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History
FOCAL (programming language)
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FOCAL is an interactive interpreted programming language based on JOSS and mostly used on Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Programmed Data Processor (PDP) series machines.
PDP-8 punched tapes, including a FOCAL-69 tape dated 7/9/69
PDP-8 punched tapes, including a FOCAL-69 tape dated 7/9/69
JOSS
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JOSS was one of the first interactive, time-sharing programming languages. It pioneered many features that would become common in languages from the 1960s into the 1980s, including use of line numbers as both editing instructions and targets for branches, statements predicated by boolean decisions, and a built-in source-code editor that can perform instructions in direct or immediate mode, what they termed a conversational user interface.
Part of a JOSS session at RAND in 1970 in which the user carries several simple calculations in direct mode. Note the difference between the period at
Part of a JOSS session at RAND in 1970 in which the user carries several simple calculations in direct mode. Note the difference between the period at the end of the statements and the interpunct for multiplication.
JOSS used a custom type ball, similar to this example, for its IBM Selectric typewriter terminals to provide mathematical symbols.
JOSS used a custom type ball, similar to this example, for its IBM Selectric typewriter terminals to provide mathematical symbols.