Extremely low frequency is the ITU designation for electromagnetic radiation with frequencies from 3 to 30 Hz, and corresponding wavelengths of 100,000 to 10,000 kilometers, respectively. In atmospher
1982 aerial view of the U.S. Navy Clam Lake, Wisconsin, ELF transmitter facility, used to communicate with deeply submerged submarines. The rights of way of the two perpendicular 14 mile (23 km) overhead transmission lines, which constituted the ground dipole antenna, and which radiated the ELF waves, can be seen at the lower left.
Very low frequency or VLF is the ITU designation for radio frequencies in the range of 3–30 kHz, corresponding to wavelengths from 100 to 10 km, respectively. The band is also known as the myriameter
Extremely low frequency
…waves can diffract around large obstacles, are not blocked by mountain ranges or the horizon, and can travel around the curvature of the world. ELF and VLF waves propagate long distances via a ground–ionosphere waveguide mechanism. Earth is surrounded by a layer of charged particles (ions and electrons…
A VLF receiving antenna at Palmer Station, Antarctica, operated by Stanford University
Central mast of a similar "trideco" antenna of the NATO VLF transmitter at Anthorn radio station, UK, showing six insulator strings attaching the toploads to the six vertical radiator wires
Umbrella antenna of the Omega navigation system beacon on Tsushima Island, Japan, which transmitted at 10–14 kHz; 389 meters high, it was dismantled in 1998.
Flattop antenna towers of the Grimeton VLF transmitter, Varberg, Sweden