1.
Crawley
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Crawley is a town and borough in West Sussex, England. It is 28 miles south of Charing Cross,18 miles north of Brighton and Hove, Crawley covers an area of 17.36 square miles and had a population of 106,597 at the time of the 2011 Census. The area has been inhabited since the Stone Age, and was a centre of ironworking in Roman times, Crawley developed slowly as a market town from the 13th century, serving the surrounding villages in the Weald. Its location on the road from London to Brighton brought passing trade. A rail link to London opened in 1841, Gatwick Airport, nowadays one of Britains busiest international airports, opened on the edge of the town in the 1940s, encouraging commercial and industrial growth. After the Second World War, the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London, the New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of one of these. The town contains 13 residential neighbourhoods radiating out from the core of the old market town, the nearby communities of Ifield, Pound Hill and Three Bridges were absorbed into the new town at various stages in its development. In 2009, expansion was being planned in the west and north-west of the town, economically, the town has developed into the main centre of industry and employment between London and the south coast. Its large industrial area supports manufacturing and service companies, many of them connected with the airport, the commercial and retail sectors continue to expand. The area may have been settled during the Mesolithic period, locally manufactured flints of the Horsham Culture type have been found to the southwest of the town. Tools and burial mounds from the Neolithic period, and burial mounds, Crawley is on the western edge of the High Weald, which produced iron for more than 2,000 years from the Iron Age onwards. Goffs Park—now a recreational area in the south of the town—was the site of two late Iron Age furnaces, ironworking and mineral extraction continued throughout Roman times, particularly in the Broadfield area where many furnaces were built. In the 5th century, Saxon settlers named the area Crows Leah—meaning a crow-infested clearing and this name evolved over time, and the present spelling appeared by the early 14th century. By this time, nearby settlements were established, the Saxon church at Worth, for example. Although Crawley itself is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, the first written record of Crawley dates from 1202, when a licence was issued by King John for a weekly market on Wednesdays. Crawley grew slowly in importance over the few centuries, but was boosted in the 18th century by the construction of the turnpike road between London and Brighton. When this was completed in 1770, travel between the fashionable seaside resort and London became safer and quicker, and Crawley prospered as a coaching halt. By 1839 it offered almost an hourly service to both destinations, the George, a timber-framed house dating from the 15th century, expanded to become a large coaching inn, taking over adjacent buildings
2.
Bus rapid transit
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Bus rapid transit is a bus-based public transport system designed to improve capacity and reliability relative to a conventional bus system. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a metro with the flexibility, lower cost, the first BRT system was the Rede Integrada de Transporte in Curitiba, Brazil, which entered service in 1974. This inspired many similar systems around Brazil and the world, such as TransMilenio in Bogotá, Colombia, as of November 2016, a total of 207 cities in six continents have implemented BRT systems, accounting for 5,468 km of BRT lanes. The Latin American countries with the most daily ridership are Brazil, Colombia, in the other regions, China and Iran also stand out. Currently, TransJakarta considered as the longest BRT route in the world with approximately 210 kilometres length connecting the Indonesian capital city, BRT uses buses on a wide variety of rights-of-way, including mixed traffic, dedicated lanes on surface streets, and busways separated from traffic. Critics have charged that the bus rapid transit has sometimes been misapplied to systems that lack most or all the essential features which differentiate it from conventional bus services. The first BRT system in the world was the Rede Integrada de Transporte, implemented in Curitiba, Brazil, most of the elements that have become associated with BRT were innovations first suggested by Curitiba Mayor Architect Jaime Lerner. Other systems made further innovations, including platooning in Porto Alegre, in the United States, BRT began in 1977, with Pittsburghs South Busway, operating on 4.3 miles of exclusive lanes. Its success led to the Martin Luther King Jr, east Busway in 1983, a fuller BRT deployment including a dedicated busway of 9.1 miles, traffic signal preemption, and peak service headway as low as two minutes. After the opening of the West Busway,5.1 miles in length in 1990, new Orleans ran buses on Canal Street in a dedicated right of way beginning in the 1960s. This style of service was maintained until 2004 when streetcar service was restored on this 4-mile route segment, in 1995, Quito, Ecuador, opened trolleybus BRT. The success of TransMilenio spurred other cities to develop high quality BRT systems, in January 2004 the first BRT in Asia, TransJakarta, opened in Jakarta, Indonesia. As of 2015, at 210 kilometres, it is the longest BRT system in the world, africas first BRT system was opened in Lagos, Nigeria, in March 2008 but is considered as a light BRT system by many people. Johannesburg’s BRT, Rea Vaya, was the first true BRT in Africa, in August 2009, Rea Vaya and MIO were the first two systems to combine full BRT with some services that also operated in mixed traffic, then joined the BRT trunk infrastructure. BRT systems normally include most of the features, Bus-only lanes make for faster travel. Separate rights of way may be elevated, in a cutting, or in a tunnel, Transit malls or bus streets may also be created in city centers. Centre of roadway or bus-only corridor keeps buses away from the busy curb-side, fare prepayment at the station, instead of on board the bus, eliminates the delay caused by passengers paying on board. Prohibiting turns for traffic across the bus lane significantly reduces delays to the buses, Bus priority will often be provided at signalized intersections to reduce delays by extending the green phase or reducing the red phase in the required direction compared to the normal sequence
3.
Metrobus (South East England)
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Metrobus is a bus operator with routes in south London, and parts of Surrey, Kent & Sussex. Formed through a management buyout in 1983, Metrobus was purchased by the Go-Ahead Group in September 1999, Metrobus previously operated many routes under contract to Transport for London in south and south-east London, but following a restructure, on 1 April 2014 these were transferred to Go-Ahead London. The remaining operations were brought under the control of Brighton & Hove on 1 July 2014, in July 1983, Metrobus Limited was formed when two directors, Gary Wood and Peter Larking, purchased the subsidiary. The newly formed company acquired the former Orpington & District garage at Green Street Green, Orpington, along with six employees, three routes were operated by Metrobus at the time it was set up,353,355 and 357. In May 1982 a shopper bus service was introduced, running from Sanderstead to Bromley town centre via New Addington, in keeping with the route numbers of the former Tillingbourne services, this route was numbered 354. In October 1983 the 354 was rerouted to cut out New Addington, due to requests from residents, the route also began to serve Bourne Vale, which was some distance from other bus services. In 1986 route 355 was discontinued for short journeys between Croydon and Forestdale, and the 354 frequency increased and rerouted via Selsdon Vale, the route was also curtailed at Selsdon, although it was extended back to East Croydon the next year. In 1995 route 357 was withdrawn after routes 353 and 354 were retimetabled, two coach operators, Southland Travel and RB Coaches, were taken over by Metrobus in October 1991 along with the ten vehicles originally owned by the companies. These coaches were used on the existing private hire business. In 2005, Southland Travel was purchased by Sullivan Buses, along with Polhill Garage, the business was later resold to its management. In the summers of 1994 and 1995, Metrobus operated their Wealdsman service to complement the Surrey Hills weekend leisure bus network. Throughout the late 1990s, Metrobus introduced other commercial routes operated under Section 3 of the London Regional Transport Act 1984, all such routes were later transferred to Transport for London in mid-2002, although the 358 still remains tendered to Metrobus as of 2012. In September 1999, Metrobus was purchased by the Go-Ahead Group, routes 353 and 354 were altered due to the opening of Croydon Tramlink on 20 May 2000. Both routes were transferred to standard TfL contract, the 353 was withdrawn between Addington Village and Croydon, and the 354 was withdrawn between Addington and Bromley, on 8 December 2007, Metrobus took over the operations of First Londons Orpington garage. All the staff and 35 vehicles were included, although the garage itself was closed, with the R prefix routes transferring to the Orpington garage, and the T32 going to Croydon. Routes 526/527 were lost in a Surrey County Council contract to Southdown PSV in January 2008 although regained in September 2012, Metrobus purchased 19 buses as part of the sale and moved operations away from Arrivas site at Warnham to their existing depot in Crawley. Both continue to trade under the Metrobus brand, in March 2003, two Metrobus vehicles were involved in a fatal accident at Crawley bus station. A bus crashed into the back of bus, and mounted the kerb where passengers were waiting
4.
Surrey
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Surrey is a county in the south east of England. It shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west, Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent, the London boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth, and parts of Lewisham and Bromley were in Surrey until 1889. The boroughs of Croydon, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Sutton and Richmond upon Thames south of the River Thames were part of Surrey until 1965, when they too were absorbed into Greater London. In the same year, the county was extended north of the Thames by the addition of Spelthorne, due to this expansion, modern Surrey also borders on the London boroughs of Hounslow and Hillingdon. It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county, Surrey is divided in two by the chalk ridge of the North Downs, running east-west. To the north of the Downs the land is mostly flat, the geology of this area is dominated by London Clay in the east, Bagshot Sands in the west and alluvial deposits along the rivers. Much of Surrey is in the Metropolitan Green Belt and it contains a good deal of mature woodland. Among its many notable beauty spots are Box Hill, Leith Hill, Frensham Ponds, Newlands Corner and Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons. Surrey is the most wooded county in England, with 22. 4% coverage compared to an average of 11. 8%. Box Hill has the oldest untouched area of woodland in the UK. Surrey also contains Englands principal concentration of lowland heath, on soils in the west of the county. Agriculture not being intensive, there are many commons and access lands, together with a network of footpaths and bridleways including the North Downs Way. Accordingly, Surrey provides much in the way of leisure activities. The highest elevation in Surrey is Leith Hill near Dorking and it is either 293,294 or 295 metres above sea level and is the second highest point in southeastern England after Walbury Hill 297 metres in West Berkshire. Surrey has a population of approximately 1.1 million people and its largest town is Guildford, with a population of 66,773, Woking comes a close second with 62,796. They are followed by Ewell with 39,994 people and Camberley with 30,155, towns of between 25,000 and 30,000 inhabitants are Ashford, Epsom, Farnham, Staines and Redhill. Guildford is the county town, although the county administration was moved to Newington in 1791
5.
West Sussex
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West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex to the east, Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north, and to the south the English Channel. Chichester in the southwest is the county town and only city in West Sussex, with the largest towns being Crawley, Worthing, West Sussex has a range of scenery, including wealden, downland and coastal. The highest point of the county is Blackdown, at 280 metres and it has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling, although the name Sussex, derived from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is from the Saxon period between AD477 to 1066, the history of human habitation in Sussex goes back to the Old Stone Age. The oldest hominin remains known in Britain were found at Eartham Pit, Sussex has been occupied since those times and has succumbed to various invasions and migrations throughout its long history. Prehistoric monuments include the Devils Jumps, a group of Bronze Age burial mounds, the Romans used the Weald for iron production on an industrial scale. The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians, the Kingdom of Sussex was absorbed into Wessex as an earldom and became the county of Sussex. With its origins in the kingdom of Sussex, the county of Sussex was traditionally divided into six units known as rapes. By the 16th century, the three western rapes were grouped together informally, having their own separate Quarter Sessions and these were administered by a separate county council from 1888, the county of Sussex being divided for administrative purposes into the administrative counties of East and West Sussex. In 1974, West Sussex was made a ceremonial county with the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time a part of the eastern rape of Lewes was transferred into West Sussex. Until 1834 provision for the poor and destitute in West Sussex was made at parish level, from 1835 until 1948 eleven Poor Law Unions, each catering for several parishes, took on the job. Most settlements in West Sussex are either along the south coast or in Mid Sussex, the town of Crawley is the largest in the county with an estimated population of 106,600. The coastal settlement of Worthing closely follows with a population of 104,600, the seaside resort of Bognor Regis and market town Horsham are both large towns. Chichester, the county town, has a cathedral and city status, much of the coastal town population is part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. Rustington and Southwater are the next largest settlements in the county, there are several more towns in West Sussex, although they are of similar size to other villages. The smaller towns of the county are Arundel, Midhurst, Petworth, Selsey, the larger villages are Billingshurst, Copthorne, Crawley Down, Cuckfield, Henfield, Hassocks, Hurstpierpoint, Lindfield, Pulborough and Storrington. The current total population of the county makes up 1. 53% of Englands population, West Sussex is bordered by Hampshire to the west, Surrey to the north and East Sussex to the east
6.
Gatwick Airport
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Gatwick Airport is a major international airport in south-east England,29.5 miles south of Central London and 2.7 nautical miles north of Crawley. It is the second-busiest airport by passenger traffic in the United Kingdom. Gatwick is the eighth-busiest airport in Europe, Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s, and has been in use for commercial flights since 1933. The airport has two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal, which areas of 98,000 m2 and 160,000 m2 respectively. It operates as a airport, using a main runway with a length of 3,316 m. A secondary runway is available but, due to its proximity to the main runway, in 2016,43.1 million passengers passed through the airport, a 7. 1% increase compared with 2015. The land on which Gatwick Airport stands was first developed as an aerodrome in the late 1920s, the Air Ministry approved commercial flights from the site in 1933, and the first terminal, The Beehive, was built in 1935. Scheduled air services from the new terminal began the following year, major development work at the airport took place during the 1950s. The airport buildings were designed by Yorke Rosenberg Mardall between 1955 and 1988, further rapid growth of charter flights at Gatwick was encouraged by the Ministry of Aviation, which instructed airlines to move regular charter flights from Heathrow. Following the takeover of BUA by Caledonian Airways at the beginning of the following decade, while continuing to dominate scheduled operations at Gatwick for most of the 1980s, BCal was also one of the airports major charter airlines until the end of the 1970s. Following the demise of Air Europe and Dan-Air in the early 1990s and these moves resulted in BA becoming Gatwicks dominant airline by the turn of the millennium. BAs subsequent decision to de-hub Gatwick provided the space for EasyJet to establish its biggest base at the airport, BAA Limited and its predecessors, BAA plc and the British Airports Authority, owned and operated Gatwick from 1 April 1966 to 2 December 2009. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US. US Airways, Gatwicks last remaining US carrier, ended service from Gatwick on 30 March 2013 and this leaves Gatwick without a scheduled US airline for the first time in nearly 40 years. On 17 September 2008, BAA announced it would sell Gatwick after the Competition Commission published a report about BAAs market dominance in London, the sale was completed on 3 December. The sales were part of GIPs strategy to syndicate the equity portion of the acquisition by issuing bonds to refinance bank debt. Although this entails bringing additional investors into the airport, GIP aims to retain management control, the Californian state pension fund CalPERS acquired a 12. 7% stake in Gatwick Airport for about $155 million in June 2010. This transaction completed GIPs syndication process for the airport, reducing its stake to 42%, the airport is owned and operated by Gatwick Airport Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ivy Holdco Limited
7.
Horley
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Horley is a town in Surrey on the border of Surrey and West Sussex, England, south of the twin towns of Reigate and Redhill, and neighbouring Gatwick Airport and in turn Crawley. In the past the Weald was a forested and marshy area. During Saxon times, the Manor of Horley came under the control of the Benedictine Abbey of St Peter at Chertsey, in the Domesday Book of 1086, the Manor was within the hundred known as Cherchefelle which in 1199 became known as Reigate. The Manor passed to Henry VIII on the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539, about 1 mile to the east is the overgrown but well-preserved site of Thunderfield Castle, a twelfth-century ring and bailey castle. In 1602 it became the property of Christs Hospital in London and this shows that Horley consisted of three hamlets around a huge open common. The Common was enclosed in 1816, new roads were laid, in 1809 and later in 1816, two turnpikes were introduced to allow the operation of regular coach services from London to Brighton. The railway was laid in 1841 and a station was built in the town, from that position, and from that date, Horley grew at a slow rate until 1950. Since then its population has doubled as it became a town for London commuters. In 1908 the first scout patrol, the patrol, was established. After gaining members this patrol formed 1st Horley scout group which them merged with 2nd Horley in 2006, the Local Government Act of 1972 changed the boundary of Surrey and West Sussex and placed Horley, Gatwick and Charlwood in West Sussex. The Horley Master Plan, which was approved by Reigate & Banstead Borough Council in February 2005 and this prompted immediate controversy as the area as with most of non-metropolitan Surrey, i. e. The town is within the East Surrey constituency, currently represented by the MP Sam Gyimah, Horley is part of the Borough of Reigate and Banstead, but also has a town council. The Town Mayor and Chairman of the Town Council in July 2013 is Councillor Richard Olliver, Horley was moved into West Sussex with Gatwick Airport by the Local Government Act 1972. Due to public opposition to these the changes, they were returned to Surrey in the Charlwood and Horley Act 1974, although the airport, Horley is at an altitude of around 54 metres above mean sea level. Salfords in the parish of Salfords and Sidlow, on the road to Redhill, is to the north. The village of Charlwood is to the west and Smallfield is to the east across the M23 Motorway. Horley has been twinned with Vimy, France since 1991 The average level of accommodation in the composed of detached houses was 28%. The proportion of households in the parish who owned their home outright compares to the regional average of 35. 1%
8.
Guided bus
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Guided buses are buses steered by external means, usually on a dedicated track or roll way that excludes other traffic, permitting the maintenance of schedules even during rush hours. Guidance systems can be physical, such as kerbs or guide bars, or remote, Guided buses may be articulated, allowing more passengers, but not as many as light rail or trams that do not also freely navigate public roads. There are only a few examples, but more have been proposed in various countries, the first guided busway in the United Kingdom was in Birmingham, the Tracline 65,1,968 feet long, experimentally in 1984. Several guided busways have been planned or built in the United Kingdom and it was discontinued as the majority of buses fitted with guide wheels were withdrawn for age reasons. There are no plans to convert newer buses, the Cambridgeshire Guided Busway between Cambridge and St Ives is the worlds longest guided busway. The Nagoya Guideway Bus in Nagoya, opened in March 2001 and is the guided bus line in Japan. The kerb-guided bus guidance mechanism is a development of the early flangeways, the Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad of 1809 therefore has a claim to be the earliest guided busway. Earlier flangeways existed, but were not for passenger carrying, optical guidance relies on the principles of image processing. A camera in the front of the vehicle scans the bands of paint on the ground representing the reference path, the signals obtained by the camera are sent to an onboard computer, which combines them with dynamic parameters of the vehicle. The calculator transmits commands to the motor located on the steering column of the vehicle to control its path in line with that of the reference. Optical guidance is a means of approaching light rail performance with a fast, the distance between the door steps and the platform is optimized not to exceed 5 centimetres. Level boarding is possible, and there is no need to use a mobile ramp for people with mobility impairments. Other experimental systems have non-mechanical guidance, such as sensors or magnets buried in the roadway, in 2004, Stagecoach Group signed a deal with Siemens AG to develop an optical guidance system for use in the UK. Two bus lines in Eindhoven, Netherlands, are used by Phileas vehicles, Line 401 from Eindhoven station to Eindhoven Airport is 9 km long, consists largely of concrete bus lanes and has about 30 Phileas stop platforms. Line 402 from Eindhoven station to Veldhoven branches off from line 401 and adds another 6 km of bus lanes, the regional authority for urban transport in the Eindhoven region has decided not to use the magnetic guidance system any more for some years. The Douai region in France is developing a public network with dedicated infrastructure. The total length of the lines will be 34 km, the first stage is a line of 12 km from Douai via Guesnain to Lewarde, passing close to Waziers, Sin-le-Noble, Dechy and Lambres-lez-Douai. 39 stop platforms will be provided with a distance between the stops of 400 m
9.
Scania OmniCity
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The Scania OmniCity is an integrally constructed transverse-engined low floor city bus that was available from Scania on the European market between 1997 and 2012. The OmniCity was introduced in September 1996 as the first product based on the 4-series bus range, the first prototypes were built in the former DAB plant in Silkeborg, Denmark, and serial production continued there in 1997, joined by Scanias plant in Katrineholm, Sweden. From 1999 it was built at the plant in Słupsk. Production in Silkeborg ended in early 2000, and Katrineholm in 2004, since then all have been built in Poland. With a total of more than 2200 units, the last few OmniCities were built in 2012, the single-decker OmniCity was first introduced in 1996 in left-hand drive form and in 2002 in right-hand drive for the UK market. The earlier version of the single-decker OmniCity was known as the CN94UB, but the Euro IV version was known as the CN230UB or CN270UB, the 230 and 270 indicate the maximum power of the engine. The Scania OmniCity single-decker has a rounded dome with a single-curvature windscreen. Unlike the Scania L94UB and OmniLink, the OmniCity features a low floor without the need for steps or ramps to reach the rear seats. The OmniCity is popular in several European cities, notably with SL in Stockholm, Sweden, the first right-hand drive city bus entered service with Nottingham City Transport in January 2002, following conversion from left-hand drive. In February–March 2008 Metrobus, Crawley took delivery of the first 10. 7m OmniCities in the UK for the new Fastway route 100 and they featured part-leather seating and only one door – most Fastway buses have two – and entered service on 10 May 2008. In 2005, Scania announced the introduction of the OmniCity 2-axle double-decker bus in order to complement its OmniDekka double-decker bus sold in the UK and it has a full low floor and is a complete Scania product, unlike the OmniDekka which features a body by East Lancashire Coachbuilders. The early 2-axle double-decker OmniCity uses the N94UD chassis, the same as the OmniDekka, a demonstrator was delivered to Travel West Midlands and entered service in November 2005. The first order is five buses for Lothian Buses of Edinburgh, later Lothian Buses ordered a further 10 buses to replace the Tridents on the route, these buses entered service in late 2007. There are also 15 for Transdev London which entered service in late 2006, at first, it was in limited production, until the Euro IV version was launched. The reason for this is because the new Euro IV Scania engine is a five-cylinder 9-litre EGR engine as opposed to its Euro III predecessor, the chassis designation has also changed to N230UD or N270UD. Further orders were announced in late 2007, with many Go-Ahead companies buying them, such as Solent Blue Line, Southern Vectis, Metrobus also cancelled an order for two Scania/Darwen Olympus, for two OmniCitys, following the very long delays in production of the Olympus. In 2008, Transdev London ordered 22 more OmniCitys,9 for new route 482, national Express West Midlands took five more OmniCitys in early 2008. In May 2008, Reading Buses took delivery of 14 ethanol-fuelled OmniCitys These have now converted to diesel
10.
Wright StreetLite
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The Wright StreetLite is a low-floor midibus introduced by Wrightbus in 2010. It was originally available in one body style before the door forward. The StreetLite is available in two differing styles and five lengths between 8.8 metres and 11.5 metres with seating ranging from 33 to 45 passengers. All variants are of the width and height, except for the StreetVibe. Wrightbus claims that in length, the StreetLite offers more seats than the equivalent competitors. The Wheel Forward StreetLite variant, also known as the StreetLite WF, was launched in 2010 and it is available in two lengths of 8.8 metres and 9.5 metres with seating for up to 33 and 37 passengers respectively. To save space in these variants the axle is positioned ahead of the door which is similar to the Optare Solo midibus, the first example entered service with Anglian Bus in October 2010. The Door Forward StreetLite variant, also known as the StreetLite DF, was launched in 2011 and it is available in two lengths of 10.2 metres and 10.8 metres with seating for up to 37 and 41 passengers respectively. In this variant the axle is positioned behind the door and there is an option for dual door configuration for Transport for London specifications, the first example was trialed by First London. The StreetLite Max was launched in 2012 and it is 11.5 metres long with capacity for up to 45 passengers seated. Deliveries of the StreetLite Max commenced in Autumn 2012, the StreetLite Micro Hybrid was launched in 2013. It is available in all of the standard StreetLite lengths and capacities, while not a hybrid in the usual sense, the StreetLite Micro Hybrid recovers energy lost from braking to power the vehicle electrics and compressed air systems, saving up to 10% in fuel costs. The bus itself runs from a conventional StreetLite drivetrain, as opposed to a diesel engine. The StreetLite EV was launched in 2014, like the Micro Hybrid, it is available in all of the standard StreetLite lengths and capacities. The StreetLite EV is an electric bus with no diesel engine. An updated version of the StreetLite EV, the StreetAir EV WF, was launched in August 2016, the StreetVibe was launched in 2014 following Wrightbus purchase of Nu-Track. It is a development of their Nu-Vibe StreetLite-based concept vehicle, modified to Wrightbus specifications, the StreetVibe is based on the StreetLite WF, measuring 9 metres long. However, the StreetVibe is 290 mm shorter and 167 mm narrower than a standard StreetLite, as such, the StreetVibe is designed to compete directly with the Optare Solo SR Slimline, another narrow midibus
11.
Volvo B7RLE
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Volvo B7RLE is a low-entry single-decker bus chassis manufactured by Volvo Buses since 2001. In markets where the Euro VI emission requirements are enforced, it was replaced by the B8RLE in 2013 in some markets, B7RLE is similar to its predecessor, the B10BLE. In essence the B7RLE is the front section of the B7L chassis mated with the section of the B7R chassis. Originally, the B7RLE featured the D7C 6-cylinder,7. 3-litre diesel engine with a turbocharger and intercooler, producing 250 or 275 bhp and this was replaced by the 7. 1-litre Volvo D7E engine producing 290 bhp, to Euro IV/Euro V/Euro III incentive emission standards. Unlike the B7L, the B7RLEs engine is mounted at the center of the rear overhang as opposed to the nearside, the Volvo B7RLE is also equipped with disc brakes and ABS. B7RLE was launched in mainland Europe and Australia in 2001, and then in the United Kingdom in 2003 to supplement the B7L single-decker, the B7RLE appealed more to UK operators, with whom the B7L was unpopular and has sold well compared to its predecessor. Initially the B7RLE was only available in the UK with Wright Eclipse Urban bodywork, since 2004 it has also been used as a low-floor single-decker coach, with a longer front overhang and Wright Eclipse Commuter body. From late 2006 the B7RLE in the UK is available with Plaxton Centro bodywork followed by Alexander Dennis Enviro300 and Optare Esteem bodywork in 2008. The B7RLE can also be found in other countries, including most European countries, China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Singapore, Greece. However, many of these buses use local bodywork, the bus uses Bustech, Custom Coach and Volgren bodywork, designed and built in Australia. In June 2011 Mercedes-Benz lost the contract with Transperth and Volvo won, all of the Volvos in the Transperth fleet have Volgren bodywork. The earlier B7RLEs featured the Volgren CR228L body, the models feature the Volgren Optimus body. All Transperth Volvo B7RLEs have McConnell urban seats and are air-conditioned by the Thermo King Citi-RT, B7RLE, also known as SUNWIN SWB6120V4LE/SWB6120V6LE, manufactured by Shanghai Sunwin Bus, is very common on Shanghai streets. In 2003, Huangbus purchased five B7RLEs with Jit Luen JL-08 bodies and D7E-290 7142cc engines. All 70 AVCs has put in service in 2012, and these buses are deployed on short distance routes such as 7M, 16M, 34M,270,273 or routes with very low ridership such as 72A. In India, B7RLEs were introduced into service in Bangalore in 2006 by BMTC and they were later inducted into the fleets of NMMT, and BEST for use in Mumbai and Navi Mumbai. Custom made B7RLE chassis are assembled at Volvos factory outside Bangalore, the bodywork adopted by Malaysias B7RLE, operated by Kuala Lumpur-based bus operator RapidKL as a wheelchair accessible bus, features a more radical design by Gemilang Coachworks. Some Volvo B7RLEs also operate in Surabaya, Indonesia and it is the first wheelchair-accessible bus in Indonesia fitted with a Euro IV engine
12.
Wright Eclipse
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The Wright Eclipse is a low-floor single-deck bus body built by Wrightbus since 1999. The second-generation Eclipse 2 launched in 2008, followed by the third-generation Eclipse 3 in 2015, the Eclipse, and its sister design the Solar, were named for a solar eclipse which was visible in the UK in 1999, the year of its introduction. The Eclipse was launched in 1999 on Volvo B7L chassis and, in 2003, a coach version, the Eclipse SchoolRun, was later launched on high floor Volvo B7R chassis. In November 2008, Wright unveiled the Eclipse 2 at that years Euro Bus Expo, with front, in 2015, the Eclipse 3 was launched on Volvo B8RLE chassis, the successor to the B7RLE. Over 2,100 Eclipses have been built, with FirstGroup the largest customer, a double-decker version of the Eclipse is also available, known as the Wright Eclipse Gemini, and formerly also an articulated version, the Wright Eclipse Fusion. The first generation Wright Eclipse was launched in 1999 by Wrightbus on Volvo B7L chassis as the replacement for the Wright Renown bodywork on the older Volvo B10BLE chassis. Wrightbus also offered the Eclipse Commuter for a time, which was built on a version of the B7RLE chassis with the floor section extended to the front axle of the bus. The design included all of the features of a coach, such as under-floor storage. The Commuter was intended for distance and intercity work, however, only five were built. In 2006, Wrightbus launched the Eclipse SchoolRun, effectively an entirely high floor version of the Eclipse Commuter, the Eclipse SchoolRun, as the name suggests, was mainly intended for school bus work. Northern Ireland bus operator Ulsterbus were the customer to order the Eclipse SchoolRun. The final Eclipse SchoolRun was completed in 2008, the Eclipse 2 features front and rear ends facelifted to match the Wright StreetCar, and is now only available on Volvo B7RLE chassis. The third generation Eclipse, known as the Eclipse 3, was launched in 2015, the Eclipse 3 is only available on Volvo B8RLE chassis, the successor to the B7RLE. As well as the difference in chassis, the front and rear ends have undergone a minor facelift, the first Eclipse 3s entered service with Trentbarton in November 2015 and the second batch by Stagecoach in the Fens for the guided busway. Wright Eclipse Gemini Wright Eclipse Fusion Wright Solar Millar, Alan Bus & Coach Recognition, ISBN 0-7110-3136-3 Media related to Wright Eclipse at Wikimedia Commons Wright Eclipse Commuter at Wrightbus website Wright Eclipse SchoolRun at Wrightbus website
13.
Bus priority
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Bus priority or transit signal priority is a name for various techniques to improve service and reduce delay for mass transit vehicles at intersections controlled by traffic signals. TSP techniques are most commonly associated with buses, but can also be used along tram/streetcar or light rail lines, Transit signal priority techniques can generally be classified as active or passive. Active TSP techniques typically involve optimizing signal timing or coordinating successive signals to create a “green wave” for traffic along the transit line’s route, passive techniques require no specialized hardware and rely on simply improving traffic for all vehicles along the transit vehicles route. Active TSP techniques rely on detecting transit vehicles as they approach an intersection, sophisticated enough to perform the required timing adjustments. Active strategies include, Green Extension, This strategy is used to extend the interval by up to a preset maximum value if a transit vehicle is approaching. Detectors are located so that any vehicle that would just miss the green light extends the green and is able to clear the intersection rather than waiting through an entire red interval. Green Extension provides a benefit to a small percentage of buses. Early Green, This strategy is used to shorten the conflicting phases whenever a bus arrives at a red light in order to return to the bus’s phase sooner. The conflicting phases are not ended immediately like they are for emergency vehicle preemption systems but are shortened by a predetermined amount, early green benefits a large portion of buses but provides a relatively modest benefit to those buses. Early green can be combined with green extension at the intersection to increase the average benefits for transit. The signal can then return to the transit vehicle’s phase sooner than it otherwise would, early red is largely theoretical and is not commonly used in practice. Phase Rotation, The order of phases at the intersection can be shuffled so that transit vehicles arrive during the phase they need, actuated Transit Phase, These are phases that are only called if a transit vehicle is present. These might be seen along streetcar lines or on dedicated bus lanes and they could also be used where transit vehicles are allowed to make movements that general traffic is not or at the entrances and exits to transit hubs. Transit signal faces often look different from a standard green/yellow/red face to avoid confusion with the signals for general traffic, for example, bus traffic signals may show a letter B while trams and Light Rail Vehicles may show a letter T. Phase Insertion, This strategy allows a controller to return to a critical phase more than once in the same cycle if transit vehicles that use that phase are detected. For example, if a bus arrives at an intersection after the left turn phase has been served. Bus lane Bus rapid transit City Gate Traffic engineering Traffic signal preemption Transit Signal Priority, A Planning and Implementation Handbook by the Federal Transit Authority
14.
East Sussex County Council
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East Sussex County Council is the local authority for the non-metropolitan county of East Sussex. East Sussex is divided into five local government districts, three are larger, rural, districts are, Lewes, Wealden, and Rother. Eastbourne and Hastings are mainly urban areas, the rural districts are further subdivided into civil parishes. The County Council meets at East Sussex County Hall, the authoritys headquarters, Sussex is traditionally divided into six sub-divisions known as rapes. From the 12th century the three eastern rapes and the three western rapes each had separate sessions, with the county town of the three eastern rapes being Lewes. This situation was formalised by Parliament in 1865, and the two parts were made into administrative counties, each with distinct elected county councils in 1889 under the Local Government Act 1888, in East Sussex there were also three self-administered county boroughs, Brighton, Eastbourne and Hastings. In 1974 East Sussex was made a county, and the three county boroughs became districts within the county. At the same time the boundary was altered, so that the Mid Sussex region was transferred to the county of West Sussex. In 1997, Brighton and Hove became a unitary authority, it was granted city status in 2000. In common with all counties, the whole of East Sussex County Council is elected every four years. The first election to the council took place in 1973. The 1997 election was the first at which no representatives from Brighton and Hove were elected, since the removal of Brighton and Hove, the Labour Party influence has been reduced although the party retains the majority of seats in Hastings. The latest election was held in May 2013, the UK Independence Party made gains here as elsewhere in the rural parts of England where elections were held
15.
Broadfield, West Sussex
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Broadfield is a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. Broadfield is located in the south west of the town and it is bordered by Bewbush to the north, Southgate to the north east and Tilgate to the east. Broadfield is divided into two local government wards, Broadfield was built in several stages and is relatively densely populated. There is a mixture of property types, including estates, housing association, council houses. Broadfield has one central shopping parade, the Barton, which is one of the largest neighbourhood parade in the town, unlike many of the parades in the town, which are council run, the Barton is owned and managed by the shop-owners. There is a variety of shops, a library, a church, a nearby mosque. There is also a community centre which is run as a charitable organisation overseen by trustees from the churches, there are two infant/primary schools in the neighbourhood, an adventure playground, several open spaces with football pitches, and Broadfield Stadium, home to Crawley Town Football Club. In 2005 a purpose built Sure Start Childrens Centre was opened on Creasys Drive providing support, the Broadfield centre works closely with a similar establishment in Bewbush. Next to the stadium is Broadfield Park which used to be part of the Tilgate Estate, Broadfield House was the hunting lodge for the estate, and the park contains a small lake and some woods. To the south of Broadfield are the Buchan Country Park and part of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty at Pease Pottage, the latter is currently home to a Scout camp. Broadfield is served by bus services including the 24-hour Crawley Fastway bus service to Gatwick. In recent years the neighbourhood has gained a positive image with which many residents are proud to be associated. Crawley Borough Councils website Broadfield Stadium Broadfield Youth & Community Centre Christ The Lord Church Broadfield Christian Fellowship
16.
Three Bridges
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Three Bridges is a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley, in the county of West Sussex in England. Three Bridges was a hamlet, which first began to grow with the coming of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841. Despite beliefs to the contrary, the village was not named after rail bridges, the hamlet became the site of an important railway junction in 1848 with the opening of the branch line to Horsham and thence to Portsmouth. The railway established a motive power depot and marshalling yards to the south of the village, a further branch line to East Grinstead was opened in 1855. The village changed radically with the coming of the New town development in the Crawley area in the late 1940s, Three Bridges was one of the first group of neighbourhoods to be built. A rolling stock depot, Three Bridges depot, was constructed in the early 2010s for the Thameslink rolling stock programme Hazelwick School is a school located in Three Bridges. It was opened as a Secondary Modern School in 1953, which became a Comprehensive school in the mid 1960s and it is also designated as a Technology and Humanities College. Hazelwick has over 110 teachers and more than 2100 pupils, many former school pupils later became famous including Gareth Southgate, and Chico Slimani. Primary schools in Three Bridges include Three Bridges Primary School, Three Bridges F. C. play in Isthmian League, Division One South. Crawley Town F. C. play in Football League Two, the fourth tier of football in England. Three Bridges Cricket Club play in the Sussex Cricket League
17.
Manor Royal
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Manor Royal is an industrial zone within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. Manor Royal is in the north of the town near to Gatwick airport, the area is devoted to light industry and offices and was designed for industry as part of the Crawley new town project. Manor Royal was officially named and opened by HRH Princess Elizabeth on 25 January 1950 and it is bordered by Northgate and Three Bridges to the south, Langley Green to the west, Gatwick to the north and the London - Brighton railway to the east. The area falls largely within the local government ward of Northgate, manor Royal is served by the Crawley Fastway 24-hour bus service, providing regular services to Gatwick Airport, Crawley and Three Bridges Stations, as well as many other local areas
18.
Bewbush
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Bewbush is a neighbourhood of Crawley in West Sussex, England and is one of the towns 13 designated neighbourhoods. Bewbush is located in south west Crawley and is bordered by Broadfield to the south, Ifield to the north, the neighbourhood has a population of approximately 9,000. A park was recorded at Bewbush as early as 1295 and it was a manor which later became known as the Holmbush Estate. The manor belonged for most of the century to the Clifton Brown family. In 1973, some 300 acres were purchased by Crawley Borough Council, the manor house was first mentioned in the early 14th century, although this no longer remains. A building with some 17th-century elements remains, although it was clad in brick in the 19th century, the building now stands amid modern developments in the neighbourhood. The borough council began development of the new neighbourhood of Bewbush in 1974, with a centre opening in 1984. Additional land was brought into the borough of Crawley from Lower Beeding in 1983 to see the extension of the neighbourhood to reach its capacity population of 9000, development of the neighbourhood continued into the 1990s. Bewbush neighbourhood is a co-terminus with the local government ward of Bewbush in the Borough of Crawley and it is also a ward of the upper-tier authority of West Sussex County Council. The neighbourhood forms part of the constituency of Crawley. As at the 2001 census, the ward had a population of 9081, the neighbourhood has a younger population than the national average, with some 77% of residents being aged under 45, compared to 60% nationally. This is also reflected in the age of the residents at 29. Around 90% of the properties in the neighbourhood are terraced properties or flats, the vast majority of the properties were originally council-owned, with over one-third remaining owned by the local authority of other social landlords. There is a diverse population in the neighbourhood, with a large proportion of black. This is reflected in the areas large Hindu and Muslim populations which are well above the national averages at 9% and 5% respectively. In terms of classification, the neighbourhood is made up of approximately 45% in the ABC1 grouping. Bewbush is served by two Primary schools, the first school to open in the neighbourhood was Bewbush First School in 1978. This was shortly followed by Bewbush Middle School in 1982, with Waterfield First School opening officially in 1985, at the same time, Waterfield First School was extended to become Waterfield Primary School
19.
Three Bridges railway station
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Three Bridges railway station is located in and named after the village of Three Bridges, which is now a district of Crawley, West Sussex, England. It is at the point where the Arun Valley Line diverges from the Brighton Main Line and it was designed by the architect David Mocatta, and was one of a series of standardised modular buildings used by the railway. This building was demolished 5 May 1985, the London and Brighton Railway merged with others to become the London Brighton and South Coast Railway in 1846, and the branch to Horsham was opened two years later. Three Bridges was enlarged in July 1855 with the construction of a line to East Grinstead. The present ticket office was built on the west side of the line and new platforms. Electric multiple unit trains began to run between London and Three Bridges on 17 July 1932, the line was electrified throughout on 30 December. At the same time the practice of using slip coaches for East Grinstead at Three Bridges from expresses bound for the south coast was abandoned by the Southern Railway, the line from Three Bridges to Horsham was electrified in May 1938. The single-track branch line to East Grinstead was never electrified and it remained steam operated, using tank locomotives of the M7 and H classes hauling push–pull trains. After the end of operation in 1964, it was then briefly operated by diesel-electric multiple units of British Rail Class 205. There have been four recorded accidents at Three Bridges station, the first two of which were minor and involved no injuries. On 12 April 1858 an engine collided with passenger carriages, two members of station staff died on 13 December 1868 from an explosion of naphtha in a truck of a goods train. On 28 January 1933 an electric train crashed into the back of a freight train waiting at the signal box. The driver of the train and the guard of the freight train were both seriously injured. An engine shed was opened in July 1848 on a site to the west of the station. This was closed in 1909 to make way for the enlargement of the station, the original small goods yard to the south of the station was greatly extended during the First World War and was used as a marshalling yard for munitions trains heading for the Continent. Trains from the Great Western Railway and the London and North Western Railway were brought here for onward transmission to Newhaven Harbour, in the early 2000s, Virgin CrossCountry built a depot at Three Bridges to service its Class 220 Voyagers. It closed following CrossCountry withdrawing its Gatwick and Brighton services in December 2008, the operating centre build was designed as a 71.45 by 34.8 m three-storey building with 6,980 m2 of floorspace, providing railway operational and administrational and training facilities. Equipment was primarily on the floor, with the operation rooms on first
20.
Maidenbower
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Maidenbower is a neighbourhood of the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. Maidenbower is located in the south east corner of the town and it is bordered by Pound Hill to the north and Furnace Green to the west across the railway line. Maidenbower is the newest of the neighbourhoods in Crawley, in 1986 Crawley Borough Council declared the farmland between the M23 and the London-Brighton railway line to be the 13th neighbourhood. A consortium of builders was formed to develop the site which was to include community facilities, by 2000 development was almost complete, although small areas of infill development continue. The original 16th-century Frogshole farm building, unlike the adjoining Maidenbower farm that gave the area its name and it was refurbished and opened in 1994. On 8 February 2007 it suffered a major fire, Frogshole Farm Pub re-opened in July 2008 after a major refurbishment. West Sussex County Council provides all the services and staff. Maidenbower also has two schools and a large junior school. There is a parade of shops and a community centre that provides facilities for elderly people and people with disabilities. The Gatwick Stream runs through Maidenbower, past the back of the parade of shops, in September 2006, close to one of the entrance roads to Maidenbower leading from the Balcombe Road, a large piece of public art was installed. A community project, it was created in five pieces by the four schools in the neighbourhood, the pieces fit together like a giant jigsaw puzzle to form an outline representing a map of the neighbourhood. The streams that run through it create the joins between each of the pieces, the overall theme of the piece is the history and development of Maidenbower. Neighbourhood Website Oriel High School Brook School
21.
Redhill, Surrey
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Redhill is a town in the borough of Reigate and Banstead in Surrey, England. The town, which adjoins the town of Reigate to the west, is due south of Croydon in Greater London, Redhill is sited about 3 miles south of a minor pass at Merstham in the North Downs, through which passes the London-Brighton road. A major factor in the development of the town was the coming of the railways, Redhill railway station continues to be an important junction. A town formed here in part of the parishes of Reigate Foreign. The settlement was known as Warwick Town after Warwick Road. Redhill is one of the few places in the UK where Fullers Earth can be extracted, alfred Nobel demonstrated dynamite for the first time at a Merstham quarry,2 miles north of Redhill in 1868. Georges Fields, London, relocated to Earlswood in what was the south of Redhill in 1855, another inmate James Henry Pullen was an autistic savant. He was a brilliant craftsman and artist whose work was accepted by Queen Victoria, some of Pullens ship models, designs and art work used to be on display at the towns Belfry Shopping Centre but have now been moved to the Langdon Down Museum in Teddington. The principal building has been converted to apartments and the grounds provide green open space to balance the large common south-west of Earlswood railway station. Richard Carrington, an astronomer, moved to Redhill in 1852. Dome Way, where Redhills only tower block stands, is named after it, the site suited an isolated observatory, being on a spur of high ground surrounded by lower fields and marsh. Here in 1859 he made observations that first corroborated the existence of solar flares as well as their electrical influence upon the Earth. In 1863 he published records of observations that first demonstrated differential rotation in the Sun. In 1865 ill health prompted him to sell his house and move to Churt, St John the Evangelist, built in 1843, was the first of Redhills three Anglican parish churches. The parish originally stretched from Gatton in the north to Sidlow in the south, the construction, to the east of Redhill, of the M23 motorway between 1972 and 1975 reduced north-south traffic through the town. The natural gap in the North Downs north of Merstham is at an elevation of 120 metres above sea level, from this point run gently undulating slopes of significant chalk, sand, and some fullers earth deposits, underlying regular humus topsoil in the distance to Redhills town centre. Similarly, Reigate High Street, further along the Holmesdale gap, is at an elevation of around 85 metres or 280 feet with a hill immediately to the north where Reigate Castle is sited. Redhill Common, now built on at St Johns, is on the Greensand Ridge
22.
Reigate and Banstead
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Reigate and Banstead is a local government district with borough status in East Surrey, England. It includes the towns of Reigate, Redhill, Horley and Banstead, the district was formed on 1 April 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972 as merger of the former borough of Reigate with Banstead Urban District and part of Dorking and Horley Rural District. There are two civil parishes towards the south the borough, Salfords and Sidlow and Horley, the remainder of the area has two rather than three tiers of local government, the next tier up is Surrey County Council. After elections on 3 May 2012, there are 37 Conservatives councillors,7 Reigate and Banstead Residents Association, the coat of arms is a combination of the elements of the Reigate shield, the device of Banstead and symbols of the parishes of Horley and Salfords and Sidlow. The shield has a background of blue and yellow chequers taken from the arms of the de Warenne family, William de Warenne accompanied William the Conqueror from Normandy and was the first Earl of Surrey and the builder of Reigate Castle. Against this pattern is the Reigate Castle Gate and oak tree, the top of the shield has a black background as in the original Reigate arms but on which is a gold woolpack between two sprigs of oak. The woolpack or woolsack refers to the importance of sheep rearing. The oak sprigs represent the two parishes of Horley and Salfords and Sidlow, above the shield is a helmet with a wreath and draped cloth also in the blue and gold of the de Warennes. On top of the helmet is a pilgrim referring to the ancient route along the escarpment of the North Downs by Banstead and Reigate, on either side of the shield is a white lion and a white horse. The lion comes from the arms of the de Mowbray family who were briefly Lords of the Manor of Banstead in the 12th century, the horse refers to the tradition of horse racing on Banstead Downs in the 17th century and immortalised in the Oaks race of Epsom Derby Friday. On the necks of the animals are wreaths again in the blue, on the shoulders are roundels of blue and white waves indicating the River Mole in Horley and Sidlow. The roundel on the lion has a knife, the emblem of St Bartholomew, the patron of Horley. The roundel on the shoulder of the horse has a leaf, a reference to Salfords. The Sallow tree is known as Pussy Willow. Reigate Castle has also known as Holmesdale Castle. A translation is Never conquered nor never shall, historically much of this third was named Walton Heath and Banstead Heath. Most of the county is Metropolitan Green Belt, there are significant areas of forest and heath management, including five reserves within the national wildlife trust scheme, see Surrey Wildlife Trust. There is an extent of woodland management, pfizer UK headquarters is by the M25 motorway in Walton-on-the-Hill
23.
Heathrow Airport Holdings
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Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited, formerly BAA is the United Kingdom-based operator of London Heathrow Airport. The company also operated London Gatwick and Stansted airports, plus several other UK airports under its former name, in March 2009 the company was required to sell Gatwick and Stansted airports, and over the following years sold all its airports other than Heathrow. The company was renamed Heathrow Airport Holdings in 2012 to reflect its main business, the companys head office is located in The Compass Centre on the grounds of London Heathrow Airport in the London Borough of Hillingdon. The company makes money from charging landing fees to airlines and increasingly from ancillary operations within those airports such as retail, in the following few years, the authority acquired responsibility for Glasgow International Airport, Edinburgh Airport, Southampton Airport and Aberdeen Airport. The Authority took on the Ministry of Civil Aviation Constabulary in 1966, which was renamed to become the British Airports Authority Constabulary, the initial capitalisation of BAA plc was £1,225 million. In the early 1990s, the company sold Prestwick International Airport, in July 2006, BAA was taken over by a consortium led by Ferrovial, following a bid which valued the company at £10.1 billion. As a result, the company was delisted from the London Stock Exchange on 15 August 2006. Following the take-over, the decision was made to sell the stake in Ferihegy and this was completed in June 2007, when a consortium led by Hochtief AirPort of Germany purchased the stake. After an inquiry from August 2008 – March 2009, the UK Competition Commission announced that BAA would be required to sell three of the seven UK airports it owned at the time, the sales were forecast to raise between £3. 5bn and £4bn. BAA announced plans to sell Gatwick Airport on 17 September 2008, at that time, Gatwick Airport was valued at £1. Ferrovial and its partners had been seeking £1. 8bn- £2bn when they opened the bidding process, eventually, the sale was confirmed on 21 October 2009 and formally completed on 3 December 2009, for a fee of £1.51 billion. This was almost 25 per cent less than BAA had expected Gatwick would fetch when the sale was announced a year previously, BAA sold the airport to Global Infrastructure Partners, the fund backed by Credit Suisse and General Electric, who also operate London City Airport. Ferrovial, the majority holder in BAA, said that it expected to make a loss of around 142 million euros against its consolidated earnings following the sale. On 19 October 2011, BAA announced that Edinburgh Airport would be put up for sale in early 2012 with an aim to handing over the running of the site to a new owner by summer 2012, the airport was sold to Global Infrastructure Partners in 2012. On 18 January 2013, Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited announced the sale of Stansted to the Manchester Airports Group, in May 2014, Heathrow Airport Holdings announced the appointment of John Holland-Kaye, current Development Director, as chief executive officer, succeeding Colin Matthews on 1 July 2014. As BAA, the company was adamant that its name did not officially stand for anything and it was still widely referred to as the British Airports Authority by both the media and the public – even though the Authority was dissolved following the 1986 privatisation. The companys former logo, composed of three triangles, was created by John Lloyd and Jim Northover of the design consultancy, Lloyd Northover. The original BAA plc was acquired in 2006 by Airport Development and Investment Limited, in October 2008 ADI changed its name to BAA Limited, and on 15 October 2012, the company announced that it had changed its name to Heathrow Airport Holdings
24.
British Airways
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British Airways, often shortened to BA, is the flag carrier and the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on fleet size. When measured by passengers carried, it is second-largest in the United Kingdom behind easyJet, the airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport. On 31 March 1974, all four companies were merged to form British Airways, after almost 13 years as a state company, British Airways was privatised in February 1987 as part of a wider privatisation plan by the Conservative government. The carrier soon expanded with the acquisition of British Caledonian in 1987, followed by Dan-Air in 1992, British Airways is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and the now defunct Canadian Airlines. The alliance has since grown to become the third-largest, after SkyTeam, IAG is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE100 Index. A long-time Boeing customer, British Airways ordered 59 Airbus A320 family aircraft in August 1998, in 2007 it purchased 12 Airbus A380s and 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliners, marking the start of its long-haul fleet replacement. The centrepiece of the airlines fleet is the Boeing 777. British Airways is the largest operator of the Boeing 747-400, with 51 registered to the airline, on 1 September 1972 the management service functions of both BOAC and BEA were combined under the newly formed British Airways Group. British Airways was established as an airline on 31 March 1974 by the dissolution of BOAC, British Airways and Air France operated the supersonic airliner Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde, and the worlds first supersonic passenger service flew in January 1976 from London Heathrow to Bahrain. Services to the US began on 24 May 1976 with a flight to Washington Dulles airport, service to Singapore was established in co-operation with Singapore Airlines as a continuation of the flight to Bahrain. The final commercial Concorde flight was BA002 from New York JFK to London Heathrow on 24 October 2003, in 1981 the airline was instructed to prepare for privatisation by the Conservative Thatcher government. Sir John King, later Lord King, was appointed chairman, while many other large airlines struggled, King was credited with transforming British Airways into one of the most profitable air carriers in the world. The flag carrier was privatised and was floated on the London Stock Exchange in February 1987, British Airways effected the takeover of the UKs second airline, British Caledonian, in July of that same year. The formation of Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic Airways in 1984 created a competitor for BA and this campaign included allegations of poaching Virgin Atlantic customers, tampering with private files belonging to Virgin and undermining Virgins reputation in the City. As a result of the case BA management apologised unreservedly, Lord King stepped down as chairman in 1993 and was replaced by his deputy, Colin Marshall, while Bob Ayling took over as CEO. Virgin filed an action in the US that same year regarding BAs domination of the trans-Atlantic routes. In 1992 British Airways expanded through the acquisition of the financially troubled Dan-Air, British Asia Airways, a subsidiary based in Taiwan, was formed in March 1993 to operate between London and Taipei. That same month BA purchased a 25% stake in the Australian airline Qantas and, with the acquisition of Brymon Airways in May, in September 1998, British Airways, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and Canadian Airlines, formed the Oneworld airline alliance
25.
Go-Ahead Group
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The Go-Ahead Group plc is a provider of passenger transport in the UK, with over one billion journeys made on its bus and trains services each year. It is a FTSE250 Index group listed on the London Stock Exchange, early expansion saw the acquisition of certain smaller competing bus operators in North East England. Go-Ahead Northern Ltd also became a National Express sub-contractor operating services to the Midlands, North East, North West, at the same time, Go-Ahead Leisure purchased a number of pubs, which were sold in February 1996. In May 1997 the Brighton & Hove operation expanded with the acquisition of the municipal operator Brighton Transport. In September 1999 Metrobus, a large operator operating in London, Surrey, initially an unlisted public company owned 90% by management, in May 1994 Go-Ahead was floated on the London Stock Exchange. In October 1994 Go-Ahead purchased London Central during the privatisation of London Buses, in March 1995 OK Motor Services was purchased and integrated into the Go North East operation. In June 1996 a second London bus operation, London General was acquired from the management team that had purchased it when privatised, in October 1996 Go-Ahead entered the UK rail market when it commenced operating the Thames Trains franchise which it ran until March 2004. The Thames Trains franchise was awarded by the Director of Passenger Rail Franchising to Victory Rail Holdings, Go-Ahead owned 65% of the shares in Victory Rail Holdings with the remaining 35% held by some ex British Rail managers and employees. Go-Ahead bought the shares it did not own in June 1998. Go-Ahead entered into a joint venture with VIA-GTI, taking a 65% stake in Govia, Govia ran the Thameslink franchise from March 1997 until March 2006. In October 1998 Go-Ahead diversified into Airport Services with the acquisition of Gatwick Handling International, in 2000 French government owned C3D made an unsuccessful takeover bid for the company. In 2000 Go-Ahead entered two joint ventures with VIA-GTI and BK Tåg to operate services in Sweden. Go-Ahead had a 39% stake in City Pendeln AB which was to operate the Citypendeln commuter rail business in Stockholm, Go-Ahead had a 29% stake in Sydvasten AB which operated rail services between Gothenburg and Malmö. Due to problems, Go-Ahead exited both ventures, Wycombe Bus Company was sold to Arriva in December 2000. Go-Ahead acquired the ground handling operations of British Midland and Midland Airport Services in March 2001 followed by Reed Aviation in August 2001, along with Go-Aheads existing Gatwick Handling International operation, all were rebranded as Aviance. In August 2001 Govia started running the South Central rail franchise, in October 2000 the Shadow Strategic Rail Authority awarded Govia the South Central rail franchise with operations due to commence in May 2003 when the Connex South Central franchise expired. Govia negotiated a deal with Connex to buy out the remainder of its franchise, in May 2002 Go-Ahead diversified again, acquiring airport-focused Meteor Parking. In August 2003 the Wilts & Dorset bus business was purchased, included in the purchase of Gatwick Handling International in 1998 was a 50% shareholding in Plane Handling
26.
Pound Hill
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Pound Hill is a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. Pound Hill is located on the east of Crawley and it is bordered by Three Bridges and Manor Royal to the west and Maidenbower to the south. It is the largest of the 13 neighbourhoods of Crawley, until 2004, it was the first one to be split into two wards - Pound Hill North and Pound Hill South. Its boundaries extend north beyond the main built-up area thus making it also the most northerly neighbourhood in the town, Pound Hill was originally a hamlet within the parish of Worth. The houses and farms around the Pound Hill junction became known as Pound Hill, due to the close proximity of Worth Church, Pound Hill did not develop into a village. The turnpike was busy and the leading down Church Lane became difficult for wheeled vehicles. Church Lane was bypassed when a new road was directly south from Pound Hill junction to join the old road at the bottom of the hill near Frogshole Farm. A public house the Kings Head became a stopping place for coaches between London and Brighton. But by the 1830s the Kings Head had become a private house, by 1916 a telephone exchange had been built in Pound Hill. In the 1920s and 1930s a number of estates in the area were sold. In Pound Hill 102 houses were built along St Marys Drive, although further land was cleared the development in the area was stopped by the Second World War. Post-war further houses were built around St Marys Drive, with the creation of Crawley New Town in 1947 the Pound Hill area was proposed as a neighbourhood. And later it included the area around Worth church, work began and building new houses around 1953 and the southern part of Pound Hill was completed in 1956. Development of the part continued into the 1970s. Also in the 1970s the area to the east between the Balcombe Road and the M23 motorway was developed and other areas were infilled, in 1981 Pound Hill had 11,617 inhabitants. A school in the area collapsed under the weight of a storm that hit Britain on 25 January 1990. Pound Hill has a variety of housing from small flats to very large modern houses. The area of Worth is within the boundaries of Pound Hill and it is common for signposts to be altered to use the Worth name by local residents
27.
Fastrack (bus)
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Fastrack is a bus rapid transit scheme in the Thames Gateway area of Kent. It consists of two operated by Arriva Southern Counties on behalf of Kent County Council. Measures used to allow buses to avoid traffic include signal priority, reserved lanes, Fastrack began operating with the introduction of Fastrack B on 26 March 2006 between Dartford and Gravesend, serving Darent Valley Hospital, Bluewater Shopping Centre, Greenhithe station. Services operate from 05,30 until after midnight, the 9.5 km long Fastrack A was added on 3 June 2007. It operates up to seven minutes between Dartford and Bluewater along the western side of Temple Hill, Crossways Business Park, Greenhithe station and The Bridge. Fastrack A is funded by Prologis, the developers of The Bridge, when Fastrack B began it was divided into five fare zones. They were replaced with the current three zones when Fastrack A began to simplify the structure and to ease the introduction of off-vehicle ticket machines. Prior to the opening of Ebbsfleet International in November 2007, Fastrack B ran through Northfleet, the diversion along Thames Way to the station, connectiong with Eurostar and Southeastern High Speed services, added 2 km of junction priority and segregated lanes. Northfleet is still served by conventional Arriva routes 480 and 490, for the first four months of operation, Route A ran on a temporary alignment via Junction 1a of the M25 motorway to link The Bridge, Dartford, development site with Crossways Business Park. In December 2012, the Everards Link Phase 2, which links Greenhithe station with the Ingress Park housing development via a stretch of busway, the network is split into three fare zones. Tickets are sold by the driver and from machines, at certain bus stops. M-tickets, bus tickets on mobile phones, were trialled in early 2008 and are now available across the Arriva bus network. The original fleet consisted of 26 Wright Eclipse Urban bodied Volvo B7RLEs and these had passenger information screens, voice announcements and CCTV. In July 2015, these were replaced by 21 Wright StreetLites, list of guided busways and BRT systems in the United Kingdom Crawley Fastway, a similar-sized guided system Media related to Fastrack at Wikimedia Commons Fastrack website
28.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
29.
Crawley (UK Parliament constituency)
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Crawley is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Henry Smith of the Conservative Party. 1983-1997, The Borough of Crawley, and the District of Mid Sussex wards of Balcombe, Copthorne and Worth, Crawley Down, Slaugham, the constituency covers the whole of the town and borough of Crawley in West Sussex which includes London Gatwick Airport. Crawley borders Horsham in the county on all sides other than the north. The Boundary Commission analysed population increase and recommended no changes to the constituency were made for the 2010 general election so the seat remains coterminous with the borough. Before the 1983 General Election, Crawley had been part of the Horsham & Crawley, Horsham, labour had a majority of 37 votes in the 2005 election, making this seat the most marginal in the UK. The 2010 election saw Henry Smith win the seat at the attempt, beating Labours Chris Oxlade by 5,928. The Christian Peoples Alliance announced Katherine Mills as candidate, but she did not stand and this constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1992 and 1997 general elections and thus change in share of vote is based on a notional calculation
30.
Henry Smith (British politician)
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Henry Edward Millar Smith is a Conservative Party politician in the UK who was Leader of West Sussex County Council from 2003 to 2010. He is the Member of Parliament for Crawley, having been elected in the 2010 general election, Smith was educated at Frensham Heights School, a co-educational independent school in Farnham in Surrey, followed by University College London, where he obtained a B. A. in Philosophy. Smith was elected as a West Sussex County Councillor in 1997 and he became Leader of the Council in 2003 at the age of 34, becoming the youngest county council leader in the country. He was a Crawley Borough Councillor from 2002 to 2004, in 2001 and 2005 he stood against Laura Moffatt, the second time achieving the highest national swing from Labour to the Conservatives, reducing the majority to 37, the smallest in the country. Smith was the Chairman of the South East Counties Leaders Group from 2007 to 2010, and has served as a Governor at The Oaks, The Brook. He co-authored the 2005 publication Direct Democracy and he was elected to Parliament at the 2010 general election. Following his election as Crawley MP he resigned as a West Sussex County Councillor on 1 September 2010, Smith serves on the European Scrutiny Committee and is Vice-Chair of the Trans Atlantic & International Security APPG. Smith is a Eurosceptic who supported backbench calls for an referendum on exiting the EU. His parliamentary candidacy at the 2015 general election was endorsed by Queen guitarist Brian May on the grounds of his animal welfare record. May had worked with him in opposing the governments badger culling, in the UK Parliament Register of Members Financial Interests 24 January 2011 Smith declared he employed his wife Jennifer Millar-Smith as a secretary
31.
Public services in Crawley
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Revenue to fund these services comes principally from Council Tax. Some of Crawleys utilities and infrastructure are provided by outside parties, such as utility companies and West Sussex County Council, rather than by the borough council. Originally a quiet, prosperous area with a population of a few thousand people, Crawley Development Corporation was formed in 1947 to establish, administer and control the towns development, including the provision of services. Sewerage, drainage, and the supply of water, gas and electricity were all planned and laid out for the town as a whole, because work focused on the provision of services at first, housebuilding in the new town was slow in the first few years. Crawley police station is at the junction of Woodfield Road and Northgate Road in Northgate on the edge of the town centre and its front desk is open to the public 11 hours per day except on Sundays, until 2011 it was open daily from 8. 00am until midnight. There is also a station on the perimeter road at Gatwick Airport. Both are operated by the West Sussex Division of Sussex Police, in January 2013, a community hub was established at Broadfield Library to provide a full-time police presence in that neighbourhood. In July 2013, the announced that Crawley police station would not be closed during a forthcoming rationalistion of buildings. Crawleys first police station opened in 1883 on Station Road, the 1960s police station was itself replaced in the late 1990s by the present building on the opposite side of Woodfield Road. The new building was designed by the architects and cost £7 million. Tully DeAth Consultants were the civil engineers. The five-storey concrete-framed building was designed to resemble an office block and has a car park. A tunnel was built under Woodfield Road to allow people to walk between the building and the court opposite. The site covers 6,150 square metres, the project was first put out to tender in August 1994. The courthouse remains in use as Crawley Magistrates Court, refurbishment work was undertaken in 2012, but only the ground floor is accessible to disabled people as there is no lift access to the first floor, where two of the courtrooms are situated. There are two stations in the borough. Crawley fire station on Ifield Avenue opened in 1957, although building work started in 1955 and it is operated by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service, a council body, under the provisions of the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004. The five-bay station has immediate response and retained firefighters, and its equipment includes three water tenders and a rescue tender
32.
New towns in the United Kingdom
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The new towns in the United Kingdom were planned under the powers of the New Towns Act 1946 and later acts to relocate populations in poor or bombed-out housing following the Second World War. They were developed in three waves, later developments included the expanded towns, existing towns which were substantially expanded to accommodate what was called the overspill population from densely populated areas of deprivation. Designated new towns were removed from local authority control and placed under the supervision of a development corporation and these corporations were later disbanded and their assets split between local authorities and, in England, the Commission for New Towns. Out-county London County Council housing developments, of which Becontree, Dagenham, was the largest and it was built in the 1920s and 1930s. Wythenshawe was built on what used to be Cheshire land in the 1920s as a Manchester overspill estate, other Manchester overspill estates include Hattersley, Gamesley, and Haughton Green. Castlemilk, Drumchapel, Easterhouse and Pollok in Glasgow, castle Vale in Birmingham, which was built in the 1960s in the extreme north-east of the city. The first wave was intended to alleviate the housing shortages following the Second World War. A couple of sites in County Durham were also designated and these designations were made under the New Towns Act 1946. Two of the locations below are situated near the West Midlands conurbation, dawley New Town was redesignated as Telford New Town, with a much larger area, as overspill for Birmingham and nearby towns including Wolverhampton. About halfway between Birmingham and London was the new town of Milton Keynes, while nearer to Birmingham, in East Anglia, the existing town of Peterborough was designated as a new town to accommodate overspill from London. The development is built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall and it is built according to the principles of Prince Charles, who is known for holding strong views challenging the post-war trends in town planning that were suburban in character. On 13 May 2007, chancellor Gordon Brown, who became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom the following month, the towns, around 20,000 population each — at least 5,000 homes — are planned to be carbon-neutral and will use locally generated sustainable-energy sources. Only one site was identified in the announcement, the former Oakington Barracks in Cambridgeshire - the already planned Northstowe development, Local councils will be invited to provide sites for the remaining four towns. The Town and Country Planning Association is advising the government on the criteria, in September 2014 the CBI called for all political parties to commit to building 10 new towns and garden cities to get to grips with the countrys housing shortage. Cwmbran Newtown Coed Darcy Tircoed Six new towns in Scotland were designated between 1955 and 1973, mostly for the population of Glasgow. Cumbernauld East Kilbride Glenrothes Irvine Livingston Stonehouse Ravenscraig Chapelton of Elsick Tweedbank, erskine and Inchinnan, small new town developed in the 1970s and 1980s in Renfrewshire. Dalgety Bay, small new town developed in the 1970s and 1980s in Fife and this was done in the case of Craigavon. On 3 April 1969, the development commission took over the functions of the two councils, the area becoming Londonderry Urban District
33.
Crawley Development Corporation
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A master plan supplied by planning consultant Anthony Minoprio would guide the Corporations work. The energy and enthusiasm of its chairman Thomas Bennett helped it meet many of its targets early and its assets passed to the Commission for New Towns in that year, they are now owned privately or by the local authority, Crawley Borough Council. The Corporation was based at Broadfield House, a 19th-century villa in the south of the town, professionals and specialists from many fields were employed, architects, engineers, designers, legal and financial experts were all involved during its 15-year existence. A committee headed by Bennett took overall charge and this was of great concern to West Sussex and East Sussex county councils, and the national government was also aware of the problem. Meanwhile, the government was making several proposals which together paved the way for the concept of New Towns. Patrick Abercrombies Greater London Plan of 1944 proposed taking 1 1⁄2 million residents out of London, one third were to be rehoused in ten new towns in a ring about 25 miles from the city. In 1945, Lord Reith and his committee described how these towns would be developed, they were intended to be self-contained and balanced communities for work, on 10 July 1946, Silkin met officers from the various local authorities that governed the Crawley area. In October 1946, Lewis Silkin set up a committee to run the affairs of the proposed Crawley New Town. In February 1947, shortly after the designation of New Town status. The national government would finance it as required through 60-year loans and it would be responsible for all the houses it built, in terms of both maintenance and finance, it could provide subsidies and charge rents as it saw fit. Governance was outside the Corporations remit, Crawley Urban District Council, when the Corporation was created in February 1947, its chairman was Sir Wilfred Lindsell. He asked town planner Thomas Wilfred Sharp to prepare a master plan. Within months, both men had left the Corporation, Lindsell was considered not dynamic enough by Lewis Silkin, local historian Peter Gwynne described this as an extraordinary decision which was never properly explained. Anthony Minoprio was appointed as consultant planner instead, by June 1947 he had prepared a new plan and Silkin had taken on a new chairman. Also in 1947, the Corporation acquired Broadfield House, originally a 19th-century villa in extensive grounds, the building was used as a country club until its closure in that year. The Corporation had already decided to operate temporarily from London while searching for suitable premises in Crawley, when the building came on the market in late 1947, the Corporation bought it, refitted it and on 23 August 1948 opened it as its headquarters. Ancillary buildings were put up in the grounds in mid-1949. W, passold, D. Bolton, Mr Lewis and Alderman James Marshall. Dame Caroline Haslett, educated locally, was an electrical engineer and writer
34.
Anthony Minoprio
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Sir Charles Anthony Minoprio was a British architect and town planner. Much of his work was in partnership with Hugh Spencely. Later he worked more as a planner, particularly the New Town of Crawley. His Beaux-Arts training informed his work on designing visually striking town plans. His architectural training came in Liverpool under Charles Herbert Reilly. This influenced his views on the importance of architecture being an integral part of the town planning process. He worked for a few months at a firm in New York. He went into practice in 1928 and initially worked on commissions for country houses. In 1932, Minoprio and Spencely designed an extension to the Royal School for the Blind, Liverpool, four years later, they designed Fairacres, Roehampton, a Grade II listed four-storey apartment block at Roehampton Lane, Roehampton, London. It was built for the property developer Charles Kearley, the block of 64 flats in a semi-elliptical arc is modern in style with 1930s curved walls, but traditional in construction. It has been little altered since being built. The two architects worked together again between 1944 and 1946 when they produced a plan for the postwar redevelopment of Worcester. Their plans showed extensive areas of space and parkland, especially around the cathedral. Minoprio was heavily involved with town planning after World War II, in September 1944 he prepared a survey and plan for the redevelopment of part of the Essex county town, Chelmsford. The somewhat grandiose vision was completed by two new roads and ten residential neighbourhood units. Nothing came of the plan, but elements of it made their way into the 1952 Development Plan for the County of Essex which guided Chelmsfords later development, by June 1947 Minoprio had prepared a new draft plan, and this was approved and published in December 1947. Crawley is now larger than originally anticipated, the plans target population of 50,000 was exceeded within 13 years of work beginning. Nevertheless, the design and layout remain substantially similar to Minoprios plan
35.
Fernhill, West Sussex
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Fernhill is a hamlet close to Gatwick Airport in West Sussex, England. Its fields and farmhouses formerly straddled the county boundary between Surrey and West Sussex, but since 1990 the whole area has part of the county of West Sussex. Fernhill is bounded on three sides by motorways and the airport, a fatal aeroplane crash occurred here in 1969. Fernhill is in the far northeast corner of the borough of Crawley, the borough and county boundaries run along the M23 motorway, which lies to the north and east. To the west, Balcombe Road separates Fernhill from Gatwick Airport, antlands Lane leads from Tinsley Green to Shipley Bridge and Burstow, forming the southern boundary. Peeks Brook Lane runs south–north through the area, and Fernhill Road runs west–east, Gatwick Airport is 1 1⁄2 miles to the west, and the town of Horley is the same distance north. Fernhill was originally a hamlet in the parish of Burstow in southwest Surrey and its Baptist chapel was recorded in 1911 as one of two in the parish. In 1990, the Local Government Boundary Commission for England undertook a review of the boundaries of Surrey and West Sussex as part of a study of the boundaries of non-metropolitan counties. At the time, the hamlet was part of Burstow parish, Tandridge District and the county of Surrey, all objected to the proposal, when the proposal was formalised, further objections were raised. The nearest railway stations are Gatwick Airport and Horley, there are four listed buildings in Fernhill, and a further six have been given locally listed status by Crawley Borough Council. Just west of the Balcombe Road, and now within the boundary of Gatwick Airport, are two surviving buildings, Edgeworth House and Wing House. They are attached to each other at right-angles but are of different dates, Edgeworth House is 15th- or early 16th-century and it has Charlwood and Horsham stonework, brick, timber framing and a tiled roof. On Donkey Lane, which leads north from Fernhill Road and becomes a footpath, Lilac Cottage, Lilac Cottage is partly tile-hung and retains its original chimneys, inglenook fireplace and timber framing. Old Cottage is a similar but older house, it has brickwork, timber framing, on 5 January 1969, a Boeing 727 airliner operated by Ariana Afghan Airlines crashed in Fernhill, killing 50 people. It came down in heavy, freezing fog on its approach to Gatwick Airport on a flight from Kabul International Airport in Afghanistan. There were 48 fatalities on the aircraft, and two Fernhill residents were killed when it crashed into and destroyed their house, Longfield, on the side of Fernhill Road. A baby also in the house at the time survived
36.
Forge Wood
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Forge Wood is a residential area under construction in Crawley, a town and borough in West Sussex, England. Upon completion in 2026, it will be the neighbourhood within Crawley New Town. The 1,900 houses and other facilities will be built on land in the northeast of the borough, adjoining the ancient village of Tinsley Green. Forge Wood was known as the North East Sector until December 2013, the site has a long and complex planning history dating back to 1998. The airport lies a short distance to the north of the site, and a motorway, after many alterations, resubmissions and a legal challenge, outline planning permission for 1,900 houses was granted in February 2011, and construction began in 2014. As indicated by its name of North East Sector, the Forge Wood neighbourhood will occupy land in the northeast corner of Crawley borough. Balcombe Road, part of the B2028 road, cuts through the area from south to north. Some public rights of way run through the site, the first phase of development, on which work began in 2013, lies west of Balcombe Road around Steers Lane. Crawley town centre is about 3 miles away, the neighbourhood was named after an area of ancient woodland within the development area, close to Steers Lane. The Surrey and Sussex Crematorium is in the middle of this woodland, unrelated to the new development, Forgewood is also the name of a small group of industrial units within the nearby Manor Royal industrial estate. It lies at the end of Gatwick Road, on the opposite side of the railway line from the Forge Wood neighbourhood. Development of the site will bring the eastern boundary of Crawleys built-up area closer to Copthorne, the application was approved after the developer, St. Modwen Properties, amended it to include more footpaths and cycle paths connecting the estate with Forge Wood. Parts of the development site will potentially be affected by noise from the Brighton Main Line and Manor Royal industrial estate to the west, the airport to the north, the developers will use various attenuation techniques such as landscaping and soundproof building techniques to overcome this. The ancient woodland within the site provides habitats for protected species, when Crawley was designated as a New Town in 1947, the present Forge Wood area was in the northeasternmost part of Worth parish within the Cuckfield Rural District of East Sussex. In 1953, it formed part of the 3,347 acres of land transferred to West Sussex, accordingly it became part of Crawley Urban District in 1956 and the borough of Crawley in 1974 when these entities were created. The area east of Balcombe Road was not part of the area of the New Town. Crawley was built as a new town in accordance with the New Towns Act 1946. Crawley Development Corporation was responsible for developing these, after it was wound up another four neighbourhoods with a mix of private and council housing were added, most recently Maidenbower in the late 1980s
37.
Gossops Green
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Gossops Green is a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. Gossops Green is located in the west of the town and is bordered by Bewbush to the south west, Ifield to the north, Gossops Green is also a local government ward. There is mention of Gossipsgreen on a map dated 1795, maps in the first half of the 1800s show Gossipsgreen in varying layouts surrounded by farmland and close to a few small estates. Gossipsgreen amounted to a hamlet along the side of what is now known as Gossops Green Lane. The main road ran east-west through the settlement, at the west end the road turned north towards the village of Ifield passing The Craigans, a house with gardens which was demolished and developed as private housing in the 1970s. To the east the road ran to Crawley through what is now Goffs Park, a road led south from Gossipsgreen approximately along what is now Dower Walk, past Dower House and Woldhurstlee estate and on towards Buxwood Farm. Woldhurstlee was demolished during the New Town development, the site of the house is now in public woodland off Buckswood Drive. The railway was built in the 1830s to the north of Gossipsgreen and ran by Hazelwood, Ifield railway station was first a halt on the road leading from Gossipsgreen to Ifield. During Victorian times, Gossipsgreen disappeared from published maps, though The Craigans, Dower House, by 1946, a year before the formation of the Crawley Development Corporation, the hamlet reappeared on the map but the name had changed to Gossops Green. Crawley Development Corporation was formed in 1947 as a result of the New Towns Act 1946, at this time, Crawley had a population of 6,000 people. It was an objective that the New Town would be home to 50,000 people by 1961. It had achieved this by 1958 before Gossops Green was built, according to A History of the County of Sussex, the new neighbourhood of Gossops Green was ninth and last of the original New Town communities laid out during 1956-7 and built between 1958 and 1961. Later developments include The Holy Trinity School, Hillmead and Parkhurst Close, the road name was changed to Craigans after the construction of a road bridge over the railway at Overdene Drive, following which the railway crossing was closed. Gossops Green Community Primary School has approximately 500 pupils from 4 to 11 years old and it is a feeder school for Ifield Community CollegeThe Holy Trinity CoE School as well as others. The Holy Trinity School is a voluntary aided school of approximately 1200 pupils between 11 and 19 years old. It takes pupils from an area including Horsham and Crawley Down. Gossops Green is on the A23 trunk road which was the main London to Brighton route before the M23 motorway was opened in the 1970s, the main estate road is Gossops Drive which leads off the A23 and links up with Mowbray Drive in Bewbush. Ifield railway station serves western Crawley and is on the Arun Valley Line from Three Bridges to Horsham and Bognor Regis, trains run regularly to and from London and Gatwick Airport
38.
Ifield, West Sussex
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Ifield is a former village and now a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. There are five schools in Ifield neighbourhood, Primary Schools, St, the station is part of the Arun Valley Line and was opened in 1907 as Ifield Halt. Services run to Three Bridges Station and London Victoria on Platform 1, the level crossing that used to be in operation was replaced by the footbridge that now connects the two platforms. Ifield Mill Pond lies between Bewbush, Gossops Green and Ifield West and it is the source of the River Mole which runs north to the River Thames above Teddington Lock. In 1683 Ifield Water Mill, a mill, was built in the north of the pond. It was rebuilt in 1817 and is now being restored, the restoration has been led by a team of volunteers and spearheaded by Ted Henbery MBE, who has spent 34 years on the project after his son discovered the disused site in 1974. A second project to upgrade the Mill Pond concluded in July 2015 after £6.5 million was spent upgrading the dam, there were many Yew trees in the parish, and some can be seen in the churchyard of St Margarets Church. Ifield contains some of the most historic parts of Crawley, and there is a mention in the Domesday Book, it is and was worth 20 shillings, where Ifield was spelt Ifelt. Locally there is evidence of Saxon iron works and a stretch of Roman Road still exists today known locally as the Quarter Mile. St Margarets Church was built in the 13th century and it contains both the grave of Mark Lemon, and the Holles family vault. Adjacent to St Margarets Church is the Ifield Barn Theatre, the old parish of Ifield contained most of the western part of modern-day Crawley, and the old village is on the very western edge of the new town. As well as containing two modern churches - St. Leonards in Langley Green and St. Albans in Gossops Green - Ifield Parish also contains a Friends Meeting House, founded in 1676 it was the first purpose-built meeting place for the Quakers anywhere in the world. A V-1 flying bomb landed in Ifield during World War II and it damaged the village school and wounded one local man who remained slightly brain damaged for the rest of his life. Denzil Holles was created Baron Holles of Ifield in 1661, after his part in the restoration of Charles II of England, the peerage became extinct after his grandson died unmarried and without issue. Denzil was buried in Westminster Abbey, but his family are interred here, the theatre is situated on the outskirts of Crawley and overlooks a pond and unspoilt fields. It lies immediately, to the north of the XIIIth century church of St Margaret, the Barn Theatre together with the church, a village pub and some picturesque cottages now forms an officially designated conservation area. All three buildings have been linked by a modern addition tastefully integrated to form the foyer and theatre bar, due to some inspired fund-raising by members many improvements have been made to the theatre. The Ifield Barn Theatre Society was founded in 1968, throughout its life, it has been maintained by voluntary donations and is managed entirely by the unpaid efforts of its members
39.
Langley Green, West Sussex
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Langley Green is a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England. Langley Green is in the north-west of the town and is bordered by Manor Royal to the east, Northgate to the south east, West Green to the south across the ring road, the main streets running through the community are Stagelands, Martyrs Avenue and Langley Drive. Many of the streets are named after trees and plants animals or birds, a small shopping parade, St Leonards Church, The Dr. Johnson Pub and Langley Green Primary School formed the centre of the community. Work started on Langley Green in the early 1950s with workers being brought down from London by train, after nine months workers were entitled to a council house, and many of the early population of Langley Green were builders by profession. As Langley Green was walking distance to the new factory estate, houses in Langley Green ranged from two to four bedrooms, with a small number of flats and bungalows. Heating was by coal, with the coal being stored under the staircase, in some houses water was also heated by solid fuel burners. Many of Langley Greens residents became private house holders in the 1980s when the Margaret Thatcher government had a policy of selling council houses to tenants, over the years virtually every house on the estate had been improved. The addition of heating has been almost universal. Other common improvements include double glazing, insulation of walls and roofs and removing of walls, today the small neighbourhood is one of the most multi cultural in Crawley and has a lively and friendly community. There were few ethnic-minority families living in Langley Green before the late 1960s, the first families tended to buy their own property and as these were limited at the time, the new immigrants concentrated in areas around Denchers Plat and Beckett Lane. Langley Green is now home to the Crawley Islamic Centre and Mosque, two of the neighbourhoods most notable residents were Roy Whiting and boxer Alan Minter. In 1972 he won an Olympic bronze medal and went on to become middleweight champion. Gatwick Airport is also within the Langley Green Area and provides another important source of employment
40.
Lowfield Heath
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Lowfield Heath is a former village within the boundaries of the Borough of Crawley, West Sussex, England. A windmill stood in the area until it was moved to nearby Charlwood in 1987, a large area of common land, consisting of heathland on top of Weald Clay, straddled the border between the counties of Surrey and Sussex north of Crawley. An ancient oak tree, the County Oak, stood on the heath for centuries and this tree was eventually cut down in the 1840s, but its name survives in a retail park and industrial area near the present Manor Royal estate in the north of Crawley. The timber was used to make a screen for the nearby St Margarets Church in Ifield. Most of the heath, including the section in which the developed, was north of the county boundary, on the Surrey side. The small section which lay within Sussex—consisting of the part southwest of the County Oak—was in the Parish of Ifield, the land is low-lying, flat and often damp, as the River Mole rises nearby and is fed by many tributaries. Although it was known about in the Domesday era, Lowfield Heath does not appear to have been named until the 14th century, Lowe Heath became corrupted into Lowfeild Heath, Lovel Heath and Lovell Heath by the 18th century. In the early 18th century, an Act of Parliament granted by King William III authorised the construction of 10 miles of roadway from Reigate to Crawley and this crossed the heath, thereby encouraging development. For the first time, the London to Brighton route was fully turnpiked, intermittent and haphazard development around the heath, consisting of farms and individual houses, had begun by 1700, when Oak Cottage and County Oak Cottage were built. This only started to develop as a settlement after the common land began to be enclosed in 1827. More land was enclosed in 1846, and by 1855 the routes of the roads across the heath became fixed, gradually, a small village developed around the crossroads. Many of its buildings were timber-framed, but its architectural highlight, St Michael, also at this time, when Crawley was experiencing a period of Victorian-era growth, demand for bricks led to temporary brickyards being set up in and around the village. Little changed until the 1950s, the creation in the mid-1930s of Gatwick Aerodrome, the facility was small, and the focus of activity was around the Beehive terminal building which was some distance to the northeast. However, the decision to expand it into an airport, resulting from its designation as Londons second airport behind Heathrow, quickly resulted in Lowfield Heaths decline. The new chairman of British European Airways, Peter Masefield, preferred Gatwick, however, the Government announced this in 1952, but by that time locals knew what was going to happen. The expansion required the building of a runway on an approximately east–west alignment, immediately north of the Charlwood Road. Property developers saw potential for the land to be used for warehousing and light development, proximity to the airport. Other access roads were severed at the time, and the old course of the London Road was blocked by a gate next to the runway
41.
Northgate, West Sussex
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Northgate is a neighbourhood within the town of Crawley in West Sussex, England, and includes the town centre. Northgate is bordered by West Green to the west, Langley Green to the north, Three Bridges to the east and Southgate to the south. Before the arrival of the New Town, the name Northgate was associated with the area around the Northgate Toll House located on the London to Brighton road as you entered the town from the North. The area was open fields although during the early twentieth century was some ribbon housing development along London Road, Tushmore Lane and Green Lane, Barnfield Road. In the development of the New Town in the 1950s Northgate was the second neighbourhood estate to be built on fields to the north-east of the town. The bulk of the neighbourhood was constructed in 1951-52 by Crawley Development Corporation, in common with other Crawley districts Northgate was provided with a primary school - originally provided in a prefabricated hut, but permanent buildings were opened in 1953. A parade of shops, a house and two churches followed in the mid 1950s. The two serving churches are St Pauls Methodist Church situated on Woodfield Road and St Elizabeth which is Church of England situated on the corner of Boundary Road, depot was formerly sited on London Road, and a T. A
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Southgate, West Sussex
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Southgate is one of the 13 residential neighbourhoods in Crawley, a town and borough in West Sussex, England. Crawley was planned and laid out as a New Town after the Second World War, based on the principle of self-contained neighbourhoods surrounding a town centre of civic and commercial buildings. Southgate was one of the four in the inner ring closest to the town centre and it was built in two stages between the 1950s and the 1970s, but retains some older buildings from before the New Town era and has significant areas of pre-New Town character. The area was settled by people, and industrial and other artefacts from that era were found during construction of the neighbourhood. In the 19th century, after Crawley was connected to the railway network, housing developed south of the line around the Brighton Road. The population at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 was 8,016, in the century before the Romans arrived in Britain, the area now covered by West Sussex was ruled by the Atrebates, a Belgic tribe led by Commius. They were found to have present in the area now covered by Southgate when building work took place in 1969. The Southgate West development was underway on land covered by Hogs Hill Farm, land clearance revealed two ditches filled with debris such as bones and pieces of pottery. The remains of crucibles, slag and other ironworking materials were discovered, these were confirmed as being from the same era. It was later confirmed that the Hogs Hill Farm remains dated from the Roman era, by the time the excavations and investigation finished, evidence of three iron bloomeries, a small flint mine, roof tiles and many pieces of pottery had been found and catalogued. These discoveries confirmed for the first time the existence of Iron Age, pre-Roman ironmaking, despite this, investigation and analysis were initially discouraged. Workers on the site were expressly forbidden from doing so, although the first discovery had in fact made by one. By the time the site was developed in 1970, attitudes had changed. Crawley began to develop slowly from the 13th century, when it was granted a charter for a market. Its ecclesiastical parish, centred on St John the Baptists Church, was tiny in comparison to neighbouring Worth, the parish had an unusual shape, very narrow, long from north to south, and gradually widening to the north until it met the county boundary with Surrey. This directed development northwards along the High Street, part of the ancient London to Brighton road which had provided the impetus for development to begin, the road was partly turnpiked after an Act of Parliament in 1696, and became fully turnpiked in 1770. By this time the distinction between the name London Road and Brighton Road had been made, and tollgates were built north and south of the town, Crawley was connected to the railway network in 1848 when a line was built from Three Bridges to Horsham. It crossed the High Street at a crossing at the south end of the built-up area
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