1.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
National Register of Historic Places
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Logo used for the NRHP.
National Register of Historic Places
–
Old Slater Mill, a historic district in
Pawtucket, Rhode Island, was the first property listed in the National Register on November 13, 1966.
National Register of Historic Places
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The
Loren Andrus Octagon House in
Washington, Michigan has been on the NRHP since September 3, 1971.
National Register of Historic Places
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Built in 1800 by
Samuel McIntire in
Salem, the
Stephen Phillips House is operated as a
historic house museum by
Historic New England and open for public tours.
2.
Historic districts in the United States
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Buildings, structures, objects and sites within a historic district are normally divided into two categories, contributing and non-contributing. Districts greatly vary in size, some have hundreds of structures, the U. S. federal government designates historic districts through the United States Department of Interior under the auspices of the National Park Service. Federally designated historic districts are listed on the National Register of Historic Places, state-level historic districts may follow similar criteria or may require adherence to certain historic rehabilitation standards. Local historic district designation offers, by far, the most legal protection for historic properties because most land use decisions are made at the local level, local districts are generally administered by the county or municipal government. The first U. S. historic district was established in Charleston, South Carolina in 1931, Charleston city government designated an Old and Historic District by local ordinance and created a board of architectural review to oversee it. New Orleans followed in 1937, establishing the Vieux Carré Commission, other localities picked up on the concept, with the city of Philadelphia enacting its historic preservation ordinance in 1955. The Supreme Court case validated the protection of resources as an entirely permissible governmental goal. In 1966 the federal government created the National Register of Historic Places, conference of Mayors had stated Americans suffered from rootlessness. By the 1980s there were thousands of federally designated historic districts, Historic districts are generally two types of properties, contributing and non-contributing. In general, contributing properties are integral parts of the historic context, in addition to the two types of classification within historic districts, properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places are classified into five broad categories. They are, building, structure, site, district and object, all but the eponymous district category are also applied to historic districts listed on the National Register. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, however, the Register is an honorary status with some federal financial incentives. The National Register of Historic Places defines a historic district per U. S. federal law, a district may also comprise individual elements separated geographically but linked by association or history. Districts established under U. S. federal guidelines generally begin the process of designation through a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places, the National Register is the official recognition by the U. S. government of cultural resources worthy of preservation. While designation through the National Register does offer a district or property some protections, if the federal government is not involved, then the listing on the National Register provides the site, property or district no protections. If, however, company A was under federal contract the Smith House would be protected, a federal designation is little more than recognition by the government that the resource is worthy of preservation. Usually, the National Register does not list religious structures, moved structures, reconstructed structures, however, if a property falls into one of those categories and are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria then an exception allowing their listing will be made. Historic district listings, like all National Register nominations, can be rejected on the basis of owner disapproval, in the case of historic districts, a majority of owners must object in order to nullify a nomination to the National Register of Historic Places
Historic districts in the United States
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The federally designated
Sycamore Historic District in
Illinois
Historic districts in the United States
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Walker Hall, part of the
University of Florida Campus Historic District
Historic districts in the United States
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Helvenston House, part of the
Ocala Historic District, in
Ocala, Florida
Historic districts in the United States
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1848 Duncan House,
National Register of Historic Places Cooksville Historic District, Wisconsin
3.
Schuylkill River
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The Schuylkill River is an important river running west to east in eastern Pennsylvania, which was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal. Several of its tributaries drain parts of the center-southern and easternmost Coal Regions in the state. It flows for 135 miles before joining the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries in Philadelphia, in 1682 William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation. It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its length was once part of the Delaware peoples southern territories. The waters of its upper end rise in what are called the richest anthracite coal fields in the world. The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton, the Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia, other major tributaries include, Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek. The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, the Lenape or Delaware Indians were the original inhabitants of the area around this river, which they called Tool-pay Hanna or Tool-pay Hok Ing. The river was discovered by European explorers from the Netherlands, Sweden and it was through historical documents called various names, including Manayunk, Manajungh, Manaiunk, and Lenni Bikbi. The Swedish explorer called it Menejackse kill or alternately Skiar kill or the Linde River, the headwaters of the river, up near Reading, was later called Tulpehocken by the English. The river was given the Dutch name Schuylkill. Another explanation is that the name translates to hideout creek in one of the Algonquian languages spoken by a Delaware tribe in their confederation. The two then backed the flagging effort to improve navigation on the Schuylkill, which efforts date back to legislation measures as early as 1762. The success, along with the opening of the first operable sections of New Yorks Erie Canal spurred stockholders of the Schuylkill Canal to finally fund the works. In the 1830s railway technology and new railroads grew in leaps and bounds, from 1820 to the 1860s Iron works, foundries, manufacturing mills, blast furnaces, rolling mills, rail yards, rail roads, warehouses and train stations sprang up throughout the valley. Tiny farm villages grew into vibrant company towns then transitioned into small cities as an industry and supporting businesses transformed local economics. Restoration of the river has been funded by money left for that purpose in Benjamin Franklins will, silt and coal dust from upstream industries, particularly coal mining and washing operations in the headwaters, led to extensive silting of the river through the early 20th century
Schuylkill River
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The Schuylkill River, looking south toward the skyline of
Philadelphia, through which the river flows.
Schuylkill River
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The
Strawberry Mansion Bridge over the river at dusk.
Schuylkill River
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The
Fairmount Water Works on the Schuylkill River were once the source of Philadelphia's water supply and are now an attraction in
Fairmount Park.
4.
Wissahickon Creek
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Wissahickon Creek is a tributary of the Schuylkill River in Montgomery and Philadelphia Counties, Pennsylvania in the United States. Wissahickon Creek rises in Montgomery County, runs approximately 23 miles passing through and its watershed covers about 64 square miles. Much of the creek now runs through or next to parkland, the beauty of this area attracted the attention of literary personages like Edgar Allan Poe and John Greenleaf Whittier. The gorge area is now part of the Fairmount Park system in Philadelphia, the name of the creek comes from the Lenape word wiessahitkonk, for catfish creek or stream of yellowish color. Whitpaine was a land owner in the days of William Penn. Industry sprang up along the Wissahickon not long after European settlement, a few of the dams built for the mills remain visible today. Though at first fairly tame, in its last 7 miles and its dramatic geography and dense forest attract thousands of walkers, riders, and bikers. The most popular trail for exploring the lower Wissahickon valley is Forbidden Drive and it received its familiar name in the 1920s when automobiles were first banned from the road. Bicyclists and equestrians may use Forbidden Drive without a permit, other trails in the area are more restricted, with some prohibiting cyclists or equestrians, and the others requiring a permit for bicyclists and equestrians. All users of the park are asked to stay on marked trails to protect against erosion, a paved path on the west bank connects the junction of Forbidden Drive and Lincoln Drive south to Ridge Avenue at the confluence of the Wissahickon and Schuylkill River. Forbidden Drive is also accessible at its midpoint at the Valley Green Inn, Valley Green Road can be reached from Springfield Avenue in Chestnut Hill, two blocks west of St. Martins Lane and the St. Martins railroad station on the Chestnut Hill West Line. Just above Valley Green, Wises Mill Road meets Forbidden Drive and he will thus strike the Wissahiccon, at one of its best reaches. Forbidden Drive ends at Northwestern Avenue after crossing Bells Mill Road, a number of trails climb out of the valley from Forbidden Drive to the upper trails which run along the precipitous walls of the valley. Many of these trails have been marked with colored blazes. The green blazed trail has been designated a multi-use trail approved for mountain bikers with permits, the blue blazed trail has been designated a hiking trail only. All trails in the Andorra Natural Area are prohibited to all bicycles, Devils Pool is an attraction best reached from Valley Green by crossing the stream and taking the footpath on the eastern bank, going downstream to the mouth of the Cresheim Creek. As the ravine widens into the Cresheim, the waters gather in a basin surrounded on either side by rocky outcroppings before flowing into the Wissahickon Creek, legend has it that the Native American Lenape tribes used this as a spiritual area. Although it is not legal due to levels of pollutants, Devils pool has become a popular area to swim, lounge
Wissahickon Creek
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Wissahickon Creek runs through
Fort Washington State Park
Wissahickon Creek
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Wissahickon Creek near Philadelphia photo by John Moran, c. 1865
Wissahickon Creek
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Cresheim Creek before it meets Wissahickon Creek.
Wissahickon Creek
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Detail of Thomas Holmes 1687 map showing Wissahickon Creek (here called Whitpaine's creek) in Germantown, then north of Philadelphia
5.
Philadelphia
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In 1682, William Penn, an English Quaker, founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia was one of the capitals in the Revolutionary War. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became an industrial center. It became a destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration. The areas many universities and colleges make Philadelphia a top international study destination, as the city has evolved into an educational, with a gross domestic product of $388 billion, Philadelphia ranks ninth among world cities and fourth in the nation. Philadelphia is the center of activity in Pennsylvania and is home to seven Fortune 1000 companies. The Philadelphia skyline is growing, with a market of almost 81,900 commercial properties in 2016 including several prominent skyscrapers. The city is known for its arts, culture, and rich history, Philadelphia has more outdoor sculptures and murals than any other American city. Fairmount Park, when combined with the adjacent Wissahickon Valley Park in the watershed, is one of the largest contiguous urban park areas in the United States. The 67 National Historic Landmarks in the city helped account for the $10 billion generated by tourism, Philadelphia is the only World Heritage City in the United States. Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape Indians in the village of Shackamaxon, the Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island. Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape, surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States independence pushed them further west, in the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario. The Dutch considered the entire Delaware River valley to be part of their New Netherland colony, in 1638, Swedish settlers led by renegade Dutch established the colony of New Sweden at Fort Christina and quickly spread out in the valley. In 1644, New Sweden supported the Susquehannocks in their defeat of the English colony of Maryland
Philadelphia
–
From top left, the Philadelphia skyline, a
statue of Benjamin Franklin, the
Liberty Bell, the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
Philadelphia City Hall, and
Independence Hall
Philadelphia
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An 18th century map of Philadelphia.
Philadelphia
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Penn's Treaty with the Indians by
Benjamin West
Philadelphia
–
Benjamin Franklin, 1777
6.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
7.
Frederick Law Olmsted
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Frederick Law Olmsted was an American landscape architect, journalist, social critic, and public administrator. He is popularly considered to be the father of American landscape architecture, in Washington, D. C. he worked on the landscape surrounding the United States Capitol building. The quality of Olmsteds landscape architecture was recognized by his contemporaries and his work, especially in Central Park in New York City, set a standard of excellence that continues to influence landscape architecture in the United States. Olmsted was born in Hartford, Connecticut, on April 26,1822 and his father, John Olmsted, was a prosperous merchant who took a lively interest in nature, people, and places, Frederick Law and his younger brother, John Hull, also showed this interest. His mother, Charlotte Law Olmsted, died before his fourth birthday and his father remarried in 1827 to Mary Ann Bull, who shared her husbands strong love of nature and had perhaps a more cultivated taste. When the young Olmsted was almost ready to enter Yale College, after working as an apprentice seaman, merchant, and journalist, Olmsted settled on a 125-acre farm in January 1848 on the south shore of Staten Island NY, which his father helped him acquire. This farm, originally named the Akerly Homestead, was renamed Tosomock Farm by Olmsted and it was later renamed The Woods of Arden by owner Erastus Wiman. On June 13,1859, Olmsted married Mary Cleveland Olmsted, Daniel Fawcett Tiemann, the mayor of New York, officiated the wedding. He adopted her three children, John Charles Olmsted, Charlotte Olmsted and Owen Olmsted, Frederick and Mary had two children together who survived infancy, a daughter, Marion and a son Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. Their first child, John Theodore Olmsted, was born on June 13,1860, Olmsted had a significant career in journalism. In 1850 he traveled to England to visit gardens, where he was greatly impressed by Joseph Paxtons Birkenhead Park. He subsequently wrote and published Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England in 1852 and this supported his getting additional work. Interested in the economy, he was commissioned by the New York Daily Times to embark on an extensive research journey through the American South. His dispatches to the Times were collected into three volumes which remain vivid first-person social documents of the pre-war South. A one-volume abridgment, Journeys and Explorations in the Cotton Kingdom, was published during the first six months of the American Civil War at the suggestion of Olmsteds English publisher. To this he wrote a new introduction in which he stated explicitly his views on the effect of slavery on the economy and my own observation of the real condition of the people of our Slave States, gave me. He argued that slavery had made the slave states inefficient and backward both economically and socially, the citizens of the cotton States, as a whole, are poor. They work little, and that little, badly, they earn little, they sell little, they buy little and their destitution is not material only, it is intellectual and it is moral
Frederick Law Olmsted
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Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.
Frederick Law Olmsted
Frederick Law Olmsted
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View of Willowdell Arch with the team that created Central Park. Standing on the pathway over the span, from Right: Frederick Law Olmsted,
Jacob Wrey Mould,
Ignaz Anton Pilat,
Calvert Vaux,
George Waring, and
Andrew Haswell Green. Photographed in 1862.
Frederick Law Olmsted
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Olmsted and Vaux in 1863 adopted 'landscape architect' as a professional title and used it to describe their work for the planning of urban
park systems.
8.
Calvert Vaux
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Calvert Vaux was a British-American architect and landscape designer. He is best known as the co-designer, along with his protégé and junior partner Frederick Law Olmsted, Vaux, on his own and in various partnerships, designed and created dozens of parks across the country. He introduced new ideas about the significance of public parks in America during a time of urbanization. This industrialization of the cityscape inspired him to focus on an integration of buildings, bridges and he favored naturalistic, rustic, and curvilinear lines in his designs, and his design statements contributed much to today’s landscape and architecture. Little is known about Vauxs childhood and upbringing and he was born in London in 1824, and his father was a physician who provided a comfortable income for his family. Vaux attended a primary school until the age of nine. He then trained as an apprentice under London architect Lewis Nockalls Cottingham, Vaux trained under Cottingham until the age of 26, becoming a skilled draftsman. Downing had traveled to London in search of an architect who would complement his vision of what a landscape should be. Downing believed that architecture should be integrated into the surrounding landscape. Vaux readily accepted the job and moved to the United States, Vaux worked with Downing for two years and became a partner in the firm. Together they designed many significant projects, such as the grounds in the White House, vaux’s work on the Smithsonian inspired him to write an 1852 article for The Horticulturalist, arguing that the government should recognize and support the arts. Shortly afterward, Downing died in a steamboat accident, in 1854, Vaux married Mary McEntee, of Kingston, New York, the sister of Jervis McEntee, a Hudson River School painter. They had two sons and two daughters, in 1856, he gained U. S. citizenship and became identified with the city’s artistic community, “the guild, ” joining the National Academy of Design, as well as the Century Club. In 1857, he one of the founding members of the American Institute of Architects. Also in 1857, Vaux published Villas and Cottages, which was a pattern book that determined the standards for “Victorian Gothic” architecture. These particular writings revealed his acknowledgment and tribute to Ruskin and Ralph Waldo Emerson and these people, among others, influenced him intellectually and in his design path. In 1857, Vaux recruited Frederick Law Olmsted, who had never designed a landscape plan, to help with the Greensward Plan. They obtained the commission through an excellent presentation that drew upon Vauxs talents in drawing to include before-and-after sketches of the site
Calvert Vaux
–
Calvert Vaux
Calvert Vaux
–
An unobtrusive bridge in
Central Park, designed by Calvert Vaux, separates pedestrians from the carriage drive.
Calvert Vaux
–
Samuel J. Tilden House (1872), image from L'Architecture Americaine by
Albert Levy
9.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
Pennsylvania
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World's End State Park, Sullivan County
Pennsylvania
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Flag
Pennsylvania
–
Autumn in North Branch Township,
Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
–
Penn's Treaty with the Indians, by
Edward Hicks
10.
Northwest Philadelphia
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Northwest Philadelphia is a section of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The area is divided by Wissahickon Creek into two subsections, Upper Northwest and Lower Northwest Philadelphia, Upper Northwest are Germantown, Mount Airy, and Chestnut Hill, and Lower Northwest are Roxborough, East Falls, and Manayunk. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols two districts located within Northwest Philadelphia, the two patrol districts serving Northwest Philadelphia are the 5th and 14th districts. Compared with other sections of Philadelphia, a portion of the Northwest retains a more suburban feel. For example, in East Falls one will find large Tudor homes, Upper Roxborough boasts post-World War II suburban housing developments, while Lower Roxborough consists mostly of rowhouses and urban twin houses, apartments over storefronts, etc. There are also blocks of large Victorian homes peppered among the rowhouses, from an enclave of working-class Germantown rowhomes to the wealthy estates of Chestnut Hill, both may have been built in the period of 1880-1920. Northwest Philadelphia is known for its terrain, especially in the western half between the Wissahickon and the Schuylkill River. This hilly terrain is a characteristic of Manayunk and Roxborough. Upper Roxborough, because it is one of the highest elevations in Philadelphia, is the site of a reservoir, ridge Avenue follows the ridge that divides the Wissahickon valley from the Schuylkill valley. Northwest Philadelphias street grid is oriented along axes of northeast-southwest and northwest-southeast and these axes are skewed almost exactly 45° from the true north-south and east-west axes of Philadelphias main street grid. The Wissahickon gorge divides the halves of Northwest Philadelphia because of the scarcity of road crossings. The rail lines tend to rather thoroughly divide adjacent neighborhoods, for the same reason, manayunks street grid evolved completely independently from Germantowns
Northwest Philadelphia
–
Manayunk skyline in the Roxborough-Manayunk district in Northwest Philadelphia
11.
Pennypack Park
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Pennypack Park is a municipal park, part of the Philadelphia Parks & Recreation system, in Northeast Philadelphia in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. Established in 1905 by ordinance of the City of Philadelphia, it includes about 1,600 acres of woodlands, meadows, the Pennypack Creek runs through the park from Pine Road to the Delaware River. The park has playgrounds, hiking and bike trails, and bridle paths for horseback riding, an adjunct to the park is the Pennypack Environmental Center on Verree Road. The park is home to many species including several kinds of snakes, turtles, frogs. Many historic structures remain intact throughout Pennypack Park, built in 1697, the Kings Highway Bridge at Frankford Avenue is the oldest stone bridge still in use in the United States. Pennepack Baptist Church, another of the historic sites, was chartered in 1688. During the American Revolutionary War The Verree House on Verree Road was the site of a raid by British troops
Pennypack Park
–
Pennypack Park in Fox Chase
12.
Northeast Philadelphia
–
Northeast Philadelphia, nicknamed Northeast Philly, the Northeast and the Great Northeast, is a section of the City of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. According to the 2000 Census, the Northeast has a percentage of the citys 1.547 million people—a population of between 300,000 and 450,000, depending on how the area is defined. Beginning in the 1980s, many of the Northeasts middle class children graduated from college and settled in suburbs, the Northeast is home to a large working class Irish American population, but is also home to Polish, German, Jewish, Italian, and Russian neighborhoods. However, the section has recently had an influx of immigrants, along with young professionals and gentrification, especially in the Fishtown, Kensington. The term Near Northeast is not used colloquially, but the term Far Northeast is in widespread use, the demarcation line between the two sections is typically given as Cottman Avenue. Northeast Philadelphia is bounded by the Delaware River on the east, Bucks County on the north, the southern limit is given as Frankford/Tacony Creek or Adams Avenue. The first European settlement in the Northeast was by Swedish farmers and they were followed by English Quakers, including Thomas Holme, who came to begin the settlement of William Penns Pennsylvania colony in the late 1680s. In the years to follow, Northeast Philadelphia developed as a scattering of small towns and farms that were a part of Philadelphia County, the Northeasts first factory was the Rowland Shovel Works on the Pennypack Creek. In 1802, it produced the first shovel made in the United States, more mills and factories followed along the Pennypack and Frankford Creeks, and traces of the mill races and dams remain to this day. The most famous of these factories was the Disston Saw Works in Tacony, founded by English industrialist Henry Disston, by 1854, the entire County of Philadelphia was incorporated into the City. In the first three decades of the 20th century, rapid industrialization led to the growth of industrial sections of the northeast, much of this development occurred east of Roosevelt Boulevard and in Oxford Circle. After World War II, newer arrivals, armed with the benefits of the GI Bill. The period from 1945 through the 1970s was marked in many American cities by urban decline in older, more industrial areas. This was especially true in Philadelphia, in much of the citys North, West and South sections lost population, factories, jobs and commerce. During the postwar period, the Northeast experienced an influx of growing middle-class families. This aroused controversy in the 1960s and 70s, as passions for and against school busing were focused on the Northeast, to address racial imbalances, in the 1980s, the Northeast developed along a separate path from much of the rest of the city. As a result, many Northeasters became more and more discontented with the high city taxes and this discontent grew to give rise to a secessionist movement, led by State Senator Frank Hank Salvatore, among others. Salvatore introduced a bill in the State Senate to allow the Northeast to become a county called Liberty County
Northeast Philadelphia
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Burholme Estate in Northeast Philadelphia.
Northeast Philadelphia
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The Northeast in 1900, showing the region still to be a collection of towns and farms. Click for larger image.
Northeast Philadelphia
–
Frankford and Cottman Avenues, a central location in the Northeast
Northeast Philadelphia
–
The
Roosevelt Mall on Cottman Avenue
13.
Cobbs Creek
–
Cobbs Creek is an 11. 8-mile-long tributary of Darby Creek in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, in the United States. It forms a border between Montgomery County and Delaware County. After Cobbs Creek passes underneath Township Line Road, it forms the border between Philadelphia County and Delaware County and it later joins Darby Creek before flowing into the Delaware River. Cobbs Creek used to be called Karakung by Native Americans and this was the site of the historic Old Swedes Mill on the Karakong Kill which Governor Johan Printz, governor of New Sweden had built during 1645. It was the first water mill built within the limits of Pennsylvania and its site may still be seen at the rocks on the east bank of the stream near the Blue Bell Inn on the road from Philadelphia to Darby. There were a few mills established around the portion of the river located along Karakung Drive in Haverford Township, nitre Hall Powder Mills were built in the early 19th century along Cobb’s Creek on Karakung Drive. It was a center for manufacture for almost 200 years, the park and its numerous picnic spaces are popular with families during summer weekends and holidays for picnics, barbecues, reunions and parties. For many West Philadelphia and Upper Darby children, Cobbs Creek is their first introduction to wooded greenspaces, local schools run service learning activities to support conservation in the creek and surrounding parks, e. g. conducting water-quality studies to track pollution. The wildlife includes regional birds, raccoons, opossums, spotted deer, wild turkey, rabbits, plans for an expressway up the Cobbs Creek valley began as early as 1930. The proposals were abandoned in the mid-1970s after community objections, the Frankford Creek has a similar impact for Cheltenham and North Philadelphia children. The Cobbs Creek Trail is part of the East Coast Greenway, Naylors Run Creek, runs underground in Upper Darby from Sherbrook Blvd. to Walnut Park Drive, where it drains into Cobbs Creek. Thousands of feet of Naylors Run were channeled into underground culverts to facilitate commercial and residential development in the land above the pipes. Indian Creek, originating near Montgomery County at Rt, the most notable feature here being the Cobbs Creek Golf Course and Karakung Golf Course. Thomas Run Creek, obliterated and converted into a sewer, the largest tributary of Cobbs Creek once ran from about 53rd and Walnut streets, meeting Cobbs Creek around 60th Street. Paschall Creek Mingo Creek List of parks in Philadelphia List of rivers of Pennsylvania Frankford Creek U. S. Geological Survey, PA stream gaging stations Printzs or Old Swedes Mill
Cobbs Creek
–
Cobbs Creek near
Nitre Hall
Cobbs Creek
–
Cobbs Creek in 1880
14.
West Philadelphia
–
West Philadelphia, nicknamed West Philly, is a section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. An alternate definition includes all city land west of the Schuylkill, the eastern side of West Philadelphia is also known as University City. The topography of West Philadelphia is composed of rolling hills rising slowly from the Schuylkill River toward Cobbs Creek in the west and this gradual elevation makes the skyline of Center City visible from many points in West Philadelphia. The Wynnefield neighborhood is a frequently used by photographers and organizers of civic events. According to the 2010 census,216,433 people live among the ZIP codes of 19104,19131,19139,19143 and 19151, since the 1980s, gentrification, immigration, and the Urban Indian relocation movement have brought more racial diversity. Arrivals from East Asia and Latin America, mainly Dominicans, Puerto Ricans, warner was the first known European west of the Schuylkill. In 1840, the property was transformed into a cemetery with an arboretum of over 1,000 trees and it holds the graves of many famous Philadelphians. Satterlee Hospital, one of the largest Union Army hospitals of the Civil War, operated from 1862 to 1865, part of its grounds are now the northern section of Clark Park. West Philadelphia was among the early suburbs, and a portion of it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the West Philadelphia Streetcar Suburb Historic District. The western portion of the neighborhood was home to some of the most expensive real estate in the country. The area has declined in prominence over the last 50 years, thanks in part to increasing crime, West Philadelphia drew national attention in 1978 and 1985 for violent clashes between police and an Afro-centric, back-to-nature group called MOVE. During the latter confrontation, police firebombed the headquarters, killing 11 people and destroying an entire block of Osage Avenue. Many young professionals and families have moved into the area, in 2008, the area around the Please Touch Museum, Philadelphia Zoo, and the Mann Music Center was designated the Centennial District, an area to be revitalized by the countrys 250th birthday in 2026. Most of the houses in West Philadelphia are row houses, although there are areas of semi-detached and detached houses, the earliest developments began in 1850 and the final period of mass construction ended in 1930. Developers found they could increase profits by catering to this group, shrinking lot sizes. Initial development was divided into lots and sold in 1852 with the condition that substantial stone or brick buildings be erected. The houses in this grouping are primarily three-story Italianate buildings, linked by material, decorative detail, located around Chester Avenue, an additional but smaller and less ornate 16 Italianate, brownstone, semi-detached houses, similar in form to the initial houses. The setback of these houses was 25 feet, allowing generous front yards, another development on Locust Street, a project by banker and West Philly resident Clarence Howard Clark, was composed of three-story, two-bay, brick, restrained Queen Anne rowhouses
West Philadelphia
–
West Philadelphia, looking west from the steeple of
Calvary United Methodist Church at 48th Street and
Baltimore Avenue
West Philadelphia
–
Sticker by the Delaware Valley's Lenape Indians in 2008 claiming West Philadelphia is their home.
West Philadelphia
–
Calvary United Methodist Church, built in 1905.
West Philadelphia
–
A common style of Queen Anne house with a wrap-around porch.
15.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park
–
Bordered by the South Philadelphia Sports Complex on South Broad Street, Interstate highway-95/Philadelphia Naval Yard and Pattison Avenue/ Packer Park residential neighborhood. The park was built to the design of Olmsted Brothers, the firm of Frederick Law Olmsted, the parkland was reclaimed mostly from marshlands of Greenwich Island, one of several islands in the area created by river channels present in the 18th and 19th centuries. The use of the park for the Sesquicentennial Exposition in 1926 and subsequent improvements have moderately changed the original design, the original plan of the Olmsted Brothers still remains highly visible and significant west of Broad Street. The official name was changed from League Island Park to Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park in the late 1940s, the parks boathouse, gazebo and American Swedish Historical Museum are reminders of the 1926 Exposition. In 2000, the park was added to the Philadelphia Register of Historic Places, FDR Park is located on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, a hydrographic province which includes extreme southeastern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey. The Coastal Plain supports different plants and animals than the adjacent Piedmont of Pennsylvania, because of the extreme development of the Coastal Plain in Pennsylvania, many of these distinctive plants and animals are rare in the state. The ponds and lagoons are remnants of the marsh and channel system which originally occupied the area between the Schuylkill and Delaware rivers. The Pennsylvania Audubon Society has designated the park as an Important Bird Area, Audubon Society of Pennsylvania has said that FDR Park is one of the best places in Philadelphia to observe birds. This is because it contains a variety of different habitats, including wetlands, in terms of the category of birds, the park is best known as a place to observe waterfowl. Many different species occur during migration, and there are also pied-billed grebe, double-crested cormorants, American coots and other kinds of non-duck waterfowl. Many other birds may also be seen from warblers to raptors, baseball, Carpenters Cup Classic annual playoffs between local High School teams with the final game at Citizens Bank Park
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park
–
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park
–
Meadow Lake with baseball fields behind it.
Interstate 95 borders the park, with the
Philadelphia Naval Shipyard behind it. Above an airplane begins its landing at
Philadelphia International Airport.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park
–
Canada goose migration
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Park
–
American Swedish Historical Museum
16.
South Philadelphia
–
South Philadelphia, nicknamed South Philly, is the section of Philadelphia bounded by South Street to the north, the Delaware River to the east and south, and the Schuylkill River to the west. A diverse community, South Philadelphia is known for its large Italian American population, South Philadelphia also contains large Irish American and African American populations as well. South Philadelphia began as a town of Philadelphia, with small townships such as Moyamensing. Towards the end of the Industrial Revolution, the area saw rapid growth in population, South Philadelphias urbanized border eventually expanded to reach that of Philadelphia proper, or what is today known as Center City Philadelphia. The immigrants and migrants became the basis of South Philadelphias unique, the later immigrant populations of Italians and Poles were also Catholic. Initially, these populations attended existing Catholic churches but built their own ethno-national churches when possible, a smaller but significant Greek immigrant community also flourished around this time, leading to the establishment of Greek Orthodox parishes in South Philadelphia. Despite this dramatic growth in population, the low funding of education by the city resulted in the first public high school not being formed in South Philadelphia until 1934. Attracted to the jobs, the new residents of South Philadelphia created communities that continued many of their Old World traditions. While many of the new arrivals were Catholic, neighborhood parishes reflected their ethnic, monsignor James F. Today, many of South Philadelphias communities are largely Italian American. In addition, South Philadelphia continues to be home to many ethnic Irish American communities, the neighborhood of Pennsport remains primarily a working class Irish-American neighborhood and the cultural center of Irish-American South Philadelphia. In addition, there has been an increase in recent years of immigrants from Russia, Mexico, and Central American nations such as Honduras, Guatemala, portions of South Philadelphia are within Philadelphia City Council Districts 1 and 2. As of 2014 Councilman Mark Squilla and Councilman Kenyatta Johnson represent the two districts, the Philadelphia Fire Department operates nine fire stations serving South Philadelphia. Most of South Philadelphia resides in Fire Battalion 1, headquartered at 711 South Broad Street, portions of South Philadelphia reside in Battalion 4, headquartered at North 4th Street and Arch Street, and Battalion 11, headquartered at 43rd Street and Market Street. The Philadelphia Police Department patrols three districts located within South Philadelphia, the three patrol districts serving South Philadelphia are the 1st, 3rd, and 17th districts. According to the United States Census Bureau, South Philadelphia has an area of 9.7 sq. miles, in 2010, the areas population was 168,782. In addition, the area contains smaller but historically significant Greek American, many residents have lived in the neighborhood for decades. Many family-owned businesses are found in South Philadelphia, on January 22,2010 the Associated Press said South Philadelphia has been growing more diverse for decades, but the last 20 years have seen the greatest influx of Asian and Hispanic families. David Elesh, a Temple University urban sociologist, said that of the almost 60,000 Philadelphia residents who reported being born in China, as of the 2010 Census, there are 168,782 people in 78,440 housing units
South Philadelphia
–
South Philadelphia, looking south from
Southwest Center City into
Newbold at
Washington Avenue.
South Philadelphia
–
Row housing in South Philly, 2004
South Philadelphia
–
South Philadelphia High School
South Philadelphia
–
Geno's Steaks in South Philadelphia
17.
Ulysses S. Grant
–
Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States. As Commanding General, Grant worked closely with President Abraham Lincoln to lead the Union Army to victory over the Confederacy in the American Civil War and he implemented Congressional Reconstruction, often at odds with President Andrew Johnson. His presidency has often criticized for tolerating corruption and for the severe economic depression in his second term. Grant graduated in 1843 from the United States Military Academy at West Point, after the war he married Julia Boggs Dent in 1848, their marriage producing four children. Grant initially retired from the Army in 1854 and he struggled financially in civilian life. When the Civil War began in 1861, he rejoined the U. S. Army, in 1862, Grant took control of Kentucky and most of Tennessee, and led Union forces to victory in the Battle of Shiloh, earning a reputation as an aggressive commander. He incorporated displaced African American slaves into the Union war effort, in July 1863, after a series of coordinated battles, Grant defeated Confederate armies and seized Vicksburg, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River and dividing the Confederacy in two. After his victories in the Chattanooga Campaign, Lincoln promoted him to lieutenant general, Grant confronted Robert E. Lee in a series of bloody battles, trapping Lees army in their defense of Richmond. Grant coordinated a series of devastating campaigns in other theaters, as well, in April 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, effectively ending the war. Historians have hailed Grants military genius, and his strategies are featured in history textbooks. After the Civil War, Grant led the armys supervision of Reconstruction in the former Confederate states and he also used the army to build the Republican Party in the South. After the disenfranchisement of some former Confederates, Republicans gained majorities, in his second term, the Republican coalitions in the South splintered and were defeated one by one as redeemers regained control using coercion and violence. In May 1875, Grant authorized his Secretary of Treasury Benjamin Bristow to shut down and his peace policy with the Indians initially reduced frontier violence, but is best known for the Great Sioux War of 1876. Grant responded to charges of corruption in executive offices more than any other 19th Century president and he appointed the first Civil Service Commission and signed legislation ending the corrupt moiety system. In foreign policy, Grant sought to trade and influence while remaining at peace with the world. His administration successfully resolved the Alabama claims by the Treaty of Washington with Great Britain, Grant avoided war with Spain over the Virginius Affair, but Congress rejected his attempted annexation of the Dominican Republic. His administration implemented a standard and sought to strengthen the dollar. Grant left office in 1877 and embarked on a two-year diplomatic world tour that captured the nations attention, in 1880, Grant was unsuccessful in obtaining the Republican presidential nomination for a third term
Ulysses S. Grant
–
Grant during the mid-1870s
Ulysses S. Grant
–
Grant's birthplace in
Point Pleasant, Ohio
Ulysses S. Grant
–
Second lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant in full dress uniform in 1843
Ulysses S. Grant
–
"Hardscrabble", the home Grant built in Missouri for his family
18.
Daniel Chester French
–
French was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, to Henry Flagg French, a lawyer, judge, Assistant US Treasury Secretary and author of a book that described the French drain, and his wife Anne Richardson. In 1867, French moved with his family to Concord, Massachusetts, where he was a neighbor and friend of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and his decision to pursue sculpting was influenced by Louisa May Alcotts sister May Alcott. Frenchs early education included training in anatomy with William Rimmer and in drawing with William Morris Hunt, French spent a year studying at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and also several years in Florence, Italy studying in the studio of Thomas Ball. French first earned acclaim for the Minute Man, commissioned by the town of Concord, Massachusetts and he soon established his own studio, first in Washington DC, moving later to Boston and then to New York City. Frenchs reputation grew with his Statue of the Republic for the Worlds Columbian Exposition of 1893, in addition to the Lincoln Memorial, French collaborated with architect Henry Bacon on numerous memorials around the country and on the Dupont Circle fountain in Washington DC. In 1893, French was a member of the National Sculpture Society. French also became a member of the National Academy of Design, the American Academy of Arts and Letters, the Architectural League, and he was a trustee of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, and a co-founder of the American Academy in Rome. He was a member of the U. S. Commission of Fine Arts, serving from 1910 to 1915, including as chairman from 1912 to 1915, in 1917, French and a colleague, H. Augustus Lukeman, designed the Pulitzer Prize gold medal presented to laureates. French was one of many sculptors who frequently employed Audrey Munson as a model, together with Walter Leighton Clark and others, he was also one of the founders of the Berkshire Playhouse, which later became the Berkshire Theatre Festival. French also taught, among his pupils was the sculptor Edith Howland, French died in Stockbridge, Massachusetts in 1931 at age 81 and was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts. Chesterwood, Frenchs summer home and studio – designed by his architect friend, in 1940, French was selected as one of five artists to be honored in the 35-stamp Famous Americans series. Chester French was an American indie band named for the artist. C and his 24-foot gilt-bronze reduced version made in 1918 survives in Chicago. S. The Spirit of Life, memorial to Spencer Trask, in Saratoga Springs, New York at Congress Park,1915 Abraham Lincoln in the Lincoln Memorial, samuel Francis du Pont Memorial Fountain, Dupont Circle, Washington, D. C. Alfred Tredway White Memorial, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Henry Bacon architect Russell Alger Memorial Fountain, Grand Circus Park, Detroit, gen. William Franklin Draper, Draper Memorial Park, Milford, Massachusetts. Peace and Vigilance US Customhouse & Post Office, St. Louis, Missouri, deWitt Clinton, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. Three statues prepared in 1902 for the New York Chamber of Commerce, the building was declared a landmark in 1977. Greek Epic, Lyric Poetry, and Religion, sculptures for the 1908 Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences building on Eastern Parkway in Brooklyn, New York
Daniel Chester French
–
Daniel Chester French
Daniel Chester French
–
Chesterwood in
Stockbridge, Massachusetts, French's summer home and studio, now a museum
Daniel Chester French
–
Abraham Lincoln (1920) in the
Lincoln Memorial,
Washington, D.C.
Daniel Chester French
–
Minute Man (1874) in
Concord, Massachusetts
19.
Fairmount Water Works
–
The Fairmount Water Works in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania was Philadelphias second municipal waterworks. Designed in 1812 by Frederick Graff and built between 1812 and 1872, it operated until 1909, winning praise for its design and becoming a popular tourist attraction and it now houses a restaurant and an interpretive center that explains the waterworks purpose and local watershed history. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976 for its architecture and it was the nations first water supply to use paddle wheels to move water. Following a series of fever epidemics in the late 18th century city leaders appointed a Watering Committee. The initial water system was designed by Benjamin Latrobe and accepted by the committee in 1799 and his system utilized two steam engines to pump water from the Schuylkill River, into the city, then into two wooden tanks that held a total of just 57,000 US gallons. From the wooden tanks, the water was gravity fed into a series of water mains. The system was plagued with problems, if either of the steam engines failed, the water supply to the city was cut off. The Fairmount Water Works was initially constructed between 1812 and 1815 on the east bank of the Schuylkill River, the Water Works initially consisted of a 3 million US gallons earthen reservoir atop Faire Mount, and a pump house with two steam engines to pump water. Between 1819 and 1821, a 1, 600-foot-long dam was built across the Schuylkill to direct water to a Mill House with three wheels that replaced the steam engines in 1822. Later, Jonval turbines were used to lift the water in a New Mill House, the facility, the industrial nature of which was disguised by a Classical Revival exterior, became a tourist attraction for its beauty and its location on the riverside. Visitors included Charles Dickens, who praised it for its pleasant design, the Fairmount Water Works eventually closed in 1909, after years of service, when several newer and more technologically updated facilities were built. Completed in 1822, Fairmount Dam cut diagonally across the river, channeled water into the Waterworks, the Schuylkill is a tidal river, so it also prevented brackish water in the Delaware River from mixing with the fresh water. Above it, the dam created the Schuylkill Pond, several miles of water used for recreation. After the waterworks closed in 1909 the facility was used for several purposes, including the Philadelphia Aquarium, in more recent years attempts have been made to return the waterworks to its previous position as an engaging tourist attraction. Despite a severe fire which caused setbacks to the restoration, a center has now been added. Its position near Boathouse Row and the Philadelphia Museum of Art is hoped to aid in making it a regularly visited tourist site once more. The Fairmount Water Works buildings now house the Fairmount Water Works Interpretive Center, the FWWIC offers interactive exhibits, lectures, events, and school programs. In December 2004, Michael Karloutsos won a 25-year, $120, after a highly publicized renovation, Karloutsos opened Water Works Restaurant and Lounge within the Water Works on July 20,2006
Fairmount Water Works
–
Fairmount Water Works
Fairmount Water Works
–
Fairmount Water Works,
Philadelphia, between 1860 and 1880.
Fairmount Water Works
–
"Schuylkill Waterworks", 1835 engraving.
Fairmount Water Works
–
Cutaway showing water wheel.
20.
Lemon Hill
–
Lemon Hill is a Federal-style mansion in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, built by the merchant Henry Pratt. Originally part of Robert Morriss 300-acre estate, The Hills, Pratt purchased 43 acres at a sale for $14,654 in 1799. According to Pratts letterbooks, recently discovered by Philadelphia Museum of Art assistant curator Martha C, halpern, he designed the mansion himself and served as his own general contractor. Named for the lemon trees in Morriss greenhouse, which was part of his new property. To protect its water supply, the City of Philadelphia began purchasing properties along the Schuylkill River and this formed the basis for what is now Fairmount Park. Lemon Hill is located on a bluff overlooking the Schuylkill River, exceptional architectural features include its three oval parlors, stacked one on top of the other, with curved fireplace mantles and doors. The mansion was restored by the architectural historian Fiske Kimball, 1925–26 and he conjectured that Robert Morris had built the mansion, but this was disproven by Martha C. In the William L. Owned by the City of Philadelphia, it is operated as a museum by the Colonial Dames of America. Long hidden by trees on the sides of the hill. Historic Houses of Philadelphia, A Tour of the Regions Museum Homes, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press,1998
Lemon Hill
–
Lemon Hill in 1995
Lemon Hill
Lemon Hill
Lemon Hill
21.
Sedgeley
–
Sedgeley was a mansion, designed by the architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe, and built on the east banks of the Schuylkill River in Philadelphia, USA, in 1799-1802. The land where the house was located was owned by Robert Morris. William Cramond, a merchant, purchased the house. Immediately upon acquiring the land, Cramond hired Latrobe to improve the property and build the mansion, the mansion was situated on a hill overlooking the river,80 feet below. The two-story house, the first built in America in a Gothic Revival style, had a hip roof and dormers with steep roofs, other Gothic elements included scalloped bargeboards on the eaves, and windows with label mouldings and other Gothic characteristics. The interior plan of the house was similar to the one that Latrobe used in John Harvies home in Richmond, Virginia, and later, the John Markoe House in Philadelphia, the front of the house featured a portico, and a two-story entrance hall. Latrobes design called for ashlar stone walls, stone or brick window trim. Cramond did not retain Latrobe to provide supervision of construction. Cramond owned the mansion for a period, as he was forced to sell it in 1806 due to bankruptcy. Another merchant, Samuel Mifflin, bought the Sedgeley mansion, but he sold the house in 1812 to James Cowles Fisher, a shipping merchant. For some period of time, Fisher left the house vacant or leased it to a tenant. Fisher sold it in 1836 to Isaac S. Loyd, a real estate speculator, the city of Philadelphia purchased the adjacent Lemon Hill property in 1844, which was turned into a public park. By setting aside open space along the river, Philadelphia hoped to protect the citys water supply. A group of residents sought to expand the park to include the Sedgeley property. Though, the fund was short of the $70,000 needed, so use of eminent domain. The house was demolished a short time later, and the land is now part of Fairmount Park, the Sedgeley property also included a tenants cottage, designed by Latrobe, which still exists. Though Latrobe spent nearly a decade in Philadelphia, designing numerous buildings, for a while, the Porter House was used by the Parks Guard and served as a jail. It was rescued from demolition and converted to space in the 1990s by the Fairmount Park Historic Preservation Trust and is currently occupied by Outward Bound
Sedgeley
–
Engraving of Sedgeley House in Views in Philadelphia and its Environs (Philadelphia, 1830)
Sedgeley
–
Sedgeley Park, 1819, oil painting by
Thomas Birch
Sedgeley
–
Sedgeley's tenant's cottage (porter house), which still remains
22.
Philadelphia Zoo
–
The Philadelphia Zoo, located in the Centennial District of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, was the first true zoo in the United States. Chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on March 21,1859 and it opened with 1,000 animals and an admission price of 25 cents. For a brief time, the zoo also housed animals brought over from safari on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, the Philadelphia Zoo is one of the premier zoos in the world for breeding animals that have been found difficult to breed in captivity. The zoo also works with groups around the world to protect the natural habitats of the animals in their care. The zoo is 42 acres and is home to more than 1,300 animals, many of which are rare, the zoo features a childrens zoo, a paddleboat lake, a rainforest themed carousel, and many interactive and educational exhibits. The zoo was once served by the Zoological Garden station on 34th Street, when the Philadelphia Zoological Garden first opened its Victorian gates on July 1,1874 to over 3,000 visitors, it was the only institution of its kind in the New World. It began as a zoo with varied exhibits,200 mammals,67 birds and 15 reptiles. 10-11 acres were enclosed with a picket fence as exhibition space for buffalo, deer, wolves, foxes, bears, monkeys, birds, reptiles. Reptiles and small mammals were housed in The Solitude, there was a Carriage House at the entrance for horses that had transported visitors to the Zoo. Landscaping and architecture created a Victorian garden atmosphere that still is represented on the grounds today, the managers stressed the need for the very best facilities, affording optimum husbandry and in-depth scientific observations, including necropsies. The 1876 Centennial Exhibition was held in Fairmount Park, a few blocks from the 33-acre Zoo, the U. S. President, Ulysses S. Grant, had officiated at the Exhibition and visited the Zoo on April 23. The Penrose Research Laboratory was established in 1901, in 1901 the lab began performing necropsies on every Zoo animal that became ill and died. The labs history of preventative medicine reflected the foresight of Dr. Charles B, white, professors at the Medical School of the University of Pennsylvania. Through innovative feeding techniques, the Zoo was the first to gain the beautiful pink, the Zoo was the first to successfully breed Chilean and greater flamingos in captivity. The Zoo played an important role in the 1979 film, Rocky II the second installment of the Rocky film franchise, several romantic scenes were filmed at the Zoo including Rocky Balboas proposal to Adrian in front of the Carnivore House. The brown tree snake was introduced to the island of Guam in the 1940s, the rescue plan called for the capture of all kingfishers and rails on Guam and a captive management protocol was formulated. The captive breeding was carried out in U. S. zoos in an effort to save species from extinction until reintroduction became feasible. In 1985 the first recorded parent-reared Micronesian kingfisher was bred at Philadelphia Zoo, all were members of endangered species
Philadelphia Zoo
–
The gate above the zoo's entrance
Philadelphia Zoo
–
Victorian gateway by
Frank Furness
Philadelphia Zoo
–
"The Solitude" built by
John Penn in 1785 is in the zoo
Philadelphia Zoo
–
The elephants at the Philadelphia Zoo have been phased out. In July 2009, the last two elephants, both
African, departed.
23.
Centennial Exposition
–
Nearly 10 million visitors attended the exhibition and thirty-seven countries participated in it. The Great Central Fair of 1864, one of the fairs held during the Civil War, anticipated the combination of public, private. They also made Philadelphia a vital center in the Union war effort, the idea of the Centennial Exposition is credited to John L. Campbell, a professor of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy at Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana. In December 1866, Campbell suggested to Philadelphias mayor that the United States Centennial be celebrated with an exposition in Philadelphia. Detractors said the project would not be able to find funding, other nations might not attend, the Franklin Institute became an early supporter of the exposition and asked the Philadelphia City Council for use of Fairmount Park. The Philadelphia City Council and the Pennsylvania General Assembly created a committee to study the project, congressman William D. Kelley spoke for the city and state and Daniel Johnson Morrell introduced a bill to create a United States Centennial Commission. The bill, which passed on March 3,1871, provided that the U. S. government would not be liable for any expenses, the United States Centennial Commission organized on March 3,1872, with Joseph R. Hawley of Connecticut as president. The Centennial Commissions commissioners included one representative from state and territory in the United States. On June 1,1872, Congress created a Centennial Board of Finance to help raise money, the boards president was John Welsh, brother of philanthropist William Welsh, who had raised funds for The Great Sanitary Fair in 1864. The board was authorized to sell up to US$10 million in stock via US$10 shares, the board sold US$1,784,320 worth of shares by February 22,1873. Philadelphia contributed US$1.5 million and Pennsylvania gave US$1 million, on February 11,1876, Congress appropriated US$1.5 million in a loan. John Welsh enlisted help from the women of Philadelphia who had helped him in The Great Sanitary Fair, a Womens Centennial Executive Committee was formed with Elizabeth Duane Gillespie, a descendant of Benjamin Franklin, as president. In its first few months, the group raised US$40,000, when the group learned the planning commission was not doing much to display the work of women, the group raised US$30,000 for a womens exhibition building. In 1873, the Centennial Commission named Alfred T. Goshorn as the general of the Exposition. The Fairmount Park Commission set aside 450 acres of West Fairmount Park for the exposition, the Commission decided to classify the exhibits into seven departments, agriculture, art, education and science, horticulture, machinery, manufactures, and mining and metallurgy. Newspaper publisher John W. Forney agreed to head and pay for a Philadelphia commission sent to Europe to invite nations to exhibit at the exposition, despite fears of a European boycott and high American tariffs making foreign goods not worthwhile, no European country declined the invitation. To accommodate out-of-town visitors, temporary hotels were constructed near the Centennials grounds, Philadelphia streetcars increased service and the Pennsylvania Railroad ran special trains from Philadelphias Market Street, New York City, Baltimore and Pittsburgh. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad ran special trains from the Center City part of Philadelphia, a small hospital was built on the Expositions grounds by the Centennials Medical Bureau, but despite a heat wave during the summer, no mass deaths or epidemics occurred
Centennial Exposition
–
Opening day ceremonies at the Centennial Exhibition
Centennial Exposition
–
The Great Sanitary Fair (1864) was the model for the Centennial Exhibition. It had raised $1,046,859 for medicine and bandages during the
American Civil War.
Centennial Exposition
–
Joseph R. Hawley
Centennial Exposition
–
The Centennial Tower, a 1,000-foot-tall (300 m) tower conceived in 1874 by engineers Clarke and Reeves for the 1876 Exposition, was featured in the January 24, 1874 edition of Scientific American but never built.
24.
Schuylkill River Trail
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The Schuylkill River Trail is a multi-use trail along the banks of the Schuylkill River in southeastern Pennsylvania. Partially complete as of 2016, the trail will run from the rivers headwaters in Schuylkill County to Fort Mifflin in Philadelphia. Complete portions of the include a section from Auburn to Hamburg, a 19. 5-mile portion from Reading to Pottstown. Large stretches of the trail are rail trails, parts of it belong to the East Coast Greenway, a 3, 000-mile trail system connecting Maine to Florida. On many maps and street atlases, and on some of the trails signage, the Schuylkill River Trail begins at a trailhead located at the Kernsville Dam in Auburn just above Hamburg. The trail continues through Reading to Pottstown until it reaches the Riverfront Park on College Drive near the Reading Railroad Pottstown Station and this section passes through the Schuylkill River National and State Heritage Area, an area generally known for fishing in the Philadelphia metro. In lower Berks County, the trail follows the existing Thun Trail, plans are underway for a connection from Reading, north to Hamburg. The current northern edge links the trail with the Union Canal towpath, the trail begins in North Reading, along Riverview Drive, then quickly crosses an old railroad bridge into West Reading. From there, the trail follows the old concrete industrial collector, Armorcrast Road, the trail then goes off road as a gravel path to the county line where it meets the paved Schuylkill River Trail, which currently terminates in Pottstown. Two routes have been proposed for this stretch, the other plan would bring the trail down the left bank to Mont Clare. It appears that both options may eventually be built, with the Chester County trail proceeding first and carrying the main SRT designation, in April 2011, the Spring City to Cromby segment opened on the Chester County side. This segment includes a new trailhead on Township Line Road, near the Cromby Power Plant, the stretch of trail from Mont Clare to the Perkiomen Creek near Oaks opened in the spring of 2008. This section follows much of the portion of the Oakes Reach and is paved except for a gravel segment of about half a mile. To cross the three streams in this section, two new culverts were constructed and the trail temporarily routed over an aqueduct from the Canal at Crossmans Run. A new bridge was built across Crossmans Run for the trail and the paving was completed. For phase 1, the section, upstream of Longford Road, is signed along the low volume Port Providence Road and Walnut Street. In a second phase of construction for the segment, the Canal towpath on the canal right bank will be refurbished. On February 14,2008, a meeting was held to announce the work for the Phase 2 extension
Schuylkill River Trail
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The trail running along the east bank in
Center City.
Schuylkill River Trail
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Historic
Schuylkill Canal aqueduct carried the SRT over Crossman's Run, near Oaks, PA
Schuylkill River Trail
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The trail through downtown Conshohocken.
Schuylkill River Trail
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The trail over the Schuylkill River in Center City
25.
Robert Morris (financier)
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From 1781 to 1784, he served as the powerful Superintendent of Finance, managing the economy of the fledgling United States. As the central civilian in the government, Morris was, next to General George Washington and his successful administration led to the sobriquet, Financier of the Revolution. At the same time he was Agent of Marine, a position he took without pay and he was one of Pennsylvanias original pair of US senators, serving from 1789 to 1795. After he left prison in 1801, he lived a quiet, Morris was born to Robert Morris, Sr. and Elizabeth Murphet in Liverpool, Lancashire, England, on January 20,1734. At the age of 13, Morris immigrated to Oxford, Maryland, to live with his father, as a youth, Morris was provided a tutor and was a quick learner. His father sent him to Philadelphia to study where he stayed with Charles Greenway, Greenway arranged for young Robert to become an apprentice at the shipping and banking firm of the Philadelphia merchant Charles Willing. A year later, Roberts father died after being wounded in an accident when hit by the wadding of a gun that was fired in his honor. When Charles Willing died in 1754, his son Thomas Willing made Morris his partner at the age 24 and they established the prominent shipping-banking firm of Willing, Morris & Co. on May 1,1757. The partnership lasted until about 1779, on March 2,1769, at age 35, Morris married 20-year-old Mary White. White was the daughter of a wealthy and prestigious Maryland landholder, together they had five sons and two daughters. White came from a prominent family in Maryland, her brother was the well-known Anglican Bishop William White, Morris worshiped in Philadelphia at St. Peters Church on Pine Street and Christ Church on 2nd Street, both of which were run by his brother-in-law, Bishop William White. Morris remained a constant worshipper and supporter at this Anglican Church for his entire life, both Morris and his brother-in-law William White are buried at Christ Church, Philadelphia in the churchyard located at Second and Market. In 1757 Morris became a partner with Thomas Willing. Their partnership was a merchant firm with interests in shipping, real estate, the partnership was forged just after the Seven Years War began, which hindered attracting the usual supply of new indentured servants to the colony. Potential immigrants were conscripted in England to fight in Europe, indentured servants could legally break their contracts to join the British forces to fight against the French and their Indian allies. At the same time, the British Crown wanted to encourage the trade which was profitable for the Kings political allies in the African Company of Merchants. While Morris was a partner and Willing was pursuing a political career. Willing, Morris & Co funded its own slave-trading voyage, the ship did not carry enough to be profitable and, during a second trip, was captured by French privateers
Robert Morris (financier)
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Robert Morris
Robert Morris (financier)
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An engraving by Ole Erekson, c1876, of Robert Morris.
Robert Morris (financier)
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A scene from
The Apotheosis of Washington shows Morris receiving a bag of gold from
Mercury, commemorating his financial services during the Revolutionary War
Robert Morris (financier)
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President's House,
Philadelphia at 190 High Street {later 524-30 Market Street}. Morris's Philadelphia city house served as the
Executive Mansion for presidents George Washington and John Adams, 1790–1800. He sold it in 1795, using the proceeds to fund construction of the L'Enfant mansion.
26.
United States Declaration of Independence
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Instead they formed a new nation—the United States of America. John Adams was a leader in pushing for independence, which was passed on July 2 with no opposing vote cast, a committee of five had already drafted the formal declaration, to be ready when Congress voted on independence. The term Declaration of Independence is not used in the document itself, John Adams persuaded the committee to select Thomas Jefferson to compose the original draft of the document, which Congress would edit to produce the final version. The next day, John Adams wrote to his wife Abigail, The Second Day of July 1776, will be the most memorable Epocha, but Independence Day is actually celebrated on July 4, the date that the Declaration of Independence was approved. After ratifying the text on July 4, Congress issued the Declaration of Independence in several forms and it was initially published as the printed Dunlap broadside that was widely distributed and read to the public. The source copy used for printing has been lost. Jeffersons original draft, complete with changes made by John Adams and Benjamin Franklin, the best known version of the Declaration, a signed copy that is popularly regarded as the official document, is displayed at the National Archives in Washington, D. C. This engrossed copy was ordered by Congress on July 19, the sources and interpretation of the Declaration have been the subject of much scholarly inquiry. Having served its purpose in announcing independence, references to the text of the Declaration were few in the following years. Abraham Lincoln made it the centerpiece of his rhetoric, and his policies and this has been called one of the best-known sentences in the English language, containing the most potent and consequential words in American history. The passage came to represent a standard to which the United States should strive. Believe me, dear Sir, there is not in the British empire a man who more cordially loves a union with Great Britain than I do. But, by the God that made me, I will cease to exist before I yield to a connection on such terms as the British Parliament propose, and in this, I think I speak the sentiments of America. By the time that the Declaration of Independence was adopted in July 1776, relations had been deteriorating between the colonies and the mother country since 1763. Parliament enacted a series of measures to increase revenue from the colonies, such as the Stamp Act of 1765, Parliament believed that these acts were a legitimate means of having the colonies pay their fair share of the costs to keep them in the British Empire. Many colonists, however, had developed a different conception of the empire, the colonies were not directly represented in Parliament, and colonists argued that Parliament had no right to levy taxes upon them. This tax dispute was part of a divergence between British and American interpretations of the British Constitution and the extent of Parliaments authority in the colonies. In the colonies, however, the idea had developed that the British Constitution recognized certain fundamental rights that no government could violate, after the Townshend Acts, some essayists even began to question whether Parliament had any legitimate jurisdiction in the colonies at all
United States Declaration of Independence
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1823 facsimile of the engrossed copy
United States Declaration of Independence
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Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration
United States Declaration of Independence
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The Assembly Room in Philadelphia's
Independence Hall, where the Second Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence
United States Declaration of Independence
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This idealized depiction of (left to right) Franklin, Adams, and Jefferson working on the Declaration (
Jean Leon Gerome Ferris, 1900) was widely reprinted.
27.
Philadelphia City Council
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The Philadelphia City Council, the legislative body of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, consists of ten members elected by district and seven members elected at-large. The council president is elected by the members from among their number, each members term is four years, and there are no limits on the number of terms a member may serve. While William Penns original 1691 charter for the city of Philadelphia included a common council and its successor, the Proprietors Charter of 1701, constituted the city as a municipal corporation with a non-elected council made up of major city officials who selected their own successors. It was replaced with a single 21-member chamber in 1919, which remained in effect until the adoption of a Home Rule charter in 1951, the 1951 Home Rule Charter established the council as the legislative arm of Philadelphia municipal government, consisting of seventeen members. Ten council members are elected by district and seven from the city at large, at-large council members are elected using limited voting with limited nomination, guaranteeing that two minority-party candidates are elected. Each is elected for a term of four years with no limit on the number of terms that may be served, the members of City Council elect from among themselves a president, who serves as the regular chairperson of council meetings. In consultation with the majority of members, the President appoints members to the various standing committees of the council. The president is responsible for selecting and overseeing most Council employees. Every proposed ordinance is in the form of an introduced by a Council member. Passage of a bill requires the vote of a majority of all members. A bill becomes law upon the approval of the mayor, if the mayor vetoes a bill, the council may override the veto by a two-thirds vote. Under the rules of the council, regular sessions are held weekly, usually on Thursday morning at 10, 00am, in Room 400. Council normally breaks for the months of July and August
Philadelphia City Council
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Philadelphia City Council
Philadelphia City Council
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City Hall from postcard, c. 1900
28.
Centennial Arboretum
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Centennial Arboretum is an arboretum located at the Horticulture Center, Fairmount Park, at the southeast corner of Belmont and Montgomery Drives, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is open daily without charge, the arboretum contains specimen trees and shrubs from Asia, Europe, and North America. Many were planted in 1876 for the American Centennial Exposition, nearby is the traditional-style Shofuso Japanese House and Garden brought to Philadelphia in 1957. List of botanical gardens in the United States Horticulture Center, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia
Centennial Arboretum
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Subaru Cherry Blossom Festival at the Centennial Arboretum
Centennial Arboretum
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Shofuso Japanese House and Garden at the Centennial Arboretum
29.
The Horticulture Center (Philadelphia)
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The Horticultural Center in Philadelphia contains an arboretum, greenhouse, demonstration gardens, and a Japanese house and garden. It is located within Fairmount Park at the southeast corner of Belmont and Montgomery Drives, the grounds are open daily except holidays, without charge. An admission fee is charged for the Japanese house, the Horticulture Center was built for the 1976 United States Bicentennial celebration, on the site of Philadelphias earlier Horticultural Hall, built in 1876 for the Centennial Exposition. Centennial comfort stations List of botanical gardens in the United States Fairmount Park Horticulture Center - City of Philadelphia Parks & Recreation
The Horticulture Center (Philadelphia)
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Horticultural Hall (1876, demolished 1955).
30.
Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)
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Memorial Hall is a Beaux-Arts style building in the Centennial District of West Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Built as the art gallery for the 1876 Centennial Exposition, it is the major structure from that exhibition to survive. It subsequently housed the Pennsylvania Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Museum School of Industrial Art, since October 18,2008, the Hall has served as home to the Please Touch Museum. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1976, the building is located west of the Schuylkill River, at the corner of East Memorial Hall Drive and the Avenue of the Republic. Memorial Hall was designed by Herman J. Schwarzmann, and is an example of monumental Beaux-Arts architecture in the United States. Schwarzmann, the engineer of the Fairmount Park Commission, also designed the temporary Horticultural Hall for the Exposition. Construction began on 6 July 1874 and was completed for the ceremonies on 10 May 1876. President Ulysses S. Grant and other dignitaries presided over the event, the exterior is finished with granite and the interior is decorated with marble and ornamental plaster. The building is 365 feet by 210 feet with basement and ground floor, and 150 feet tall at the top of the buildings most distinctive feature, surmounting the dome is the 23-foot-tall statue of Columbia holding a laurel branch. At the corners of the dome stand four statues symbolizing industry, commerce, agriculture, Memorial Hall was the inspiration for the Reichstag building in Berlin, Germany. Memorial Hall was designed to house the Centennial Expositions art exhibits, the exposition received so many art contributions that a separate annex was built to house them all. Another building was built for the display of photography, the building was taken over by the Fairmount Park Commission in 1958. It also was used for a gymnasium and a pool in both wings. In 1982, the building was being used as a police station, in the 1980s and 1990s, the Philadelphia Orchestra made a number of recordings in a basketball court in Memorial Hall under the batons of Riccardo Muti and Wolfgang Sawallisch. Memorial Hall was used because the Academy of Music, the home at the time, was considered not resonant enough. In September 1997, a viewing for former Philadelphia Phillies baseball player, several hundred thousand people mourned his death as they walked by his casket in the Grand Hall. The Hall fell into disrepair until 2005, when the Please Touch Museum began a renovation to convert it into its new home. The museum opened its doors to the public on October 18,2008, Memorial Halls eastern lawn serves as the home field for Athletic Base Ball Club of Philadelphia, a vintage base ball team which plays by 1864 rules. S
Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)
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Memorial Hall
Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)
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Ground plan of Art Gallery and Annex (1876).
Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)
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Vestibule, during the 1876 Centennial Exposition.
Memorial Hall (Philadelphia)
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Nearing completion - March 7, 1876.
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