1.
Silk
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Silk is a natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is composed mainly of fibroin and is produced by insect larvae to form cocoons. The best-known silk is obtained from the cocoons of the larvae of the mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori reared in captivity, Silk is produced by several insects, but generally only the silk of moth caterpillars has been used for textile manufacturing. There has been research into other types of silk, which differ at the molecular level. Silk is mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, Silk production also occurs in Hymenoptera, silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers, beetles, lacewings, fleas, flies, and midges. Other types of arthropod produce silk, most notably various arachnids such as spiders, the word silk comes from Old English sioloc, from Greek σηρικός serikos, silken, ultimately from an Asian source. Several kinds of silk, which are produced by caterpillars other than the mulberry silkworm, have been known and used in China, South Asia. However, the scale of production was far smaller than for cultivated silks. Thus, the way to obtain silk suitable for spinning into textiles in areas where commercial silks are not cultivated was by tedious. Commercial silks originate from reared silkworm pupae, which are bred to produce a silk thread with no mineral on the surface. The pupae are killed by either dipping them in boiling water before the adult moths emerge or by piercing them with a needle. These factors all contribute to the ability of the cocoon to be unravelled as one continuous thread. Wild silks also tend to be difficult to dye than silk from the cultivated silkworm. Genetic modification of domesticated silkworms is used to facilitate the production of more types of silk. Silk fabric was first developed in ancient China, the earliest example of silk fabric is from 3630 BC, and it was used as wrapping for the body of a child from a Yangshao culture site in Qingtaicun at Xingyang, Henan. Legend gives credit for developing silk to a Chinese empress, Leizu, because of its texture and lustre, silk rapidly became a popular luxury fabric in the many areas accessible to Chinese merchants. Silk was in demand, and became a staple of pre-industrial international trade. In July 2007, archaeologists discovered intricately woven and dyed silk textiles in a tomb in Jiangxi province, Silk is described in a chapter on mulberry planting by Si Shengzhi of the Western Han
2.
Cotton
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Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the family of Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose, under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will tend to increase the dispersal of the seeds. The plant is a native to tropical and subtropical regions around the world, including the Americas, Africa. The greatest diversity of wild species is found in Mexico, followed by Australia. Cotton was independently domesticated in the Old and New Worlds, the fiber is most often spun into yarn or thread and used to make a soft, breathable textile. Current estimates for world production are about 25 million tonnes or 110 million bales annually, China is the worlds largest producer of cotton, but most of this is used domestically. The United States has been the largest exporter for many years, in the United States, cotton is usually measured in bales, which measure approximately 0.48 cubic meters and weigh 226.8 kilograms. Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, the Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India, for example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC. Cotton fabrics discovered in a cave near Tehuacán, Mexico have been dated to around 5800 BC, the domestication of Gossypium hirsutum in Mexico is dated between 3400 and 2300 BC. Cotton was grown upriver, made into nets, and traded with fishing villages along the coast for supplies of fish. The Spanish who came to Mexico and Peru in the early 16th century found the people growing cotton and this may be a reference to tree cotton, Gossypium arboreum, which is a native of the Indian subcontinent. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, Cotton has been spun, woven and it clothed the people of ancient India, Egypt, and China. Hundreds of years before the Christian era, cotton textiles were woven in India with matchless skill, in Iran, the history of cotton dates back to the Achaemenid era, however, there are few sources about the planting of cotton in pre-Islamic Iran. The planting of cotton was common in Merv, Ray and Pars of Iran, in Persian poets poems, especially Ferdowsis Shahname, there are references to cotton. Marco Polo refers to the products of Persia, including cotton. John Chardin, a French traveler of the 17th century who visited the Safavid Persia, during the Han dynasty, cotton was grown by Chinese peoples in the southern Chinese province of Yunnan. Mohamed Ali Pasha accepted the proposition and granted himself the monopoly on the sale and export of cotton in Egypt, and later dictated cotton should be grown in preference to other crops
3.
Filipinos
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Filipinos are the people who are identified with the country of the Philippines, either through descent or citizenship. Filipinos come from different ethnolinguistic nations, currently, there are more than 175 ethnolinguistic nations, each with its own language, identity, culture and history. The modern Filipino identity, with its Austronesian roots, was developed in conjunction with Spanish, Chinese, the Philippines was a Spanish colony for 333 years, setting a foundation for contemporary Filipino culture. Under Spanish rule, most of the Filipino populace embraced Roman Catholicism, almost all Filipinos adopted Spanish surnames from the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos published in 1849 by the Spanish colonial government. As neither past governments nor the modern Philippine Statistics Authority account for the background of an individual. The lack of the letter F in the pre-1987 Philippine alphabet, upon official adoption of the modern, 28-letter Filipino alphabet in 1987, the name Filipino was preferred over Pilipino. However the ABAKADA is only the Alphabet of the Tagalogs as other Ethnic Nations also have their own alphabet and/or writing script, use of the term Filipino in the Philippines started during the Spanish colonial period. The original meaning was a person of Spanish descent born in the Philippines and this original usage is now archaic and obsolete. Historian Ambeth Ocampo has suggested that the first documented use of the word to refer to Indios was the Spanish language poem A la juventud filipina, published in 1879 by José Rizal. A number of Filipinos refer to themselves colloquially as Pinoy, which is a word formed by taking the last four letters of Filipino. The term, although in popular usage, is considered by some Filipinos as a racial slur. Other collective endonyms for the Filipino people include, Patria Adorada as popularized by Jose Rizal through his poem Mi último adiós, in 2010, a metatarsal from Callao Man, discovered in 2007, was dated through uranium-series dating as being 67,000 years old. Prior to that, the earliest human remains found in the Philippines were thought to be the fragments of a skull and jawbone. Fox, an anthropologist from the National Museum, anthropologists who examined these remains agreed that they belonged to modern human beings. These include the Homo sapiens, as distinguished from the mid-Pleistocene Homo erectus species, the Tabon Man fossils are considered to have come from a third group of inhabitants, who worked the cave between 22,000 and 20,000 BCE. An earlier cave level lies so far below the level containing cooking fire assemblages that it must represent Upper Pleistocene dates like 45 or 50 thousand years ago, researchers say this indicates that the human remains were pre-Mongoloid, from about 40,000 years ago. Fluctuations in ancient shorelines between 150,000 BP and 17,000 BP connected the Malay Archipelago region with Maritime Southeast Asia and this may have enabled ancient migrations into the Philippines from Maritime Southeast Asia approximately 50,000 BP to 13,000 BP. A January 2009 study of language phylogenies by R. D and this was a two-pronged expansion, which moved north through the Philippines and into Taiwan, while a second expansion prong spread east along the New Guinea coast and into Oceania and Polynesia
4.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
5.
G-string
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A G-string is a type of thong, a narrow piece of fabric, leather, or satin that covers or holds the genitals, passes between the buttocks, and is attached to a band around the hips. A G-string can be worn by men and women. It may also be worn in swimwear, where it may serve as a bikini bottom, G-strings may also be worn by exotic or go-go dancers. As underwear, a G-string may be worn in preference to panties to avoid creation of a visible panty line, the two terms G-string and thong are sometimes used interchangeably, however, technically they refer to different pieces of clothing. Since the 19th century, the term geestring referred to the string which held the loincloth of Native Americans and this is apocryphal, as the narrowest string on a violin is the E string. Safire also mentions the opinion of linguist Robert Hendrickson that G stands for groin, cecil Adams, author of the blog The Straight Dope, has proposed an origin from girdle-string, which is attested as early as 1846. The G-string first appeared in costumes worn by showgirls in Earl Carrolls productions during the 1920s, linguist Robert Hendrickson believes that the G stands for groin. The Oxford English Dictionary reports that the G-string was originally a strip of fabric worn by Indian women. During the Depression, a G-string was known as the gadget, a double-entendre that referred to a handymans contrivance, during the 1930s, the Chicago G-string gained prominence when worn by performers like Margie Hart. The Chicago area was the home of some of the largest manufacturers of G-strings, in the Tarzan novels of Edgar Rice Burroughs, Tarzan is described as wearing a G-string, but in the Tarzan films he always wore a more modest loin cloth. Media related to Thong at Wikimedia Commons
6.
Barong Tagalog
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The Barong Tagalog, more commonly known as simply Barong, is an embroidered formal shirt which is considered the national dress of the Philippines. It is lightweight and worn untucked over an undershirt, today, in lowland Christian Filipino culture it is common formal attire, especially at weddings. Less formal variants are used also as uniform in schools, universities and offices, through the years, it has occasionally been feminized and worn by women. The Barong Tagalog was popularised as formal wear by President Ramón Magsaysay, the term Barong Tagalog is usually shortened in modern Filipino as Barong, though grammatically, barong is not a word that can stand alone. It contains the suffix -ng, which indicates that it is an adjective or an adjective must directly follow, the root word of barong is the Tagalog word baro meaning outfit or clothing. Barong Tagalog literally means Tagalog outfit, the term was originally used to describe what people, both men and women, typically wore in the Tagalog region during the Spanish era. In time, the term caught on for the shirt alone, prior to the Spanish Era, the Tagalogs of Luzon already wore a garment that was a forerunner of the Barong Tagalog - the Baro. Earliest reference to the Baro was in the Historical account of Ma-i that the Filipinos wore a sleeve-doublet of rough cotton cloth called kanga and it was collarless and had an opening in front. The doublets indicated the status and badge of courage of a man, red was for the Chiefs. This is only a legend, as pre-Hispanic Filipinos already wore untucked shirts, something common in climates where temperatures. Historians have likewise noted the absence of citations to any law in which that bans the tucking in their shirts. They also note that natives during the era wore their shirts tucked at times. A common example cited in support of this argument is José Rizal and his contemporaries, like other cultural clothes, the style of the Barong Tagalog and the accessories worn with it spoke of the status of the person wearing it. The Mestizos would wear it with their shoes and bowler hat. The Ilustrados wore abaca-made Baro with plain collar, half open chest, the Ilustrados wore it with ordinary shoes, trousers and a hat - similar to that of Mestizos. The Baro was worn over a Camisa de Chino, the lower class wore coloured Camisa de Chino with loose pants and slippers which is still a practice in the countryside. The finest shirts are made from a variety of indigenous fabrics and they have a sheer appearance and the best are custom embroidered in delicate folk patterns, Piña fabric is hand-loomed from pineapple leaf fibers. Traditional piña weavers in the country, however, are dwindling, making the delicate piña cloth expensive and they are used only for very formal events
7.
Tagalog people
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The Tagalog people is a major ethnolingustic group in the Philippines. They have a developed society due to the cultural heartland, Manila. The commonly accepted origin for the endonym Tagalog is the term tagá-ilog, an alternative theory states that the name is derived from tagá-alog, which means people from the ford. In 1821, American diplomat Edmund Roberts called the Tagalog Tagalor in his memoirs about his trips to the Philippines. The earliest written record of the Tagalog is a 9th-century document known as the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which is about a remission of debt on behalf of the ruler of Tondo. Inscribed on it is year 822 of the Saka Era, the month of Waisaka, and the day of the waning moon. Some contend it is between Old Tagalog and Old Javanese, the document states that it releases its bearers, the children of Namwaran, from a debt in gold amounting to 1 kati and 8 suwarnas. Pires exploration led him to discover that in their own country, the Luções had foodstuffs, wax, honey, inferior grade gold, had no king, and were governed instead by a group of elders. Contact with the rest of Southeast Asia led to the creation Baybayin later used in the book Doctrina Cristiana which is written by the 16th century Spanish colonizers, on May 19,1571, Miguel López de Legazpi gave the title city to the colony of Manila. The title was certified on June 19,1572, under Spain, Manila became the colonial entrepot in the Far East. The Philippines was a Spanish colony administered under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the first substantial dictionary of Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. The indigenous poet Francisco Baltazar is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, the ship set sail from Macau and landed in Morro Bay in what is now the California coast on October 17 of 1587, as part of the Galleon Trade between the Spanish East Indies and New Spain. More Filipino sailors arrived along the California coast when both places were part of the Spanish Empire, by 1763, Manila men or Tagalas had established a settlement called St. Malo on the outskirts of New Orleans, Louisiana. The Tagalog played a role during the 1896 Philippine Revolution. The Katipunan once intended to name the Philippines as Katagalugan or the Tagalog Republic, Miguel de Unamuno described revolutionary leader José Rizal as the Tagalog Hamlet and said of him “a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear and hope, between faith and despair. ”In 1902, Macario Sakay formed his own Republika ng Katagalugan in the mountains of Morong, Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897. In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ, in 1959, the language was further renamed as Pilipino. The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine
8.
Ethnic groups in the Philippines
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The islands of the Philippines are inhabited by more than 175 Ethnolinguistic Nations, the majority of whose own languages are Austronesian languages in origin. Many of these nations converted to Christianity, particularly the lowland-coastal nations, in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago, there are ethnolinguistic nations who practice Islam. The Spanish called them Moros after the Moors, in the Agusan Marsh and the highlands of Mindanao, there are native ethnic groups collectively known as the Lumad. Unlike the Moros, these people do not practice Islam, and maintain their animistic beliefs, the Negrito are a pre-Austronesian people who migrated from mainland Asia and were one of the earliest human beings to settle the Philippines, around 90,000 years ago. The first known were the people of the Callao Man remains, the Negrito population was estimated in 2004 at around 31,000. Their tribal groups include the Ati, and the Aeta and their ways of life remain mostly free from Western and Islamic influences. Scholars study them to try to understand pre-Hispanic culture, most Filipinos are Malayo-Polynesian, a major family within the Austronesian language family. Other ethnolinguistic nations form a minority in the Philippine population, mixed-race or mixed-ethnicity individuals are known as mestizo. A2008 genetic study showed no evidence of a large-scale Taiwanese migration into the Philippines, population dispersals occurred at the same time as sea levels rose, which resulted in migrations from the Philippines to as far north as Taiwan within the last 10,000 years. Examination of mitochondrial DNA lineages showed that the culture had been evolving within Island Southeast Asia for a longer period than previously believed. This happened during the period 15,000 to 7,000 years ago following the last Ice Age, the Philippine Statistics Department does not account for the racial background or ancestry of an individual. The official population of all types of mestizos that reside inside and outside of the Philippines remains unknown, results from such a small sample cannot be used with high confidence to characterize a population of 92 million persons. Old Spanish censuses state that as much as 33. 5% or one third of the population of the island of Luzon had full or partial Hispanic or Latino descent. Prehistoric Tabon Man, found in Palawan in 1962 was, until 2007, archaeological evidence indicates similarities with two early human fossils found in Indonesia and China, called the Java Man and Peking Man. In 2007, a metatarsal from an earlier fossil was discovered in Callao Cave, Peñablanca. That earlier fossil was named as Callao Man, the Negritos, several ethnolinguistic nations of the Australoid race, arrived about 30,000 years ago and occupied several scattered areas throughout the islands. Recent archaeological evidence described by Peter Bellwood claimed that the ancestors of Filipinos, Malaysians and these early mariners are thought to be the Austronesian people. They used boats to cross the oceans, and settled into many regions of Southeast Asia, the Polynesian Islands, by the 14th century, the Malayo-Polynesian ethnolinguistic nations had dominated and displaced the Negrito population in most areas
9.
Visayan people
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The Visayans is an umbrella term for the Philippine ethnolinguistic groups native to the whole Visayas, to the southernmost islands of Luzon and to most parts of Mindanao. They are speakers of one or more Visayan languages, the most widely spoken being Cebuano and Hiligaynon, many have, at some point in their lives, migrated to Metro Manila out of economic necessity brought about by centralization around it. They comprise the largest grouping in the division of the country. Filipino author and artist John Kingsley Pangan categorized the Visayans into two groups called the Madja-as Visayans and the Sugbu Visayans. Madja-as Visayans are the group from the islands of Panay, Guimaras, Romblon and Negros Occidental. The term comes from the confederacy of the islands called Kedatuan of Madja-as. They originated also from the Austronesian aborigines and the Srivijayan empire, the colonizers also described these Visayans also as white people, who have among them some blacks—the ancient inhabitants of the island and not described as tattooed. They originated from both the Austronesian aborigines and the Tamils through the Chola dynasty, who in turn first settled in Sugbu. ”Kabisay-an refers both to the Visayan people collectively and the lands they have inhabited since prehistory. The Anglicized term Visayas is commonly used to refer to the latter and these should not, however, be confused as dialects, given the lack of mutual intelligibility. Grabiel Ribera, captain of the Spanish royal infantry in the Philippine Islands, the earliest settlements in the Visayan islands were from valley-dwelling Austronesians and highland-dwelling Negrito dated around 30,000 BC. These early settlers were mostly Animist tribes, in the 12th century, Hindu-Buddhist descendants from the late Śrīvijayan maṇḍala, Majapahit and Brunei, settled the islands. By the 14th century, Arab traders and their followers who ventured into Maritime Southeast Asia, Visayans practiced a mixture of Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist beliefs although there were also groups that were varied, some groups exclusively practiced Islam or Hinduism or Buddhism. There is also evidence of trade and immigration between other Asian peoples in the area as early as the 9th century, One of this Westerners account says that the adventures of this ancient hero of Panay was recalled during weddings and in songs. It was said that they originated from an area within the Śrīvijayan maṇḍala during the early 13th century. In an attempt to escape the rule of a Rajah Makatunaw and the subsequent dissolution of the maṇḍala. The island at time was ruled by an Ati chief Marikudo who was later given a golden sadok. It was said that the name for the inhabitants, Bisaya, was derived from their polity of origin, the Visayans first encountered Western Civilization when Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan reached the island of Cebu in 1521. The Visayas became part of the Spanish colony of the Philippines, the 16th century marks the beginning of the Christianization of the Visayan people, with the baptism of Rajah Humabon and about 800 native Cebuanos
10.
Panay
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Panay Island, is the sixth largest and fourth most populous island in the Philippines. With a total area of 12,011 Sq. km. Iloilo City, is the largest city on the island, with a population of 447,992. It is an island, located in the western part of the Visayas. It is about 160 kilometres across, it is divided into four provinces, Aklan, Antique, Capiz and Iloilo and it is located southeast of the island of Mindoro and northwest of Negros, separated by the Guimaras Strait. Between Panay and Negros lie the island-province of Guimaras, to the north and northeast is the Sibuyan Sea and the islands of Romblon, to the west and southwest is the Sulu Sea and to the south is Panay Gulf. Panay River, is the longest river in the island, Mount Madja-as in Antique, is the second highest peak on the island with an elevation of 2,117 m above sea level. Mount Nangtud, is the highest mountain in Panay, standing at 7,234 ft. above sea level, Located on the border of Barbaza, Antique and Jamindan, before 1212, Panay was called Simsiman. The community is located at the shores of the Ulian river and was linked by a creek, the creek provided salt to the Ati people as well as animals which lick the salt out of the salty water. Coming from the root word simsim, simsimin means to something to eat or to drink. During the time of Datu Pulpulan, father of the Ati chief Marikudo, the island was called Aninipay from words ani to harvest and nipay, the hair of this grass though short is very sharp and easily prick the skin as barbs and is very difficult to remove. Once the barbs stick to the skin it can cause a skin irritation. For this reason, Datu Pulpulan enacted a law that whoever among the Atis will use the grass to endanger others will face death as punishment. The picturesque mountain which stood majestically in the area was thought to be the place of Bululakaw. The island was so named by the Malay settlers due to the splendid beauty, a Spaniard named Gonzalo Ronquillo reached the island and also gave the name Pan hay which means theres a bread in the island. The place was then called Pan-hay which eventually became Panay, Madja-as was established by nine rebel datus or high officials connected with the court of Brunei, who were forced to leave that are on account of enmity of the Rajah at that time ruling the land. The datus, together with their wives and children, as well as few faithful servants and followers were escorted out of the country by the Rajahs Chief Minister. The local folklore says that the name of the Bornean Rajah was Makatunao and their ultimate origins may be traced to the sacking of the kingdom of Pannai at North Sumatra by the Chola dynasty who had placed puppet Rajahs on the throne after their invasion
11.
Crown (heraldry)
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A Crown is often an emblem of the sovereign state, a monarchs government, or items endorsed by it, see The Crown. Crowns may also be used by some republics, a specific type of crown is employed in heraldry under strict rules. Indeed, some monarchies never had a crown, just a heraldic representation. A crown can be a charge in a coat of arms, or set atop the shield to signify the status of its owner, Crowns bearing bird feathers refer to ancient beliefs, according to which the birds had divine qualities like angels communicated with the worlds beyond the sky. In Italy there are rings that show the city walls used symbolically to remember the function that had the walls to protect the city. Thus the crown is a symbol of power and protection received from someone or something or means that the owner of the crown you show guarantees you power, in this case the appearance of the crown follows a strict set of rules. A royal coat of arms may display a royal crown such as that of Norway, princely coats of arms display a princely crown and so on right down to the mural crown which is commonly displayed on coats of arms of towns and some republics. Other republics may use a so-called peoples crown or omit the use of crowns altogether, the heraldic forms of crowns are often inspired by the actual appearance of the respective countrys royal and princely crowns. Ships and other units of some navies have a crown, composed of the sails and sterns of ships. Squadrons of some air forces have a crown, composed of wings. There is also the Eastern crown, made up of spikes, in formal English the word crown is reserved for the crown of a monarch whereas the word coronet is used for all other crowns, used by members of the Royal family and Peers. In the peerage of the United Kingdom, the design of a coronet shows the rank of its owner, as in German, French, between the 1930s and 2004, feudal barons in the baronage of Scotland were granted a chapeau or cap of maintenance as a rank insignia. This is placed between the shield and helmet in the manner as a peers coronet. Members of the British Royal Family have coronets on their coats of arms and they are according to regulations made by King Charles II in 1661 shortly after his return from exile in France and Restoration, and vary depending upon the princes relationship to the Monarch. Occasionally additional royal warrants vary the designs for individuals, in Canadian heraldry, coronets are used to designate descent from United Empire Loyalists. A military coronet signifies ancestors who served in Loyalist regiments during the American Revolution, the loyalist coronets are used only in heraldry, never worn. Precisely because there are traditions and more variation within some of these. Indeed, there are also some coronets for positions that do not exist, or do not entitle use of a coronet, helmets are often substitutes for coronets, and some coronets are worn only on a helmet
12.
Diadem
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A diadem is a type of crown, specifically an ornamental headband worn by monarchs and others as a badge of royalty. The word derives from the Greek διάδημα diádēma, band or fillet, from διαδέω diadéō, I bind round, such ribbons were also used to crown victorious athletes in important sports games in antiquity. It was later applied to a crown, generally in a circular or fillet shape. For example, the worn by Juliana was a diadem. The ancient Celts were believed to have used a thin, semioval gold plate called a mind as a diadem. Some of the earliest examples of types of crowns can be found in ancient Egypt, from the simple fabric type to the more elaborate metallic type. A diadem is also a jewelled ornament in the shape of a crown, worn by women. In some societies, it may be a wreath worn around the head, the ancient Persians wore a high and erect royal tiara encircled with a diadem. Hera, queen of the Greek gods, wore a crown called the diadem. By extension, diadem can be used generally for an emblem of power or dignity. The head regalia worn by Roman Emperors, from the time of Diocletian onwards, is described as a diadem in the original sources and it was this object that the Foederatus general Odoacer returned to Emperor Zeno after his expulsion of the usurper Romulus Augustus from Rome in 476 CE. Civic crown Tainia Fillet Tiara Diadem
13.
Rajah Humabon
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Rajah Humabon, later baptized as Don Carlos, was the Rajah of Cebu at the time of Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellans arrival in the Philippines in 1521. There is none official record on the origins of Rajah Humabon prior to the arrival of Magellan, according to tradition, Sri Hamabar was the son of Sri Bantug, and the grandson of Sri Lumay. Specifically, one of the kings was Sri Lumay, a native from Sumatra. Sri Alho, who ruled a land known as Sialo which included the towns of Carcar. Sri Ukob ruled a kingdom known as Nahalin in the north included the present-day towns of Consolación, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen. He died in battle, fighting with the group known as magalos from Mindanao. Sri Bantug had a brother called Sri Parang the Limp, Sri Parang handed his throne to his nephew Humabon as regent, and he became the Rajah of Cebu. Parang he also had a son, Tupas, who succeeded Humabon as king of Cebu. The phrase Cata Raya Chita was documented by historian Antonio Pigafetta to be a warning in the Malay language, following Pigafettas inscription, the phrase is creole Malay for Kata-katanya adalah raya cita-cita. The phrase may mean What they say is mainly ambitious, kata-kata, –nya, adalah, raya, according to historical accounts, Rajah Humabon was among the first indigenous converts to Roman Catholicism after he, his wives, and his subjects were baptised by the expeditions priest. On 14 April 1521, Humabon was christened Carlos in honour of King Charles I of Spain, while his consort, Hara Humamay was given the name Juana, after Charles mother. Several men were killed including the then-leaders of the expedition, Duarte Barbosa, the account that the cause of the massacre of the Europeans was because some of the local women were raped by the Spaniards, was from an entry in the Aginid. History of the Philippines RAJAH HUMABON King of Cebu Cebu eskrima The official website of Boholchronicle
14.
Hat
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In the past, hats were an indicator of social status. In the military, hats may denote nationality, branch of service, rank, Police typically wear distinctive hats such as peaked caps or brimmed hats, such as those worn by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. Some hats have a protective function, some hats are worn for ceremonial purposes, such as the mortarboard, which is worn during university graduation ceremonies. Some hats are worn by members of a profession, such as the Toque worn by chefs. Some hats have religious functions, such as the mitres worn by Bishops, while there are not many official records of hats before 3,000 BC, they probably were commonplace before that. Archaeologists think that the Venus of Brassempouy from 26,000 years ago may depict a hat. One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a bronze age man whose body was frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy, where hed been since around 3,300 BC. He was found wearing bearskin cap with a strap, made of several hides stitched together. One of the first pictorial depictions of a hat appears in a painting from Thebes, Egypt. Hats were commonly worn in ancient Egypt, many upper-class Egyptians shaved their head, then covered it in a headdress intended to help them keep cool. Ancient Mesopotamians often wore conical hats or ones shaped somewhat like an inverted vase. Other early hats include the Pileus, a skull like cap, the Phrygian cap, worn by freed slaves in Greece and Rome, and the Greek petasos. Women wore veils, kerchiefs, hoods, caps and wimples, like Otzi, Tollund Man was preserved to the present day with a hat on, probably having died around 400 BC in a Danish bog, which mummified him. He wore a cap made of sheepskin and wool, fastened under the chin by a hide thong. St. Clement, the saint of felt hatmakers, is said to have discovered wool felt when he filled his sandals with flax fibers to protect his feet. In the Middle Ages, hats were a marker of social status, the 1215 Fourth Council of the Lateran required that all Jews identify themselves by wearing the Judenhat, marking them as targets for anti-Semitism. The hats were usually yellow and were pointed or square. In the Middle Ages, hats for women ranged from simple scarves to elaborate hennin, structured hats for women similar to those of male courtiers began to be worn in the late 16th century
15.
Headdress
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Headgear, headwear or headdress is the name given to any element of clothing which is worn on ones head. Some styles of bonnets had peaks so large that they prevented women from looking right or left without turning their heads. Bonnets worn by men and boys are generally distinguished from hats by being soft, caps are generally soft and often have no brim or just a peak. For many centuries women wore a variety of head-coverings which were called caps, an ochipok is part of traditional Ukrainian costume. Some headgear, such as the crown, coronet, and tiara, have evolved into jewelry and these headgear are worn as a symbol of nobility or royal status. Kokoshnik is part of Russian traditional dress, often worn by nobility, a fillet or circlet is a round band worn around the head and over the hair. Elaborate and costly versions of these evolved into crowns, but fillets could be made from woven bands of fabric, leather. Fillets are unisex, and are prevalent in archaic to renaissance dress. Hairnets are used to prevent loose hair from contaminating food or work areas, a snood is a net or fabric bag pinned or tied on at the back of a womans head for holding the hair. Scarves are used to protect styled hair or keep it tidy, shower caps and swim caps prevent hair from becoming wet or entangled during activity. Hats often have an all the way around the rim. Depending on the type of hat, they may be worn by men. Helmets are designed to protect the head, and sometimes the neck and they are usually rigid, and offer protection from blows. Helmets are commonly worn in battle, on sites and in many contact sports. In most of the United States they are required by law for operating a range of vehicles including motorcycles. Modern hoods are generally soft headcoverings which are a part of a larger garment, like an overcoat. Historically, hoods were either similar to modern hoods, or a form of headgear. In medieval Europe hoods with short capes, called chaperons in French, were extremely common, a mask is worn over part or all of the face, frequently to disguise the wearer, but sometimes to protect the face
16.
Salakot
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A salakót is a traditional wide-brimmed hat from the Philippines. It is often made of rattan or reeds, and is a traditional headdress besides the iconic conical Asian hat found in neighbouring South. The custom of embellishing the salakót developed during the Spanish Era, though normally worn by farmers, wealthy and landed Christian Filipinos and mestizos would also wear the salakót. It would be adorned with embossed silver, and sometimes silver coins, many depictions of gobernadorcillos and cabezas de barangay would portray these colonial public functionaries as wearing ornate salakots. It was not uncommon for this class to wear made of more prized materials, such as tortoiseshell. The salakot is a symbol for Filipino identity, often worn by the National personification Juan dela Cruz
17.
San Pablo, Laguna
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San Pablo is a first class city in the southern portion of Laguna province, Philippines, and is one of the countrys oldest cities. By land area, it is the largest in the province of Laguna, with a population of 266,068 people in the 2015 census, it ranks sixth within the province after the cities of Calamba, Santa Rosa, Biñan, San Pedro, and Cabuyao. San Pablo was part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Lipa since 1910, on November 28,1967, it became an independent diocese and became the Roman Catholic Diocese of San Pablo. San Pablos earliest historical record dates back to times when four large barrios bounded by Mount Makiling composed Sampalok. And one of the richest cities in the Philippines. In 1756 it was placed under the jurisdiction of Batangas province but was returned in 1883 to Laguna, in 1899, a municipal government was established, with Atty Innocente Martinez as municipal president. Marcos Paulino was elected president in 1902 when the civil government was set up. From 1926 to 1940, the people of San Pablo worked for its independence from the province of Laguna, on May 7,1940, the Charter Bill sponsored by Assemblyman Tomas D. Dizon was approved by president Manuel L. Quezon. The bill became known as the City Charter of San Pablo or Commonwealth Act No.520 - approved by president Manuel L. Quezon. The city was inaugurated on March 30,1941, with Dr. Potenciano Malvar, succeeding him 1941 as an appointed mayor was Dr. Manuel Quisumbing, in turn followed by Tomas D. Dizon in 1943 as an appointed mayor. The succeeding mayors were elected after 1955,1571 - Arrival of Spanish troops under Captain Juan de Salcedo in the village of Sampalok. 1586 - Sampalok was converted into a parish,1647 - Sampalok was converted to a municipality and renamed San Pablo de los Montes. Bartolome Maghayon, the first governadorcillo 1734 - San Pablo parish was under the control of the Franciscans,1756 - Placed under the jurisdiction of Batangas Province. 1883 - Returned to Laguna Province,1902 - Innocentes Martinez, first appointed municipal president and Don Marcos Paulino was elected first municipal president under American Period. 1940 - Approval of Commonwealth 520 or Charter of the City of San Pablo with Dr. Potenciano Malvar as first appointed city mayor,1955 - Installed its first elected city mayor Cipriano B. Middle of 20th century - Marked the beginning era of the municipality to a first class city in Laguna characterized by commercial developments. Its conversion to resorts and recreation places, both for local and international tourism, San Pablo has a cool climate owing to its location. It is nestled in the foothills of three mountains, Mount Banahaw, Mount Makiling and the Sierra Madre Mountains and these mountains do not only provide attractions for the tourism industry and sources of many forest-based products, but also serve as stewards for the clean air. Its soil is suitable for those seeking opportunities in agriculture and horticulture given its richness, the different barangays have coconut plantation, lanzones fruit - Lansium parasiticum tree plantation and rambutan fruit tree plantation - Rambutan
18.
Tortoise
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Tortoises are a family, Testudinidae, of land-dwelling reptiles in the order Testudines. Tortoises are shielded from predators by a shell, the top part of the shell is the carapace, the underside is the plastron, and the two are connected by the bridge. The carapace is fused to both the vertebrae and ribcage, and tortoises are unique among vertebrates in that the pectoral, Tortoises can vary in size from a few centimeters to two meters. They are usually diurnal animals with tendencies to be depending on the ambient temperatures. Tortoises are the longest living animal in the world, although the longest living species of tortoise is a matter of debate. Galapagos tortoises are noted to live over 150 years, but an Aldabra giant tortoise named Adwaita may having been the longest living at an estimated 255 years. It is important to note that tortoises are not the longest living animal, period, with bowhead whales reaching over 200 years, and the ocean quahog clam reaching 500 years old. Differences exist in usage of the common terms turtle, tortoise and these terms are common names and do not reflect precise biological or taxonomic distinctions. In America, for example, the members of the genus Terrapene dwell on land, in Britain, terrapin is used to refer to a larger group of semiaquatic turtles than the restricted meaning in America. Australian usage is different from both American and British usage, land tortoises are not native to Australia, yet traditionally freshwater turtles have been called tortoises in Australia. Female tortoises dig nesting burrows in which lay from one to 30 eggs. Egg-laying typically occurs at night, after which the mother covers her clutch with sand, soil. The eggs are unattended, and depending on the species. The size of the egg depends on the size of the mother, the plastron of a female tortoise often has a noticeable V-shaped notch below the tail which facilitates passing the eggs. Upon completion of the period, a fully formed hatchling uses an egg tooth to break out of its shell. It digs to the surface of the nest and begins a life of survival on its own and they are hatched with an embryonic egg sac which serves as a source of nutrition for the first three to seven days until they have the strength and mobility to find food. Juvenile tortoises often require a different balance of nutrients than adults, for example, the young of a strictly herbivorous species commonly will consume worms or insect larvae for additional protein. Moreover, some tortoises grow more than one ring per season, Tortoises generally have one of the longest lifespans of any animal, and some individuals are known to have lived longer than 150 years
19.
Mindanao
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Mindanao is the second largest and southernmost major island in the Philippines. It is also the name of one of the three groups in the country, consisting of the island of Mindanao and smaller outlying islands. As of the 2010 census, the population itself is 20,281,545 people, while the Mindanao island group has 21,968,174 inhabitants. Davao City is the most populous city in Mindanao hosting 1,632,991 people, followed by Zamboanga City, Cagayan de Oro City, the island has seen a communist insurgency as well as armed Moro separatist movements. Mindanao is considered the food basket of the Philippines, eight of the top 10 agri-commodities exported from the Philippines come from here. Mindanao is also dubbed with the monikers The Philippines Land of Promise, although many attempts made, it was never occupied by Spain for their 333 years of stay in Luzon and Visayas. Yet during Spains defeat and Treaty of Paris in 1898, they illegally included by coordinates Mindanao, evidence of human occupation dates back tens of thousands of years. In prehistoric times the Negrito people arrived, sometime around 1500 BC, Austronesian peoples spread throughout the Philippines and far beyond. Native people of the Maluku Islands refer the island as Maluku Besar, the evidence of old stone tools in Zamboanga del Norte may indicate a late Neolithic presence. Ceramic burial jars, both unglazed and glazed, as well as Chinese celadons, have found in caves, together with shell bracelets, beads. Many of the objects are from the Yuan and Ming periods. Evidently, there was a history of trade between the Subanon and the Chinese long before the latter’s contact with Islam. In the Classic epoch of Philippine history, the people of Mindanao were heavily exposed to Hindu and Buddhist influence and beliefs from Indonesia, artifacts found from this era include the Golden kinnara, Golden Tara, and the Ganesh pendant. These cultural traits passed through Mindanao into the Visayas and Luzon, in coastal areas, the Hindu-Buddhist cultural revolution was strongest, whereas in interior parts, influences were indigenized into local animist beliefs and customs and appeared more subtly. The Darangen epic of the Maranao people harkens back to this era as the most compete local version of the Ramayana. The Maguindanao at this also had strong Hindu beliefs, evidenced by the Ladya Lawana epic saga that survives to the modern day. The Rajahnate of Butuan, a kingdom mentioned in Chinese records as a tributary state in the 10th century AD, was concentrated along the northeastern coast of the island around Butuan. The coming of Islam happened in the 14th century, the first mosque in the Philippines was built in the mid-14th century in the town of Simunul
20.
Maranao people
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They are known for their artwork, weaving, wood and metal crafts and epic literature, the Darangen. The word Maranao is a misnomer as it not have a sense in reference to nouns such as people. The prefix Ma- means to be, i. e. Maranao means to be a lake, alternatively, the word Maranao may be a portmanteau of Malay and Lanao or Lake Lanao thus making it Maranao which means people living around Lake Lanao). The proper term is Iranon which means People of the Lake, the Maranaos are part of the wider Moro ethnic group. The ancient people in Mainland Mindanao were called Iranun, also spelled Iranon, of the area of Illana Bay. Volcanic activity developed a land surface little-by-little. Modern science describes this process as sedimentary formation and residual remains that forms the low and this land is rich and suitable for agriculture. The Maranao vernacular called it “ira” which means remains, thus, the name of the people in the coastal area of Illana Bay is another portmanteau of “ira” plus “ranao” or people living in the remains in the coastal areas. In present days, the Maranao use the word to refer to “tao sa ragat” and they share lineages, culture, bravery, and history. They are called Maranao as a general term, Maranao culture can be characterized by, Lake Lanao Sarimanok Torogan Darangen, a UNESCO Heritage site Kirim, pre-Hispanic handwriting based from Arabic letters with 19 consonants and 7 vowels. Singkil, a Philippine dance Okir on wooden artifacts and brasswares Capmorod and Cackhalilang with Sambolayang and Pasandalan a Morog, caplagood The culture of the Maranaos is centered on Lake Lanao, the largest in Mindanao, and the second-largest and deepest lake in the Philippines. This lake is the subject of myths and legends. It supports a major fishery, and powers the hydroelectric plant installed on it, a commanding view of the lake is offered by Marawi City, the provincial capital. Maranao is an Austronesian language not spoken by the Maranao people in the provinces of Lanao del Norte, because of the mass influx of Cebuano migrants to Mindanao, many Maranaos are also fluent in the Cebuano language from Visayan. Arabic, a Central Semitic language, is spoken by a minority of the Moro people, most Maranaos however, do not know Arabic beyond its religious uses. Chavacano is a Philippine Spanish Creole that gained popularity as a major language during the short-lived Republic of Zamboanga, most Maranaos with part-Tausug or Yakan from Zamboanga and Basilan can speak this language, specifically the Zamboanga dialect known as Zamboangueño. Sarimanok, Papanoka Mra or Mara patik is a bird of the Maranao that is a ubiquitous symbol of their art. It is depicted as a Hoodhud with colorful wings and feathered tail, the head of Sarimanok is like the head of a Hoopoe and is profusely decorated with scroll, leaf and spiral motifs
21.
Blouse
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A blouse is a loose-fitting upper garment that was formerly worn by workmen, peasants, artists, women, and children. It is typically gathered at the waist or hips so that it hangs loosely over the wearers body, today, the word most commonly refers to a girls or womans dress shirt but can also refer to a mans shirt if it is a loose-fitting style. Traditionally, the term has been used to refer to a shirt which blouses out or has a feminine appearance. The term is used for some mens military uniform jackets. Blouse is a loanword to English from French, blouse means dust coat and it possibly was brought back from their travels by French Crusaders. They moved on their armor a so-called plusisian shirt, a blue-colored gowns to the dust, the derivation may also be from wool, blouso short wool and blos, blouse deprived, naked taken off. It is first officially noted in 1828, from French blouse, blouses are historically a cask style, mostly mail-like garment, that were rarely part of the fashionable womans wardrobe until the 1890s. Before that time, they were popular for informal wear in styles that echoed peasant or traditional clothing. Blouses usually consist of light such as silk or thin cotton fabrics. Sometimes they are decorated with frills, embroidery or loops, the classic of the ladies blouses is the white shirt blouse. Here the combination possibilities are particularly diverse, the open spade or reverse collar is another common type of classic ladies blouse. At the end of the 19th century the sailor blouses derived from sailor suits were popular for girls to the pleated skirt. In the time of National Socialism this piece of clothing was rejected as a bourgeois-decadent, in the 1950s, the sailors look then entered the leisure mode for adults. The high collar in blouses was pushed out during time by the halsferne variant. Specialist shops also offered ladies cloaks, the KdW in Berlin applied in his illustrated main catalog,1913 among other things a backfisch-confection, with eight blouses between 2.75 and 9.50 Marks. The simplest model was a blouse, navy, white spotted. A simple blouse with a plain skirt was the dress for the newly expanded female workforce of the 1890s. In the 1900s and 1910s, elaborate blouses, such as the lingerie blouse, since then, blouses have remained a wardrobe staple, so by now blouses have not ceased to be fixed in the popular cloakroom style
22.
Tunic
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A tunic is any of several types of garment for the body, usually simple in style, reaching from the shoulders to a length somewhere between the hips and the ankles. The name derives from the Latin tunica, the garment worn by both men and women in Ancient Rome, which in turn was based on earlier Greek garments that covered people around their waist. The Roman tunica was adopted by the Roman citizens in the 3rd century BC and it was worn by citizens and non-citizens alike, citizens, though, might wear it under the toga, especially at formal occasions. The length of the garment, the presence or lack of stripes, as well as their width and ornamentation, Roman senators, for example, used the Laticlavus, with broad purple stripes, and members of the equestrian class wore the Angusticlavia, with narrower stripes. Soldiers, slaves and manual workers generally had tunics to a little above the knee, the tunic or chiton was worn as a shirt or gown by both genders among the ancient Romans. The body garment was loose-fitting for males, usually beginning at the neck, a womans garment could be either close fitting or loose, beginning at the neck and extending over a skirt or skirts. Tunics were also worn in ancient Greece, whence the Roman version was adopted, later Greek and Roman tunics were an evolution from the very similar chiton, chitoniskos, and exomis all of which can be considered versions of the garment. In Ancient Greece, a persons tunic was decorated at the hem-line to represent the city-state in which he lived, similar tunics were eventually taken up by the Romans, and found their way into the Byzantine Empire. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the long sleeved Celto-Germanic tunic continued to be worn, being used by both Vikings and Normans, the garment continued as a general male garment into the Middle Ages, still being used in Norway as late as the 17th century. The tunic continued to be the basic garment of the Byzantine Romans of both throughout the medieval period. Except for the military or riding-dress, men and women of higher status wore tunics that came down to the ankles, tunics were often dyed or richly embroidered, although the plainer ones could be used when layering different types. Beyond the reduced empire, the continued to be worn with varying sleeve. Often reaching the knees or ankles, it was worn over underclothes consisting of a shirt. It may be accompanied by hose, wool and Linen were common fabrics used, though the wealthy sometimes wore fancy silk tunics, or a lesser fabric with silk trim. Tunics worn during the Early Middle Ages often featured decorative embroidery or tablet-woven braids along the neck, hem and this was the case, for instance, with tunics worn by both rich and poor Anglo-Saxons before the Norman Conquest. Around 1830, small boys began to be dressed in sashed or belted tunics over trousers, during the Crimean War in the 1850s, it was realized that the waist length jackets which had been worn by British soldiers since Napoleonic times were unsuitable for fighting in winter conditions. A new longer jacket was introduced which reached down to the mid thigh and this type of jacket soon became standard for most armies. In Western culture, its use primarily in a religious
23.
Maria Clara gown
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The María Clara gown is a traditional gown worn by women in the Philippines. This Filipino dress takes its name from María Clara, the mestiza protagonist of the national epic Noli me tangere and it has been connected to the María Clara character because of her traits, delicate, feminine, self-assured and with a sense of identity. The María Clara outfit is the only Philippine national attire that is named after a literary figure, the María Clara dress originated from the conventional barot saya of early Filipino women. The barot saya consists of a loose, long-sleeved blouse, which is worn over a wide. The attire is composed of four pieces, namely the camisa, the saya, the pañuelo, the camisa is a collarless chemise whose hem is at the waist, and is made from flimsy, translucent fabrics such as pineapple fiber and jusi. The sleeves of the camisa are similar to the angel wings. The pañuelo is a covering for the neck, which acts as an accent piece because of embellishments added to it. The purpose of the pañuelo is related to modesty, used to cover the low-necked camisa, the saya is a skirt shaped like a bubble with a length that begins from the waist reaching the floor. These are usually comprised either of single or double sheets, called panels or dos panos, the tapis is a knee-length over-skirt that hugs the hips. A more modern version of this dress is referred to as a terno, during the July 8,2008 State of the Nation Address of Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, she wore a modernized María Clara gown. The adaptation donned by the president came was fuchsia-pink, designed by JC Buendia, the six-yard fabric costing ₱3,000 was produced in the province of Misamis Oriental, processed in Manila, and woven in the province of Aklan. The cloth was then colored with a dye from the sabang, the aforementioned outfit was an old-rose-colored dress from pineapple fibers and dyed with materials originating from coconut husks
24.
1920s in Western fashion
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The 1920s is the decade in which fashion entered the modern era. It was the decade in which women first abandoned the more restricting fashions of past years, men also abandoned highly formal daily attire and even began to wear athletic clothing for the first time. The suits men wear today are based, for the most part. The 1920s are characterized by two periods of fashion. In the early part of the decade, change was slow, from 1925, the public passionately embraced the styles associated with the Roaring Twenties. These styles continue to characterize fashion until 1932, after World War One, the United States entered a prosperous era and, as a result of its role in the war, came out onto the world stage. Social customs and morals were relaxed in the optimism brought on by the end of the war, women were entering the workforce in record numbers. The nationwide prohibition on alcohol was ignored by many, there was a revolution in almost every sphere of human activity. Fashion was no exception, as women entered the workforce and earned the right to vote, fashion became more accessible, masculine. Flappers were a name given to women of this time because of what they wore. The constrictive corset, an undergarment to make the waist thinner. The technological development of new fabrics and new means of fastening clothing affected fashions of the 1920s, natural fabrics such as cotton and wool were the abundant fabrics of the decade. Silk was highly desired for its luxurious qualities, but the limited supply made it expensive, in the late 19th century, artificial silk was first made from a solution of cellulose in France. After being patented in the United States, the first American plant began production of this new fabric in 1910, rayon stockings became popular in the decade as a substitute for silk stockings. Rayon was also used in some undergarments, hooks and eyes, buttons, zippers or snaps were all utilized to fasten clothing. Vastly improved production methods enabled manufacturers to produce clothing affordable by working families. The average persons fashion sense became more sophisticated, meanwhile, working-class women looked for modern forms of dress as they transitioned from rural to urban careers. Though simple lines and minimal adornment reigned on the runways, the 1920s were not free of luxury, the use of mannequins became widespread during the 1920s, and served as a way to show shoppers how to combine and accessorize the new fashions
25.
Mary Quant
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Dame Barbara Mary Quant, Mrs Plunket Greene, DBE, FCSD, RDI is a Welsh fashion designer and British fashion icon. She became a figure in the 1960s London-based Mod and youth fashion movements. In recent fashion there are three, Chanel, Dior, and Mary Quant, Quant was born in Blackheath, London on 11 February 1934, the daughter of Welsh teachers. Her parents, Jack and Mildred Quant, were both from mining families and they had been awarded scholarships to grammar school and had both attained first-class degrees at Cardiff University before they moved to London to work as schoolteachers. She went to Blackheath High School, then studied illustration at Goldsmiths College, after gaining a Diploma in Art Education from Goldsmiths, Quant began an apprenticeship at Erik, a high-end Mayfair milliner on Brook Street next door to Claridges hotel. She met her husband and business partner, Alexander Plunket Greene in 1953. They were married from 1957 until his death in 1990, and had a son, in 1957, they opened the second branch of Bazaar, which was designed by Terence Conran. Following this, Quant decided to design and make more of the clothes she stocked, initially working solo, she was soon employing a handful of machinists, and by 1966 she was working with eighteen manufacturers concurrently. For a while in the late 1950s and very early 1960s, the other was Kiki Byrne, who opened her boutique on the Kings Road in direct competition with Quant. The miniskirt, described as one of the fashions of the 1960s, is one of the garments most widely associated with Quant. While she is cited as the inventor of the style. Others credit Courrèges with the invention of the style, however, skirts had been getting shorter since the 1950s—a development Quant considered practical and liberating, allowing women the ability to run for a bus. Quant later said It was the girls on the Kings Road who invented the mini, I was making easy, youthful, simple clothes, in which you could move, in which you could run and jump and we would make them the length the customer wanted. I wore them short and the customers would say, Shorter, shorter. She enjoys being noticed, but wittily, in the late 1960s, Quant popularised hot pants and became a British fashion icon. Through the 1970s and 1980s she concentrated on household goods and make-up, rather than just her clothing lines, in 1988, Quant designed the interior of the Mini Designer. It featured black and white striped seats with red trimming, the seatbelts were red, and the driving and passenger seats had Quants signature on the upper left quadrant. The steering wheel had Quants signature daisy and the badge had Mary Quant written over the signature name
26.
Miniskirt
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A micro-miniskirt or microskirt is a miniskirt with its hemline at the upper thigh. Short skirts have existed for a time, though they were generally not called mini or became a fashion trend until the 1960s. Instances of clothing resembling miniskirts have been identified by archaeologists and historians as far back as c, in the early 20th century, the dancer Josephine Bakers banana skirt that she wore for her mid-1920s performances in the Folies Bergère was subsequently likened to a miniskirt. Hemlines were just above the knee in 1961, and gradually climbed upward over the few years. By 1966, some designs had the hem at the upper thigh, stockings with suspenders were not considered practical with miniskirts and were replaced with coloured tights. The popular acceptance of miniskirts peaked in the Swinging London of the 1960s, before that time, short skirts were only seen in sport and dance clothing, such as skirts worn by female tennis players, figure skaters, cheerleaders, and dancers. Several designers have been credited with the invention of the 1960s miniskirt, most significantly the London-based designer Mary Quant, while very short skirts have existed for a long time, they were generally not called mini until the 1960s. Figurines produced by the Vinča culture have been interpreted by archaeologists as representing women in miniskirt-like garments, One of the oldest surviving garments resembling a miniskirt is the short woollen skirt with bronze ornaments worn by the Egtved Girl for her burial in the Nordic Bronze Age. One of the earliest known cultures where women regularly wore clothing resembling miniskirts was a subgroup of the Miao people of China, the Duan Qun Miao. At least one of the One Hundred Miao Pictures albums contains a poem that describes how the womens short skirts. In the early 20th century, the dancer Josephine Bakers banana skirt that she wore for her mid-1920s performances in the Folies Bergère was subsequently likened to a miniskirt, the sci-fi miniskirt was seen in genre films and television programmes as well as on comic book covers. It was later seen as remarkable that only one formal complaint relating to the skirts could be recalled, hewitt pointed out that even though the complainant claimed they could see up her skirt, her matching tights rendered her effectively clothed from neck to ankle. Otherwise, Space Patrol was applauded for being wholesome and family-friendly, although the 30th-century women in Space Patrol were empowered, experts in their field, and largely treated as equals, it was the skirts that fuelled indelible memories. The Space Patrol skirts were not the shortest to be broadcast at the time – the German-made American 1954 series Flash Gordon showed Dale Arden in a shorter skirt. The manager of a shop in Londons Oxford Street began experimenting in 1960 with skirt hemlines an inch above the knees of window mannequins. Hemlines were just above the knee in 1961, and gradually climbed upward over the few years. By 1966, some designs had the hem at the upper thigh, stockings with suspenders were not considered practical with miniskirts and were replaced with coloured tights. Towards the end of the 1960s, a shorter version, called the microskirt or micro-mini
27.
Vintage clothing
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Vintage clothing is a generic term for garments originating from a previous era. The phrase is used in connection with a retail outlet. Generally speaking, clothing which was produced before the 1920s is referred to as antique clothing and clothing from the 1920s to 20 years before the present day is considered vintage. Retro, short for retrospective, or vintage style usually refers to clothing that imitates the style of a previous era, reproduction, or repro, clothing is a newly made copy of an older garment. Clothing produced more recently is usually called modern or contemporary fashion, most vintage clothing has been previously worn, but a small percentage of pieces have not. These are often old warehouse stock, and more valuable than those that have been worn, referred to as deadstock or new old stock, they nevertheless sometimes have flaws. Vintage clothing may be commercially produced or handmade by individuals. In the United States, due to changes in clothing sizes, for example, a garment from the 1970s labeled as Medium might be similar in size to a 2010s Extra Small. As obesity was relatively uncommon prior to the 1980s, larger sizes are typically rare, Vintage sewing patterns offer an option for those who want a historically accurate garment but cannot find one in their size. One of the first regular fairs that was set up specifically to cater for the current demand for clothing is Frock Me. This event takes place throughout the year in Chelsea, London as well as in Brighton. Vintage clothing is also obtained from older friends and relatives. Typically in the United States, vintage clothing shops can be clustered in college towns. Sizing is a major factor - in most locations in the United States and these stores typically range from 200 to 5,000 square feet in size, and will usually have a fitting room. In addition to selling clothing and accessories, many clothing stores also buy clothing from the public in exchange for cash or store credit. The advent of the internet has been a boon to the clothing industry. It has increased the availability of specific and hard-to-get items and opened up markets for sellers around the world. Popular places to acquire garments include online auctions, multi-vendor sites, online vintage clothing shops, many vintage clothing shops with physical locations now also sell their goods online
28.
Victorian era
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The Victorian era was the period of Queen Victorias reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. It was a period of peace, prosperity, refined sensibilities. Some scholars date the beginning of the period in terms of sensibilities, the era followed the Georgian period and preceded the Edwardian period. The later half of the Victorian age roughly coincided with the first part of the Belle Époque era of continental Europe, culturally there was a transition away from the rationalism of the Georgian period and toward romanticism and mysticism with regard to religion, social values, and arts. The end of the saw the Boer War. Domestically, the agenda was increasingly liberal with a number of shifts in the direction of political reform, industrial reform. Two especially important figures in period of British history are the prime ministers Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone. Disraeli, favoured by the queen, was a gregarious Conservative and his rival Gladstone, a Liberal distrusted by the Queen, served more terms and oversaw much of the overall legislative development of the era. The population of England and Wales almost doubled from 16.8 million in 1851 to 30.5 million in 1901, Scotlands population also rose rapidly, from 2.8 million in 1851 to 4.4 million in 1901. However, Irelands population decreased sharply, from 8.2 million in 1841 to less than 4.5 million in 1901, mostly due to the Great Famine. Between 1837 and 1901 about 15 million emigrants departed the UK permanently, in search of a life in the United States, Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia. During the early part of the era, politics in the House of Commons involved battles between the two parties, the Whigs/Liberals and the Conservatives. These parties were led by such prominent statesmen as Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert Peel, Lord Derby, Lord Palmerston, Gladstone, Disraeli, Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign until 1901 was mainly a time of peace, Britain reached the zenith of its economic, political, diplomatic and cultural power. The era saw the expansion of the second British Empire, Historians have characterised the mid-Victorian era as Britains Golden Years. There was prosperity, as the income per person grew by half. There was peace abroad, and social peace at home, opposition to the new order melted away, says Porter. The Chartist movement peaked as a movement among the working class in 1848, its leaders moved to other pursuits, such as trade unions
29.
Bell-bottoms
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Bell-bottoms are a style of trousers that become wider from the knees downward, forming a bell-like shape of the trouser leg. In the early 19th century, when a standardized uniform did not yet exist in the U. S. Navy, the British Royal Navy had often been a leader in nautical fashion, but bell-bottoms did not become part of the standard uniform until the mid-19th century. These bell-bottoms were often just very wide-legged trousers, rather than shaped trousers that flared below the knee and they continued in use as a distinctive feature of the RN ratings square rig uniform until replaced by more conventionally flared trousers in 1977. Although the trousers of the uniform of the United States Navy are still referred to as bell-bottomed. The wearers thigh fills the upper leg, making the bottom of the pants leg appear flared. In the mid-1970s, bell-bottoms became fashionable for men and women in Europe and North America. Often made of denim, they flared out from the bottom of the calf, and had slightly curved hems and they were usually worn with Cuban-heeled shoes, clogs, or Chelsea boots. Toni Basil, who was a dancer when the 1964 concert film the T. A. M. I. Show was released, appeared in the film wearing bell-bottoms with a baby doll blouse, bell-bottoms are mentioned in the popular 1971 music single Bell Bottom Blues by blues-rock group Derek and the Dominos. In the 1970s, bell-bottoms moved back into fashion, Sonny. The pants were typically flared from the knee down, with leg openings of up to twenty-six inches. Made from denim, bright cotton and satin polyester, they were so popular that they became a symbol of the outlandish, loon pants were a variant on bell-bottomed trousers, with an increased flare. They were worn occasionally by go-go dancers on the British television music variety show Ready Steady Go. in 1966, elephant bells, popular in the mid-to-late 1970s, were similar to loon pants, but were typically made of denim. Elephant bells had a marked flare below the knee, often covering the wearers shoes, the preferred shoes were platform shoes with soles at least 2 inches thick and heels 4 to 5 inches to keep the pants hems off the ground. After the rise of rock in the late 1970s, bell-bottoms began to become less-fashionable as the decade drew to a close. By 1979, skin-tight trousers were much more in vogue, with bell-bottoms been seen as having had their day, today, original bell-bottoms from the 1960s and 70s are collectible vintage clothing. In 1996, womens bell-bottoms were reintroduced to the mainstream public, by 1997, flare jeans had come into vogue among women, which had a wider, more exaggerated flare than boot-cuts. The boot-cut style ended up dominating the world for 10 years
30.
Polo neck
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A polo neck, roll-neck or turtleneck or skivvy is a garment—usually a sweater—with a close-fitting, round, and high part similar to a collar that folds over and covers the neck. It can also refer to type of neckline, the style of collar itself and this is mainly used to achieve the appearance of a polo neck where the fabric would fray, roll, or otherwise behave badly unless sewn. The mock polo neck clings to the neck smoothly, is easy to manufacture, Polo neck-like garments have been worn for hundreds of years, dating at least to the 15th century. From the late 19th century on, polo necks were commonly worn by workers, athletes, sailors. Since the middle of the 20th century black polo necks have been associated with radical academics, philosophers, artists. The polo neck became a iconic symbol of the French philosopher Michel Foucault. Polo necks also became a big fashion for wealthy men after they were worn by European film stars Marcello Mastroianni. The term polo neck, common in British English, is thought to derive from garments with similar necklines worn by polo players, greta Garbo often wore polo necks and trousers privately, as later Audrey Hepburn would do in official photographs. Vladimir Putin of Russia and Andreas Papandreou of Greece are two examples of European statesmen fond of wearing polo necks and their adoption by Noël Coward in the 1920s turned polo necks into a brief middle-class fashion trend, and feminists made them into a unisex item. In the 1950s the black polo neck became a mark of existentialists. Absorbed into mainstream American fashion by the mid 20th century, the neck came to be viewed as an anti-tie. Co-founder Steve Jobs were among those seen in polo necks. Over time it became a fad among teenage girls, especially in a form that emphasised their figures. It was not long before Hollywood was also exploiting this image as part of the girl look. By the late 1950s the tight turtleneck had been adopted as part of the style among students. This would become an important aspect of the polo necks image in the United States, the look would filter through to Britain and the rest of Europe in a watered-down version. Very elegant polo necks of silk or nylon knit, especially made with French cuffs for formal dress affairs, have seen success in American fashion. Polo necks have historically acted as substitutes of the traditional and dominant shirt, some of the fiercest conflicts regarding the polo necks use took place in upscale restaurants and in weddings, where polo necks have been used in violation of the shirt and tie
31.
T-shirt
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A T-shirt is a style of unisex fabric shirt, named after the T shape of the body and sleeves. It is normally associated with short sleeves, a round neck line known as a crew neck, T-shirts are generally made of a light, inexpensive fabric, and are easy to clean. Typically made of textile in a stockinette, or jersey. The majority of versions have a body made from a continuously woven tube, on a circular loom. The manufacture of T-shirts has become automated, and may include fabric cutting by laser or water jet. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, a V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt. The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, first, the one-piece union suit underwear was cut into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments. As slip-on garments without buttons, the earliest T-shirt dates back to sometime between the 1898 Spanish–American War and 1913, when the U. S. Navy began issuing them as undergarments and these were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines and they soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive, boys shirts were made in various colors and patterns. The word T-shirt became part of American English by the 1920s, following World War II, it became common to see veterans wearing their uniform trousers with their T-shirts as casual clothing. The shirts became more popular in the 1950s after Marlon Brando wore one in A Streetcar Named Desire, finally achieving status as fashionable, stand-alone. Often boys wore them while doing chores and playing outside, eventually opening up the idea of wearing them as general-purpose casual clothing, Printed T-shirts were in limited use by 1942 when an Air Corps Gunnery School T-shirt appeared on the cover of Life magazine. In the 1960s, printed T-shirts gained popularity for self-expression as well for advertisements, protests, current versions are available in many different designs and fabrics, and styles include crew-neck and V-neck shirts. T-shirts are among the most worn garments of clothing used today, T-shirts are especially popular with branding for companies or merchandise, as they are inexpensive to make and purchase. T-shirts were originally worn as undershirts, but are now worn frequently as the piece of clothing on the top half of the body, other than possibly a brassiere or, rarely. T-shirts have also become a medium for self-expression and advertising, with any combination of words, art
32.
Jeans
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Jeans are pants, a type of garment, typically made from denim or dungaree cloth. Prior to the Levi Strauss patented trousers, the blue jeans had been long in use for various garments. Originally designed for cowboys and miners, jeans became popular in the 1950s among teenagers, Jeans were a common fashion item in the 1960s Hippie subculture and they continued to be popular in the 1970s and 1980s youth subcultures of punk rock and heavy metal. Historic brands include Levis, Lee, and Wrangler, distressed jeans trousers have become increasingly fashionable, making pre-sale factory distressing a common feature in commercially sold jeans. In the 2010s, jeans are a popular article of casual dress around the world. They come in many styles and colors, however, blue jeans are particularly identified with American culture, especially the Old West. Research on the trade of jean fabric shows that it emerged in the cities of Genoa, Italy, gênes, the French word for Genoa, may be the origin of the word jeans. In Nimes, weavers tried to reproduce jean but instead developed a similar fabric that became known as denim, from de Nimes. Genoa’s jean was a fustian textile of medium quality and of reasonable cost, very similar to cotton corduroy for which Genoa was famous, nimes’s denim was coarser, considered higher quality and was used for over garments such as smocks or overalls. Nearly all Indigo, needed for dyeing, came from indigo bush plantations in India till the late 19th century and it was replaced by indigo synthesis methods developed in Germany. By the 17th century, jean was a crucial textile for working-class people in Northern Italy and this is seen in a series of genre paintings from around the 17th century attributed to an artist now named The Master of the Blue Jeans. The ten paintings depict impoverished scenes with lower-class figures wearing a fabric that looks like denim, the fabric would have been Genoese jean, which was cheaper. Genre painting came to prominence in late 16th century, and the subject matter in all ten paintings places them among others that portray similar scenes. Denim is not the only sturdy cotton fabric used for everything from working clothes to fashion items and this cloth was dungri in Hindi. Dungri was exported to England and used for manufacturing of cheap and it was rumored that men would carry dead dung beetles in their pocket for luck. In English, the word dungri became pronounced as dungaree, the importance of jean is also shown by the history of textile trade. Genoese sailors used jean to cover and protect their goods on the docks from the weather, during the Republic of Genoa, sailors exported jeans throughout Europe. Jean became popular in the United States when Levi Strauss & Co. s introduced blue jean overalls in 1873
33.
Sweater
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A sweater is a knitted garment intended to cover the torso and arms. A sweater is either a pullover or a cardigan, distinguished in that open at the front while pullovers do not. In British English, a sweater may also be called a jumper or jersey, there is no hypernym equivalent to sweater covering both pullovers and cardigans. Sweaters are worn by adults and children of all genders, often over a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, or other top, sweaters were traditionally made from wool, but can now be made of cotton, synthetic fibers, or any combination thereof. Sweaters are maintained by washing or dry cleaning, and the use of a lint roller or pill razor, the term sweater is a catch-all for a variety of knit garments. Although the term refers to a pullover, it can also refer to a cardigan. Within either group, there is a variety of design. Various necklines are found, although the V-neck, turtleneck and the neck are the most popular. The hemline is typically at hip height or slightly longer, just overlapping the waist of ones pants or skirt and it can range from just below the bust in womens garments to mid-thigh in either sex, or even longer in a knitted variation of the poncho shirtdress. The sleeve length is variable, ranging from full-length or three-quarters to short-sleeved. The front seam or opening of a cardigan allows for different styles. All hems may have various types of borders, such as picots, ribbing, even when such shaping is used, it can be knit into the fabric itself, without requiring seams. Another type is a sweater vest, a sweater with an open front fastened by buttons or a zipper is generally called a cardigan, but the nomenclature for other styles in different dialects can be quite confusing. In British English, a sweater may also be called a pullover, jumper or jersey. In the United States however, jumper refers to a style of womens dress, worn over a blouse or shirt. If sleeveless, such a garment may be called a slipover or tank top in British English, while tank top in US English refers to a sleeveless shirt or undershirt. In the U. S. a sleeveless sweater may also be called a sweater vest, especially if it has a V-neck and somewhat formal appearance resembling a formal vest, in British English, vest refers to an undershirt. In South African English, a sweater is always called a jersey. S and it is called a hockey jersey
34.
One Direction
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The group signed with Simon Cowells record label Syco Records after forming and finishing third in the seventh series of the British televised singing competition The X Factor in 2010. Their awards include six Brit Awards, four MTV Video Music Awards, eleven MTV Europe Music Awards, seven American Music Awards, according to Nick Gatfield, the chairman and chief executive of Sony Music Entertainment UK, One Direction represented a $50 million business empire by June 2012. They were proclaimed 2012s Top New Artist by Billboard, according to the Sunday Times Rich List, by April 2013, they had an estimated personal combined wealth of £25 million making them the second-wealthiest musicians in the UK under 30 years of age. In 2014, Forbes listed them the second-highest earning celebrities under 30, in June 2015, Forbes listed their earnings at $130 million for the previous twelve months, and ranked them the fourth highest earning celebrities in the world. In 2016 Forbes ranked them the second highest earning celebrities. After the release of Four, One Direction became the first band in the US Billboard 200 history to have their first four albums debut at number one and their third album, Midnight Memories, was the biggest-selling album worldwide of 2013 despite being released in late November. The bands Where We Are Tour in support of Midnight Memories and Four, was the concert tour in 2014. In 2014, Billboard named One Direction Artist of the Year, the band is temporarily on a hiatus that began in January 2016, which is expected to last around 18 months. In 2010, Niall Horan, Zayn Malik, Liam Payne, Harry Styles, nicole Scherzinger, a guest judge, and Simon Cowell have both claimed to have come up with the idea of forming the band. In 2013, Cowell said that it took him 10 minutes to put together as a group. Subsequently, the group got together for two weeks to get to each other and to practice. Styles came up with the name One Direction, for their qualifying song at judges houses, and their first song as a group, One Direction sang an acoustic version of Torn. Cowell later commented that their performance convinced him that they were confident, fun, like a gang of friends, within the first four weeks of the live shows, they were his last act in the competition. The group quickly gained popularity in the UK, shortly afterwards it was confirmed that One Direction had been signed by Cowell to a reported £2 million Syco Records record contract. Recording for their debut album began in January 2011, as they flew to Los Angeles to work with RedOne, a book licensed by One Direction, One Direction, Forever Young, was published by HarperCollins in February 2011, subsequently topping The Sunday Times Best Seller list. The same month, the boy band and other contestants from the series participated in the X Factor Live Tour, during the tour, the group performed for 500,000 people throughout the UK. After the tour concluded in April 2011, the group continued working on their debut album, recording took place in Stockholm, London and Los Angeles, as One Direction worked with producers Carl Falk, Savan Kotecha, Steve Mac, and Rami Yacoub, among others. Subsequent singles, Gotta Be You and One Thing, peaked in the UK Singles Chart top ten, in November 2011, they signed a record deal with Columbia Records in North America
35.
Chino cloth
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Chino cloth is a twill fabric, originally made of 100% cotton. The most common items made from it, trousers, are widely called chinos, today it is also found in cotton-synthetic blends. Developed in the century for British and French military uniforms. Trousers of such a fabric gained popularity in the U. S. when Spanish–American War veterans returned from the Philippines with their twill military trousers, the etymology of the term chino is not certain. Because the cloth itself was made in China, the name of the trousers may have come from the country of origin. Another source identifies the root as the American Spanish language word chino, the British and then American armies started wearing it as standard during the latter half of the 1800s. The pure-cotton fabric is used for trousers, referred to as chinos. The original khaki is the traditional and most popular color, maitra, K. K. Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Clothing and Textiles. A Dictionary of Costume and Fashion, Historic and Modern
36.
Hijab
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A hijab is a veil traditionally worn by Muslim women in the presence of adult males outside of their immediate family, which usually covers the head and chest. The term can refer to any head, face, or body covering worn by Muslim women that conforms to a certain standard of modesty. Most often, it is worn by Muslim women as a symbol of modesty, according to the Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World, modesty in the Quran concerns both mens and womens gaze, gait, garments, and genitalia. The Quran instructs Muslim women to dress modestly, some Islamic legal systems define this type of modest clothing as covering everything except the face, hands up to wrists, and feet. These guidelines are found in texts of hadith and fiqh developed after the revelation of the Quran but, some believe that the Quran itself does not mandate that women wear hijab. In the Quran, the term refers to a partition or curtain in the literal or metaphorical sense. The verse where it is used literally is commonly understood to refer to the curtain separating visitors to Muhammads house from his wives lodgings and this had led some to argue that the mandate of the Quran to wear hijab applied to the wives of Muhammad, and not women generally. In recent times, wearing hijab in public has been required by law in Iran, Saudi Arabia, other countries have passed laws banning some or all types of hijab in public or in certain types of locales. Women in different parts of the world have also experienced unofficial pressure to wear or not wear hijab in general, or in its certain forms, including physical attacks. The Quran instructs both Muslim men and women to dress in a modest way, but there is disagreement on how these instructions should be interpreted, the verses relating to dress use the terms khimār and jilbāb rather than ḥijāb. The clearest verse on the requirement of modest dress is surah 24, 30–31, the word ḥijāb in the Quran refers not to womens clothing, but rather a spatial partition or curtain. The Arabic word jilbab is translated as cloak in the following passage, ubay ibn Kab used to ask me about it. Allahs Apostle became the bridegroom of Zaynab bint Jahsh whom he married at Medina, after the sun had risen high in the sky, the Prophet invited the people to a meal. Allahs Apostle remained sitting and some people remained sitting with him after the guests had left. Then Allahs Apostle got up and went away, and I too, then he thought that the people must have left the place by then, so he returned and I also returned with him. Behold, the people were sitting at their places. So he went back again for the time, and I went along with him too. When we reached the door of Aishas room, he returned, thereupon the Prophet hung a curtain between me and him and the Verse regarding the order for Hijab was revealed
37.
Taqiyah (cap)
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The taqiyah is a short, rounded skullcap. They are often worn for religious purposes, for example, Muslims believe that Muhammad used to keep his head covered, Muslims often wear them during the five daily prayers. When worn by itself, the taqiyah can be any color, however, particularly in Arab countries, when worn under the keffiyeh headscarf, they are kept in a traditional white. Some Muslims wrap a turban around the cap, called an amamah in Arabic, in the United States and Britain taqiyas are usually referred to as kufis. Topi is a type of cap that is worn in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan. Many different types of topi caps include, the Sindhi cap, worn in Sindh, the topi cap is often worn with salwar kameez, which is the national costume of Pakistan. Taqiyah is the Arabic word for a Muslim cap used in Saudi Arabia, in Pakistan and India, the prayer cap is called a topi. Topi means cap in the Hindi/Urdu language, in Pakistan, men usually wear the topi with Kurta Pajama. In Bangladesh its known as tupi, in the United States and Britain, many Muslim merchants sell the prayer cap under the name kufi. There are a variety of Muslim caps worn around the world. Each country or region usually has a head covering. In Afghanistan, men wear a wool beret called a pakol, Pakol means taqiyah in the Pashto language spoken by the local Pashtun people. Salwar kameez is the traditional mens attire, however, among rebab players, the collarless shirt and pants called, payraan tumbaan or peran and tunban is popular. Men wear a white cap with traditional Chinese clothing including the Chinese suit. In the United States, the Chinese robe is sold as a mens cheongsam, for formal wear, the robe is made of silk, because silk is the traditional Chinese fabric. In China, the Hui people developed Muslim Chinese martial arts, recently, the Chinese government has adopted the Tangzhuang as the national costume for men. The peci/songkok is the national dress, in the United States, the songkok is called a rampuri cap or African fez cap. The Indonesians also produce a machine knitted skullcap that is popular with Muslims, javanese people wear the sarong with their caps
38.
Suit (clothing)
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In clothing, a suit is a set of garments made from the same cloth, usually consisting of at least a jacket and trousers. Lounge suits, which originated in Britain as country wear, are the most common style of Western suit and this article discusses the lounge suit, elements of informal dress code. The variations in design, cut, and cloth, such as two- and three- piece, or single- and double- breasted, determine the social, often, suits are worn, as is traditional, with a collared shirt and necktie. Until around the 1960s, as with all mens clothes, a hat would have also worn when the wearer was outdoors. Suits also come with different numbers of pieces, a suit has a jacket and the trousers. Originally, as with most clothes, a tailor made the suit from his clients selected cloth, the suit was custom made to the measurements, taste, and style of the man. Since the Industrial Revolution, most suits are mass-produced, and and it was in the search for more comfort that the loosening of rules gave rise in the late 19th century to the modern lounge suit. As a suit covers all or most of the wearers body, brooks Brothers is generally credited with first offering the ready-to-wear suit, a suit which was sold already manufactured and sized, ready to be tailored. It was Haggar Clothing that first introduced the concept of suit separates in the US, the concept of separately sold jackets and trousers, there are many possible variations in the choice of the style, the garments and the details of a suit. The silhouette of a suit is its outline, tailored balance created from a canvas fitting allows a balanced silhouette so a jacket need not be buttoned and a garment is not too tight or too loose. A proper garment is shaped from the neck to the chest, shape is the essential part of tailoring that often takes hand work from the start. Good tailoring anywhere in the world is characterised by strongly tapered sides and minimal shoulder, more casual suits are characterised by less construction and tailoring, much like the sack suit is a loose American style. The acid test of authentic tailoring standards is the wrinkle that comes from poor tailoring, for interim fittings, Rock Of Eye, drawing and cutting inaccuracies are overcome by the fitting. Suits are made in a variety of fabrics, but most commonly from wool, the two main yarns produce worsteds and woollens. These can be woven in a number of ways producing flannel, tweed, gabardine, other materials are used sometimes, either alone or blended with wool, such as cashmere. Silk alone or blended with wool is sometimes used, synthetic materials, while cheaper, e. g. polyester, are very rarely recommended by experts. For hot weather, linen is also used, and in North America cotton seersucker is worn, the main four colours for suits worn in business are black, light grey, dark grey, and navy, either with or without patterns. In particular, grey flannel suiting has been very widely since the 1930s
39.
Monique Lhuillier
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Monique Lhuillier is a fashion designer most prominently known for bridal wear. She owns a house based in Los Angeles, California. Lhuillier was born to Michel J. Lhuillier, a French-born Filipino businessman of mixed French descent, and Amparito Llamas and she grew up in Cebu City and studied at Saint Theresas College, continuing on to the Chateau Mont-Choisi finishing school in Lausanne, Switzerland. She moved to Los Angeles to study design at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising, in Los Angeles, she met Tom Bugbee, whom she married in 1996. After meeting her husband, she quit her job to plan the wedding, which was her first impression on the bridal market and she could not find any modern dresses, and did not like the excess of lace. She used her degree to create dresses for her relatives. After the wedding, there were business cards left for her and her husband Tom joined the company as CEO. She opened her first retail store in 2001, in 2004 she drew wide notice for her wedding dresses for Britney Spears and Emmy Awards dresses for Jamie-Lynn DiScala and Allison Janney, among others. She opened a Los Angeles flagship store on Melrose Place in 2007 and her collections now include ready-to-wear, evening gowns, bridal, bridesmaids, linens, tableware, fine paper, and home fragrances. In 2016, in collaboration with Pottery Barn Kids, Lhuillier launched a line for babies, the collection featured over 120 items of home furnishings for the nursery, bedroom, and playroom. Lhuillier has become known for her celebrity wedding and red carpet gowns. Her list of clientele includes Gwyneth Paltrow, Reese Witherspoon, Kristen Stewart, Hilary Swank, Jennifer Lopez, Taylor Swift, Ginnifer Goodwin, in 2013, Lhuillier created Avril Lavignes black wedding gown when the punk princess tied the knot with fellow Canadian Chad Kroeger. Monique Lhuillier was a mention on the movie 50 Shades Darker. Mia told Ana she was wearing like a Monique Lhuillier, Monique Lhuillier was invited to be a member of the Council of Fashion Designers of America in 2003. She received the Presidential Medal of Merit from the Philippine president Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo in 2006, feitelberg, R. SAKS FETES MONIQUE LHUILLIER BOUTIQUE. Feitelberg, R. Monique lhuillier set to launch 3 lines
40.
Mich Dulce
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Mich Dulce is a Filipina fashion designer, milliner, corsetiere, actress and vocalist of bands Death By Tampon and Us-2 Evil-0. She worked with designers like Jessica Ogden, Marjan Pejoski. After college she attended a series of short Courses at the London College of Fashion and Central Saint Martins College of Art and she returned to the Philippines to pursue further studies in design at the University of the Philippines and the Philippine International School of Fashion. In 2004 she went to the United States to study Merchandise planning at the Fashion Institute of Technology in New York, in 2005 she opened Store for All Seasons with Cecile Zamora. In 2006, Dulce was one of the 14 housemates of ABS-CBNs Pinoy Big Brother and she left the house after suffering asthma brought on by anxiety attacks and was treated at the Philippine Heart Center. She was evicted after she opted not to return to the BB House within the requisite 24 hours, in 2009 the Mich Dulce label was first sold globally, with stockists in Manila, London, Tokyo, Hong Kong and Singapore. Beginning in 2010, she focused on her career as a milliner and corsetiere, Mich Dulce millinery has been featured on the American show Gossip Girl on Leighton Meester as well as on other cast members on the same show. The Carrie Diaries also featured Mich Dulce millinery in the pilot episode, British music icon Adam Ant wears a bicorn by Mich Dulce as part of his stage costume with his band Adam Ant and The Good, The Mad, and The Lovely Posse. The hat is featured extensively in his new album Adam Ant Is The Blueblack Hussar in Marrying The Gunners Daughter, in 2002, Mich was a finalist for the Paris Young Designer’s Competition and 1st runner up in the MEGA Young Designer’s Competition. In 2004 she was nominated for Revolutionary Designer of the Year at the MTV Style Awards, in February 2010, Dulce won the prestigious British Council International Young Creative Entrepreneur International Young Design Entrepreneur of the Year award for Fashion at London Fashion Week. Pinoy Big Brother, Celebrity Edition (2006] John En Shirley The Wedding Dirty Debutantes, EMI Records
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