1.
Mardi Gras
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Mardi Gras is French for Fat Tuesday, reflecting the practice of the last night of eating richer, fatty foods before the ritual fasting of the Lenten season. Related popular practices are associated with Shrovetide celebrations before the fasting, in countries such as England, Mardi Gras is also known as Shrove Tuesday, which is derived from the word shrive, meaning confess. In many areas, the term Mardi Gras has come to mean the period of activity related to the celebratory events. In some American cities, it is now called Mardi Gras Day, the festival season varies from city to city, as some traditions, such as the one in New Orleans, Louisiana, consider Mardi Gras to stretch the entire period from Twelfth Night to Ash Wednesday. Others treat the final period before Ash Wednesday as the Mardi Gras. In earlier times, parades were held on New Years Day, Carnival is an important celebration in Anglican and Catholic European nations. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the week before Ash Wednesday is called Shrovetide and it has its popular celebratory aspects, as well. Pancakes and related fried breads or pastries made with sugar, fat, and eggs are traditionally consumed at this time in many parts of Latin America. The Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras is an annual LGBT pride parade and festival in Sydney, Australia, attended by hundreds of thousands of people from around Australia and overseas. In the Belgian city of Binche, the Mardi Gras festival is one of the most important days of the year, around 1000 Gilles dance throughout the city from morning until past dusk, whilst traditional carnival songs play. In 2003, the Carnival of Binche was proclaimed one of the Masterpieces of the Oral, Carnival is the most famous Brazilian holiday. During this time, Brazil attracts 70% of its tourists, variations in carnival celebrations are observed throughout the multitude of Brazilian cities. Yet, a commonality observed among them is the incorporation of samba into the celebrations, the southeastern cities of Brazil have massive parades that take place in large sambadromes. The Rio Carnival is where two million people celebrate in the city, the city of Salvador holds a very large carnival celebration where millions of people celebrate the party in the streets of the city with a very big diversity of musical styles together. Cayman Mardi Gras has now been recognised as one of the national festivals. Celebrating the traditional Fat Tuesday, they also host a festive Monday Food Festival as well as an all day EDM Ash Wednesday, the event attracts thousands of attendees during the 3 day festival and includes a line up of international celebrities and performers. The Cayman Mardi Gras Festival is slowly becoming a major tourist attraction to the island nation, Carnaval de Barranquilla is Colombias Mardi Gras celebration. In 2003, it was proclaimed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral, in the Czech Republic it is a folk tradition to celebrate Mardi Gras, which is called Masopust
2.
Mark Roberts (streaker)
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Mark Roberts is a British streaker who has run naked during several international events. A father of three, Roberts streaking began when he saw a female streaker run naked down a 1993 Rugby Sevens game in Hong Kong, after a bet in a bar, he went naked in front of the crowd himself the next day. Roberts lives on unemployment benefits and has ever had one job. According to Roberts, he was mandated to surrender his passport whenever an English football team played abroad following a 2001 conviction for streaking and it is unclear how long this mandate was in place. A2002 advertisement created by the ad agency Dimension for Spanish sportswear company Athletico Bilbao featured Mark Roberts streaking fully clothed during a football game. It won a award at the 2003 Cannes Festival. In January 2003, Roberts flew to San Diego, California, United States and he was unable to get tickets to that game, but succeeded next year on Super Bowl XXXVIII, in Houston, Texas. Just before the start of the half, he ran onto the field disguised as a referee, undressed. Tackled by members of the New England Patriots and Carolina Panthers, as well as by police and security, in June 2004 he was given a fine of $1000 for trespassing. Roberts planned on retiring by streaking at the 2006 World Cup final in Germany, later on, in 2007 Roberts ran out on the field of Wembley Stadium during the NFLs first regular season game outside of North America between the New York Giants and Miami Dolphins. The very next year, Roberts struck again, this time in the final of the World Snooker Championship 2008 between Ronnie OSullivan and Ali Carter and he did so previously at the same venue in 2004. In March 2010 Roberts was seen sporting a mask over his genitals at Crufts. In 2011 the artist Benedikt Dichgans hired Roberts to streak in Tate Britain and at the Turner Prize and he was also featured in the 2011 Banksy-produced documentary, The Antics Roadshow. In 2013, he was subject of the Channel 4 documentary Streak, the Man Who Cant Keep His Clothes On. He announced his retirement but not before one last streak. Public nudity Streaking Jimmy Jump Site of Mark Roberts
3.
Streaking
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Streaking is the act of running naked through a public place as a prank, dare or an act of protest. It is often associated with sporting events but can occur in more secluded areas and it usually involves running quickly which also reflects the original meaning of the word before it became associated with nudity. Streakers are often pursued by sporting officials or by the police, the name Peeping Tom for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Tom watched her ride and was struck blind or dead. At 7,00 PM on 5 July 1799, a man was arrested at the Mansion House, London and he confirmed that he had accepted a wager of 10 guineas to run naked from Cornhill to Cheapside. Robert E. Lee later sanctioned streaking as a rite of passage for young Washington, crump was suspended for the academic session, but later went on to become a U. S. Congressman. Streaking seems to have been well-established on some college campuses by the mid-1960s, the magazine of Carleton College described the phenomenon in negative terms associating it with rock culture, drinking and destruction. At that time, streaking was a tradition on the Minnesota campus during January and February when temperatures hovered around zero degrees Fahrenheit, time magazine, in December 1973, called streaking a growing Los Angeles-area fad that was catching on among college students and other groups. There was also a streaker at the real Olympics in Montreal, Canada, the word has been used in its modern sense only since the 1960s. The term streaking was popularized by a reporter for a local Washington and that nude run had 533 participants. As the collected mass of nude students exited Bel Air dorm and they are streaking past me right now. The next day it was out on the Associated Press wire as streaking and had nationwide coverage and it is also distinct from flashing, in that the intent is generally not to shock or traumatize a victim. Streakers may streak only once or a few times, possibly as a result of a dare, the most public form of streaking is running naked before huge crowds at sporting events. However, many streakers seek quieter venues, such as a neighborhood at night after most people have gone to bed. Some have even found it satisfying to streak on rural highways in the very early hours of the morning. A number of streakers do not intend to expose themselves to others, but find it thrilling to do it in places that often have people present, Streaking may be an individual or a group activity. It is not uncommon for videos of some of the more daring streaks to find popularity on the internet, many jurisdictions have precedents, establishing that public nudity, even if offensive, may not rise to the level of indecent exposure unless it is sexually motivated. However, that does not preclude attempts at prosecution, the prevalence of streaking greatly varies from place to place. It is reportedly common in San Francisco, where the police are prohibited by local authorities from making arrests for public nudity absent an outright lewd act
4.
Hong Kong Sevens
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The Hong Kong Sevens is considered the premier tournament on the World Rugby Sevens Series competition. The Hong Kong Sevens is currently the seventh tournament on the World Series calendar, the tournament spans three days, beginning on a Friday and concluding on Sunday. The tournament is organised each year by the Hong Kong Rugby Union, the Hong Kong Sevens was originally the idea of the Marketing and Promotions Manager of Rothmans Export for a Pan Asia 15s Rugby Tournament. Rodney Bentham-Wood wanted Rothmans to sponsor a pan Asia rugby Tournament, leah May was considering Carlsberg as the main sponsor. However, after a discussion between him and the chairman of the HKRFU, South African entrepreneur, A. D. C, tokkie Smith, it was decided that a Sevens Tournament would be cheaper and simpler to set up. The idea was implemented by Duncan McTavish, Trevor J. Bedford OBE and Ian Gow. After an initial proposal was refused by the Rugby Football Union in England and this was an important step as this was one of the first rugby tournaments that attracted commercial sponsorship. These two clubs met in the final where the Cantabrians won 24-8, the series then grew into a competition with national representative sevens sides competing, and with this growth, the tournament moved to the Hong Kong Stadium in 1982. South Korea and Western Samoa were every bit as good as Japan, after the first day of the play when the top eight seeded teams meet the smaller fish in a pool system, the second day is divided into three different competitions. The strength of this tournament is that on the opening day the most famous players in the world share a pitch with unknown opponents from countries where Rugby is a minority sport. While tournaments like the Hong Kong Sevens continue to be played, there is, too, scintillating running and handling which is what the game is supposed to be all about. In 1994, the venue was deemed too small for the tournament and was rebuilt into a 40,000 seat stadium now named the Hong Kong Stadium, today,24 national representative sides compete in the tournament. These include the 16 core members of the IRB Sevens World Series, in 1997 and 2005, the Hong Kong Sevens was not held, taking its place was the Rugby World Cup Sevens, which Hong Kong hosted in both years. Fiji won both World Cup Sevens tournaments, in 1998, the first tournament after the transfer of sovereignty to China, tickets were not sold internationally and the event was stricken with a bankrupt sponsor Peregrine. In 2011, after HSBC negotiated title sponsorship to the entire World Sevens Series tournaments, the teams are divided into six pools of four teams, who play a round-robin within the pool. The winning team of the tournament acquires 30 points towards its rankings in the World Series instead of the normal 22, and the runner-up earns 25 points instead of the normal 19. Through the 2008–09 World Series, the Hong Kong Sevens awarded 24 points to the runner-up, the 2010 edition saw several significant changes to the tournament format. Foremost among these changes was the introduction of the fourth-level Shield trophy, further major changes were made to the event for 2013
5.
Breast
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The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of female primates. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk, both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. At puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause breast development, the breasts of females are typically far more prominent than those of males. Subcutaneous fat covers and envelops a network of ducts that converge on the nipple, at the ends of the ducts are lobules, or clusters of alveoli, where milk is produced and stored in response to hormonal signals. Upon childbirth, the alveoli are stimulated to produce and secrete milk for infants, along with their function in feeding infants, female breasts have social and sexual characteristics. Breasts have been featured in ancient and modern sculpture, art. Female breasts can figure prominently in a perception of her body image. A number of Western cultures associate breasts with sexuality and tend to regard bare breasts in public as immodest or indecent, Breasts and especially the nipples are an erogenous zone on women. The English word breast derives from the Old English word brēost from Proto-Germanic breustam, the breast spelling conforms to the Scottish and North English dialectal pronunciations. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary states that Middle English brest, from Old English brēost, Old Irish brú, Russian bryukho, the first known usage of the term was before the 12th century. A large number of terms for breasts are used in English. Some vulgar slang expressions may be considered to be derogatory or sexist to women, at the front of the chest, the breast tissue can extend from the clavicle to the middle of the sternum. At the sides of the chest, the breast tissue can extend into the axilla, as a mammary gland, the breast is composed of differing layers of tissue, predominantly two types, adipose tissue, and glandular tissue, which affects the lactation functions of the breasts. Morphologically the breast is a cone, with the base at the chest wall and the apex at the nipple, the superficial tissue layer is separated from the skin by 0. 5–2.5 cm of subcutaneous fat. The suspensory Coopers ligaments are fibrous-tissue prolongations that radiate from the superficial fascia to the skin envelope, the female adult breast contains 14–18 irregular lactiferous lobes that converge at the nipple. Milk exits the breast through the nipple, which is surrounded by an area of skin called the areola. The size of the areola can vary widely among women, the areola contains modified sweat glands known as Montgomerys glands. These glands secrete oily fluid that lubricate and protect the nipple during breastfeeding, volatile compounds in these secretions may also serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborns appetite
6.
Intimate relationship
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An intimate relationship is an interpersonal relationship that involves physical and/or emotional intimacy. Physical intimacy is characterized by friendship, platonic love, romantic love, while the term intimate relationship commonly implies the inclusion of a sexual relationship, the term is also used as a euphemism for a relationship that is strictly sexual. Intimate relationships play a role in the overall human experience. Humans have a desire to belong and to love, which is usually satisfied within an intimate relationship. These relationships involve feelings of liking or loving one or more people, romance, physical or sexual attraction, sexual relationships, Intimate relationships allow a social network for people to form strong emotional attachments. Intimacy generally refers to the feeling of being in a personal association. It is a familiar and very close connection with another as a result of a bond that is formed through knowledge. Genuine intimacy in human relationships requires dialogue, transparency, vulnerability, the verb intimate means to state or make known. The activity of intimating underpins the meanings of intimate when used as a noun, the noun intimate means a person with whom one has a particularly close relationship. The adjective intimate indicates detailed knowledge of a thing or person, in human relationships, the meaning and level of intimacy varies within and between relationships. Intimate conversations become the basis for confidences that bind people together, to sustain intimacy for any length of time requires well-developed emotional and interpersonal awareness. Intimacy requires an ability to be separate and together participants in an intimate relationship. It results in a connection in which there is an emotional range involving both robust conflict and intense loyalty, lacking the ability to differentiate oneself from the other is a form of symbiosis, a state that is different from intimacy, even if feelings of closeness are similar. From a center of self-knowledge and self differentiation, intimate behavior joins family members and it evolves through reciprocal self-disclosure and candor. Psychological consequences of intimacy problems are found in adults who have difficulty in forming and maintaining intimate relationships, individuals often experience the human limitations of their partners, and develop a fear of adverse consequences of disrupted intimate relationships. Studies show that fear of intimacy is negatively related to comfort with emotional closeness and with relationship satisfaction, scholars distinguish between four different forms of intimacy, physical, emotional, cognitive, and experiential. Physical intimacy is sensual proximity or touching, examples include being inside someones personal space, holding hands, emotional intimacy, particularly in sexual relationships, typically develops after a certain level of trust has been reached and personal bonds have been established. Cognitive or intellectual intimacy takes place when two people exchange thoughts, share ideas and enjoy similarities and differences between their opinions, if they can do this in an open and comfortable way, they can become quite intimate in an intellectual area
7.
Indecent exposure
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Social and community attitudes to the exposing of various body parts and laws covering what is referred to as indecent exposure vary significantly in different countries. It ranges from outright prohibition to prohibition of exposure of certain parts, such as the genital area. Decency is generally judged by the standards of the local community, such standards may be based on religion, morality or tradition, or justified on the basis of necessary to public order. Non-sexual exhibitionism or public nudity is considered indecent exposure. If sexual acts are performed, with or without an element of nudity, this can be considered gross indecency, in some countries, exposure of the body in breach of community standards of modesty is also considered to be public indecency. The legal and community standards of what states of undress constitute indecent exposure vary considerably and these standards have also varied over time, making the definition of indecent exposure itself a complex topic. It is generally accepted, at least in countries, that a naked human body is not in itself indecent. That principle is reflected, for example, in depiction of the form in art of various forms. Nevertheless, as a rule, it is also commonly expected that people when they appear in a public place will be appropriately attired. Inappropriateness is viewed in context, so that, for example, what may be appropriate on a beach may be inappropriate in a street, school or workplace. Depending on the context, some degree of inappropriateness may be tolerated, and perhaps described as eccentric, what is an inappropriate state of dress in a particular context depends on the standards of decency of the community where an exposure takes place. There is generally no implication that the state of dress objected to is of a nature, and if such an allegation were to be made. The standards of decency have varied over time, during the Victorian era, for example, exposure of a womans legs and some extent the arms, was considered indecent in much of the Western world. Hair was sometimes required to be covered in formal occasions as in a form a hat or bonnet. As late as the 1930s and to some extent, the 1950s, an adult woman exposing her navel was also considered indecent in the West into the 1960s and 1970s, and even as late as the 1980s. Moral values changed drastically during the 1990s and 2000s, which in turn changed the criteria for indecent exposure, Public exposure of the navel has been accepted during the 1990s, such as in beaches, while in the 2000s, the buttocks can be exposed while wearing a thong. Today, however, it is common for women to go topless at public beaches throughout Europe and South America. The effects may be enhanced by intended or unintended publication of a photograph or film of the act, breastfeeding in public does not constitute indecent exposure under the laws of the United States, Canada, Australia, or Scotland
8.
Herodotus
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Herodotus was a Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus in the Persian Empire and lived in the fifth century BC, a contemporary of Socrates. The Histories is the work which he is known to have produced. Despite Herodotus historical significance, little is known of his personal life and his place in history and his significance may be understood according to the traditions within which he worked. His work is the earliest Greek prose to have survived intact, of these only fragments of Hecataeuss work survive yet they allow us glimpses into the kind of tradition within which Herodotus wrote his own Histories. In his introduction to Hecataeus’s work, Genealogies, This points forward to the ‘folksy’ yet ‘international’ outlook typical of Herodotus. Yet, one scholar has described the work of Hecataeus as “a curious false start to history” since despite his critical spirit. It is possible that Herodotus borrowed much material from Hecataeus, as stated by Porphyry in a recorded by Eusebius. But Hecataeus did not record events that had occurred in living memory, unlike Herodotus, Herodotus claims to be better informed than his predecessors by relying on empirical observation to correct their excessive schematism. For example, He argues for continental asymmetry as opposed to the theory of a perfectly circular earth with Europe. Yet, he retains idealizing tendencies, as in his notions of the Danube. His debt to previous authors of prose ‘histories’ might be questionable, however, this point is one of the most contentious issues in modern scholarship. It is on account of the strange stories and the folk-tales he reported that his critics in early modern times branded him “The Father of Lies”. Even his own contemporaries found reason to scoff at his achievement, similarly, the Athenian historian Thucydides dismissed Herodotus as a “logos-writer”. Moreover, Thucydides developed a historical topic more in keeping with the Greek world-view, the interplay of civilizations was more relevant to Greeks living in Anatolia, such as Herodotus himself, for whom life within a foreign civilization was a recent memory. Modern scholars generally turn to Herodotus’s own writing for reliable information about his life, supplemented with ancient yet much later sources, modern accounts of his life typically go something like this, Herodotus was born at Halicarnassus around 484 BC. His name is not mentioned later in the tribute list of the Athenian Delian League, the epic poet Panyassis – a relative of Herodotus – is reported to have taken part in a failed uprising. Herodotus expresses affection for the island of Samos, and this is an indication that he might have lived there in his youth. So it is possible that his family was involved in an uprising against Lygdamis, leading to a period of exile on Samos, Herodotus wrote his Histories in the Ionian dialect, yet he was born in Halicarnassus, which was a Dorian settlement
9.
Histories (Herodotus)
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The Histories of Herodotus is now considered the founding work of history in Western literature. Although not an impartial record, it remains one of the Wests most important sources regarding these affairs. Moreover, it established the genre and study of history in the Western world, Herodotus portrays the conflict as one between the forces of slavery on the one hand, and freedom on the other. The Histories was at some point divided into the nine books that appear in modern editions, Herodotus claims to have traveled extensively around the ancient world, nearly all these territories were directly under the Persian Empire, conducting interviews and collecting stories for his book. At the beginning of The Histories, Herodotus sets out his reasons for writing it, The rapes of Io, Europa, and Medea, the subsequent Trojan War is marked as a precursor to later conflicts between peoples of Asia and Europe. Colchis, Colchians and Medea. mit. edu full text of all books George Campbell Macaulay,1904, full text,1, full text, vol.2 Project Gutenberg Alfred Denis Godley,1921, full text, librivox audiobook, vol. 1-3 The Histories unabridged online audiobook, Herodotus Histories, the 28 logoi Sheridan, Paul. Books 5-8 by A. D. Godley translation with footnotes, The Histories
10.
Bubastis
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Bubastis, also known in Arabic as Tell-Basta or in Egyptian as Per-Bast, was an Ancient Egyptian city. It was the capital of its own nome, located along the River Nile in the Delta region of Lower Egypt, Bubastis is often identified with the biblical Phibeseth. The name of Bubastis in Egyptian is Pr-Bȝśt. t, typically transcribed Per-Bast, PR means house and the second word is the name of the goddess Bast or Bastet. The phrase means House of Bast, Bubastis served as the capital of the nome of Am-Khent, the Bubastite nome, the 18th nome of Lower Egypt. Bubastis was situated southwest of Tanis, upon the side of the Pelusiac branch of the Nile. The nome and city of Bubastis were allotted to the Calasirian division of the Egyptian war-caste and it became a royal residence after Shoshenq I, the first ruler and founder of the 22nd dynasty, became pharaoh in 943 BC. Bubastis was its height during this dynasty and the 23rd and it declined after the Persian conquest by Cambyses II in 525 BC, which heralded the end of the Saite 26th dynasty and the start of the Achaemenid dynasty. After Bubastis was taken by the Persians, its walls were dismantled, from this period it gradually declined, although it appears in ecclesiastical annals among the episcopal sees of the province Augustamnica Secunda. Bubastite coins of the age of Hadrian exist, temples there are more spacious and costlier than that of Bubastis, but none so pleasant to behold. It is after the following fashion, each canal is a hundred feet wide, and its banks are lined with trees. The propylaea are sixty feet in height, and are adorned with nine feet high. Quite round the temple there goes a wall, adorned with sculptures, within the inclosure is a grove of fair tall trees, planted around a large building in which is the effigy. The form of temple is square, each side being a stadium in length. In a line with the entrance is a built of stone about three stadia long, leading eastwards through the public market. The road is about 400 feet broad, and is flanked by exceeding tall trees and it leads to the temple of Hermes. Bubastis was a center of worship for the feline goddess Bast, the cat was the sacred and peculiar animal of Bast, who is represented with the head of a cat or a lioness and frequently accompanies the deity Ptah in monumental inscriptions. The tombs at Bubastis were accordingly the principal depository in Egypt of the mummies of the cat, the most distinguished features of the city and nome of Bubastis were its oracle of Bast, the splendid temple of that goddess and the annual procession in honor of her. The men played on pipes of lotus, the women on cymbals and tambourines, and such as had no instruments accompanied the music with clapping of hands and dances, and other joyous gestures
11.
DSM-5
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition is the 2013 update to the American Psychiatric Associations classification and diagnostic tool. In the United States the DSM serves as an authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment recommendations, as well as payment by health care providers, are determined by DSM classifications. The DSM-5 was published on May 18,2013, superseding the DSM-IV-TR, the development of the new edition began with a conference in 1999, and proceeded with the formation of a Task Force in 2007, which developed and field-tested a variety of new classifications. In most respects DSM-5 is not greatly changed from DSM-IV-TR, in addition, the DSM-5 is the first living document version of a DSM. Various authorities criticized the fifth edition both before and after it was formally published, many of the members of work groups for the DSM-5 had conflicting interests, including ties to pharmaceutical companies. General criticism of the DSM-5 ultimately resulted in a petition, signed by many mental health organizations and this part of the article summarizes changes from DSM-IV to DSM-5. DSM-5 is divided into three Sections, using Roman numerals to designate each Section, the same organizational structure is used in this overview, e. g. Section I summarizes relevant changes discussed in DSM-5, Section I. Note that if a specific disorder cannot be seen, e. g. Section I describes DSM-5 chapter organization, its change from the multiaxial system, and Section IIIs dimensional assessments. The DSM-5 deleted the chapter that includes disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, a note under Anxiety Disorders says that the sequential order of at least some DSM-5 chapters has significance that reflects the relationships between diagnoses. This introductory section describes the process of DSM revision, including field trials, public and professional review and it states its goal is to harmonize with the ICD systems and share organizational structures as much as is feasible. Concern about the system of diagnosis is expressed, but the conclusion is the reality that alternative definitions for most disorders is scientifically premature. The new version replaces the NOS categories with two options, other specified disorder and unspecified disorder to increase the utility to the clinician. The first allows the clinician to specify the reason that the criteria for a specific disorder are not met, DSM-5 has discarded the multiaxial system of diagnosis, listing all disorders in Section II. It has replaced Axis IV with significant psychosocial and contextual features, the World Health Organizations Disability Assessment Schedule is added to Section III under Assessment Measures, as a suggested, but not required, method to assess functioning. Mental retardation has a new name, intellectual disability, a new sub-category, motor disorders, encompasses developmental coordination disorder, stereotypic movement disorder, and the tic disorders including Tourette syndrome. All subtypes of schizophrenia were removed from the DSM-5, a major mood episode is required for schizoaffective disorder. Criteria for delusional disorder changed, and it is no longer separate from shared delusional disorder, catatonia in all contexts requires 3 of a total of 12 symptoms
12.
Anasyrma
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Anásyrma composed of ana, up or against or back, and syrma, skirt, plural, anasýrmata, also called anasyrmós, is the gesture of lifting the skirt or kilt. It is used in connection with religious rituals, eroticism. The term is used in describing corresponding works of art, Anasyrma is effectively the exposing of the genitals. This is a form of exhibitionism found in religion or artwork, rather than a display for arousal, the act of lifting up ones skirt to display the genitals can be an apotropaic device, it can, in circumstances of war, evoke the fear of the enemy. It can also be an act that evokes surprise and subsequent laughter, what is significant about anasyrma is that it reflects the numinous quality of the female genitals and the genital region through which birth ensues. In several cultures, there is a myth of anasyrma used for emotional healing, Anasyrma may be a deliberately provocative self-exposing of ones naked genitals or buttocks. The famous example of the case is Aphrodite Kallipygos. In many traditions, this also has an apotropaic character, as a mockery or means to ward off a supernatural enemy. Ritual jesting and intimate exposure were common in the cults of Demeter and Dionysus, the mythographer Apollodorus says that Iambes jesting was the reason for the practice of ritual jesting at the Thesmophoria, a festival celebrated in honor of Demeter and Persephone. In other versions of the myth of Demeter, the goddess is received by a woman named Baubo and these appeared as counterparts to the phalluses decorated with eyes, mouth, and sometimes legs, that appeared on vase paintings and were made as statuettes. The anasyromenos pose, however, was not invented in the 4th century BCE, Ancient literature suggests that the figures represent the androgynous Cypriot deity Aphroditus, whose cult was introduced into mainland Greece between the 5th–4th century BCE. The revealed phallus was believed to have magical powers, averting the evil eye or invidia. Many historical references suggest that anasyrma had dramatic or supernatural effect—positive or negative, pliny the Elder wrote that a menstruating woman who uncovers her body can scare away hailstorms, whirlwinds and lightning. If she strips naked and walks around the field, caterpillars, worms, even when not menstruating, she can lull a storm out at sea by stripping. According to folklore, women lifted their skirts to chase off enemies in Ireland, a story from The Irish Times reported a potentially violent incident involving several men, which was averted by a woman exposing her genitals to the attackers. According to Balkan folklore, when it rained too much, women would run into the fields and lift their skirts to scare the gods, in Jean de La Fontaines Nouveaux Contes, a demon is repulsed by the sight of a woman lifting her skirt. Associated carvings, called sheela na gigs, were common on medieval churches in northern Europe, in some nations of Africa, a woman stripping naked and displaying herself is still considered a curse and a means to ward off evil. As women give life, they can take it away, in Nigeria, among other places, women invoked the curse only under the most extreme circumstances, and men who are exposed are considered dead
13.
Skirt
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A skirt is the lower part of a dress or gown, covering the person from the waist downwards, or a separate outer garment serving this purpose. Most skirts are self-standing garments, but some skirt-looking panels may be part of another garment such as leggings, shorts, some fashion designers, such as Jean Paul Gaultier, have shown mens skirts. Modern skirts are made of light to mid-weight fabrics, such as denim, jersey, worsted. Skirts of thin or clingy fabrics are often worn with slips to make the material of the skirt drape better, a straw-woven skirt dating to 3900 BC was discovered in Armenia at the Areni-1 cave complex. Skirts have been worn by men and women from many cultures, such as the lungi, lehnga, kanga and sarong worn in South Asia and Southeast Asia, and the kilt worn in Scotland and Ireland. The earliest known culture to have females wear clothing resembling miniskirts were the Duan Qun Miao and this was in reference to the short miniskirts that barely cover the buttocks worn by women of the tribe, and which were probably shocking to observers in medieval and early modern times. In the Middle Ages, some upper-class women wore skirts over three metres in diameter at the bottom, at the other extreme, the miniskirts of the 1960s were minimal garments that may have barely covered the underwear when seated. Costume historians typically use the word petticoat to describe skirt-like garments of the 18th century or earlier, during the 19th century, the cut of womens dresses in western culture varied more widely than in any other century. Waistlines started just below the bust and gradually sank to the natural waist, skirts started fairly narrow and increased dramatically to the hoopskirt and crinoline-supported styles of the 1860s, then fullness was draped and drawn to the back by means of bustles. In the 1890s the rainy daisy skirt was introduced for walking or sportswear and it had a significantly shorter hemline measuring as much as six inches off the ground and would eventually influence the wider introduction of shorter hemlines in the early 20th century. Beginning around 1915, hemlines for daytime dresses left the floor for good, broomstick skirt, a light-weight ankle-length skirt with many crumpled pleats formed by compressing and twisting the garment while wet, such as around a broomstick. Bubble dress/skirt, a voluminous skirt whose hem is tucked back under to create a “bubble effect” at the bottom, Cargo skirt, a plain utilitarian skirt with belt loops and numerous large pockets, based on the military style of Cargo pants and popularised in the 1990s. Crinoline, a full skirt supported by hoops or multiple petticoats. Hobble skirt, a long and tight skirt with a hem narrow enough to impede the wearers stride Kilt-skirt. Though traditionally designed as womens wear, it is fashioned to mimic the appearance of a mans kilt. Leather skirt, a made of leather Lehenga, a long, pleated skirt, often embroidered, worn mostly as the bottom part of the Gagra choli in North India. Mini-crini, a version of the crinoline, designed by Vivienne Westwood in the mid 1980s. Poodle skirt, a circle or near-circle skirt with an appliqued poodle or other decoration Puffball skirt, popular in the mid-late 1980s when it was inspired by Westwoods mini-crini
14.
Undergarment
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Undergarments are items of clothing worn beneath outer clothes, usually in direct contact with the skin, although they may comprise more than a single layer. In cold weather, long underwear is sometimes worn to provide additional warmth, special types of undergarments have religious significance. Some items of clothing are designed as undergarments, while others, such as T-shirts, if made of suitable material or textile, some undergarments can serve as nightwear or swimsuits, and some are intended for sexual attraction or visual appeal. Undergarments are generally of two types, those that are worn to cover the torso and those that are worn to cover the waist and legs, different styles of undergarments are generally worn by females and males. Undergarments commonly worn by females today include bras and panties, while males often wear briefs, items commonly worn by both sexes include T-shirts, sleeveless shirts, bikini underwear, thongs, and G-strings. Undergarments are known by a number of terms, in the United States, womens underwear may be known as delicates due to the recommended washing machine cycle or because they are, simply put, delicate. Womens undergarments collectively are called lingerie and they also are called intimate clothing and intimates. An undershirt is a piece of underwear covering the torso, while underpants, drawers, terms for specific undergarments are shown in the table below. Not wearing underpants under outer clothing is known in American slang as freeballing for men, the act of a woman not wearing a bra is sometimes referred to as freeboobing. Underwear is worn for a variety of reasons and they keep outer garments from being soiled by perspiration, urine, semen, menstrual blood and feces. Womens brassieres provide support for the breasts, and mens briefs serve the function for the male genitalia. A corset may be worn as a garment to alter a womans body shape. For additional support and protection when playing sports, men often wear more tightly fitting underwear, including jockstraps and jockstraps with cup pocket and protective cup. Women may wear sports bras which provide support, thus increasing comfort. In cold climates, underwear may constitute an additional layer of clothing helping to keep the wearer warm, Underwear may also be used to preserve the wearers modesty – for instance, some women wear camisoles and slips under clothes that are sheer. Conversely, some types of underwear can be worn for sexual titillation, such as underwear, crotchless panties. Some items of clothing are designed exclusively as underwear, while others such as T-shirts, the suitability of underwear as outer clothing is, apart from the indoor or outdoor climate, largely dependent on societal norms, fashion and the requirements of the law. If made of material, some underwear can serve as nightwear or swimsuits
15.
Candaulism
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Candaulism is a sexual practice or fantasy in which a man exposes his female partner, or images of her, to other people for their voyeuristic pleasure. The term is derived from ancient King Candaules who conceived a plot to show his naked wife to his servant Gyges of Lydia. After discovering Gyges while he was watching her naked, Candaules wife ordered him to choose between killing himself or killing her husband in order to repair the vicious mischief, the term was first defined by Richard von Krafft-Ebing in his book, Psychopathia sexualis. Isidor Sadger hypothesized that the candaulist completely identifies with his partners body, candaulism is also associated with voyeurism and exhibitionism. An alternative definition proposes it as a practice involving one person observing, often from concealment, the notorious American FBI agent caught spying for the Soviet Union, Robert Hanssen, took explicit photographs of his wife and sent them to a friend. Later Hanssen invited his friend to clandestinely observe him having sex with his wife during his visits to the Hanssen household. Initially, his friend watched through a window from outside the house, later, Hanssen appropriated video equipment from the FBI to set up closed-circuit television to allow his friend to watch from his guest bedroom. Hanssen also posted sexually explicit stories to the Internet crafted to allow readers who knew the Hanssens to identify them, candaulism is a theme of A Dance to the Music of Time, the cycle of novels by Anthony Powell. A key scene in the penultimate volume Temporary Kings, is set in a Venetian palazzo under a ceiling on which Tiepolo has depicted King Candaules allowing his wife to be seen naked by Gyges. The theme of voyeurism runs through the sequence of novels including a scene in which the arch-villain, in the Book of Esther the King orders Queen Vashti to appear before his guests wearing her crown and she refuses. Some commentators have taken this to mean her crown and nothing else, Gilda, with Rita Hayworth and Glenn Ford. In a carnival party, Gilda gives her lover a bill asking him why are you Cuckolding me, odd Obsession Jules et Jim with Jeanne Moreau, Oskar Werner and Henri Serre Knife in the Water with Leon Niemczyk, Jolanta Umecka, Zygmunt Malanowicz. Irma la Douce, with Jack Lemmon, Shirley MacLaine, Lou Jacobi, belle de Jour, with Catherine Deneuve, Jean Sorel and Michel Piccoli. Il merlo maschio, with Laura Antonelli and Lando Buzzanca La Dernière femme, with Gérard Depardieu, Ornella Muti, the Tin Drum, with Mario Adorf, Angela Winkler, David Bennent, Daniel Olbrychski, Katharina Thalbach. La Pelle, with Claudia Cardinale, Marcello Mastroianni, Burt Lancaster, Ken Marshall, Alexandra King, Carlo Giuffrè Querelle with Brad Davis, marias Lovers with Nastassja Kinski, John Savage and Keith Carradine 9½ Weeks with Mickey Rourke, Kim Basinger, David Margulies. I miei primi quarantanni, with Carol Alt, Elliott Gould, wild Orchid with Jacqueline Bisset, Carré Otis, Mickey Rourke. Henry & June, with Fred Ward, Uma Thurman, Maria de Medeiros, the Bonfire of the Vanities with Tom Hanks, Bruce Willis, Melanie Griffith, Kim Cattrall. Bitter Moon – on a cruise, a husband tells a stranger he met on the cruise about all the advantages he has had with his own wife
16.
Bra
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A bra or brassiere is a form-fitting undergarment designed to support a womans breasts. Swimsuits, camisoles and backless dresses may be made with built-in support, bras are complex garments made of many parts. Most come in 36 sizes, standards and methods of measurement vary widely, the term brassiere was used by the Evening Herald in Syracuse, New York, in 1893. It gained wider acceptance in 1904 when the DeBevoise Company used it in their advertising copy—although the word is actually Norman French for a childs undershirt, in French, it is called a soutien-gorge. It and other early versions resembled a camisole stiffened with boning, vogue magazine first used the term brassiere in 1907, and by 1911 the word had made its way into the Oxford English Dictionary. On 3 November 1914, the newly formed U. S. patent category for brassieres was inaugurated with the first patent issued to Mary Phelps Jacob, in the 1930s brassiere was gradually shortened to bra. Wearing a garment to support the breasts may date back to ancient Greece, women wore an apodesmos, later stēthodesmē, mastodesmos and mastodeton, all meaning breast-band, a band of wool or linen that was wrapped across the breasts and tied or pinned at the back. Fragments of linen textiles found in East Tyrol in Austria dated to between 1440 and 1485 are believed to have been bras. Two of them had made from two pieces of linen sewn with fabric that extended to the bottom of the torso with a row of six eyelets for fastening with a lace or string. One had two straps and was decorated with lace in the cleavage. From the 16th century, the undergarments of wealthier women in the Western world were dominated by the corset, women have played a large part in the design and manufacture of the bra, accounting for half the patents filed. The Dresden-based German Christine Hardt patented the first modern brassiere in 1899, sigmund Lindauer from Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, Germany, developed a brassiere for mass production in 1912 and patented it in 1913. It was mass-produced by Mechanischen Trikotweberei Ludwig Maier und Cie. in Böblingen, in the United States, Mary Phelps Jacob received a patent in 1914 for the first brassiere design that is recognized as the basis for modern bras. Mass production in the century made the garment widely available to women in the United States, England, Western Europe. Metal shortages in World War I encouraged the end of the corset, brassieres were initially manufactured by small production companies and supplied to retailers. The term cup was not used until 1916, and manufacturers relied on stretchable cups to accommodate different sized breasts. Women with larger or pendulous breasts had the choice of bras, built-up backs, wedge-shaped inserts between the cups, wider straps, power Lastex, firm bands under the cup. Camp and Company correlated the size and pendulousness of breasts to letters A through D, camps advertising featured letter-labeled profiles of breasts in the February 1933 issue of Corset and Underwear Review
17.
Stanford University
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Stanford University, officially Leland Stanford Junior University, is a private research university in Stanford, California, adjacent to Palo Alto and between San Jose and San Francisco. Its 8, 180-acre campus is one of the largest in the United States, Stanford also has land and facilities elsewhere. The university was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford in memory of their only child, Stanford was a former Governor of California and U. S. Senator, he made his fortune as a railroad tycoon. The school admitted its first students 125 years ago on October 1,1891, Stanford University struggled financially after Leland Stanfords death in 1893 and again after much of the campus was damaged by the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Following World War II, Provost Frederick Terman supported faculty and graduates entrepreneurialism to build self-sufficient local industry in what would later be known as Silicon Valley. The university is one of the top fundraising institutions in the country. There are three schools that have both undergraduate and graduate students and another four professional schools. Students compete in 36 varsity sports, and the university is one of two institutions in the Division I FBS Pac-12 Conference. Stanford faculty and alumni have founded a number of companies that produce more than $2.7 trillion in annual revenue. It is the alma mater of 30 living billionaires,17 astronauts and it is also one of the leading producers of members of the United States Congress. Sixty Nobel laureates and seven Fields Medalists have been affiliated with Stanford as students, alumni, Stanford University was founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford, dedicated to Leland Stanford Jr, their only child. The institution opened in 1891 on Stanfords previous Palo Alto farm, despite being impacted by earthquakes in both 1906 and 1989, the campus was rebuilt each time. In 1919, The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace was started by Herbert Hoover to preserve artifacts related to World War I, the Stanford Medical Center, completed in 1959, is a teaching hospital with over 800 beds. The SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, which was established in 1962, in 2008, 60% of this land remained undeveloped. Besides the central campus described below, the university also operates at more remote locations, some elsewhere on the main campus. Stanfords main campus includes a place within unincorporated Santa Clara County. The campus also includes land in unincorporated San Mateo County, as well as in the city limits of Menlo Park, Woodside. The academic central campus is adjacent to Palo Alto, bounded by El Camino Real, Stanford Avenue, Junipero Serra Boulevard, the United States Postal Service has assigned it two ZIP codes,94305 for campus mail and 94309 for P. O. box mail
18.
Mooning
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Mooning is used in the English-speaking world to express protest, scorn, disrespect, or provocation, or can be done for shock value, fun, or as form of exhibitionism. Some jurisdictions regard mooning to be indecent exposure, sometimes depending on the context, Moon has been a common shape-metaphor for the buttocks in English since 1743, and the verb to moon has meant to expose to light since 1601. As documented by McLaren, mooning, or exposing ones butt to shame an enemy had a pedigree in peasant culture throughout the Middle Ages. Formerly, mooning was slang for wandering idly and romantically pining, the legal position related to mooning varies between jurisdictions, some consider it indecent exposure, while others classify it as legal self-expression. In 2016, mooning in a place in Victoria was made a criminal offence/ something for which you could be punished. Whakapohane is the Māori practice of baring ones buttocks with the intent to offend and it symbolises the birthing act and renders the recipient noa. In 2006, a Maryland state circuit court determined that mooning is a form of expression protected by the First Amendment as a form of speech. In that case, the District of Columbia Court of Appeals had ruled that indecent exposure is limited to a persons genitalia, no review of the case by a higher court took place since prosecutors dropped the case after the ruling. In California, a court found in 2000 that mooning does not constitute indecent exposure unless it can be proven beyond reasonable doubt that the conduct was sexually motivated. In 80, Flavius Josephus recorded the first known incident of mooning, in the Siege of Constantinople in 1204, the Greeks exposed their bare buttocks to the Crusaders after they repulsed them from the walls. At the Siege of Nice, in the summer of 1543, Catherine Ségurane, legend has it that she took the lead in defending the city by standing before the invading forces and exposing her bare bottom. A number of explorers of the Atlantic coastline noted that the Etchemin tribe of Maine practiced this custom. This has inspired a chain of train moonings throughout the country, an example of whakapohane was performed by Dun Mihaka to Diana, Princess of Wales and Prince Charles during the 1983 royal tour of New Zealand. On November 22,1987, an intruder interrupted the broadcast signal of Chicago PBS affiliate and he exposed his buttocks to the camera. In June 2000, a mass mooning event was organised outside of Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom by the Movement Against the Monarchy, a large police presence prevented a large-scale mooning, but a few individuals did so. This event is known as the Moon Against the Monarchy, on 7 June 2002, Macy Gray mooned the crowd during her performance at Manchester Apollo concert in Ardwick Green, Manchester, England. At the 2005 UK Music Hall of Fame awards ceremony, musician Ozzy Osbourne mooned the crowd after a set he played, in October 2006, English Premiership footballer Joey Barton was fined £2,000 for mooning Everton fans. On January 9,2005, Randy Moss of the Minnesota Vikings pretended to moon Green Bay Packers fans following a touchdown he scored and he was fined $10,000 by the NFL for the incident
19.
Trousers
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Trousers or pants are an item of clothing worn from the waist to the ankles, covering both legs separately. In the UK, the word generally means underwear and not trousers. Shorts are similar to trousers, but with legs that come only to around the area of the knee. To distinguish them from shorts, trousers may be called long trousers in certain such as school uniform. Made of wool, the trousers had straight legs and wide crotches, breeches were worn instead of trousers in early modern Europe by some men in higher classes of society. Since the mid-20th century, trousers have increasingly been worn by women as well, jeans, made of denim, are a form of trousers for casual wear, now widely worn all over the world by both sexes. Shorts are often preferred in hot weather or for sports and also often by children. Trousers are worn on the hips or waist and may be held up by their own fastenings, leggings are form-fitting trousers, of a clingy material, often knitted cotton and spandex. In Scotland, trousers are occasionally known as trews, which is the root of the word trousers. Trousers are also known as breeks in Scots, a related to breeches. The item of clothing worn under trousers is underpants, in North America and Australia pants is the general category term, whereas trousers often refers more specifically to tailored garments with a waistband, belt-loops, and a fly-front. So informal elastic-waist knitted garments would be called pants, but not trousers, North Americans call undergarments underwear, underpants, undies, jockey shorts, shorts, long johns or panties to distinguish them from other pants that are worn on the outside. The term drawers normally refers to undergarments, but in dialects, may be found as a synonym for breeches. In these dialects, the term underdrawers is used for undergarments, many North Americans refer to their undergarments by their type, such as boxers or briefs. In Australia, mens underwear also has various terms including under-dacks, undies. In New Zealand mens underwear is known as undies, or y-fronts, various people in the fashion industry use the words trouser or pant instead of trousers or pants. The words trousers and pants are pluralia tantum, nouns that generally appear in plural form—much like the words scissors. However, the form is used in some compound words, such as trouser-leg, trouser-press
20.
Kettle
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Kettles can be heated either by placing on a stove, or by their own internal electric heating element in the appliance versions. The first kettles were used in ancient Mesopotamia for purposes other than cooking, over time these artistically decorated earthenware containers became more frequently utilized in the kitchen. In China, kettles were typically made of iron and were placed directly over an open flame, travellers used the kettles to boil fresh water to make it suitable for drinking. The word kettle originates from Old Norse ketill cauldron, the development of kettles was in direct correlation with the evolution of the modern stove. In the latter part of the 19th century, electric kettles were introduced as an alternative to stove top kettles, in 1893 the Crompton and Co. firm in the United Kingdom started featuring electric kettles in their catalogue. The early electric kettles were quite primitive as the heating element couldnt be immersed in the water, instead, a separate compartment underneath the water storage area in the kettle was used to house the electric heating element. The design was inefficient even relative to the conventional stove-top kettles of the time. In 1922, the problem was solved by Leslie Large. As this element could be immersed directly into the water it made the new electric kettle much more efficient than stovetop kettles, in 1955, the newly founded British company Russell Hobbs brought out its stainless steel K1 model as the first fully automatic kettle. A thermostat, triggered by the steam as the water would come to boil, would flex. Modern kettles include a variety of technological advancements, some electric kettles are cordless with illumination capabilities. Whistling kettles emit a sound as the water boils. A stovetop kettle is a roughly pitcher-shaped metal vessel used to water on a stovetop or hob. Kettles usually have a handle on top, a spout, sometimes stove-mounted kettles also have a steam whistle that indicates when the water has reached boiling point. In whistling tea kettles, when the building up in the container of the kettle tries to escape. As the speed of the releasing steam increases, the vibrations become louder, some whistling kettles have an actual whistle on a cover at the end of the spout. The most popular stovetop kettles are made with stainless steel and this is due to the lightweight nature of the kettle, in addition to the bright finish and durability. The crack-resistant nature of the kettle also makes it easier to clean, kettles can also be made from copper, iron, aluminum, polished chrome or ceramic
21.
Clothed male, naked female
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Clothed male, naked female is female nudity in which one or more women are nude while one or more men are clothed. Feminists argue that images are objectionable, and objectify women. However, the same can be argued for the case of males, entertainment columnist Earl Wilson details several experiences involving one-sided female nudity in his book Show Business Laid Bare. In the chapter titled Cheri Caffaro, A Strange Interlewd, Wilson writes about his experience interviewing actress Cheri Caffaro while she was nude, one-sided female nudity has been a theme in art, particularly in Orientalist paintings of the 19th century. A typical scene may be a depiction of slavery in which one or several nude women are displayed before an audience of men as part of a slave auction. The archetypal example of type of scene is Jean-Léon Gérômes The Slave Market. Another example is Gérômes Phryné devant lAreopage which was based on the trial of Phryne before the Areopagus in ancient Greece, the odalisque was also a popular subject for depicting one-sided female nudity, although the clothed figures in the scene were not always male. The best known example of this is John Everett Millais painting Knight Errant, in which a woman has been tied to a tree. Another example is Édouard Manets Le déjeuner sur lherbe, in which a woman is depicted having lunch with two fully clothed men. The Pastoral Concert attributed to Giorgione or his pupil Titian has been cited as an inspiration for Manets painting. A1913 painting Adoration by William Strang presents a study of beauty, with the clothed soldier, painter, scholar. Bottom Candaulism Clothed female, naked male Erotic humiliation Exhibitionism Female submission Nyotaimori Voyeurism Media related to Clothed male, nude female at Wikimedia Commons
22.
Clothed female, naked male
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Clothed female, naked male is a genre of erotica based on the real or imagined interaction of one or more nude man and one or more clothed woman. It is sometimes a fantasy of women or men, depicting an exhibitionist or physique worship scenario. In pornography or erotic writing, CFNM depicts an exchange where the more traditionally dominant male is objectified, debased. As a result, CFNM fiction frequently includes the female taking on the role of a dominatrix over the nude male. The opposite to CFNM is Clothed male, naked female In classical antiquity, by the renaissance, this view had reversed. For example, in Titians treatment of Perseus and Andromeda in mid-1550s, CFNM been been portrayed in pornography through various sites like CFNMtv and PureCFNM. Heterosexual Females, Heterosexual Males and Homosexual Males, each CFNM niche is catered to one of these niches. Currently there are 34 pornographic CFNM websites, intimate parts Erotic humiliation BDSM Media related to Clothed female, nude male at Wikimedia Commons
23.
Courtship display
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A courtship display is a set of display behaviors in which an animal attempts to attract a mate and exhibit their desire to copulate. These behaviors often include ritualized movement, vocalizations, mechanical production, or displays of beauty, strength. In most species, the male is the sex that initiates courtship displays in pre-copulatory sexual selection, performing a display allows the male to present his traits or abilities to a female. Mate choice, in context, is driven by females. Direct or indirect benefits are often key deciding factors in which males get to copulate, direct benefits can be seen due to the expression of preference. Females can raise their own if they prefer to respond to particular types of signals, independent of costs. For example, choosing to mate with males that produce more localized signals would incur less of an investment for a female as she searches for a mate. On the other hand, females can put in more energy towards this process, with this, the males being chosen may impose lower costs on the female or even provide more in terms of material or offspring contributions. Indirect benefits are benefits that may not directly affect the parents fitness and this stimulation, along with many other factors, results in subsequent copulation or rejection. In some species, males initiate courtship rituals only after mounting the female, courtship may even continue after copulation has been completed. In this systems, the ability of the female to choose their mates is limited and this process, known as copulatory courtship, is prevalent in many insect species. Female courtship display is common in nature as a female would have to invest a lot of energy into both exaggerated traits and in their energetically expensive gametes. However, situations in males are the sexually selective sex in a species do occur in nature. Male choice in reproduction can arise if males are the sex in a species that are in supply, for example. This could arise in mating systems where reproducing comes at an energy cost to males, such energy costs can include the effort associated in obtaining nuptial gifts for the female or performing long courtship or copulatory behaviors. An added cost from these time and energy investment may come in the form of increased mortality rates. In pipefish, females use a temporary ornament, a striped pattern, in this case, the female of a species developed a sexually selected signal which serves a dual function of being both attractive to mates and deterring rivals. Many species of animals engage in some type of display to attract a mate, such as dancing
24.
Narcissism
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Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of ones own attributes. The term originated from Greek mythology, where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water, Narcissism is a concept in psychoanalytic theory, which was popularly introduced in Sigmund Freuds essay On Narcissism. Narcissism is also considered a social or cultural problem and it is a factor in trait theory used in various self-report inventories of personality such as the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. It is one of the three dark triadic personality traits, except in the sense of primary narcissism or healthy self-love, narcissism is usually considered a problem in a persons or groups relationships with self and others. Narcissism is not the same as egocentrism, the term narcissism comes from the Greek myth about Narcissus, a handsome Greek youth who, according to Ovid, rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. These advances eventually led Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water, unable to consummate his love, Narcissus lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour, and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus. The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history, in ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only recently that narcissism has been defined in psychological terms. In 1752 Jean-Jacques Rousseaus play Narcissus, or the Self-Admirer was performed in Paris, otto Rank in 1911 published the first psychoanalytical paper specifically concerned with narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration. Sigmund Freud published a paper on narcissism in 1914 called On Narcissism, in 1923, Martin Buber published an essay Ich und Du, in which he pointed out that our narcissism often leads us to relate to others as objects instead of as equals. Four dimensions of narcissism as a personality variable have been delineated, leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, self-absorption/self-admiration, behavior is observable, but intention is not. Magical thinking, Narcissists see themselves as perfect, using distortion and illusion known as magical thinking and they also use projection to dump shame onto others. Arrogance, A narcissist who is feeling deflated may reinflate their sense of self-importance by diminishing, debasing, envy, A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another persons ability by using contempt to minimize the other person or their achievements. Entitlement, Narcissists hold unreasonable expectations of particularly favorable treatment and automatic compliance because they consider themselves special, failure to comply is considered an attack on their superiority, and the perpetrator is considered an awkward or difficult person. Defiance of their will is an injury that can trigger narcissistic rage. Exploitation, Can take many forms but always involves the exploitation of others without regard for their feelings or interests, often the other person is in a subservient position where resistance would be difficult or even impossible. Sometimes the subservience is not so much real as assumed, bad boundaries, Narcissists do not recognize that they have boundaries and that others are separate and are not extensions of themselves. Others either exist to meet their needs or may as well not exist at all and those who provide narcissistic supply to the narcissist are treated as if they are part of the narcissist and are expected to live up to those expectations
25.
Naturism
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Naturism, or nudism, is a cultural and political movement practising, advocating and defending personal and social nudity, most but not all of which takes place on private property. The term may refer to a lifestyle based on personal. Naturism may take a number of forms and it may be practised individually, within a family, socially or in public. Additionally, there is also militant naturism, including campaigning and extreme naturism is sometimes considered a separate category, several other terms have been proposed as alternative terms for naturism, but none has found the same widespread public acceptance as the older terms naturism and nudism. People interested in social nudity can attend clothes-free beaches and other types of ad-hoc nudist events, at these venues, participants generally need not belong to a naturist club. An overlapping term to naturist with a similar definition includes birthday suiter, many contemporary naturists and naturist organisations feel that the practice of social nudity should be asexual. Current research has begun to explore this complex relationship, the usage and definition of these terms varies geographically and historically. Though in the United States, naturism and nudism have the same meaning, in naturist parlance, textile or textilist is a non-naturist person, non-naturist behaviour or non-naturist facilities. E. g. the textile beach starts at the flag, they are a mixed couple – he is naturist, textile is the predominant term used in the UK, although some naturists avoid it due to perceived negative or derogatory connotations. Textilist is said to be used interchangeably, but no dictionary definition to this effect exists, clothing optional and nude optional describe a policy or a venue that allows or encourages nudity but tolerates the wearing of clothes. The opposite is clothing compulsory, that is, prohibiting nudity, adjectival phrases clothes free and clothing free prescribe where naturism is permitted in an otherwise textile environment, or define the preferred state of a naturist. The social nudity movement includes a range of variants including naturism, nudism, Freikörperkultur. There is an amount of shared history and common themes, issues and philosophy. See also, labels, associations and terminology for a discussion and disambiguation. Many people are often nude in the privacy of their home or garden, either alone or with members of the family and this may be occasional nudity or as a naturist lifestyle. This has attracted a deal of academic study. The study found there was no significant difference between what was reported by men and by women with respect to frequency of nudity in the home. Gordon and Schroeder in 1995 reported that parental nudity varies considerably from family to family, barbara Bonner in 1999 cautioned against nudity in the home if children exhibit sexual play of a type that is considered problematic
26.
Sheela na gig
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Sheela na gigs are figurative carvings of naked women displaying an exaggerated vulva. They are architectural grotesques found on churches, castles, and other buildings, particularly in Ireland and Great Britain, one of the best examples may be found in the Round Tower at Rattoo, in County Kerry, Ireland. There is a replica of the round tower sheela na gig in the County Museum in Tralee town, another well-known example may be seen at Kilpeck in Herefordshire, England. Ireland has the greatest number of surviving sheela na gig carvings, McMahon, such carvings are said to ward off death and evil. Other grotesques, such as gargoyles and hunky punks, were part of church decorations all over Europe. It is commonly said that their purpose was to keep spirits away. They often are positioned over doors or windows, presumably to protect these openings, scholars disagree about the origins of the figures. James Jerman and Anthony Weir believe that the sheela na gigs were first carved in France and Spain in the 11th century, the motif eventually reached Britain and then Ireland in the 12th century. Jerman and Weirs work was a continuation of research begun by Jorgen Andersen, who wrote The Witch on the Wall, the areas that remained native Irish have few sheela na gigs. Another theory, espoused by Joanne McMahon and Jack Roberts, is that the carvings are remnants of a fertility or mother goddess religion. In addition, typical continental exhibitionist figures differ from those of Irish sheela na gigs, there is a scarcity of male figures in Ireland and the UK, while the continental carvings are more likely to involve male figures. Continental figures also are represented in more contortionist postures, scholars disagree about the origin and meaning of the name in Ireland, as it is not directly translatable into Irish. Alternative spellings of Sheela may sometimes be encountered, they include Sheila, Síle, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, it is derived from Irish, Síle na gcíoch, meaning Julia of the breasts. The name Seán-na-Gig was coined by Jack Roberts for the male counterpart of the Sheela. While rare in Ireland, it is more common on the continent. Jørgen Andersen writes that the name is an Irish phrase, originally either Sighle na gCíoch, meaning the old hag of the breasts, or Síle ina Giob, meaning Sheila on her hunkers. Dinneen also gives Síle na gCíoċ, stating it is a stone representing a woman, supposed to give fertility. Other researchers have questioned these interpretations, few sheela na gigs are shown with breasts, the phrase sheela na gig was said to be a term for a hag or old woman
