Richard Nixons National Security Advisor, enhanced the importance of the role, controlling the flow of information to the President and meeting him multiple times per day. Henry Kissinger also holds the distinction of serving as National Security Advisor and United States Secretary of State at the time from September 22,1973. Robert Cutler also held the job twice, both times under Dwight D. Eisenhower, henry Kissinger holds the record for longest term of service. Michael Flynn holds the record for shortest term of service, three and Four-Star Generals require Senate confirmation due to the statutory nature requiring Congress to appoint their military rank. United States National Security Council Executive Office of the President Homeland Security Council Homeland Security Advisor 2009-02, The National Security Advisor and Staff
29.
John R. Bolton
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John Robert Bolton is an American lawyer and diplomat who has served in several Republican administrations. Bolton served as the U. S. ambassador to the United Nations from August 2005 until December 2006 as an appointee by President George W. Bush. C. law firm Kirkland & Ellis. He was a policy adviser to 2012 presidential candidate Mitt Romney. Bolton is also involved with a number of conservative think tanks and policy institutes, including the Institute of East-West Dynamics, the National Rifle Association. Commission on International Religious Freedom, the Council for National Policy and the Gatestone Institute, Bolton has been labeled as a neoconservative, though he personally rejects the term. Bolton was born on November 20,1948 in Baltimore, Maryland, the son of Virginia Clara Ginny, a housewife, and Edward Jackson Jack Bolton, a fireman. He grew up in the neighborhood of Yale Heights and won a scholarship to the McDonogh School in Owings Mills, Maryland. He also ran the schools Students For Goldwater campaign in 1964 and he then attended Yale University and Yale Law School, where he shared classes with his friend Clarence Thomas, and was a contemporary of Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham at Yale Law School. He was a member of the Yale Political Union, and he earned a B. A. graduating summa cum laude in 1970, during the 1969 Vietnam War draft lottery, Bolton drew number 185. Bolton enlisted in the Maryland Army National Guard in 1970 rather than wait to find out if his number would be called. After serving in the National Guard for four years, he served in the United States Army Reserve until the end of his enlistment two years later and he wrote in his Yale 25th reunion book I confess I had no desire to die in a Southeast Asian rice paddy. I considered the war in Vietnam already lost, Boltons first wife was Christine Bolton, whom he married in 1972 and divorced in 1983. He is married to Gretchen Smith Bolton and she has degrees from Wellesley College and New York University. The couples home is currently in Bethesda, Maryland and they have one daughter, Jennifer Sarah Bolton. From 1974 to 1981, Bolton was an associate at the Washington office of Covington & Burling, Bolton was also a partner in the law firm of Lerner, Reed, Bolton & McManus, from 1993–1999. He is currently of counsel in the Washington office of Kirkland & Ellis, before joining the George W. Bush administration, Bolton was senior vice president for public policy research at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank, from 1997 to 2001. Between 1997 and 2000, Bolton also worked pro bono as an assistant to James Baker in Bakers capacity as Kofi Annans personal envoy to the Western Sahara. During the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations, he worked in positions within the State Department, the Justice Department
30.
Kevin Hassett
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Kevin Allen Hassett is an American economist. He is best known for his work on tax policy and for coauthoring Dow 36,000, Hassett is currently a senior fellow and director of economic policy studies at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank. He was among Mitt Romneys economic advisers for the 2012 presidential campaign, in early 2017, Hassett was chosen as the pick by President Trump to chair the Council of Economic Advisers. Hassett is a native of Greenfield, Massachusetts, where he graduated from Greenfield High School and he received a B. A. in economics from Swarthmore College and a Ph. D. in economics from the University of Pennsylvania. He was an assistant professor of economics at Columbia Business School from 1989 to 1993, from 1992 to 1997, Hassett was an economist in the Division of Research and Statistics at the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. He served as a consultant to the United States Treasury Department during the George H. W. Bush. Hassett joined AEI as a resident scholar in 1997 and he worked on tax policy, fiscal policy, energy issues, and investing in the stock market. He collaborated with R. Glenn Hubbard on work on the surplus, income inequality. In 2003, Hassett was named director of economic studies at AEI. During his tenure at AEI, he became an increasingly prolific popular writer, penning articles in newspapers like the New York Times, the Washington Post. He writes a column for National Review and, since 2005. Hassett is coauthor with James K. Glassman of Dow 36,000 and it was published in 1999 before the dot-com bubble burst. The books title was based on a calculation that, in the absence of the equity premium, in its introduction, Glassman and Hassett wrote that the book will convince you of the single most important fact about stocks at the dawn of the twenty-first century, They are cheap. If you are worried about missing the big move upward. Stocks are now in the midst of a rise to much higher ground–to the neighborhood of 36,000 on the Dow Jones industrial average. As of March 9,2009, the trough of the 2008–9 bear market, as of January 17,2014, the Dow Jones was at 16,476.73, 54% below his 36,000 prediction. Nobel laureate Paul Krugman argued on his faculty website that the book contained basic arithmetic errors and was very silly. The book was criticized by Washington Post reporter Carlos Lozada
31.
Council on Environmental Quality
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The most recent CEQ chairman was Nancy Sutley, who was appointed by President Barack Obama on December 15,2008, and confirmed by the Senate on January 22,2009. Sutley announced that she was stepping down as Chair of the Council on Environmental Quality in February 2014, following the inauguration of President Donald Trump on January 20th,2017, Ted Boling is the acting director. The CEQ website was removed upon President Trumps inauguration, as of February 23,2017, the CEQ vacated their offices, and future plans have not been disclosed. The United States Congress established the CEQ within the Executive Office of the President as part of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, the CEQ was assigned additional responsibilities by the Environmental Quality Improvement Act of 1970. Under NEPA, CEQ works to balance environmental, economic, NEPA tasks CEQ with ensuring that federal agencies meet their obligations under the Act, granting the body a significant role in environmental protection. Through inter-agency working groups and coordination with other EOP bodies, CEQ also works to advance the agenda on the environment, natural resources. Bush Administration, there were concerns over links between CEQ staffers and the industries it oversaw, BBC Environment Analyst Roger Harrabin described it as a hard-line group of advisers with close links to the U. S. oil industry. One CEQ chief of staff under President Bush, Philip Cooney, was previously a lobbyist employed by the American Petroleum Institute, in June 2005, the New York Times published an internal CEQ memo provided by federal whistleblower Rick Piltz. The memo showed Cooney had repeatedly edited government climate reports in order to play down links between emissions and global warming, Cooney, who claimed he had been planning to resign for two years, resigned two days after the scandal broke to spend more time with his family. Immediately after resigning, Cooney went to work for ExxonMobil in their public affairs department, in 2005 Piltz created a watchdog organization, Climate Science Watch, a program of the Government Accountability Project. President Bushs CEQ chairman James L
32.
Executive Residence
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The Executive Residence is the central building of the White House complex located between the East Wing and West Wing. It is the most recognizable part of the complex, being the house part of the White House. This central building, first constructed from 1792 to 1800, is home to the President of the United States, the Executive Residence primarily occupies four floors, the Ground Floor, the State Floor, the Second Floor, and the Third Floor. A two-story sub-basement with mezzanine, created during the 1948–to-1952 Truman reconstruction, is used for HVAC and mechanical systems, storage and this level was added during the 1948-to-1952 renovation, and contains the air conditioning and water softening equipment. The Ground Floor of the White House originally contained service rooms, the White House is built on a slight hill that slopes to the south. Architect James Hoban designed the Ground Floor so that the kitchen was directly beneath the Entrance Hall, storerooms were east of the kitchen, while a toilet and dishwashing room were to the west. The kitchen was relocated into the two rooms in the northwest corner of the Ground Floor by 1846, while the old kitchen space as transformed into an informal sitting room/reception space. As of 2010, this central space originally occupied by the kitchen in the early 1800s had been subdivided into offices for the White House Curator. The kitchen, too, continues to occupy the three rooms in the northwest corner of the Ground Floor. The storeroom to the east of the kitchen became a pantry in 1809, a locker in 1825. This area remains unchanged as of 2010, with the exception of the narrowing of the stairs in 1952 to create an elevator shaft. The storeroom in the northeast corner of the Ground Floor remained in use as storage space only until 1809, in 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt hired the architectural firm of McKim, Mead & White to renovate the White House. They turned the room into a gentlemans anteroom and this room became the White House Library in 1935. First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy radically transformed the room in 1961, Kennedy consulted initially with a group consisting of members of the United States Commission of Fine Arts, designers from the American Institute of Interior Designers, and historians. The AIID agreed to take on the job of refurbishing the room, Lenygon designed an early American library room in the Federal style. Except for minor changes, the White House Library remains the same as of 2010. The toilet and laundry room west of the kitchen became general-use work areas by 1809, and a pantry, small kitchen, by 1946, these had become general workrooms, with a narrow, winding staircase inserted into the room closest to the former kitchen. The 1952 renovation turned the winding staircase into a steep, straight stairs, as of 2010, a pantry-sized refrigerator also occupied a portion of this space
33.
White House Chief Usher
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The White House Chief Usher is the head of household staff and operations at the White House, the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States of America. Although the White House has had staff since it opened, the head of operations for most of the 1800s was the First Lady of the United States. The position of Chief Usher was not established until 1891, in the administration of President Benjamin Harrison, however, the title Chief Usher was not formalized until later. The term chief usher had been used by the press as early as August 1887, the official title, Chief Usher, was not created until 1897. William Dubois was the first to use the title. Thomas E. Stone was the first individual to have the title of Chief Usher bestowed on him throughout his tenure. The average length of service for a Chief Usher is 20 years, the longest serving White House Chief Usher is Irwin H. Ike Hoover, who served as Chief Usher for 24 of his 42 years in the White House. The second-longest serving Chief Usher is Gary J. Walters, who spent 21 years in the position, the current and ninth Chief Usher is Angella Reid, a former general manager of the Ritz-Carlton Hotel at Pentagon City in Virginia. Administratively, the Office of the Chief Usher resides within a known as The Executive Residence. Within The Executive Residence are three offices, The Office of the Chief Usher, the Office of the White House Curator, and the Office of Calligraphy. The Office of the Chief Usher is one of 60 offices within EOP, physically, the Chief Usher is located in the Ushers Office on the State Floor of the White House, near the Cross Hall and Entrance Hall and beside the entrance to the North Portico. The Chief Usher serves at the pleasure of the President, and has no job tenure or civil service protections, the Chief Usher has a personal staff of seven, but oversees a total Executive Residence staff of about 90. The Chief Usher is charged with the operation of the White House Complex. Develops and administers the budget for the operation, maintenance, the Chief Usher oversees the First Familys private as well as public life, meeting the private needs of the family and working to ensure that public and private events do not conflict. Generally, the Chief Usher hosts a meeting with all White House offices early on every Monday morning to review the weeks events, the Chief Ushers budgetary duties are extensive. The Chief Usher oversaw an Executive Residence budget of $16.4 million in 2001, overtime is extensive, In 2001,19 work-years of overtime were budgeted. The Chief Usher also works closely with the Office of the Social Secretary to ensure that expenditures are charged to the government agency. For example, costs for a State Dinner must be charged to the United States Department of State, the First Family may host an event at the White House, but the event might actually be paid for an external sponsor
34.
Office of Administration
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The Office of Administration is an entity within the Executive Office of the President tasked with overseeing the general administration of the entire Executive Office. The organizations mission is to provide services to all entities of the Executive Office of the President. The Director of the organization oversees the submission of the annual budget Request, the core functions include the Facility Request Program, Space Management, Project Oversight, Conference and Meeting Support, Preservation Stewardship, and Recycling Program Management. As part of the Facilities Management Division, the Preservation Offices mission is the preservation of the historic, direct and manage public education programs on the history of the EOP properties
35.
Mick Mulvaney
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John Michael Mick Mulvaney is an American politician in the Republican Party and director of the Office of Management and Budget. He was nominated as OMB director by President Donald Trump in December 2016, Mulvaney served in the South Carolina General Assembly from 2007–2011, first in the State House of Representatives and then the State Senate. Mulvaney was born in Alexandria, Virginia and grew up in Charlotte, North Carolina, before moving to Indian Land and he attended Charlotte Catholic High School and then Georgetown University, where he majored in International Economics, Commerce and Finance. At Georgetown, he was an Honors Scholar, the highest level of academic achievement awarded to members of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Mulvaney attended law school at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He earned a scholarship to attend law school, where his focus was on anti-trust law. He graduated with his J. D. degree in 1992, from 1992 to 1997, Mulvaney practiced law with the firm James, McElroy & Diehl. Mulvaney joined his familys homebuilding and real estate business and he participated in the Owners and Presidents Management Program at Harvard Business School. He was a minority shareholder and owner-operator in Salsaritas Fresh Cantina, Mulvaney was elected to the South Carolina House of Representatives in 2006. While in the State Senate, Mulvaney served on the Judiciary, Labor/Commerce/Industry, Medical Affairs, Agriculture/Natural Resources, the Palmetto Family Council identified him as the Freshman Legislator of the Year in 2006 for his work on the South Carolina ultrasound bill. In 2010 he was named Legislator of the Year for his work in support of the States Emergency Medical Services and he has received one of the few A+ ratings in the entire legislature from the South Carolina Club for Growth. Mulvaney, a GOP Young Gun, ran against Democratic incumbent John Spratt for South Carolinas 5th congressional district, the race was highlighted by Mitt Romneys Free and Strong America PACs Take Congress Back,10 in 10 initiative as one of the top 10 House challenger races. Mulvaney denied the allegations and said that the failure was due to Democratic economic policies. He defeated Spratt, who had held the seat since 1983, Mulvaneys campaign against Spratt was aided by a 501 organization named the Commission on Hope, Growth, and Opportunity. The group, which was established by anonymous donors and run by lobbyist Scott W and he won re-election to a second term, by defeating Democrat Joyce Knott 56%–44%. He won re-election to a term, by defeating Democrat Tom Adams. Mulvaney cofounded the bipartisan Blockchain Caucus, meant to help congressmen stay up to speed on cryptocurrency and blockchain technologies, Mulvaney faced Ray Craig in the Republican primary and defeated him 78–22%. Mulvaney was re-elected to a term, winning over 59% of the vote. Mulvaney opposes the Affordable Care Act, in 2015, Mulvaney voted against a government-funding resolution, which would have prevented a government shutdown, in part because it included funding for Planned Parenthood
36.
Office of National Drug Control Policy
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The Director of National Drug Control Policy, colloquially known as the Drug Czar, heads the office. Drug Czar was a term first used in the media by then-Senator Joe Biden in October 1982, the most recent director is Michael Botticelli, who took over from former director Gil Kerlikowske in March 2014, but departed the role in January 2017. The Fiscal Year 2011 National Drug Control Budget proposed by the Obama Administration would devote significant new resources to the prevention and these resources are complemented by an aggressive effort to enhance domestic law enforcement, interdiction, and supply control programs. New resources, $340 million, are added to the prevention and it was co-sponsored in the House of Representatives by parties leaders, Tom Foley and Robert Michel, and it passed by margins of 346–11 and 87–3 in the House and Senate, respectively. Upon signing the law, Ronald Reagan said, This bill is the product of a bipartisan effort, Committee members said they would request funding for a study of ONDCP by the National Academy of Public Administration. They also ordered a Government Accountability Office study on the distribution of grants, plus, they directed the Director to provide quarterly updates on travel expenditures, staffing levels and plans for future hirings. In 2005, the Bush Administration proposed transferring the $225 million High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Program from ONDCP to the Department of Justice, the program gives additional money to communities with chronic illicit drug sales. According to the Washington Post, Many lawmakers oppose the transfer for fear the program would become less of a priority, by law, the drug czar must oppose any attempt to legalize the use of illicit drugs. Is listed in schedule I of section 202 of the Controlled Substances Act, clearly, the Deputy Directors statements reflect one perspective regarding marijuana - a perspective that is disputed by others with different viewpoints. The Deputy Directors statements about marijuana are thus within the role assigned to ONDCP. Given this role, we do not see a need to examine the accuracy of the Deputy Directors individual statements in detail, the percentage was up slightly compared to 2004. Youth drug use declined for the year in a row. In 2008, ONDCP reported that actual youth drug use, as measured as the percent reporting past month use, has declined from 19. 4% to 14. 8% among middle and high school students between 2001 and 2007. The statement by said We believe there is a body of evidence that indicates the campaign is working, as planned, to change drug attitudes, intentions. Walters blamed poor ads that werent resonating with teenagers, the research company was paid $42.7 million for the five-year study. After the February 2005 report was received, the office continued the ad campaign, in the spring of 1998, the ONDCP began offering additional advertising dollars to networks that embedded anti-drug messages in their programming. They developed a system to decide which network shows would be valued. Receiving advance copies of scripts, they assigned financial value to each shows anti-drug message, then they would suggest ways that the networks could increase the payments they would get
37.
Office of Science and Technology Policy
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The director of this office is colloquially known as the Presidents Science Advisor. As of February 15,2017, President Donald Trump is considering William Happer or David Gelernter to fill the position, dr. John Holdren, Director, nominated in December 2008, served as Science Advisor to President Barack Obama. Holdren also co-chaired the Presidents Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology and supported the Presidents National Science, President Richard M. Nixon eliminated the Presidents Science Advisory Committee after his second Science Advisor, Edward E. David Jr. resigned in 1973, rather than appointing a replacement. The OSTPs mission is set out in the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, the act calls for the OSTP to serve as a source of scientific and technological analysis and judgment for the President with respect to major policies, plans, and programs of the federal government. The OSTP handles a broad range of scientific and technological issues within the Executive Office of the President, the OSTP has approximately 45 staff members, most of whom are experienced scientists functioning as assistant directors or policy analysts
38.
Nick Ayers
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He currently serves as principal of C5 Creative Consulting, based in Atlanta, and is one of four leading figures in America First Policies, a pro-Trump nonprofit organization founded in January 2017. From November 2016 to January 2017, Ayers was a Senior Adviser to President-elect Donald Trumps transition team, in 2010, Ayers was named as one of Time Magazines 40 most influential people in politics under the age of 40, highlighting his growing influence in national politics. Ayers grew up in southern Cobb County, Georgia, Ayers described himself as being rather taken with President Clinton and then-Governor Zell Miller, a Democrat, in the 1990s. Ayers graduated from South Cobb High School in 2000 and he then went on to study at Kennesaw State University, where eventually earned his B. A. in Political Science in 2009. Ayers also studied International and Government Affairs at the University of Surrey at Roehampton in London, while studying for his undergraduate degree, Ayers joined the College Republicans, becoming president of the schools chapter. During this time, he met Sonny Perdue, who at the time was planning to run for Governor, Ayers joined Perdues campaign, as a teenage “body man” for the Republican state senator, taking time off from Kennesaw State University. He initially went to school with dreams of being a banker, ”I had no interest in joining the campaign. I had my career planned out, I truly did not believe Governor Roy Barnes could be beat at the time, “ Ayers said at the time. “After 10 minutes of talking to Sonny, I was one hundred percent confident he was the person to run this state. ”Perdue was successful in unseating Democratic incumbent Roy Barnes. ”When we won, I had the option of basically being the adviser to a governor or a freshman in college. Studying nights and weekends, he worked on his college diploma over the seven years. In 2004, at age 22, he was named manager of Perdues re-election committee and he was cited as one of the Republican Partys five fastest rising stars in the nation by the Atlanta Journal Constitution along with the likes of then-Louisiana Congressman Bobby Jindal. Two years later, in November 2006, Perdue was re-elected by a 20-point margin, the year was not without its difficulties for Ayers. On October 25,2006 -- days before the election -- he was stopped by the Georgia State Patrol for failure to maintain his lane, driving 50 mph in a 35-mph zone, and suspicion of drunk driving. Ayers himself admitted to consuming a strong Jack and Coke, subsequently failed the field-sobriety test, Ayers was cited for DUI, the charges were later reduced to reckless driving. Perdue was elected to a stint as Chairman of the Republican Governors Association. Their plan was accepted by the Governors, and Ayers and Bennecke served through four gubernatorial cycles encompassing all 50 states, at the beginning, Republicans were reeling from a terrible 2006 cycle, and held only 22 statehouses. When they left in early 2011, the GOP held 29 Governorships, when Ayers began his tenure, the RGA was a relatively spartan operation with a budget of $20 million, and a low national profile
39.
Domestic Policy Council
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The council forms part of the Office of White House Policy which contains the DPC, the National Economic Council and various subordinate offices, such as the Office of National AIDS Policy. The Director of the DPC is titled the Assistant to the President, the Domestic Policy Council was established on April 11,1985 by President Ronald Reagan. The first Executive Director of the Council was Dr. Ralph Bledsoe, President George H. W. Bush re-established the Council on February 8,1989, appointing Dr. Kenneth Yale as Executive Director of the Council. On August 16,1993, the Council was expanded by Executive Order 12859, the Council oversees development and implementation of the President’s domestic policy agenda and ensures coordination and communication among the heads of relevant Federal offices and agencies. Even before the creation of the DPC, some form of a domestic policy staff had existed in the White House since the 1960s. President Lyndon B. Johnson assigned a senior-level aide to organize staff, in 1970, President Richard M. Nixon issued an executive order that created the Office of Policy Development, a large White House office with jurisdiction over economic and domestic policy
