1.
Exmoor
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Exmoor is loosely defined as an area of hilly open moorland in west Somerset and north Devon in South West England. It is named after the River Exe, the source of which is situated in the centre of the area, two miles north-west of Simonsbath. Exmoor is more defined as the area of the former ancient royal hunting forest, also called Exmoor. The moor has given its name to a National Park, which includes the Brendon Hills, the East Lyn Valley, the total area of the Exmoor National Park is 692.8 km2, of which 71% is in Somerset and 29% in Devon. The upland area is underlain by sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian, where these reach the coast cliffs are formed which are cut with ravines and waterfalls. It was recognised as a heritage coast in 1991, the highest point on Exmoor is Dunkery Beacon, at 519 metres it is also the highest point in Somerset. The terrain supports lowland heath communities, Ancient woodland and blanket mire which provide a habitat for some scarce flora, there have also been reports of The Beast of Exmoor, a cryptozoological cat roaming Exmoor. Several areas have been designated as Nature Conservation Review and Geological Conservation Review sites, there is evidence of human occupation from the Mesolithic. This developed for agriculture and extraction of mineral ores into the bronze, the remains of standing stones, cairns and bridges can still be identified. The royal forest was granted a charter in the 13th century, in the Middle Ages sheep farming was common with a system of agistment licensing the grazing of livestock as the Inclosure Acts divided up the land. The area is now used for a range of recreational purposes, Exmoor has been designated as a national character area by Natural England, the public body responsible for Englands natural environment. Neighbouring natural regions include The Culm to the southwest, the Devon Redlands to the south, Exmoor was designated a National Park in 1954, under the 1949 National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act. The Exmoor National Park is primarily an area with a dispersed population living mainly in small villages. The largest settlements are Porlock, Dulverton, Lynton, and Lynmouth, Lynton and Lynmouth are combined into one parish and are connected by the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway. Exmoor was once a Royal forest and hunting ground, covering 18,810 acres, several areas within the Exmoor National Park have been declared Sites of Special Scientific Interest due to their flora and fauna. This title earns the site some protection from development, damage. In 1993 an environmentally sensitive area was established within Exmoor, Exmoor is an upland area formed almost exclusively from sedimentary rocks dating from the Devonian and early Carboniferous periods. The name of the period and system, Devonian, comes from Devon
2.
Sony
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Sony Corporation is a Japanese multinational conglomerate corporation that is headquartered in Kōnan, Minato, Tokyo. Its diversified business includes consumer and professional electronics, gaming, entertainment, the company is one of the leading manufacturers of electronic products for the consumer and professional markets. Sony was ranked 116th on the 2015 list of Fortune Global 500 and these make Sony one of the most comprehensive entertainment companies in the world. The group consists of Sony Corporation, Sony Pictures Entertainment, Sony Interactive Entertainment, Sony Music Entertainment, Sony Financial Holdings and others. Sony is among the Semiconductor sales leaders by year and as of 2013, the companys current slogan is BE MOVED. Their former slogans were make. believe, like. no. other, Sony has a weak tie to the SMFG keiretsu, the successor to the Mitsui keiretsu. Sony began in the wake of World War II, in 1946, Masaru Ibuka started an electronics shop in a department store building in Tokyo. The company had $530 in capital and a total of eight employees, in the following year he was joined by his colleague, Akio Morita, and they founded a company called Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo 東京通信工業. The company built Japans first tape recorder, called the Type-G, in 1958 the company changed its name to Sony. When Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo was looking for a name to use to market themselves, they strongly considered using their initials. The primary reason they did not is that the railway company Tokyo Kyuko was known as TTK, the company occasionally used the acronym Totsuko in Japan, but during his visit to the United States, Morita discovered that Americans had trouble pronouncing that name. Another early name that was tried out for a while was Tokyo Teletech until Akio Morita discovered that there was an American company already using Teletech as a brand name, the name Sony was chosen for the brand as a mix of two words. One was the Latin word sonus, which is the root of sonic and sound, and the other was sonny, a common slang term used in 1950s America to call a boy. In the 1950s Japan sonny boys, was a word into Japanese which connoted smart and presentable young men. The first Sony-branded product, the TR-55 transistor radio, appeared in 1955, at the time of the change, it was extremely unusual for a Japanese company to use Roman letters to spell its name instead of writing it in kanji. The move was not without opposition, TTKs principal bank at the time and they pushed for a name such as Sony Electronic Industries, or Sony Teletech. Akio Morita was firm, however, as he did not want the company tied to any particular industry. Eventually, both Ibuka and Mitsui Banks chairman gave their approval, according to Schiffer, Sonys TR-63 radio cracked open the U. S. market and launched the new industry of consumer microelectronics
3.
Active pixel sensor
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An active-pixel sensor is an image sensor consisting of an integrated circuit containing an array of pixel sensors, each pixel containing a photodetector and an active amplifier. Such an image sensor is produced using CMOS technology, and has emerged as an alternative to charge-coupled device image sensors. The term active pixel sensor was coined in 1985 by Tsutomu Nakamura who worked on the Charge Modulation Device active pixel sensor at Olympus, the MOS passive-pixel sensor used just a simple switch in the pixel to read out the photodiode integrated charge. Pixels were arrayed in a structure, with an access enable wire shared by pixels in the same row. At the end of each column was an amplifier, passive-pixel sensors suffered from many limitations, such as high noise, slow readout, and lack of scalability. The addition of an amplifier to each pixel addressed these problems, Noble in 1968 and Chamberlain in 1969 created sensor arrays with active MOS readout amplifiers per pixel, in essentially the modern three-transistor configuration. The CCD was invented in October 1969 at Bell Labs, a low-resolution mostly digital N-channel MOSFET imager with intra-pixel amplification, for an optical mouse application, was demonstrated in 1981. Another type of active pixel sensor is the infrared focal plane array designed to operate at cryogenic temperatures in the infrared spectrum. The exact date of origin of these devices is classified, by the late 1980s and early 1990s, the CMOS process was well established as a well controlled stable process and was the baseline process for almost all logic and microprocessors. Between 1993 and 1995, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed a number of prototype devices, though primitive, these devices demonstrated good image performance with high readout speed and low power consumption. In 1995, personnel from JPL founded Photobit Corp, many other small image sensor companies also sprang to life shortly thereafter due to the accessibility of the CMOS process and all quickly adopted the active pixel sensor approach. Most recent, the CMOS sensor technology has spread to medium-format photography with Phase One being the first to launch a medium format digital back with a Sony-built CMOS sensor, APS pixels solve the speed and scalability issues of the passive-pixel sensor. They generally consume less power than CCDs, have less image lag, unlike CCDs, APS sensors can combine the image sensor function and image processing functions within the same integrated circuit. APS sensors have found markets in many applications, especially camera phones. They have also used in other fields including digital radiography, military ultra high speed image acquisition, security cameras. Manufacturers include Aptina Imaging, Canon, Samsung, STMicroelectronics, Toshiba, OmniVision Technologies, Sony, cMOS-type APS sensors are typically suited to applications in which packaging, power management, and on-chip processing are important. CMOS type sensors are used, from high-end digital photography down to mobile-phone cameras. A big advantage of a CMOS sensor is that it is less expensive than a CCD sensor
4.
Image sensor
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An image sensor or imaging sensor is a sensor that detects and conveys the information that constitutes an image. It does so by converting the variable attenuation of light waves into signals, the waves can be light or other electromagnetic radiation. As technology changes, digital imaging tends to replace analog imaging, early analog sensors for visible light were video camera tubes. Currently, used types are semiconductor charge-coupled devices or active pixel sensors in complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor or N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor technologies, analog sensors for invisible radiation tend to involve vacuum tubes of various kinds. Digital sensors include flat panel detectors, today, most digital cameras use a CMOS sensor, because CMOS sensors perform better than CCDs. An example is the fact that they incorporate an integrated circuit, CCD is still in use for cheap low entry cameras, but weak in burst mode. Both types of sensor accomplish the task of capturing light. Each cell of a CCD image sensor is an analog device, when light strikes the chip it is held as a small electrical charge in each photo sensor. This process is repeated until all the lines of pixels have had their charge amplified. A CMOS image sensor has an amplifier for each compared to the few amplifiers of a CCD. Some CMOS imaging sensors also use Back-side illumination to increase the number of photons that hit the photodiode, CMOS sensors can potentially be implemented with fewer components, use less power, and/or provide faster readout than CCD sensors. They are also vulnerable to static electricity discharges. Another approach is to utilize the very fine dimensions available in modern CMOS technology to implement a CCD like structure entirely in CMOS technology and this can be achieved by separating individual poly-silicon gates by a very small gap. These hybrid sensors are still in the phase and can potentially harness the benefits of both CCD and CMOS imagers. There are many parameters that can be used to evaluate the performance of a sensor, including dynamic range, signal-to-noise ratio. For sensors of comparable types, the ratio and dynamic range improve as the size increases. In order to avoid interpolated color information, techniques like color co-site sampling use a mechanism to shift the color sensor in pixel steps. 3CCD, using three discrete image sensors, with the color separation done by a dichroic prism, while in general digital cameras use a flat sensor, Sony prototyped a curved sensor in 2014 to reduce/eliminate Petzval field curvature that occurs with a flat sensor
5.
Analog-to-digital converter
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In electronics, an analog-to-digital converter is a system that converts an analog signal, such as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal. Typically the digital output is a twos complement binary number that is proportional to the input, due to the complexity and the need for precisely matched components, all but the most specialized ADCs are implemented as integrated circuits. A digital-to-analog converter performs the function, it converts a digital signal into an analog signal. The conversion involves quantization of the input, so it necessarily introduces a small amount of error, furthermore, instead of continuously performing the conversion, an ADC does the conversion periodically, sampling the input. The result is a sequence of values that have been converted from a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time. An ADC is defined by its bandwidth and its signal-to-noise ratio, the bandwidth of an ADC is characterized primarily by its sampling rate. The dynamic range of an ADC is influenced by many factors, including the resolution, linearity and accuracy, aliasing and jitter. The dynamic range of an ADC is often summarized in terms of its number of bits. An ideal ADC has an ENOB equal to its resolution, ADCs are chosen to match the bandwidth and required signal-to-noise ratio of the signal to be quantized. If an ADC operates at a rate greater than twice the bandwidth of the signal, then perfect reconstruction is possible given an ideal ADC. The presence of quantization error limits the range of even an ideal ADC. However, if the range of the ADC exceeds that of the input signal. The resolution of the converter indicates the number of values it can produce over the range of analog values. The resolution determines the magnitude of the error and therefore determines the maximum possible average signal to noise ratio for an ideal ADC without the use of oversampling. The values are stored electronically in binary form, so the resolution is usually expressed in bits. In consequence, the number of discrete values available, or levels, is assumed to be a power of two, for example, an ADC with a resolution of 8 bits can encode an analog input to one in 256 different levels, since 28 =256. The values can represent the ranges from 0 to 255 or from −128 to 127, resolution can also be defined electrically, and expressed in volts. The minimum change in required to guarantee a change in the output code level is called the least significant bit voltage
6.
Apple Inc.
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Apple is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Cupertino, California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and online services. Apples consumer software includes the macOS and iOS operating systems, the media player, the Safari web browser. Its online services include the iTunes Store, the iOS App Store and Mac App Store, Apple Music, Apple was founded by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne in April 1976 to develop and sell personal computers. It was incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. in January 1977, Apple joined the Dow Jones Industrial Average in March 2015. In November 2014, Apple became the first U. S. company to be valued at over US$700 billion in addition to being the largest publicly traded corporation in the world by market capitalization. The company employs 115,000 full-time employees as of July 2015 and it operates the online Apple Store and iTunes Store, the latter of which is the worlds largest music retailer. Consumers use more than one billion Apple products worldwide as of March 2016, Apples worldwide annual revenue totaled $233 billion for the fiscal year ending in September 2015. This revenue accounts for approximately 1. 25% of the total United States GDP.1 billion, the corporation receives significant criticism regarding the labor practices of its contractors and its environmental and business practices, including the origins of source materials. Apple was founded on April 1,1976, by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, the Apple I kits were computers single-handedly designed and hand-built by Wozniak and first shown to the public at the Homebrew Computer Club. The Apple I was sold as a motherboard, which was less than what is now considered a personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66, Apple was incorporated January 3,1977, without Wayne, who sold his share of the company back to Jobs and Wozniak for $800. Multimillionaire Mike Markkula provided essential business expertise and funding of $250,000 during the incorporation of Apple, during the first five years of operations revenues grew exponentially, doubling about every four months. Between September 1977 and September 1980 yearly sales grew from $775,000 to $118m, the Apple II, also invented by Wozniak, was introduced on April 16,1977, at the first West Coast Computer Faire. It differed from its rivals, the TRS-80 and Commodore PET, because of its character cell-based color graphics. While early Apple II models used ordinary cassette tapes as storage devices, they were superseded by the introduction of a 5 1/4 inch floppy disk drive and interface called the Disk II. The Apple II was chosen to be the platform for the first killer app of the business world, VisiCalc. VisiCalc created a market for the Apple II and gave home users an additional reason to buy an Apple II. Before VisiCalc, Apple had been a distant third place competitor to Commodore, by the end of the 1970s, Apple had a staff of computer designers and a production line
7.
IPhone (1st generation)
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The iPhone, is the first smartphone model designed and marketed by Apple. It is the first generation of iPhone that was announced on January 9,2007 after years of rumors and it was introduced in the United States on June 29,2007, and it featured quad-band GSM cellular connectivity with GPRS and EDGE support for data transfer. On June 9,2008, Apple announced its successor, the iPhone 3G, the original iPhone has not received software updates from Apple since iPhone OS3.1.3. Since June 11,2013, the original iPhone has been considered obsolete in Apple retail stores, vintage by other providers in the US. Apple does not service vintage or obsolete products, and replacement parts for obsolete products are not available to service providers, Jobs recruited a group of Apple engineers to investigate the idea as a side project. When Jobs reviewed the prototype and its interface, he conceived a second idea of implementing the technology onto a mobile phone. The whole effort was called Project Purple 2 and began in 2005, Apple created the device during a secretive and unprecedented collaboration with AT&T, formerly Cingular Wireless. The development cost of the collaboration was estimated to have been $150 million over a thirty-month period, Apple rejected the design by committee approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, a largely unsuccessful collaboration with Motorola. Instead, Cingular Wireless gave Apple the liberty to develop the hardware and software in-house. The original iPhone was introduced by Steve Jobs on January 9,2007 in an address at the Macworld Conference & Expo held in Moscone West in San Francisco. In his address, Jobs said, I have been looking forward to this for two and a half years, and that today, Apple is going to reinvent the phone. Jobs introduced the iPhone as a combination of three devices, a widescreen iPod with touch controls, a mobile phone, and a breakthrough Internet communicator. To avoid repeating the problems of the PlayStation 3 launch, which caused burglaries and even a shooting and it was later made available in the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Portugal, the Republic of Ireland and Austria in November 2007. Six out of ten Americans surveyed said they knew the iPhone was coming before its release, at the same time, Apple significantly dropped the price of the 8 GB model while discontinuing the 4 GB model. Apple sold the one millionth iPhone five days later, or 74 days after the release, after receiving hundreds of emails. upset about the price drop, Apple gave store credit to early adopters. A16 GB model was released on February 5,2008, Apple released an SDK on March 6,2008, allowing developers to create the apps that would be available starting in iPhone OS version 2.0, a free upgrade for iPhone users. On June 9, Apple announced the iPhone 3G, which began shipping July 11, the original iPhone was discontinued 4 days later, total sales volume came to 6,124,000 units. While most Apple literature simply called the device iPhone, the term the original appears in a press release from July 2010
8.
IPhone 5
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The iPhone 5 is a smartphone that was designed and marketed by Apple Inc. It is the generation of the iPhone, succeeding the iPhone 4S and preceding the iPhone 5S. Formally unveiled as part of an event on September 12,2012. It was the first iPhone to be developed under the guidance of Tim Cook. The iPhone 5 featured major changes in comparison to its predecessor. This was the second Apple phone to include its new Sony made 8MP camera, Apple began taking pre-orders on September 14,2012, and over two million were received within 24 hours. The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple on September 10,2013 with the announcement of its successors, the iPhone 5S, rumors about the iPhone 5 began shortly after the announcement of the iPhone 4S, though detailed leaks did not emerge until June 2012. On July 30,2012, reports pinpointed the dates on which the iPhone 5 would be unveiled and released, on September 4,2012, Apple announced they would be hosting an event at the Yerba Buena Center for the Arts in San Francisco on September 12,2012. A shadow of the numeral 5 was featured in the invitations sent to the media, at the unveiling, Apple announced the iPhone 5 and also introduced new iPod Nano and iPod Touch models. They also stated that pre-orders would be accepted starting September 14,2012, over two million pre-orders were received within 24 hours. Initial demand for the new phone exceeded the set by its predecessor. On November 30,2012, Apple added a version of the iPhone 5 to their online US store. The iPhone 5 was officially discontinued by Apple on September 10,2013 with the announcement of its successors, the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5C. While the 5C shared almost the same hardware as the iPhone 5. The introduction of the 5C deviated from Apples previous market strategy, where the previous iPhone model would remain in production, but sold at a lower price point below the new model. On April 28,2014, Apple initiated an out of warranty recall program to replace any failing power buttons of iPhone 5 models which were manufactured prior to March 2013 at no cost. Following the release of the iPhone 5, Samsung announced that it was filing a lawsuit against Apple for infringing eight of its patents, the case was scheduled to begin in 2014. In a statement, Samsung said it had little choice but to take the necessary to protect our innovations
9.
Camcorder
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A camcorder is an electronic device combining a video camera and recorder. Although marketing materials may use the term camcorder, the name on the package. The earliest camcorders are tape-based, recording analog signals onto videotape cassettes, in 2006, digital recording became the norm, with tape replaced by storage media such as internal flash memory and SD cards. Earlier, the term camcorder exclusively referred to a camera with a recorder, but almost all of the electronic cameras built in 2006 provide recording capability essentially making them a camcorder. The term camcorder is now used for a particular camera range which provides advanced functions over more common cameras. Video cameras originally designed for television broadcast were large and heavy, mounted on special pedestals, as technology improved, out-of-studio video recording was possible with compact video cameras and portable video recorders, a detachable recording unit could be carried to a shooting location. Although the camera itself was compact, the need for a separate recorder made on-location shooting a two-person job, specialized videocassette recorders were introduced by JVC and Sony releasing a model for mobile work. Portable recorders meant that video footage could be aired on the early-evening news. In 1982, Sony released the Betacam system, a key component was a single camera-recorder unit, eliminating a cable between the camera and recorder and increasing the camera operators freedom. The Betacam used the same format as the Betamax, and became standard equipment for broadcast news. Sony released the first consumer camcorder in 1983, the Betamovie BMC-100P used a Betamax cassette and rested on the operators shoulder, due to a design not permitting a single-handed grip. That year, JVC released the first VHS-C camcorder, Sony introduced its compact Video8 format in 1985. That year, Panasonic, RCA and Hitachi began producing camcorders using a full-size VHS cassette with a three-hour capacity and these shoulder-mount camcorders were used by videophiles, industrial videographers and college TV studios. Full-size Super-VHS camcorders were released in 1987, providing a way to collect news segments or other videographies. Sony upgraded Video8, releasing the Hi8 in competition with S-VHS, Digital technology emerged with the Sony D1, a device which recorded uncompressed data and required a large amount of bandwidth for its time. In 1992 Ampex introduced DCT, the first digital video format with data compression using the cosine transform algorithm present in most commercial digital video formats. In 1995 Sony, JVC, Panasonic and other video-camera manufacturers launched DV, Panasonic launched DVCPRO HD in 2000, expanding the DV codec to support high definition. The format was intended for professional camcorders, and used full-size DVCPRO cassettes, in 2003 Sony, JVC, Canon and Sharp introduced HDV as the first affordable HD video format, due to its use of inexpensive MiniDV cassettes
10.
Point-and-shoot camera
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A point-and-shoot camera, also called a compact camera, is a still camera designed primarily for simple operation. Most use focus free lenses or autofocus for focusing, automatic systems for setting the exposure options, point-and-shoots are by far the best selling type of separate camera, as distinct from camera phones. They are popular with people who do not consider themselves photographers but want easy-to-use cameras for snapshots of vacations, parties, reunions, point-and-shoot camera sales declined after about 2010 as smartphones overtook them in such uses. Many superzoom compact cameras have optical zoom up to 30x and weigh less than 300 grams, much less than bridge cameras and DSLRs. Most of these cameras use small 1/2.3 sensors. They prioritize intelligent Auto, but some high end P&S cameras have PSAM mode dial, Raw image format, point-and-shoot cameras are distinguished from single-lens reflex cameras in several respects, point-and-shoot film cameras, and many digital ones, use a viewfinder. The image that the photographer sees is not the image that passes through the primary lens of the camera. Rather, the image in the passes through a separate lens. With this mechanism, pictures cannot be previewed on the LCD screens of most digital SLRs, digital cameras eliminate one advantage of the SLR design, as the cameras display image comes through the lens, not a separate viewfinder. Many smaller digital point-and-shoots of the 2010s omit the optical viewfinder, point-and-shoot cameras generally dont have such add-on devices, hence there is no such need. The lowest-end point-and-shoot film cameras are similar to cameras. These cameras have focus-free lenses, with fixed apertures and they may or may not have a light meter. Most have a wheel or lever for advancing the film and cocking the shutter, because of the fixed apertures, models with flash have no way of controlling the exposure from the flash. Therefore, flash pictures have to be taken within a range of distance from the subject. Advanced models use automatic focus and have variable apertures and they use electric motors to advance and rewind the film. They are much more versatile than the low-end models and they are also likely to have zoom lenses, more advanced auto-focus systems, exposure systems with manual controls, larger apertures and sharper lenses. They may have special lamps or pre-flash systems designed to reduce red eye in flash pictures of people, unit total sales of all types of point-and-shoot cameras declined by 17 percent year on year, but increased by 16 percent for cameras having optical zoom greater than 10x. Most film-based point-and-shoots made after the late 1980s use 35mm film, in the 1980s, 35mm was seen as a professional format due to the relative difficulty of loading and rewinding the film versus cartridge based formats such as 110 or disc film
11.
Mobile phone
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A mobile phone is a portable telephone that can make and receive calls over a radio frequency link while the user is moving within a telephone service area. The radio frequency link establishes a connection to the systems of a mobile phone operator. Most modern mobile telephone services use a network architecture, and, therefore. Mobile phones which offer these and more general computing capabilities are referred to as smartphones, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. In 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available mobile phone. From 1983 to 2014, worldwide mobile phone subscriptions grew to seven billion, penetrating 100% of the global population. In first quarter of 2016, the top smartphone manufacturers were Samsung, Apple, a handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a pocket-size folding telephone with a thin carbon microphone. Early predecessors of cellular phones included analog radio communications from ships, the race to create truly portable telephone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. These 0G systems were not cellular, supported few simultaneous calls, the first handheld mobile phone was demonstrated by John F. Mitchell and Martin Cooper of Motorola in 1973, using a handset weighing c.4.4 lbs. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and this was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone system in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden. Several other countries followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation systems could support far more simultaneous calls but still used analog cellular technology, in 1983, the DynaTAC 8000x was the first commercially available handheld mobile phone. In 1991, the digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radiolinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators challenged the incumbent 1G network operators, ten years later, in 2001, the third generation was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3. 5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access family, allowing UMTS networks to have data transfer speeds. By 2009, it had become clear that, at point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed improvements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies
12.
APS-C
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Advanced Photo System type-C is an image sensor format approximately equivalent in size to the Advanced Photo System classic negatives of 25. 1×16.7 mm, an aspect ratio of 3,2. Sensors approximating these dimensions are used in many digital single-lens reflex cameras, Mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras, APS-C size sensors are also used in a few digital rangefinders. Such sensors exist in different variants depending on the manufacturer. All APS-C variants are considerably smaller than 35 mm standard film which measures 36×24 mm, sensor sizes range from 20. 7×13.8 mm to 28. 7×19.1 mm, but are typically about 22. 5×15 mm for Canon and 24×16 mm for other manufacturers. Each variant results in a different angle of view from lenses at the same focal length. This is why each manufacturer offers a range of lenses designed for its format, the quality of the image from an APS-C sensor is higher when compared to a smaller sensor due to its larger size which allows it to collect more light. However, compared to a camera, image quality is lower. Most DSLR and third party lens manufacturers now make lenses designed for APS-C cameras. Actual multiplier factor is 1. 255× for the 1D Digital,1. 28× for the Canon EOS-1D Mark III and 1. 29× for the Canon EOS-1D Mark IV. Leica M8 is 1. 33× Canon, Nikon, Pentax, whilst Canon uses a factor of 1. 6×, the other three brands all use 1. 5×. APS-C cameras use an area to form the image than traditional 35 mm cameras. For example, a 28 mm lens is a wide angle lens on a traditional 35 mm camera. But the same lens on an APS-C camera, with a factor of 1. 6×, has the same angle of view as a 45 mm lens on a 35 mm camera—i. e. Several third-party lens manufacturers, such as Tamron, Tokina, and Sigma, Canon introduced the Canon EF-S line of lenses in 2003 alongside the 300D. These lenses place the rear of the closer to the cameras sensor. This has several benefits, including lighter lenses and a field of view. EF-S lenses are compatible with Canons APS-C digital SLRs, with the exception of the early Canon EOS D30, Canon EOS D60, and Canon EOS 10D, EF-S lenses will not physically mount on Canons full-frame digital or 35mm film SLRs. More recently, the introduced the EF-M line for its EOS M series of mirrorless interchangeable-lens cameras
13.
Nikon D5100
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The Nikon D5100 is a 16. 2-megapixel DX-format DSLR F-mount camera announced by Nikon on April 5,2011. It features the same 16. 2-megapixel CMOS sensor as the D7000 with 14-bit resolution, the D5100 is the first Nikon DSLR to offer 1080p video at a choice of frame rates, previous Nikon DSLRs that recorded 1080p only did so at 24 fps. It replaces the D5000 and is replaced by the D5200, sony IMX07116. 2-megapixel Nikon DX format CMOS sensor. Automatic correction of chromatic aberration for JPEGs. Correction-data is additionally stored in RAW-files and used by Nikon Capture NX, View NX, inbuilt time-lapse photography intervalometer Active D-Lighting. First Nikon DSLR with in camera High Dynamic Range mode, live View shooting mode with Contrast Detect and face priority auto focus. Continuous Drive up to 4 frames per second, 3D Color Matrix Metering II with Scene Recognition System. 3D Tracking Multi-CAM1000 autofocus sensor module with 11 AF points, ISO sensitivity 100 to 6400 and up to 25600 with boost. With monochrome Night-vision up to ISO102400 equivalent, auto scene recognition mode with 19 pre-programmed scenes. Built-in sensor cleaning system and airflow control system, file formats, JPEG, NEF, H.264 video codec. EN-EL14 Lithium-ion Battery with up to 660 shots per charge, the D5100 has no in-body autofocus motor, and fully automatic autofocus requires one of the currently 162 lenses with an integrated autofocus motor. With any other lenses the cameras electronic rangefinder can be used to manually adjust focus and it can mount unmodified A-lenses with support of the electronic rangefinder and without metering. The Nikon D5100 has available such as, Nikon Stereo Microphone ME-1 Nikon ML-L3 Wireless. Third party remotes are also available, Nikon GP-1 GPS Unit for direct GPS geotagging. Third party solutions partly with 3-axis compass, data-logger, bluetooth and support for use are available from Solmeta, Dawn, Easytag, Foolography, Gisteq. Battery grip third party solutions are available, third party solutions for WLAN transmitter are available. Various Nikon Speedlight or third party flash units including devices with Nikon Creative Lighting System wireless flash commander or support for SU-800 Wireless Speedlight Commander, third party radio flash control triggers are partly supporting i-TTL, but do not support the Nikon Creative Lighting System. Tethered shooting with Nikon Camera Control Pro 2, Apple Aperture 3, other accessories from Nikon and third parties, including protective cases and bags, eyepiece adapters and correction lenses, and underwater housings
14.
Nikon D7000
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The Nikon D7000 is a 16. 2-megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera model announced by Nikon on September 15,2010. At the time of announcement, it was a new class of camera placed between the professional D300S and the midrange D90. In 2011, the D7000 received four awards, the Red Dot product design, TIPAs Best D-SLR Advanced category, EISAs European Advanced SLR Camera 2011-2012. The D7000 was superseded by the D7100, announced on February 20,2013, however, Nikon is expected to keep the D7000 in its product lineup for at least several months. Sony IMX07116.2 megapixel CMOS sensor, Nikon DX format with a size of 4.78 µm. Full HD 1080p movie mode with auto-focus while filming, mono sound, automatic correction of lateral chromatic aberration for JPEGs. Correction-data is additionally stored in RAW-files and can be used by Nikon Capture NX, View NX, enhanced built-in RAW processing with extended Retouch menu for image processing without using a computer. Memory Buffer Capacity, Varies with image format,10 image capacity in NEF Lossless Compressed 14-bit format,2, 016-pixel RGB 3D Color Matrix Metering II with Scene Recognition System. 3D Tracking Multi-CAM 4800DX autofocus sensor module with 39 AF points, face detection, Wide Area, Normal Area, and Subject Tracking autofocus options in live view mode. Bracketing Dual SD memory card slots with support for SDXC cards, UHS-I bus, built-in Sensor cleaning system Support for optional GPS unit direct connect. EN-EL15 Lithium-ion Battery, Battery Life approx, lens compatibility, Nikkor F Mount, AF-S, AF-I, AF-D, Manual Nikkor AI/AIS The Nikon D7000 has dozens of available accessories such as, Nikon WT-4A Wireless Transmitter for WLAN. Nikon ML-L3 Wireless remote control or third-party solutions, Nikon GP-1 GPS Unit for direct GPS geotagging. Third-party solutions partly with 3-axis compass, data-logger, bluetooth and support for use are available from Solmeta, Dawn, Easytag, Foolography, Gisteq. Nikon MB-D11 Multi Power Battery grip or third-party solutions, various Nikon Speedlight or third-party flash units. Also working as commander for Nikon Creative Lighting System wireless flash, third-party radio flash control triggers are partly supporting i-TTL, but do not support the Nikon Creative Lighting System. Tethered shooting with Nikon Camera Control Pro 2, Adobe Lightroom 3 or other partly free products including apps, other accessories from Nikon and third parties, including protective cases and bags, eyepiece adapters and correction lenses, and underwater housings. The D7000 received four out of five stars and the Editors choice award in CNETs review, dxO Labs awarded its sensor an overall score of 80, above much more expensive competitors. The main point of criticism by reviewers is the buffer which limits the number of shots in burst mode especially when shooting RAW
15.
Sony NEX-5
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The Sony NEX-5 is a digital camera launched on 11 May 2010. It is an interchangeable lens camera with the body of a common point-and-shoot camera. Its major competitors in the market are the based on the micro 4/3 standard created by Panasonic and Olympus, and a few low end Canon, Nikon. The NEX-5 shoots 14.2 megapixel stills and has a 7 frame/s continuous shotmode and it has the capability to shoot 1920x1080i at 60 frame/s in AVCHD or 1440x1080p at 30 frame/s in MPEG4. The NEX-5 was replaced by the 16 megapixel NEX-5N in August 2011, the NEX-5 has features found in SLR cameras but also some that are normally found in point and shoots. The body of the NEX-5 is made out of an alloy that separates the NEX-5 from the less expensive polymer NEX-3. Also different from the NEX-3 is video quality, the NEX-5 can shoot in AVCHD 1080/60i HD. There is a 7 frame/s continuous shot mode, with autofocus disabled after the first frame, the APS-C sized sensor has an ISO sensitivity up to 12,800. The camera software has features like twilight mode and sweep panorama. The latter lets the photographer sweep across a line or similar long view and have the photos automatically stitched into a JPEG image on camera. The NEX-5 along with its sister, the NEX-3, and also the Sony Handycam NEX-VG10 use a new lens mount system developed by Sony for NEX series and known as the Sony E-mount. Initially, there were three available lenses, an all-purpose 18–55 mm lens, an ultra wide pancake 16 mm lens, the Sony LA-EA2 adapter also supports autofocus with screw-drive A-mount lenses, firmware version 5 is required for this adapter. Other third-party mechanical tube adapters are also available, the complete model number of NEX-3/5 series may include letter at end
16.
Fujifilm X-Pro1
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The Fujifilm X-Pro1 is a mirrorless interchangeable-lens digital camera announced in January 2012 and launched in March 2012. It is part of Fujifilms X-Series of cameras, in October 2012 Fujifilm has released a very similar, yet smaller, camera named the X-E1. In January 2016 Fujifilm announced its successor the X-Pro2, anti-aliasing filters are used on standard Bayer Array Sensors to reduce moiré effect when shooting regular patterns - however they are known to slightly reduce resolution. The X-Trans CMOS sensor uses a different pattern of pixels in order to reduce moiré without the need for an AA filter. This same pattern ensures that all horizontal and vertical lines of pixels contain R, G and B pixels whereas Bayer array sensors do not have R and B in some lines. Fujifilm developed the Fujifilm X-mount lens system specifically for the X-Pro1, the following X-mount lenses are available from Fujifilm and Carl Zeiss, Fujinon XF18mmF2 R –18 mm fixed prime lens, f/2-f/16. Available at time of launch of camera, Fujinon XF35mmF1.4 R –35 mm fixed prime lens, f/1. 4-f/16. Available at time of launch of camera, Fujinon XF60mmF2.4 R Macro –60 mm focal length fixed prime lens, f/2. 4-f/22. Available at time of launch of camera, Fujinon XF18-55mmF2. 8-4 R LM OIS – 18-55mm, f/2.8 / f/4-f/22. Fujinon XF14mmF2.8 R –14 mm fixed prime lens, Fujinon XF23mmF1.4 R –23 mm high speed wide angle fixed prime lens, f/1. 4–f/16. Fujinon XF27mmF2.8 –27 mm pancake, fixed prime lens, Fujinon XF10-24mmF4 R OIS – 10–24 mm ultrawide zoom lens, f/4–f/22. Fujinon XF55-200mmF3. 5-4.8 R LM OIS – 55–200 mm telephoto zoom lens, Fujinon XF56MF1.2 R.56 mm f/1. 2–f/16 fixed prime lens. Fujinon XC 16–50 mm f/3. 5-f/5.6 – 16–50 mm normal zoom lens, designed to suit mid range CSCs. Lower cost, smaller and lighter dimensions, but all transparent elements inside are made of glasses instead of high refractive plastics as in another kit lens, Fujinon XC 50–230 mm f/4. 5-f/6.7 – 50–230 mm telephoto lens. Designed to suit mid range CSCs, lower cost, smaller and lighter dimensions, but all transparent elements inside are made of glasses instead of high refractive plastics as in another kit lens. Carl Zeiss Touit 2. 8/12 E – fixed prime lens, Carl Zeiss Touit 1. 8/32 E – fixed prime lens. The X-mount lens mount has a short flange back distance of just 17.7 mm and this means the rear lens elements are as close as possible to the sensor. The wide opening allows the lens to be mounted deeper within the body – up to 7.5 mm from the mount surface – reducing the back focus distance of each lens
17.
Fujifilm X-E1
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The Fujifilm X-E1 is a digital rangefinder-style mirrorless camera announced by Fujifilm on September 6,2012. It is the second camera announced for Fujifilms X-system, after the Fujifilm X-Pro1, the X-E1 is a slimmed-down version of X-Pro1. The modifications include removal of expensive hybrid finder replaced by an electronic viewfinder. New EVF uses a 2. 36M dot OLED unit, out-speccing the X-Pro1s 1. 44M dot LCD finder
18.
Fujifilm X-T1
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The Fujifilm X-T1 is a DSLR-style weather-resistant mirrorless camera announced by Fujifilm on January 28,2014. The X-T1 camera body is dust- and water-resistant and also freezeproof down to −10 °C and it has a large electronic viewfinder, larger apparent image than the optical viewfinders of some DSLRs such as the Canon EOS-1D X. It has 3 dials on the top-plate of the camera for adjusting ISO, shutter speed and it lacks built-in flash, but includes a flash sync port. A hand grip and battery grip are available as separately sold accessories, shortly after the release of the camera, it was reported that the camera had a light leak through its accessory ports. Fujifilm responded stating that some cameras from an early production run were affected. Later, the X-T1 won the EISA Award Best Product 2014 in the category Advanced Compact System Camera, FUJIFILM X-T1 | 富士フイルム FUJIFILM X-T1 | Fujifilm Global Fujifilm X-T1 Digital Photography Review
19.
Pentax K-5
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The Pentax K-5 is a 16. 3-megapixel digital single-lens reflex camera, announced on September 20,2010. It began shipping in mid-October 2010 and it was replaced by the Pentax K-5 II in the quarter of 2012. Externally, the body is almost unchanged from the Pentax K-7. The main improvements compared to the model are higher light sensitivity. The use of a Sony sensor in the K-5 signalled a departure from the Samsung sensor partnership. The latest firmware release is 1.16, the K-5 is designed to operate at temperatures of −10 to 40 °C. Two-axis level meter Automatic horizon correction up to 1° with SR on or 2° with SR off, more information is available at Pentax K-5 Camera Reviews and Specifications—PentaxForums The K-5 can record video at 1080p full HD as well as at lower resolutions using the motion JPEG codec. Videos can be recorded at the resolutions and frame rates. This ranked at the time of testing, the highest ever for an APS-C sensor, one of the major factors was shadow noise and dynamic range. However, the closely related sensor in the Nikon D7000 scored 80, the weather-sealed D-BG4 battery grip that fit the Pentax K-7 can also be used on the Pentax K-5
20.
Pentax K-30
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The Pentax K-30 is a 16. 3-megapixel Pentax digital single-lens reflex camera, announced on 21 May 2012. At its introduction, it was in the middle of Pentaxs DSLR range, above the now-discontinued entry-level K-r and it has a stainless steel chassis, and unlike most DSLRs of its class, is fully weather sealed. It can shoot continuously at up to 6 frames per second with a shutter speed of 1/6000th of a second. It can capture video at 1080p at either 30,25, like all current and recent Pentax dSLRs it features in-body shake reduction, removing the need for each lens to have image stabilisation. The Pentax K mount allows use of legacy lenses dating back to the 1970s, or even earlier with an M42-mount adapter, the autofocus system is an advance over the K-5 and features 11 AF points,9 of which are cross-type. For maximum flexibility, the camera can use the proprietary supplied lithium battery, or, with an optional adapter
21.
Sony Alpha 55
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The Sony α55 is a midrange-level SLT camera, released in August 2010. Its design is due to its being the first digital single-lens translucent camera. As an SLT it employs a semi-transparent mirror instead of an opaque mirror, the design also replaces the optical viewfinder present in conventional DSLR with a high-resolution electronic viewfinder. The translucent mirror is fixed in position so does not have to flip up to take a still image, the static mirror also eliminates mirror slap, the noise produced by the movement of the mirror during a shutter actuation, making the A55 quieter than standard DSLRs. The A55 is one of the first four Sony Alpha DSLR / SLT cameras with video mode included and it is also capable of shooting 1080p at 30fps. The SLT design means that it is capable of using phase-detection autofocus during video recording and it has body-integrated image stabilization, and a 16.2 MPx APS-C CMOS sensor. The cameras body-integrated image stabilization produces heat, causing the camera to stop recording after these recording times. AVCHD1080 50i or 60i MPEG-41080 30p or 25p dPreview Imaging Resource Digital Trends
22.
Full-frame digital SLR
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The term full frame is used by users of digital single-lens reflex cameras as a shorthand for an image sensor format which is the same size as 35mm format film. Historically, 35mm was considered a film format compared with medium format, large format. This is in contrast to cameras with smaller sensors, much smaller than a full 35mm frame. Currently, the majority of cameras, both compact and SLR models, use a smaller-than-35 mm frame, as it is easier and cheaper to manufacture imaging sensors at a smaller size. Historically, the earliest digital SLR models, such as the Nikon NASA F4 or Kodak DCS100, Kodak states that 35mm film has the equivalent of 6,000 pixel horizontal resolution according to a Senior Vice President of IMAX. If the lens mounts are compatible, many lenses, including manual-focus models, when a lens designed for a full-frame camera, whether film or digital, is mounted on a DSLR with a smaller sensor size, only the center of the lens image circle is captured. The edges are cropped off, which is equivalent to zooming in on the section of the imaging area. When used with lenses designed for full frame film or digital cameras full-frame DSLRs offer a number of advantages compared to their smaller-sensor counterparts, one advantage is that wide-angle lenses designed for full-frame 35mm retain that same wide angle of view. On smaller-sensor DSLRs, wide-angle lenses have smaller angles of view equivalent to those of longer-focal-length lenses on 35mm film cameras. For example, a 24 mm lens on a camera with a factor of 1.5 has a 62° diagonal angle of view. On a full-frame digital camera, the 24 mm lens has the same 84° angle of view as it would on a 35mm film camera, equivalently, for the same DoF, the full-frame format will require a larger f-number. There are optical quality implications as well—not only because the image from the lens is effectively cropped—but because many lens designs are now optimized for sensors smaller than 36 mm ×24 mm. The full-frame sensor can also be useful with wide-angle perspective control or tilt/shift lenses, in particular, for example, a 200 mm lens on a camera with a crop factor of 1. 5× has the same angle of view as a 300 mm lens on a full-frame camera. The extra reach, for a number of pixels, can be helpful in specific areas of photography such as wildlife or sports. Lower size sensors also allow for the use of a range of lenses. By only using the center of the lens, these impurities are not noticed, in practice, this allows for the use of lower cost glass without corresponding loss of quality. Finally, full frame sensors allow for sensor designs that result in noise levels at high ISO. Pixel density is lower on full frame sensors and this means the pixels can be either spaced further apart from each other, or each photodiode can be manufactured at a slightly larger size
23.
Low-voltage differential signaling
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Low-voltage differential signaling, or LVDS, also known as TIA/EIA-644, is a technical standard that specifies electrical characteristics of a differential, serial communications protocol. LVDS operates at low power and can run at high speeds using inexpensive twisted-pair copper cables. Since LVDS is a physical layer specification only, many data communication standards and applications use it, the typical applications are high-speed video, graphics, video camera data transfers, and general purpose computer buses. LVDS is a signaling system, meaning that it transmits information as the difference between the voltages on a pair of wires, the two wire voltages are compared at the receiver. In a typical implementation, the transmitter injects a constant current of 3.5 mA into the wires, the current passes through a termination resistor of about 100 to 120 ohms at the receiving end, and then returns in the opposite direction via the other wire. From Ohms law, the difference across the resistor is therefore about 350 mV. The receiver senses the polarity of voltage to determine the logic level. As long as there is tight electric- and magnetic-field coupling between the two wires, LVDS reduces the generation of electromagnetic noise and this noise reduction is due to the equal and opposite current flow in the two wires creating equal and opposite electromagnetic fields that tend to cancel each other. In addition, the tightly coupled transmission wires will reduce susceptibility to noise interference because the noise will equally affect each wire. The LVDS receiver is unaffected by common mode noise because it senses the differential voltage, the low common-mode voltage of about 1.2 V allows using LVDS with a wide range of integrated circuits with power supply voltages down to 2.5 V or lower. In addition, there are variations of LVDS that use a common mode voltage. One example is sub-LVDS that uses 0.9 V typical common mode voltage, another is Scalable Low Voltage Signaling for 400 mV specified in JEDEC JESD8-13 October 2001 where the power supply can be as low as 800 mV and common mode voltage is about 400 mV. The low differential voltage, about 350 mV, causes LVDS to consume little power compared to other signaling technologies. At 2.5 V supply voltage the power to drive 3.5 mA becomes 8.75 mW, Logic levels, LVDS is not the only low power differential signaling system in use, others include the Fairchild Current Transfer Logic serial I/O. LVDS became popular in the mid 1990s, before that, computer monitor resolutions were not large enough to need such fast data rates for graphics and video. However, in 1992 Apple Computer needed a method to transfer multiple streams of digital video without overloading the existing NuBus on the backplane, Apple and National Semiconductor created QuickRing, which was the first integrated circuit using LVDS. QuickRing was a high speed auxiliary bus for data to bypass the NuBus in Macintosh computers. The multimedia and supercomputer applications continued to expand because both needed to move large amounts of data over links several meters long, FPD-Link became the de facto open standard for this notebook application in the late 1990s and is still the dominant display interface today in notebook and tablet computers
24.
Nikon D800
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The Nikon D800 is a 36. 3-megapixel professional-grade full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera produced by Nikon Corporation. It was given a Gold Award by Digital Photography Review. It was officially announced on February 7,2012 and went on sale in late March 2012 for the retail price of $2999.95 in the U. S. £2399 in the UK. Shortly after the camera went on sale, Nikons UK subsidiary increased the price of the D800 in that market by £200 to £2599, saying that the original price was due to an internal systems error. However, Nikon honored the original price for all pre-orders placed before March 24, the successor is the Nikon D810 - announced June 26,2014. 4 frames per second in continuous FX mode or 5,4 crop mode,5 frames per second in continuous 1. 2× crop mode or DX mode. With the optional MB-D12 battery grip, fitted with either the EN-EL18 battery pack of the D4 or AA batteries, buffer size for 17 RAW or 56 JPEG with maximum quality. The D800E is a version which uses a new optical anti-aliasing filter with no low-pass filter effect to obtain the sharpest images possible. Nikon claims that possible aliasing effects can be lessened by software-processing in camera or external programs like Nikons Capture NX2, reviewers have pointed out that whilst increased moiré is difficult to remove in post-processing, it is relatively easy to combat while photo-taking. Furthermore, moire is rarely found in photos, hence, most recommend the D800E, as the lack of low-pass filter brings about a noticeable improvement in optical resolution. Nikon has advised that there are mislabelled Nikon D800E in circulation that are actually the D800 model with the front cover replaced so as to appear like a D800E, a D800 modified to appear to be a D800E is not covered under Nikon warranty. Nikon advises users to take all necessary precautions to ensure the authenticity of a camera before purchasing one. To detect fake models the user has to display an image captured with the camera in the cameras monitor. The name of the used to capture the image will be displayed at the top right corner of the display. If the correct number is displayed, it is supposed to be authentic
25.
Nikon D810
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The Nikon D810 is a 36. 3-megapixel professional-grade full-frame digital single-lens reflex camera produced by Nikon. The camera was announced in June 2014, and became available in July 2014. Videos up to 1080p 60p / 50p fps Simultaneous video recoding on external recorder and compressed on memory card Autofocus equivalent to D4S, also Group Area mode, face-detection switchable with custom settings Highlight Weighted Metering preventing blown highlights or underexposed shadows. Also Highlight Display with Zebra Stripes and full aperture metering during live view and video Kevlar/carbon fiber composite shutter with reduced lag, vibrations, timelapse / Interval Timer Exposure Smoothing Customizable Picture Control 2.0 options, Flat affecting dynamic range, Clarity affecting details. Nikon Wireless remote control or third-party solutions, Nikon GP-1 or GP-1A GPS Unit for direct GPS geotagging. Third-party solutions partly with three-axis compass, data-logger, bluetooth and support for use are available from Solmeta, Dawn, Easytag, Foolography, Gisteq. Nikon Battery grip or third-party solutions Various Nikon Speedlight or third-party flash units, also working as commander for Nikon Creative Lighting System wireless flash. Nikon D810 animators kit including the AF-S VR Micro-NIKKOR 105mm f/2. 8G, Dragonframe 3. On August 19,2014, Nikon acknowledged a problem reported by some users, existing owners of D810 cameras were asked to visit a website to determine whether their camera could be affected, on the basis of serial numbers. Repairs would be made by Nikon free of charge, if bright spots still appear in images after servicing, Nikon recommends enabling Long exposure NR. Products already serviced have a dot inside the tripod socket. The D810As IR filter is optimized for H-alpha red tones, resulting in four times greater sensitivity to the 656 nm wavelength than the D810. In comparison, Canons astrophotography DSLRs 20Da and 60Da Hα sensitivity was 2.5 times and 3 times more than the standard 20D / 60D. A review concludes that especially the D810A long exposure noise is superior compared to the D800E and other Nikon fullframes, color balance of normal photos seems mostly correct, except comparatively hotter objects with strong infrared radiation and a bit more purple in sunsets
26.
Nikon D600
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The Nikon D600 is a 24. 3-effective-megapixel FX-format full-frame digital SLR camera from Nikon released on September 13,2012 targeted at professionals and enthusiasts. It began shipping on September 18,2012, at introduction, its retail price in the U. S. was $2099 for the body only. The Nikon D600 was given a Gold Award by Digital Photography Review,24.3 million effective pixel full-frame sensor Nikon EXPEED3 image processor. ISO100 to 6400 in steps of 1/3 or 1/2 EV,0.3,0.5,0.7 or 1 EV below ISO100 or to approx. JPEG, JPEG-Baseline compliant with fine, normal or basic compression, also NEF +JPEG, Single photograph recorded in both NEF and JPEG formats Full HD movie mode 1,920 x 1,080 at 30p/25p/24p,1,280 x 720 at 60p/50p/30p/25p. File format, MOV, H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC Expeed video processor, Built-in monaural or external stereo microphone, sensitivity adjustable. HDMI HD video out with support of uncompressed video, eye-Fi WLAN compatible 100% viewfinder coverage in FX, 97% viewfinder coverage in DX mode 5.5 fps in CH, approx. 1 to 5 fps (CL Built-in High dynamic range imaging mode Live view photography, according to Digital Photography Review, its build quality and user interface are between the D7000 and the high-end full-frame D800. It includes almost all of the capabilities of the D800. Following complaints of dust accumulation on the D600s sensor, in late November 2012, on October 8,2013, the Nikon D610 was announced, a direct successor of the D600, and the D600 was shortly thereafter noted as having been discontinued. The D610 has been described as a minor refresh. It was speculated that the D610 was released solely to address the oil, on March 18, the Chinese government ordered Nikon to stop selling the D600, forcing Nikon to recall all remaining units from dealers. On June 30, it was revealed Nikon had allocated 1.8 billion Yen for the cost of these repairs, Nikon D600 Manual Nikon Nikon D610 Manual Nikon
27.
Nikon D750
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The Nikon D750 is a full-frame DSLR camera announced by Nikon on September 12,2014. It is the first in a new line of Nikon FX format cameras which includes technologies from the D810 in a smaller and lighter body. Nikon sees the D750 with advanced features for videographers as well as a primary or secondary camera for fast handling and speed. It has a newly developed 24. 3-effective-megapixel image sensor with claimed lower image noise, the Expeed 4 processor from D4S/D810 and built-in Wi-Fi enable functions from the D810. Its autofocus is the same as in the D4S and D810, the D750 has a tilting LCD screen, and is cited as the lightest among Nikons traditional pro series. The body is a light-weight weather-sealed monocoque construction with carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer at the front and magnesium alloy for the back, dxOMark reviewed the D750 sensor image quality and assigned it an overall score of 93. Since its release, the camera has been praised for its impressive low-light capabilities, dPReview completed their review of the D750 in mid December 2014 and assigned it a Gold Award as well as a 90% numerical rating. Some D750 bodies have been found to produce unwanted flare anomalies in certain shooting situations, the problem is caused by a reflection of light within the internal components, and manifests in an irregular, discolored patch of light along the top of images. Nikon resolved to repair affected cameras at no cost, Nikon D750, Nikon USA Nikon D750, Nikon Global Nikon D750 specifications, dpreview Nikon D750 User Manuals, Guides and Software Nikon Download-center
28.
Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1
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The Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1 is a premium fixed-lens compact camera made by Sony as part of its Cyber-shot line of digital cameras. It was announced on September 12,2012, the DSC-RX1 features a 35 mm f/2 Zeiss Sonnar lens with leaf shutter capable of a minimum shutter speed of 1/2000 s, 1/3200 s, and even 1/4000 s. The camera is equipped with a 24, the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1R, released in 2013, is a variant of the Sony DSC-RX1 without anti-aliasing filter in front of the image sensor. This can slightly increase the resolution at the expense of possibly more moiré in areas with fine repeating textures. In 2015, both models were succeeded by the Sony Cyber-shot DSC-RX1R II
29.
Sony Alpha 99
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The Sony Alpha 99 was announced by Sony on September 12,2012. It was the flagship Sony DSLR camera and of the Sony Alpha SLT line until late 2016 when it was replaced by the Sony α99 II and it features the 24. 3MP 35mm full-frame Exmor APS HD CMOS sensor, with the normal sensor range of ISO 100-3200. The selectable sensitivity is up to ISO25600, which makes this camera able to still images in low-light environments. This camera can also combine six images together, to generate an image with two additional steps of ISO sensitivity. This is also the first Sony Alpha camera to use the new Sony Mult-Interface shoe which is a standard ISO shoe with proprietary contacts at the front of the shoe and this allows use of standard ISO hotshoe accessories without the need for adapters as in previous Alpha models. The camera ships with an adapter to use of older Minolta-style hot-shoe accessories. Like Sonys APS-c flagship, α77, the α99 has the ability to record Full HD1080 video with up to 60p frame rate, in markets outside China, this camera also has built-in GPS that allows recording of position information into the photo. The α99 also uses a three-way tiltable LCD, as used on α77, the dials function can be brought up with a press of the central button and then changed using the dial silently during movie or still recording. The dials functions can also be changed on the fly by long-pressing the button, for flexibility Sony α99 allows users to use Sonys crop APS-C DT lenses and consequently automatically cropping the image to the smaller frame. An updated version, the Sony α99 II, was announced at Photokina in September 2016, model variants of the Alpha 99 camera body, SLT-A99V with GPS. In February 2014, Hasselblad introduced a restyled Sony A99 as Hasselblad HV, according to the companys press-release, their version of A99 is tough as nails, featuring more robust construction than the original. 24. 3MP 35mm full-frame Exmor APS HD CMOS sensor, truFinder XGA OLED Electronic viewfinder with 100% frame coverage. Therefore, as of September 2013, the Sony Alpha 99 scores higher than all DSLRs from Canon and all DSLRs except those listed here from Nikon, including their professional models
30.
Nikon D3300
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Nikon D3300 is a 24. 2-megapixel DX format DSLR Nikon F-mount camera officially launched by Nikon on January 7,2014. It is marketed as an entry-level DSLR camera for beginners and experienced DSLR hobbyist who are ready for more advanced specs and it replaces the D3200 as Nikons entry level DSLR. The D3300 usually comes with an 18-55mm VR II kit lens, the Expeed 4 image-processing engine enables the camera to capture 60 fps 1080p video in MPEG-4 format. And 24.2 megapixel images without optical low pass filter at 5 fps as the fastest for low-entry DSLR and it is Nikons first DSLR camera with Easy Panorama. As in the Nikon D5300, the carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer body and also the new kit lens makes it smaller and lighter. 124 x 98 x 75.5 mm and weighs 460 g with and 410 g without battery and memory card, in April 2014, the D3300 received a Technical Image Press Association award in the category Best Digital SLR Entry Level. The D3300 was superseded as Nikons entry-level camera by the D3400 in late 2016,24.2 megapixel image sensor with 12-bit resolution. Therefore, the D3300 can only autofocus with lenses with integrated autofocus motors
31.
Nikon D5300
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The Nikon D5300 is an F-mount DSLR with a new carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer body and other new technologies, announced by Nikon on October 17,2013. It features the new Expeed 4 processor and is the companys first DSLR with built-in Wi-Fi and it shares the same 24-megapixel image sensor as its D5200 predecessor, but without an anti-aliasing filter, equal to the Nikon D7100. MSRP for the body is $800, and $1,400 with an 18-140mm f/3. 5-5.6 kit lens, Expeed 4 with lower power consumption, extended battery life to 600 shots Full HD video 1080p with autofocus also in uncompressed video format. Nikons first DSLR with 60p/50p framerate at full HD resolution GPS built-in WLAN built-in Automatic correction of chromatic aberration for JPEGs. Correction-data is additionally stored in RAW-files and used by Nikon Capture NX, View NX, no Anti-aliasing filter New pentamirror with 0. 82x magnification and 95% frame coverage Nine special effects Active D-Lighting. Inbuilt time-lapse photography intervalometer Quiet shooting mode, built-in sensor cleaning system and airflow control system. Stereo microphone input 3. 2-inch articulated 1073k-dot vari-angle LCD, with any other lenses the cameras electronic rangefinder can be used to manually adjust focus. The D5300 can mount unmodified A-lenses with support of the electronic rangefinder, Nikon D5500 List of Nikon F-mount lenses with integrated autofocus motors Nikon D5300 Product Page at Nikon Global Nikon D5300 Manual, Nikon
32.
Pentax Q
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The Pentax Q is a mirrorless interchangeable-lens camera introduced by Pentax on June 23,2011. Introduced as The worlds smallest interchangeable lens system camera… The Pentax Q system is composed of 4 bodies and eight lenses, Three zooms, one prime normal, the zooms and prime lenses have leaf shutters which sync with flash up to 1/2000 of a second. The other lenses use the electronic shutter. The cameras small size means that the Q has a crop factor of 5. 6×. With the 5. 6× crop factor, a 100 mm macro lens results in a 35 mm equivalent field of view of a 560 mm telephoto. An additional implication of the 5. 6× crop factor and associated optics is that depth of field is increased proportionally for an aperture setting. This means that in applications the small Pentax Q sensor offers an advantage over larger formats. This also allows the Pentax Q lenses to be smaller than lenses designed for larger formats. The Pentax Q has a range of digital effects and controls including High Dynamic Range, multiple scene modes, and a bokeh function which. The camera is equipped with sensor-shift image stabilization technology to improve image quality at slow speeds or when using telephoto lenses. It has a focus peaking function as well, sensor shift and focus peaking functions also work with adapted lenses. The Q7 and Q-S1 models have a sensor size resulting in a crop factor of 4. 6×
