1.
Chairman
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The chairman is the highest officer of an organized group such as a board, a committee, or a deliberative assembly. The person holding the office is elected or appointed by the members of the group. The chair presides over meetings of the group and conducts its business in an orderly fashion. When the group is not in session, the officers duties include acting as its head, its representative to the outside world. In some organizations, this position is called president, in others, where a board appoints a president. Other terms sometimes used for the office and its holder include chair, chairperson, chairwoman, presiding officer, president, moderator, facilitator, the chairman of a parliamentary chamber is often called the speaker. The term chair is used in lieu of chairman, in response to criticisms that using chairman is sexist. In his 1992 State of the Union address, then-U. S, president George H. W. Bush used chairman for men and chair for women. A1994 Canadian study found the Toronto Star newspaper referring to most presiding men as chairman, the Chronicle of Higher Education uses chairman for men and chairperson for women. An analysis of the British National Corpus found chairman used 1,142 times, chairperson 130 times, the National Association of Parliamentarians does not approve using chairperson. In World Schools Style debating, male chairs are called Mr. Chairman, the FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication, as well as the American Psychological Association style guide, advocate using chair or chairperson, rather than chairman. The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style suggests that the forms are gaining ground. It advocates using chair to refer both to men and to women, the word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be in the chair and is referred to as the chair. Major dictionaries state that the word derives from chair and man, some authorities, however, including Riddicks Rules of Procedure, suggest that the second part of chairman derives from the Latin manus, and thus claim gender-neutrality for the word. Vladimir Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russia not as tsar or as president, note in particular the popular standard method for referring to Mao Zedong, Chairman Mao. In the absence of the chairman and vice chairman, groups sometimes elect a chairman pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting. In some organizations that have titles, deputy chairman ranks higher than vice chairman, as there are often multiple vice chairs
2.
Ad interim
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The Latin phrase ad interim means in the meantime or temporarily. A diplomatic officer who acts in place of an ambassador is called chargé daffaires ad interim, examples from classic literature, The abbreviation a. i. is used in job titles
3.
Director general
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It is commonly used in many countries worldwide, but often with different meanings. In most Australian states, the director-general is the most senior civil servant in any government department, in Victoria and the Australian Government, the equivalent position is the secretary of the department. A director general in the government is typically not the most senior civil servant in a department. Directors general typically report to a senior civil servant, such as an assistant deputy minister or associate deputy minister. Deputy ministers are the highest level bureaucrat within the Canadian civil service at the federal, provincial and territorial levels, deputy Ministers are not politicians but professional bureaucrats. Outside the federal, provincial and territorial civil services, some public sector such as school boards in Quebec use the title the director general. In the European Commission and the Council of the European Union and this is roughly equivalent to a British permanent secretary. In France, the similar word président-directeur général means the highest person in a company, from 2001 the two charges may be disjointed. The directeur général délégué has a similar to a chief operating officer. French ministries are divided in general directorates, sometimes named central directorates or simply directorates, headed respectively by a directeur général, a directeur central, or a directeur. In Germany, Generaldirektor may be used for the CEO of a large and established concern, corporation, company or enterprise, the title is, however, unofficial and by now largely out of use. Officially a GmbH has a Geschäftsführer and an Aktiengesellschaft a board of directors with a chairman. The term is used by German Institute Taipei, Germanys informal representative mission to the Republic of China. In India, there is a Director General of Police and Director General of Income Tax in each state, Indian Coast Guard is headed by Director General of Indian Coast Guard. In Italian provinces and greatest communes direttore generale is an administrative officer nominated by president of province or by mayor. The title of direttore generale is also given to the executive of an azienda sanitaria. The word Director-General was used in the Philippines as a Highest Rank Law Enforcer which means the head of law enforcement agency, the position exists for all Commonwealth of Independent States legal forms except for sole proprietorships. The general director is the executive body of a company
4.
Telephony
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The history of telephony is intimately linked to the invention and development of the telephone. The term is used frequently to refer to computer hardware, software, and computer network systems. In this context the technology is referred to as Internet telephony. The first telephones were connected directly in pairs, each user had a separate telephone wired to the locations he might wish to reach. This quickly became inconvenient and unmanageable when people wanted to communicate with more than a few people, the inventions of the telephone exchange provided the solution for establishing telephone connections with any other telephone in service in the local area. Each telephone was connected to the exchange via one wire pair, nearby exchanges in other service areas were connected with trunk lines and long distance service could be established by relaying the calls through multiple exchanges. Initially the switchboards were manually operated by an attendant, a switchboard operator, when a customer cranked a handle on the telephone, it turned on an indicator on the board in front of the operator who would plug the operator headset into that jack and offer service. The caller had to ask for the party by name, later by number. If the called station answered the operator disconnected their headset and completed the station-to-station circuit, trunk calls were made with the assistance of other operators at other exchangers in the network. In modern times, most telephones are plugged into telephone jacks, the jacks are connected by inside wiring to a drop wire which connects the building to a cable. Cables usually bring a number of drop wires from all over a district access network to one wire center or telephone exchange. Most of the exchanges in the world are interconnected through a system of larger switching systems, today, telephony uses digital technology in the provisioning of telephone services and systems. This advancement has reduced costs in communication, and improved the quality of voice services, the first implementation of this, ISDN, permitted all data transport from end-to-end speedily over telephone lines. This service was made much less important due to the ability to provide digital services based on the IP protocol. The integration of software and computer systems is a major development in the evolution of the automated office. The term is used in describing the services of call centers. Its also sometimes used to describe the ability to use your personal computer to initiate, CTI is not a new concept and has been used in the past in large telephone networks, but only dedicated call centers could justify the costs of the required equipment installation. Dialed Number Identification Service on a scale is wide enough for its implementation to bring value to business or residential telephone usage
5.
Internet access
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Internet access is the process that enables individuals and organisations to connect to the Internet using computer terminals, computers, mobile devices, sometimes via computer networks. Once connected to the Internet, users can access Internet services, such as email, Internet service providers offer Internet access through various technologies that offer a wide range of data signaling rates. Consumer use of the Internet first became popular through dial-up Internet access in the 1990s, by the first decade of the 21st century, many consumers in developed nations used faster, broadband Internet access technologies. By 2014 this was almost ubiquitous worldwide, with an average connection speed exceeding 4 Mbit/s. Use by a wider audience came in 1995 when restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic were lifted. LANs typically operated at 10 Mbit/s, while modem data-rates grew from 1200 bit/s in the early 1980s, initially, dial-up connections were made from terminals or computers running terminal emulation software to terminal servers on LANs. These dial-up connections did not support use of the Internet protocols. Broadband connections are made using a computers built in Ethernet networking capabilities. Most broadband services provide a continuous always on connection, there is no dial-in process required, made broadband Internet access a public policy issue. In 2000, most Internet access to homes was provided using dial-up, while many businesses, in 2000 there were just under 150 million dial-up subscriptions in the 34 OECD countries and fewer than 20 million broadband subscriptions. By 2004, broadband had grown and dial-up had declined so that the number of subscriptions were roughly equal at 130 million each, the broadband technologies in widest use are ADSL and cable Internet access. Newer technologies include VDSL and optical fibre extended closer to the subscriber in telephone and cable plants. In areas not served by ADSL or cable, some community organizations, Wireless and satellite Internet are often used in rural, undeveloped, or other hard to serve areas where wired Internet is not readily available. Newer technologies being deployed for fixed and mobile broadband access include WiMAX, LTE, starting in roughly 2006, mobile broadband access is increasingly available at the consumer level using 3G and 4G technologies such as HSPA, EV-DO, HSPA+, and LTE. Some libraries provide stations for physically connecting users laptops to local area networks, Wireless Internet access points are available in public places such as airport halls, in some cases just for brief use while standing. Some access points may also provide coin-operated computers, various terms are used, such as public Internet kiosk, public access terminal, and Web payphone. Many hotels also have public terminals, usually fee based and these services may be free to all, free to customers only, or fee-based. A Wi-Fi hotspot need not be limited to a location since multiple ones combined can cover a whole campus or park
6.
Digital television
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Digital television is the transmission of audio and video by digitally processed and multiplexed signal, in contrast to the totally analog and channel separated signals used by analog television. Digital TV can support more than one program in the channel bandwidth. It is a service that represents the first significant evolution in television technology since color television in the 1950s. Several regions of the world are in different stages of adaptation and are implementing different broadcasting standards and this standard has been adopted in Europe, Singapore, Australia and New Zealand. Advanced Television System Committee uses eight-level vestigial sideband for terrestrial broadcasting and this standard has been adopted by six countries, United States, Canada, Mexico, South Korea, Dominican Republic and Honduras. Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting is a designed to provide good reception to fixed receivers. It utilizes OFDM and two-dimensional interleaving and it supports hierarchical transmission of up to three layers and uses MPEG-2 video and Advanced Audio Coding. This standard has adopted in Japan and the Philippines. ISDB-T International is an adaptation of this standard using H. 264/MPEG-4 AVC that been adopted in most of South America and is also being embraced by Portuguese-speaking African countries. Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting adopts time-domain synchronous OFDM technology with a signal frame to serve as the guard interval of the OFDM block. The DTMB standard has adopted in the Peoples Republic of China, including Hong Kong. Digital TVs roots have been tied very closely to the availability of inexpensive and it wasnt until the 1990s that digital TV became a real possibility. S. Until June 1990, the Japanese MUSE standard—based on an analog system—was the front-runner among the more than 23 different technical concepts under consideration, then, an American company, General Instrument, demonstrated the feasibility of a digital television signal. This breakthrough was of significance that the FCC was persuaded to delay its decision on an ATV standard until a digitally based standard could be developed. In March 1990, when it became clear that a standard was feasible. The new ATV standard also allowed the new DTV signal to be based on new design principles. Although incompatible with the existing NTSC standard, the new DTV standard would be able to incorporate many improvements, the final standard adopted by the FCC did not require a single standard for scanning formats, aspect ratios, or lines of resolution. This outcome resulted from a dispute between the electronics industry and the computer industry over which of the two scanning processes—interlaced or progressive—is superior
7.
Net income
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In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
8.
Swisscom
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Swisscom AG is a major telecommunications provider in Switzerland. Its headquarters are located at Worblaufen near Bern, the Swiss Confederation owns 51.0 percent of Swisscom AG. As of the end of 2015, Swisscom had around 21,000 employees, the Swiss telegraph network was first set up in 1852, followed by telephones in 1877. The two networks were combined with the service in 1920 to form the PTT. The Swiss telecommunications market was deregulated in 1997, Telecom PTT was spun off and rebranded Swisscom ahead of a partial privatisation in 1998 which has left the Swiss government with a 51% stake. Besides pioneering the first mobile telephone network NATEL A, the present-day Swisscom owns the protected brand NATEL, 25% of Swisscom Mobile was sold to Vodafone in 2001. Since then Swisscom has bought a majority stake in Italys second-biggest telecom company Fastweb and invested in such as hospitality support, cloud services, mobile solutions. Switzerlands entry into the era came in 1851, with the passage of legislation giving the Swiss government control over development of a telegraph network throughout the country. The governments initial plans called for the creation of three primary lines, as well as a number of secondary networks. In order to build equipment for the system, the government established the Atelier Fédéral de Construction des Télégraphs, in July 1852, the first leg of the countrys telegraph system—between St. Gallen and Zurich—was operational. By the end of year, most of the countrys main cities had been connected to the telegraph system. In 1855, the network was extended with the first underwater cable, connecting Winkel-Stansstad, night service was also launched that year, starting in Basel, St. Gallen and Bellinzona. Telegraph traffic took off in the late 1860s after the government reduced the cost of a 20-word message in 1867, while telegraph traffic continued to rise in the following decade, the technology was soon to be replaced by the telephone. The following year, the government passed legislation establishing a monopoly on the telephone network. Nonetheless, private operators were allowed to bid for licenses in order to develop their local concessions, by 1880, Switzerlands first private network had been created in Zurich. This was a system with the capacity for 200 lines. The first directory was published that year and listed 140 subscribers. Basel, Bern, and Geneva all launched their own local networks between 1881 and 1882, one year later, the first inter-city telephone line was established, linking Zurichs private exchange with Winterthurs public system
9.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
10.
Landline
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A landline telephone refers to a phone that uses a metal wire or fibre optic telephone line for transmission as distinguished from a mobile cellular line, which uses radio waves for transmission. In 2003, the CIA reported approximately 1.263 billion main telephone lines worldwide, china had more than any other country at 350 million and the United States was second with 268 million. The United Kingdom has 23.7 million residential fixed homephones, the 2013 statistics show that the total number of fixed-telephone subscribers in the world was about 1.16 billion. The number of landline subscribers continuously decreases due to upgrades in digital technology, a fixed phone line can be hard-wired or cordless and typically refers to the operation of wireless devices or systems in fixed locations such as homes. Fixed wireless devices usually derive their power from the utility mains electricity, unlike mobile wireless or portable wireless. Although mobile and portable systems can be used in fixed locations, efficiency, mobile or portable, battery-powered wireless systems can be used as emergency backups for fixed systems in case of a power blackout or natural disaster. So-called leased lines are invariably of the type, the implications of a land line in this context are security and survivability. For example, a military headquarters might be linked to units by landline to ensure that communication remains possible even if the conventional telephone network is damaged or destroyed. Another example of this is in airports, all air traffic control towers have dedicated lines connected to the police, fire department, hospitals, army, etc. Deployed as a precaution in case of emergency, these can be used at any time, in many countries the landline has not been readily available to most people. In some countries in Africa, the rise in cell phones has outpaced any rise in landline telephones, between 1998 and 2008, Africa added only 2.4 million landlines. However, during this time the number of mobile phone lines that have been subscribed to has skyrocketed. Between 2000 and 2008, cell phone use has risen from less than 2 in 100 people to 33 out of 100. In developing countries it is difficult to install landline copper that is accessible to everyone than it is to install mobile wireless towers that people can connect to from anywhere. In the early 21st century, the telephone has declined due to the advancement of mobile network technology. Some see this happening as soon as the year 2025, in 2004, only about 45% of people in the United States between the ages of 12 and 17 owned cell phones. At that time, they had to rely on landline telephones, in just 4 years time, that percentage climbed to about 71%. That same year,2008, about 77% of adults owned a mobile phone, in the year 2013, 91% of adults in the United States owned a mobile phone
11.
Fiber to the x
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Fiber to the x is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the local loop used for last mile telecommunications. As fiber optic cables are able to much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances. FTTX is a generalization for several configurations of fibre deployment, arranged into two groups, FTTP/FTTH/FTTB and FTTC/N, the telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct FTTX configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are, FTTP, This term is used either as a term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where the fiber network includes both homes and small businesses. FTTH, Fiber reaches the boundary of the space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home. Passive optical networks and point-to-point Ethernet are architectures that deliver services over FTTH networks directly from an operators central office. FTTD, Fiber connection is installed from the computer room to a terminal or fiber media converter near the users desk. FTTO, Fiber connection is installed from the main computer room/core switch to a special mini-switch located at the user´s workstation or service points and this mini-switch provides Ethernet services to end user devices via standard twisted pair patch cords. The switches are located all over the building, but managed from one central point. FTTE and FTTZ are not considered part of the FTTX group of technologies, FTTF This is very similar to FTTB. In a fiber to the front yard scenario, each fiber node serves a single subscriber and this allows for multi-gigabit speeds using XG-fast technology. The fiber node may be reverse-powered by the subscriber modem, FTTN is often an interim step toward full FTTH and is typically used to deliver advanced triple-play telecommunications services. FTTC is occasionally ambiguously called FTTP, leading to confusion with the distinct fiber-to-the-premises system, the FTTH Councils do not have formal definitions for FTTC and FTTN. While fiber optic cables can carry data at speeds over long distances, copper cables used in traditional telephone lines. For example, the form of gigabit Ethernet runs over relatively economical category 5e, category 6 or augmented category 6 unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling. However,1 Gbit/s ethernet over fiber can easily reach tens of kilometres, therefore, FTTP has been selected by every major communications provider in the world to carry data over long 1 Gbit/s symmetrical connections directly to consumer homes. FTTP configurations that bring fiber directly into the building can offer the highest speeds since the segments can use standard ethernet or coaxial cable. Google Fiber provides speed of 1 Gbit/s, still, the type and length of employed fibers chosen, e. g. multimode vs. single-mode, are critical for applicability for future connections of over 1 Gbit/s
12.
Borsa Italiana
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Borsa Italiana S. p. A. based in Milan, is Italys stock exchange. It manages and organises domestic market, regulating procedures for admission and listing of companies and intermediaries, following exchange privatisation in 1997, the Company was established and became effective since January 2,1998. It is now a subsidiary of the London Stock Exchange Group plc since June 23,2007, in 2015, overall capitalisation for listed company on Borsa Italiana was worth €465Bln, representing % of Italian GDP. Borsa Italiana is also known as Piazza Affari, after the city square of Milan where its headquarters is located. Borsa Italiana is chaired by Andrea Sironi while Raffaele Jerusalmi serves as CEO, the two, moreover, are also both members of the Board of Directors of London Stock Exchange Group. The Borsa di commercio di Milano was established by Eugène de Beauharnais, viceroy of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, in March 2016, the London Stock Exchange Group announced it had agree to merge in an all-stock deal with Deutsche Borse. Borsa Italiana acts as a management firm operating with autonomy. It organises and manages the domestic market along with Italian. Among its leading tasks, Borsa Italiana supervises listed companies, defining rules for admission and listings, major trading markets for Borsa Italiana are, MTA, the leading equity market, which is devoted to mid and large-size companies
13.
Optical fiber
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An optical fiber or optical fibre is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that of a human hair. Fibers are also used for illumination, and are wrapped in bundles so that they may be used to carry images, thus allowing viewing in confined spaces, as in the case of a fiberscope. Specially designed fibers are used for a variety of other applications, some of them being fiber optic sensors. Optical fibers typically include a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding material with an index of refraction. Light is kept in the core by the phenomenon of internal reflection which causes the fiber to act as a waveguide. Fibers that support many propagation paths or transverse modes are called multi-mode fibers, multi-mode fibers generally have a wider core diameter and are used for short-distance communication links and for applications where high power must be transmitted. Single-mode fibers are used for most communication links longer than 1,000 meters, being able to join optical fibers with low loss is important in fiber optic communication. This is more complex than joining electrical wire or cable and involves careful cleaving of the fibers, precise alignment of the cores. For applications that demand a permanent connection a fusion splice is common, in this technique, an electric arc is used to melt the ends of the fibers together. Another common technique is a splice, where the ends of the fibers are held in contact by mechanical force. Temporary or semi-permanent connections are made by means of specialized optical fiber connectors, the field of applied science and engineering concerned with the design and application of optical fibers is known as fiber optics. The term was coined by Indian physicist Narinder Singh Kapany who is acknowledged as the father of fiber optics. Guiding of light by refraction, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon, John Tyndall included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London,12 years later. When the ray passes from water to air it is bent from the perpendicular. If the angle which the ray in water encloses with the perpendicular to the surface be greater than 48 degrees, the angle which marks the limit where total reflection begins is called the limiting angle of the medium. For water this angle is 48°27′, for flint glass it is 38°41′, unpigmented human hairs have also been shown to act as an optical fiber. Practical applications, such as close internal illumination during dentistry, appeared early in the twentieth century, image transmission through tubes was demonstrated independently by the radio experimenter Clarence Hansell and the television pioneer John Logie Baird in the 1920s. The principle was first used for medical examinations by Heinrich Lamm in the following decade
14.
Internet Protocol
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The Internet Protocol is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet, IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered and it also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information. The Internet protocol suite is often referred to as TCP/IP. The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol Version 4, is the dominant protocol of the Internet and its successor is Internet Protocol Version 6. The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing hosts and for routing datagrams from a source host to a destination host across one or more IP networks. For this purpose, the Internet Protocol defines the format of packets, each datagram has two components, a header and a payload. The IP header is tagged with the source IP address, the destination IP address, the payload is the data that is transported. This method of nesting the data payload in a packet with a header is called encapsulation, IP addressing entails the assignment of IP addresses and associated parameters to host interfaces. The address space is divided into networks and subnetworks, involving the designation of network or routing prefixes, IP routing is performed by all hosts, as well as routers, whose main function is to transport packets across network boundaries. Routers communicate with one another via specially designed routing protocols, either interior gateway protocols or exterior gateway protocols, IP routing is also common in local networks. For example, many Ethernet switches support IP multicast operations and these switches use IP addresses and Internet Group Management Protocol to control multicast routing but use MAC addresses for the actual routing. The versions currently relevant are IPv4 and IPv6, in May 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers published a paper entitled A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication. The papers authors, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, described a protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes. A central control component of this model was the Transmission Control Program that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts, the model became known as the Department of Defense Internet Model and Internet protocol suite, and informally as TCP/IP. IP versions 0 to 3 were experimental versions, used between 1977 and 1979, IEN26, dated February 1978 describes a version of the IP header that uses a 1-bit version field. IEN28, dated February 1978 describes IPv2, IEN41, dated June 1978 describes the first protocol to be called IPv4. The IP header is different from the modern IPv4 header, IEN44, dated June 1978 describes another version of IPv4, also with a header different from the modern IPv4 header
15.
Hutchison 3G
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The company was founded in 2002. CK Hutchison Holdings owns direct majority interests in the companies operate the networks that are branded 3. These networks are majority-owned by Hutchison Asia Telecommunications, an owned subsidiary of CK Hutchison. Its operations in Europe are run by a division,3 Group Europe. All 3-branded networks provide 4G and 3G technology, Hutchison Whampoa no longer holds a 3G licence in Israel which was operated under the brand Orange, and in Norway which is not operational yet. As of 30 June 2015, registered 3 customers worldwide numbered over 30.1 million, besides that,3 UK and also 3 Ireland initially made the decision to block direct Internet access from handsets, while 3 Austria allowed access to the Internet since the beginning. In 2004,3 released a PC Card 3G Data Card for Windows-based laptops which allows Internet access through 3s network directly from the computer, accompanied by a range of data, later, more cards and USB modems for HSDPA were introduced. The phones were sold exclusively by 3 on contract and on a prepaid basis,3 also produced an application called Skype on 3 which brought the same functionality to S60 and J2ME-capable phones. 3 does not charge users for calls to this number and this service is available in Australia, Ireland and the UK, it has been discontinued in Austria, Denmark, Hong Kong, Italy and Sweden. A company called iSkoot was behind at least some of the clients and back-end servers and it appears this shutdown initially affected the J2ME version and some Skypephones, but some S60 versions were not affected. Skype have started sending emails indicating the Skype on 3 service will be terminated on 30 September 2014, in spite of Threes original free for life advertising. The recommended clients for smartphones will use the data connection which may be liable to charges, instead of the dedicated access number used by the client. This also allows users to use their free or inclusive bundles and allowances while abroad, however, pre-pay customers do not benefit fully, as they can not yet use each 3 branded network for 3 Like Home. 3 Australia confirm that calls made using 3 Like Home are not included in any cap plan or inclusive bundles and this arrangement is possible because of the roaming agreements between the networks. Each of the networks provides service to other partners networks free of roaming charges. This means that the marginal cost of a call is much the same as a call on the home network. At the end of April 2009,3 UK announced that 3 Like Home would no longer be available to customers of the 3 UK network from 30 June 2009, on 7 April 2010,3 Sweden announced that 3 Like Home would be discontinued on 23 May 2010. No cancellation announcements have yet made for customers of other 3 networks
16.
Telecom Italia
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Telecom Italia is an Italian telecommunications company headquartered in Rome, which provides telephony services, mobile services, and DSL data services. The companys stock is traded in the Borsa Italiana, in 1925, the phone network was reorganised by Benito Mussolini cabinet and Stipel company was established in the same year. The original core of Telecom Italia includes also 4 more different companies, TIMO, Teti, TELVE, each of them worked in a specific geographical area. It was in 1964 that these companies merged in one single group and it was run by the Italian Ministry of Finance. SIP was a monopoly from 1964 to 1996 and Italian people had to pay the Canone Telecom in order to have a phone at home. Telecom Italia was officially created on 27 July 1994 by the merger of several telecommunication companies among which SIP, Iritel, Italcable, Telespazio and this was due to a plan of reorganization of the telecommunication sector presented by IRI to the Minister of Finance. In 1995, the mobile telephony division was spun off as TIM, interbusiness, Italy’s largest Internet network, was created and in the same period with TIN and the first ISPs, Internet became a reality in Italy too. By 2001, the company was in debt and was bought by Marco Tronchetti Provera, Telecom Italia Media, the Groups multimedia company was formed in 2003 from Seat Pagine Gialle, focussing its business on the television sector with La7 and MTV channels. After the reorganization of editorial activities, in 2005 Telecom Italia acquired Tin. it, the Telecom Italia Group also operates in South America, in Brazil as TIM Brasil, and in Argentina and Paraguay with Telecom Argentina Group. TIM Brasil has its headquarters in Rio de Janeiro. Telecom Italia had bigger debts in 2005, and, one year later, in 2007 the company was bought by Telco. Telefónica currently owns 46% of Telco, the company that controls 22% of Telecom Italia. In late 2013, Telefónica announced its intention to acquire the entirety of Telco by January 2014, in 2015, Telecom Italia Group started a rebranding process of the telephony and mobile businesses under the single TIM brand. In the same year, the Board of Directors approved the new division, the Infrastrutture Wireless Italiane, or INWIT. It was revealed in October 2015 that shareholders Vivendi would raise their stakes further in the company from its current level of 15. 49%, Telecom Italia Mobile illegally charged money for Internet providing renew subscriptions for 5 years to its customers during the free subscription renewals. On 8 August 2012, TIM Brasil became involved in a scandal in Brazilian news after the release of report by the Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency Anatel. The report points that on TIMs prepaid voice plan, called Infinity, in just one day,8.1 million calls were dropped and the total profit was approximately $2 million. It also operates in international services, for other operators and corporations
17.
Vodafone Italy
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Vodafone Italia is a fully owned subsidiary of Vodafone Group plc. In December 1995, Omnitel Pronto Italia launched its services in Italy, Omnitel was a mobile operator and Infostrada was a fixed-line operator. They belonged to Olivetti and represented the first telephone alternative to monopolists TIM, original majority owner Olivetti sold its interest in Omnitel and Infostrada to the German consortium Mannesmann after Olivettis took control of Telecom Italia, and thus TIM, in 1999. Mannesmann took control of Omnitel with a 53. 7% equity stake, the following year, Vodafone purchased Mannesmann, thus taking control of Omnitel and creating the joint-stock company Vodafone Omnitel N. V. legally resident in the Netherlands. Vodafone Italy introduced the new Speechmark Logo only on 10 June 2007, the company slogan varied from that of the international Vodafone campaign and was Life is NOW, but now is the same global one power to you. The company website was known as 190. it as 190 is the customer care number for Vodafone Italy, starting from July 2008, the company URL has been changed from 190. it to vodafone. it. The companys spokesmodel from 1999 to 2006, for both Omnitel and Vodafone, was Australian model Megan Gale, which rose to fame thanks to these advertisings, since taking over the company, Vodafone has introduced its suite of services in Italy, such as Vodafone live. And UTMS/HSPDA services, and has collaborated in partnership to launch of Mobile virtual network operators for other corporations, in 2007, like in Spain, Vodafone Italy bought the Italian branch of Tele2, renaming later as TeleTu in 2010, adding fixed-line network offers. On 16 December 2013, Vodafone Omnitel N. V. changed its name to Vodafone Omnitel B. V. and became a limited liability company. On 23 November 2015, Vodafone Omnitel B. V. moved its legal residence back to Italy, changing its name to Vodafone Italia S. p. A. and becoming a joint-stock company again. The mobile network of Vodafone Italy is made from 19.039 physical sites, of these, about 90 operators allow you to reach the 4G-LTE coverage in 70 countries worldwide. Thanks to the use of,1.210 sites ULL and 270 sites SLU17
18.
WIND (Italy)
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Wind Telecomunicazioni SpA is an Italian telecom operator which offers integrated mobile, fixed and Internet services. Wind Italy has 21.6 million mobile customers with a share of 22. 9% and 2.8 million customers on fixed lines with a market share of 13. 2%. The company serves through a network of 159 owned stores and around 498 exclusive franchised outlets under the WIND brand, Wind was established in 1997 by the Italian Electrical Company Enel, which sold Wind in 2005 to Wind Telecom S. p. A. In 2006 the group appointed Khaled Bichara as the Chief Operating Officer of the company, Wind was the third mobile operator to join the Italian market. Wind currently runs a GSM, GPRS, EDGE, UMTS, HSPA, while the GSM/GPRS/EDGE network is available almost everywhere, UMTS, HSPA and LTE are still expanding in the country. Wind has been also the provider for Italy of i-mode. In April 2013, Wind announced it would be investing $1.3 billion on building a mobile broadband network to catch-up with its rivals Telecom Italia. In 2009, it launched a project named 10decimi which was meant to facilitate the communication between donors and the charities they support, the venture won them the Lombard Elite - The Milan Finance Company award for their dedication to Corporate Social Responsibility. In 2015, it was awarded the title of Telecommunications Operator of the Year in Italy, Wind was the main sponsor of A. S. Wind Hellas Wind Telecom, parent company, Wind Mobile, a Canadian company that licenses the WIND brand Official website
19.
BT Italia
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BT in Italy is represented by BT Italia, which is the second largest business telecommunication operator in the Italian market, controlling an 11% share. The captive business kick-started Albacoms presence in the Italian TLC market, in 2006, BT won a multi-year worldwide outsourcing contract with FIAT, that included the purchase of Atlanet, FIATs TLC venture. Atlanet was then merged with Albacom to become BT Italia, in 2007, BT made a public offer to purchase 100% of I. NETs capital, acknowledging a plan to merge the company into BT Italia and delisting the resulting company
20.
Lycamobile
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Lycamobile is a mobile virtual network operator operating in 21 countries worldwide. The bulk of Lycamobile revenue is claimed to be generated from Lycamobiles SIM products, Lycatel, also a part of Lyca Group, serves its growing base of customers within expatriate and ethnic global niche segments that want to make international calls. Lycamobile sells international Pay-As-You-Go SIM cards to consumers wanting to make telephone calls. An MVNO leases radio frequency from mobile network operators and it forms partnerships with the operators in each country it serves. Lycamobile has also developed distinct business structures such as MVNA arrangements in different countries and it has often adopted an aggressive pricing strategy on entry to new markets in order to acquire early market share. In some instances, MNO partners of Lycamobile have been surprised by the actual rather than their own projected estimated growth of Lycamobiles products. In 2015 Lycamobile renewed a multi-year MVNO deal with O2 The Lycamobile brand concept was launched in 2005 with the first trading using the brand taking place in 2006, since its launch in the Netherlands in 2006, Lycamobile has more than 15 million Pay-As-You-Go customers worldwide. In 2015, PC Magazines mobile analyst advised US customers to take a look at some of the smaller virtual carriers which may offer better service or more customized plans such as Lycamobile. The brand, like its parent, is aimed at those who wish to make national and international calls on a Pay-As-You-Go basis. Lycatel offers online sales of calling cards and direct sales through the Lycateleshop. The Lycatel brand is not itself used as a card brand name. The most popular brands of Lycatel calling cards include Africa Tel, Cobra, Eurocity, One+One, Spicy Tel, Supertel, Unitel, Viper, each calling card brand features different calling rates to different destinations with some being more suited to single use. Others are more suited to use but will feature a higher standard rate for each call placed. Whilst there is a level of confusion between pricing, Lycatels underlying charges are significantly less than connecting international calls in a conventional sense. The Lycatel brand has been in existence since 2001 although its early ownership, wholesalers in turn sell onto retailers who then sell primarily to expatriate customers who want to make low-cost international calls. Although the calling card market is considered to be in decline with the arrival of mobile telephony. The Lycatalk brand is part of the Lyca family of brands. Lycatalk has less prominence than the Lycatel and Lycamobile brands but has a structured product with no set up fees or other maintenance charges
21.
Tiscali
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Tiscali s. p. a. is an Italian telecommunications company, based in Cagliari, Sardinia, that provides internet and telecommunications services to its domestic market. It previously had operations in other European nations through its acquisition of many smaller European Internet Service Providers in the late 1990s, Tiscali was created in January 1998 in Cagliari by Renato Soru, following the deregulation of Italian telephone system. The company owes its name to a Sardinian mountain at which remains of an ancient village were found, from March 1999 onward, Tiscali offered Tiscali Free Net, a subscription-free Internet service where customers only had to pay for the time they were online. This pushed other Italian providers to repeal their fixed subscription fees, on October 1999, the company went though an initial public offering to be traded on the Italian stock exchange at a share price of 46 Euros. 3,098,000 shares were offered to investors of which 2,658,000 shares were created through a capital increase, Soru made 20,240,000 Euros on the IPO. In 2012, the price per share had plummeted to 0.04 Euros, between 2001 and 2003, shares were also traded on the French stock exchange. Each of Tiscalis regional companies offer services, which may include broadband internet access. Between 2007 and 2008, Tiscali briefly operated an IPTV service in Italy and its UK television service, Tiscali TV was acquired by TalkTalk in 2009. In May 2009, its IP/MPLS backbone counted 90 Points of Presence and extended over 17 European countries and across the United States and its Autonomous System was a core ASN in the global Internet routing table, as well as the largest IPv6 backbone outside Asia. The network was sold to the Italian private equity firm BS Private Equity SpA on 27 May 2009, and renamed Tinet. Tiscali ran similar web portals for each of its countries, which features such as webmail, reviews, news, videos, dating, chat, radio, TV guide, streaming TV channels. Tiscali published a web browser of the same name which was distributed with its dial-up Internet packages. It was produced by UltraBrowser and used the core of Microsofts Internet Explorer to display web pages, the software has not been included in installation packages since Tiscalis corporate rebranding in 2004. Tiscali offered dial-up Internet access in Finland under service name Surfeu, Tiscali Campus in Cagliari has 1,000 employees. The center includes a development division for Internet technologies where researchers like Antonio Tuzzi, Luca Manunza, beginning in 2004, Tiscali sold off many of its regional sub-companies to native telecommunications operators in order to focus more on prime target areas. On 16 August 2004, Tiscali sold its Austrian branch, Tiscali Österreich GmbH, on 20 August 2004, Tiscali sold its South African branch, Tiscali, to MWEB Holdings Ltd. On 23 August 2004, Tiscali sold its Norwegian branch, Tiscali AS, on 30 August 2004, Tiscali sold its Swedish counterpart, Tiscali AB, to Spray Network AB, then a subsidiary of Lycos. On 16 September 2004, Tiscali sold its Swiss counterpart, Tiscali AG, on 19 October 2004, Tiscali sold its South African mobile telephone network, Tiscali Mobile, to Vodacom
22.
Cable television
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This contrasts with broadcast television, in which the television signal is transmitted over the air by radio waves and received by a television antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, telephone services, and similar non-television services may also be provided through these cables, analog television was standard in the 20th century, but since the 2000s, cable systems have been upgraded to digital cable operation. A cable channel is a television network available via cable television, alternative terms include non-broadcast channel or programming service, the latter being mainly used in legal contexts. Examples of cable/satellite channels/cable networks available in many countries are HBO, MTV, Cartoon Network, E. Eurosport, the abbreviation CATV is often used for cable television. It originally stood for Community Access Television or Community Antenna Television, in areas where over-the-air TV reception was limited by distance from transmitters or mountainous terrain, large community antennas were constructed, and cable was run from them to individual homes. The origins of cable broadcasting for radio are even older as radio programming was distributed by cable in some European cities as far back as 1924, Cable television has gone through a series of steps of evolution in the United States and Canada. Particularly in Canada, communities with their own signals were fertile cable markets, as viewers wanted to receive American signals. Early systems carried only a maximum of seven channels, using 2,4,5 or 6,7,9,11 and 13, as the equipment was unable to confine the signal discreetly within the assigned channel bandwidth. The reason 4 and 5 along with 6 and 7 could be used together was because of the 4 MHz gap between 4 and 5 and the nearly 90 MHz gap between 6 and 7. Even though eight channels are listed, in systems that maximized 7 channels. As equipment improved, all channels could be utilized, except where a local VHF television station broadcast. Local broadcast channels were not usable for signals deemed to be priority, later, the cable operators began to carry FM radio stations, and encouraged subscribers to connect their FM stereo sets to cable. Before stereo and bilingual TV sound became common, Pay-TV channel sound was added to the FM stereo cable line-ups, about this time, operators expanded beyond the 12-channel dial to use the midband and superband VHF channels adjacent to the high band 7-13 of North American television frequencies. Some operators as in Cornwall, Ontario, used a dual distribution network with Channels 2-13 on each of the two cables, during the 1980s, United States regulations not unlike public, educational, and government access created the beginning of cable-originated live television programming. These stations evolved partially into todays over-the-air digital subchannels, where a main broadcast TV station e. g, many live local programs with local interests were subsequently created all over the United States in most major television markets in the early 1980s. This evolved into todays many cable-only broadcasts of diverse programming, including cable-only produced television movies and miniseries, Cable specialty channels, starting with channels oriented to show movies and large sporting or performance events, diversified further, and narrowcasting became common. By the late 1980s, cable-only signals outnumbered broadcast signals on cable systems, by the mid-1980s in Canada, cable operators were allowed by the regulator to enter into distribution contracts with cable networks on their own. By the 1990s, tiers became common, with customers able to subscribe to different tiers to obtain different selections of additional channels above the basic selection, by subscribing to additional tiers, customers could get specialty channels, movie channels, and foreign channels
23.
Satellite television
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A direct-broadcast satellite is a type of artificial satellite which usually broadcasts satellite television signals for home reception. The type of satellite television which uses direct-broadcast satellites is known as direct-broadcast satellite television or direct-to-home television and these services were to use the D-Mac and D2-Mac format and BSS frequencies with circular polarization from orbital positions allocated to each country. Before these DBS satellites, home satellite television in Europe was limited to a few channels, really intended for cable distribution, in 1977, the ITU adopted an international BSS Plan under which each country was allocated specific frequencies at specific orbital locations for domestic service. Over the years, this plan has been modified to, for example, accommodate new countries, increase coverage areas, at present, numerous countries have brought into use their BSS Plan allocations. By contrast, the term DTH can apply to similar services transmitted over a range of frequencies transmitted from satellites that are not part of any internationally planned band. The term DBS is often used interchangeably with DTH to cover both analog and digital video and audio services received by relatively small dishes, a DBS service usually refers to either a commercial service, or a group of free channels available from one orbital position targeting one country. In certain regions of the world, especially in North America, DBS is used to refer to providers of subscription satellite packages, the second commercial DBS service, Sky Television plc, was launched in 1989. Sky TV started as a four-channel free-to-air analogue service on the Astra 1A satellite, by 1991, Sky had changed to a conditional access pay model, and it launched a digital service, Sky Digital, in 1998, with analogue transmission ceasing in 2001. Since the DBS nomenclature is used in the UK or Ireland. News Corporation has a 32% stake in BSkyB, PrimeStar began transmitting an analog service to North America in 1991, and was joined by DirecTV, in 1994. At the time, DirecTVs introduction was the most successful consumer electronics debut in American history, although PrimeStar transitioned to a digital system in 1994, it was ultimately unable to compete with DirecTV, which required a smaller satellite dish and could deliver more programming. DirecTV purchased PrimeStar in 1999 and moved all of that subscribers to DirecTV equipment. In 2008, Liberty Media Corporation purchased News Corporations controlling interest in DirecTV, in 1996, EchoStars Dish Network went online in the United States and, as DirecTVs primary competitor, achieved similar success. AlphaStar also started but soon went under, astro was also started, using a direct broadcast satellite system. Dominion Video Satellite Inc. s Sky Angel launched on a platform in the United States in 1996, with its DBS service geared toward the faith. It grew from six to 36 television and radio channels of entertainment, Christian-inspirational programming. Dominion, under its corporate name Video Satellite Systems Inc. Sky Angel, although a separate and independent DBS service, used the satellites, transmission facilities
24.
Destiny Cable
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Destiny Cable is a direct-to-home cable television subscription service based in Quezon City. Destiny Cable is the 2nd largest cable TV provider in the Philippines and it is owned by Sky Cable Corporation. And allowed to provide television services to Metro Manila and nearby municipalities, cities and provinces. Destiny Cable Inc. embarked on marketing promotion through Solid Group Inc. by offering bundled services, in November 2000 Destiny Cable formed a partnership with Global Cable to further strengthen and systematize its cable television ventures. However, it was only on late 2003 that the name was changed to Global Destiny Cable. Global Destiny Cable is perceived to be the closest competitor of Sky Cable the Philippines largest cable TV company in Metro Manila, both have their own associates all over the country and both offer high-speed cable Internet service to its respective subscribers. Global Destiny Cable has been reverted to Destiny Cable after separation from Global Cable, on November 15,2012 Destiny Cable headquarters moved from Solid House Building in Makati City to Sky Cables headquarters in Quezon City. The NTC approved Skys acquisition on December 18,2012
25.
Ethio telecom
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Ethio telecom, previously known as the Ethiopian Telecommunications Corporation, is an integrated telecommunications services provider in Ethiopia, providing internet and telephone services. Ethio telecom is owned by the Ethiopian government and maintains a monopoly over all services in Ethiopia. Ethio telecom was managed, on a management contract arrangement from 2010 to 2013 June, by France Télécom, the government said it outsourced the management as ETC was not able to meet the demands of the fast-growing country. It also said that services would not be privatized, at least not in the near future. Ethio telecom generates a revenue of over US$300 million for the Ethiopian government, originally a division of the Ministry of Post, Telephone and Telegraph, what would become the ETC was established as the Imperial Board of Telecommunications of Ethiopia by proclamation No. On November 1996, the Ethiopian Telecommunications Authority became ETC by Council of Ministers regulation No, the subsequent Proclamation 49/1996 expanded the ETCs duties and responsibilities. For its international links and communication services, ETC mainly uses its earth station at Sululta which transmits. In late 2006, the ETC signed an agreement worth US$1 and it is part of a larger US$2.4 billion plan by the Ethiopian government to improve the country’s telecommunications infrastructure. According to reports by the OpenNet Initiative and Freedom House, the Ethiopian government through Ethio telecom imposes nationwide, most blocked sites are those run by Ethiopians in the diaspora who are highly critical of the government, however, Ethio telecom has also intermittently blocked access to other sites. In 2008, the Committee to Protect Journalists site was blocked for months after it reported the arrest. For almost two years following the 2005 elections, Ethio telecom, which is also the telephone provider in the country. The government accused the Coalition for Unity and Democracy, the largest electoral opposition at the time, Ethio telecom resumed messaging service in September 2007. Telecommunications in Ethiopia Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation website GSM coverage
26.
Foxtel
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Foxtel is an Australian pay television company, operating a duopoly in cable television, a monopoly in direct broadcast satellite television, and IPTV catch-up services. It was formed in 1995 through a joint venture established between News Corporation and Telstra, both of the owning companies are 50% shareholders. It shares many features with the Sky service in the United Kingdom, including iQ, the program guide, a similar remote control. On 23 October 1995, Foxtel commenced a 20 channel service, in May 1998, Australis Media, the owner of a satellite television service known as Galaxy, was declared insolvent. In February 1999, Foxtel began offering its own service to new customers. Publishing and Broadcasting Limited bought half of News Corporations shares in October 1998, in 2002, a Content Sharing Agreement between Foxtel and Optus Television was approved by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. The Austar shares have been suspended on the ASX as of 16 April 2012, the takeover was completed on 24 May 2012. News Corporation acquired Consolidated Media Holdings in November 2012, bringing its stake to 50%, on 15 June 2015, Foxtel officially agreed to buyout 15% shares in Ten Network Holdings, pending the approval from the ACCC. Prior to the acquisition, Discovery backed out from bidding partnership with Foxtel, as of 2012, Fox Sports channels, in particular Fox Footy, average between 90,000 and 300,000 + viewers for NRL/AFL matches throughout the week. The highest rated light entertainment shows are The Simpsons most weeknights on Fox8 with around 110,000 viewers, A&E has also recorded healthy audience numbers for its TruTV & A&E US syndicated shows from the US – Pawn Stars, Hardcore Pawn, and Storage Wars. BBC UKTV also consistently rates well with British soaps EastEnders and Coronation Street, Foxtel transmits its cable service via Telstra hybrid fibre-coaxial cable into the Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth metropolitan areas, along with the Gold Coast. Foxtel on Mobile launched on Telstras Next G Network in late 2006 and is now available within Telstra Next G coverage areas, in 2002, Foxtel and Optus Television agreed to a content-sharing arrangement. Programming competition between the two companies has now dissipated, prior to its acquisition by Foxtel in 2011, Austar, a regional pay television operator, also carried most Foxtel programming. In April 2008, Foxtels penetration into Australian homes passed 30% and this penetration rate is significantly lower compared with market penetration rates in the US and in Western Europe. This is due to the fact that Australian pay-TV fees are significantly more expensive, Foxtel announced its maiden annual profit in 2006, more than 10 years after it commenced services. The installation and maintenance of Foxtel services is Telstras responsibility, in many markets Telstra has outsourced installation and maintenance to large communications contractors, including ABB Communications and Siemens-Thiess Communications Joint Venture. In 2007, Network Ten formed an agreement with Foxtel to allow them to carry a version of Tens programming. Included in the deal is electronic program guide data, which allows Foxtel iQ users to schedule recordings on Ten, before the agreement, Ten was carried in an analogue format on cable only
27.
Hathway
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Hathway Cable & Datacom Ltd, initially known as BITV Cable Networks, is a cable television service operator in India based in Mumbai. It was acquired by Hathway Investments Pvt Ltd in 1999 and it has large operations in many cities, including Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Bangalore, Indore and in 2013 Kolkata. It has diversified into providing Internet access via cable and was one of the first to do so in Chennai in 1999–2000, in India, it was the first company to provide Internet using the CATV network. Hathway Broadband Internet was the first cable ISP in India, the company has a 51 percent stake in Divya Bhaskers Bhasker Multinet and in Gujarat Telelinks P L. This gives it a position in Gujarat CATV. In 2006, Hathway was the first cable operator to launch a digital platform in India, in the second half of 2011, Hathway launched its HD services in Mumbai, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Indore, Kolkata in 2013, Gujarat, and Odisha in 2015. The new HD DVR set-top box initially provided eight HD channels, with this addition, Hathway HD is now the provider with most HD channels in its bouquet in India. Hathway Broadband Internet was one of the earliest cable ISP services in Indian cities of Delhi, Mumbai, Indore, Bhopal, Lucknow, as of 2013, The maximum speed provided is up to 50 Mbit/s. It uses Cisco Systemss Docsis 3 technology in three cities, where the speeds are 50 Mbit/s and it has around 11 million subscribers, out of which around 1.77 million have the availability of broadband. Out of this, about 430,000 subscribers are using Hathways broadband services, Hathway is set to release its digital video recorder service soon, powered by NDS XTV
28.
Hot (Israel)
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Hot Telecommunication Systems Ltd. is a company that provides cable television, last-mile Internet access, broadband and telecommunication services in Israel. It also provides various data services and network services at different rates, services to the business sector. In November 2004, Hot Telecom commenced providing domestic fixed line services to residential. The company’s shares are traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and is a constitute of the TA-100 Index, in March 2013, the company employed 3,958 workers. The three original companies had not competed with each other since each had been regulated with specific cities, Hot offers about 200 local and foreign-language channels in its digital television services. Hot also offers several exclusive channels under the Hot brand name, many HOT subscribers must now have a digital converter box installed if they wish to view broadcasts. Not long after it was created, Hot began offering local service using VoIP, a voice-over-internet technology. Hot is not an Internet service provider and is permitted to offer last mile access. As of 2006, Hot has about 950,000 clients - 60% of these are using the television services, over 400,000 are using the internet services. As of late 2005, Hot offers a wide VOD service, offering contents from almost all channels, Hot also has a start over service in a few of Hot owned channels, as of 2008. In December 2010, Hot received a license to operate an Internet service provider in the form of a child company, Hot has been criticized for refusing to provide service to certain areas of Israel, despite being bound by contract to do so. Regions especially lacking are those that are predominantly Haredi and Arab-Israeli, patients in area hospitals who wish to make use of internet services provided via Hot are charged 20 shekels a day. Hot has been accused of using extortionist tactics in its service, including refusal to log customer requests to cancel service. HOT3 - The main channel of Hot, which airs US shows, yes - the competing satellite television provider. Official website Hot TV Guide Cable Internet – support site Hot Customer Service Hot Customer Service stories List of Hot channels
29.
Inwi
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INWI formerly known as Wana is a telecommunication company in Morocco established in 1999. It is the third most important telecommunication company in Morocco, initially founded by Karim Zaz, Maroc Connect started marketing its Internet services representing the brand Wanadoo, using the name Wana for a few years. The company was controlled by the Moroccan conglomerate ONA, with the Zain of Kuwait holding about 32% of equity since 2009. Following an agreement with the consortium Kuwaiti Zain / Ajial,2.85 billion were invested in exchange for 32% of the new company, on February 24,2010, the former ONA WANA brand was given a face-lift, change of name, corporate identity and strategy. Claims to have EDGE and 2G coverage in 45% of the country, with prepaid, the service was started on February 7,2007 breaking a record of subscriptions to its services,24000 in one day. With about 2 million customers, is the operator with 3G license. With an offer of Tic Tac INWI introduced per second billing from the first second, furthermore, the rate is only 0.07 cents per second for all operators and at any time. The prepaid BlackBerry services in the SIM card to 20 dirhams, more than 50,000 in all Morocco
30.
NayaTel
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NayaTel is a fiber to the home services provider based in Islamabad, Pakistan and is a sister concern of Micronet Broadband. The company launched FTTH network in September 2006 making it the first one to do so in South Asia. NayaTels services are available in selected areas of Islamabad, Rawalpindi, in November 2016, Nayatel announced that their services would be available in Faisalabad. Nayatel offers home packages with speeds ranging from 3 Mbps to 10 Mbps, along with traditional analog cable, NayaTel also offers Digital Cable and Video-On-Demand. This allows for the user to view content in High Definition and watch movies, Nayatels Core Network is backed up by bandwidth from Transworld Associates and PTCL. Cisco hardware is used in Nayatels core network and it is set up in a topology to automatically route traffic on an alternate path in case of a failure at one of the PoPs. NayaTel offers many different Value Added Services for the convenience of its customers, nDoctor - Network Troubleshooting Application NWall - Firewall that allows specific URL and application blocking. The Pakistan Fast Growth 25 is a program of AllWorld Network in partnership with Harvard Business School Professor Michael Porter and was launched in collaboration with JS Bank Limited
31.
Optus Television
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Optus Television is the cable television division of Australian telecommunications company Optus. Optus Vision used a hybrid fibre coaxial cable network to connect homes to its network, Optus Vision added broadband cable internet access to its network. Optus Vision used the Optus telecommunications licence as authority to build a cable network, the Optus Vision network was rolled out in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. The major competitor to Optus Vision was Foxtel, a 50/50 joint venture between Telstra and News Corporation and these competed heavily in the metropolitan areas. Optus Vision negotiated exclusive access to AFL football Rugby League, and it also had exclusive access to Disney Channel, ESPN and MTV Australia though it always lacked the general entertainment channels that Foxtel had. From 1995 to 1997, the Super League War waged between the two consortia over lucrative rugby league rights, in March 1997, Optus bought out the other shareholders in exchange for equity in itself, to float. In 2002 Optus let go of some of its exclusive content contracts, MTV Australia, Disney Channel ESPN and the premium Movie Network channels all became available on Foxtel as soon as they were able. In 2009 Optus Television stopped offering its service to new subscribers, from February 2011 Optus were again offering Optus TV featuring Foxtel including IQ2 services. On February 142016, Singtel-Optus renewed their contract with Astro-Fetch TV in preparation for the 2016/17 EPL season, Optus, along with Austar had a joint venture in the use of Satellite broadcasting for the delivery of Subscription Television. Originally, Foxtel had not previously offered a Satellite service, until purchasing the satellite subscribers from Australis Media within their service area, until 2004, Foxtel was a customer of the Austar/Optus joint venture. Optus utilised this joint venture to initially trial and subsequently offer a basic satellite service, the service was very select with not many being able to access the service. It was also offered to Norfolk Island and some smart cards were enabled for some residents to take part in a trial of the service, the ability to offer the service came about due to Optus offering a large number of channels to East Coast Television. After Optus axed the VIP Service, it sold its share in the joint venture to Austar. In 2004, the roles reversed and Austar became the customer to Foxtel for satellite delivery, until 2002, Optus did not offer the Fox Sports sporting channels on their service as Foxtel and Austar did, instead offering channels from Sportsvision, and ESPN. During the Super League/ARL war, the Optus sports channels had the rights to the ARL competition, Seven bought Sportsvision, which became Optus and Austar exclusive C7 Sport and progressively lost sporting rights to Fox Sports. During that time Foxtel granted Optus an NRL Channel, screening all of the NRL matches that had previously been exclusively on the Foxtel platform. In 2000, Seven and C7 Sport lost the AFL rights to a Nine/Ten, in March 2002, the commencement of the new AFL broadcasting deal with Foxtel led Optus and Austar to drop C7 Sport from their services, leading to the demise of the channel. Optus replaced the C7 channels with an Optus rebadged version of Fox Sports, Optus dropped the Optus Sports name in October 2002
32.
Ooredoo
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Ooredoo is an international telecommunications company headquartered in Doha, Qatar. Ooredoo provides mobile, wireless, wireline, and content services with market share in domestic and international telecommunication markets and it is one of the worlds largest mobile telecommunications companies, with over 114 million customers worldwide as of September 2015. Partly state-owned, Ooredoo has operations in the Middle East, Europe and Asia, including Algeria, Indonesia, Iraq, Kuwait, Myanmar, Maldives, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Ooredoos shares are listed on the Qatar Stock Exchange and the Abu Dhabi Securities Exchange. Ooredoo has a market capitalisation of QAR301.2 billion as of September 2015, Qtel was founded in Doha in 1987 initially as a telephone exchange company. It has since grown to become the largest communications operator in Qatar offering new technologies to the country including mobile, broadband, digital, the publicly traded company has ownership from the royal family with H. E. Sheikh Abdullah Bin Mohammed Bin Saud Al Thani as the chairman is. Q-Tels COO is Waleed Al-Sayed.2 billion for the first nine months of fiscal year 2015, in 2010 the company upgraded its 3G network in the country and launched its Mobile Money service. By 2012, its network grew with its network that provided services with download speeds of up to 100 Mbit/s, HDTV. The companys consumer base has grown significantly in recent times, from 1.9 million subscribers in 2008 to 2.5 million in 2012 within Qatar and its annual revenues increased by QAR3.5 billion from 2012 to 2013 in a single quarter. In the last two years the company has developed a partnership with Nokia in Qatar. In May 2016, the firm expanded this partnership with Nokia in a deal to develop a nationwide mobile network in Qatar. The firm has also broadened its reach with its operations on over 16 countries across the GCC, Middle East, North Africa, as of 2013, the company unified under Ooredo Group. Under this flagship, the firm has experienced significant growth with QAR24.2 billion in revenues in the first 3 Quarters of 2015, and over 17,000 employees. Sheikh Abdullah has played a key role in directing Ooredoos growth, in March 2014, Sheikh Abdullah was appointed to the World Bank Group Advisory Council on Gender and Development. His appointment is a reflection of Ooredoos engagement in womens initiatives across its footprint, Sheikh Abdullah is chief executive officer of Qatar Investment Authority and a member of the Supreme Council for Economic Affairs and Investment. Additionally, he was the Chief of the Royal Court from 2000 to 2005, Sheikh Abdullah was previously a Member of the Planning Council in Qatar and serves on the Board of a number of leading telecommunications companies. Sheikh Abdullah completed his studies at the Staff and Command College in Egypt before joining the United States Army War College in Carlisle. Chief executive officer Dr. Nasser Mohammed Marafih Dr. Nasser Marafih has been the executive officer of the Ooredoo Group since 2006
33.
Orange S.A.
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Orange S. A. formerly France Télécom S. A. is a French multinational telecommunications corporation. It has 256 million customers worldwide and employs 95,000 people in France, in 2015, the group had revenue of €40 billion. The companys head office is located in the 15th arrondissement of Paris, the current CEO is Stéphane Richard. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index, Orange has been the companys main brand for mobile, landline, internet and IPTV services since 2006. It originated in 1994 when Hutchison Whampoa acquired a stake in Microtel Communications during the early 1990s. It became a subsidiary of Mannesmann in 1999 and was acquired by France Télécom in 2000, the company was rebranded as Orange in July 2013. In 1792, under the French Revolution, the first communication network was developed to enable the rapid transmission of information in a warring and that was the optical telegraphy network of Claude Chappe. In 1878, after the invention of the telegraph and then the invention of the telephone. Telephone Services were added to the ministry when they were nationalised in 1889, however, it was not until 1923 that the second T appeared and the department of P&T became PTT. In 1941, a General Direction of Telecommunications was created within this ministry, then, in 1944, the National Centre of Telecommunications Studies was created to develop the telecommunications industry in France. In the 1970s, France tried extra hard to make up its delay on other countries with the programme delta LP and it was at the time when the majority of the local loop was built, that is all the cables linking the users to the operator. Moreover, with the help of French manufacturers, digital switching, the Minitel, until 1988, France Télécom was known as the Direction Générale des Télécommunications, a division of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications. This was in response to a European directive, aimed at making competition mandatory in public services from 1 January 1998, the 2 July 1990 Bill changed France Télécom into an operator of public law, with Marcel Roulet the first Chairman. Since then, the company has had a body corporate from the State. It was privatised by Lionel Jospins Plural Left government starting on 1 January 1998, the French government, both directly and through its holding company ERAP, continues to hold a stake of almost 27% in the company. In addition, the government Conseil of Ministers names the CEO, in 1982 Telecom introduced Minitel online ordering for its customers. In September 1995, Michel Bon was appointed to run France Télécom Group, in 1997, the capital of the new public company was successfully floated whereas the dot-com bubble phenomenon made the stock exchanges bullish. A second share offering occurred in 1998, Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd, and on 28 April 1994 the Orange brand was launched in the UK mobile phone market
34.
Rostelecom
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Rostelecom is Russias leading long-distance telephony provider. Domestic long distance service provides about 50% of the companys revenue, in other words, if one makes a long distance call or originates Internet contact to or from Russia, it is likely that Rostelecom is providing part of the service. The companys stock is traded on the MICEX, RTS, OTCBB, London Stock Exchange, prior to 1990, responsibility for the provision of telecommunications services lie at the Ministry of Communications of the USSR. Throughout the 90s, the company which was part of Svyazinvest, was the sole operator in Russia. Alongside it, local companies operated in the different regions of Russia under the umbrella of Svyazinvest while Rostelecom connected between their networks, on 2011, Svyazinvest was liquidated with the regional subsidiaries merged into Rostelecom. Rostelecom has the largest domestic backbone network and last mile connections to approximately 35 million households in Russia, the company offers Karta Svyazi a user-friendly prepaid long-distance telephone card service designed to provide telephony and access to the internet for people on the go. The companys network is based on extant Russian fiber-optic cable lines - FOCL, by cable the network is connected to countries in Europe and East Asia. Fiber-optic cable lines crosses Russian Federation on directions «Moscow — Novorossiysk», «Moscow — Khabarovsk», using the services of the Russian Orbital Group, Rostelecom has built its satellite system for its Eastern region, comprising 11 land stations in Siberia and the Russian Far East. Satellite service for the Western region is being built at this time.5 million subscribers, during the 2010s, Rostelecom and its subsidiaries built mobile networks of the third generation in 27 regions of Russia. Total planned to more than 8 thousand base stations. Suppliers of equipment and solutions for the 3G+ network are Ericsson, on April 2013 the company announced the launch of 3G+ networks in the Sverdlovsk, Kurgan and Chelyabinsk regions, in the south of the Tyumen Oblast and in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area. This launch followed the introduction of 3G+ services in Perm Krai, the 3G+ network is LTE-ready, so that only minor modifications will be required before the Company can roll out its 4G network in the future. On June 2013 Rostelecom launched its first part of its LTE network in Sochi for the 2014 Winter Olympics, Rostelecom would get a 45% voting stake in the new company, T2 RTK Holding, in exchange for contributing its standalone mobile subsidiaries and assets, including SkyLink. Tele2 Russia, owned by state-controlled bank VTB and Russian businessmen Yuri Kovalchuk and Alexei Mordashov, Rostelecom and Tele2 Russia together have around 38 million mobile subscribers, or a combined market share of 16%. Analysts said the deal makes sense as Rostelecom has been efficient in rolling out mobile networks. By relying on the Tele2 team in mobile expansion Rostelecom removes risks, on February 2014 Rostelecom and Tele2 signed a framework agreement on the integration of mobile assets to the authorized capital of the joint venture T2 Rus Holding. At the first stage of integration, Rostelecom passed seven cellular subsidiaries it owns, Sky Link, Nizhny Novgorod Cellular Communications, Baikalwestcom, Volgograd GSM Yenisei Telecom, Rostelecom - Russian language and English language, corporate website Rostelecom - consumer website
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Safaricom
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Safaricom, Ltd is a leading mobile network operator in Kenya. It was formed in 1997 as an owned subsidiary of Telkom Kenya. In May 2000, Vodafone Group Plc of the United Kingdom acquired a 40% stake, as of December 2,2016, Bob Collymore is the CEO, he succeeded Michael Joseph on November 1,2010, after Josephs ten years as Safaricom CEO. Recent reports appearing in the section of the press indicate that Vodafone Plc of UK only owns 35%. The reports have caused a stir which led to the summoning of its CEO Michael Joseph to appear before the PIC Public Investment Committee, during which he denied knowing who the other shareholder is. A spokesman for Vodafone said the PIC has no powers to investigate M&A activity, only to ask to view accounts of Vodafone Kenya Limited. Vodafone said that whilst it would like to disclose who owns Mobitelea it is unable to because of a confidentiality agreement, Safaricom employs over 1,500 people mainly stationed in Nairobi and other big cities like Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru and Eldoret in which it operates retail outlets. Currently, it has nationwide dealerships to ensure customers across the country have access to its products, as of January 2010, Safaricom boasted a subscriber base of approximately 12 million, most of whom are in the major cities - Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu and Nakuru. Its headquarters are located in Safaricom House, Waiyaki Way in Westlands and it has other offices in the city center in I&M building, Kenyatta Avenue, on Kimathi Street and at Shankardass House, next to Kenya Cinema Moi Avenue. Its main rival is Airtel Kenya, other rivals include Essars YU and Orange Wireless. Safaricom has charitable functions where it helps the less fortunate in the society mostly through the Safaricom Foundation, in 2014 Safaricom partnered with Britam and Changamka Micro Health to provide insurance to Kenyans with low income. It is known as Linda Jamii, Safaricom was started in 1993 as a department of the former state-owned telecommunications operate, Kenya Post and Telecommunication Corporation. In 1997, Safaricom Limited was incorporated as a limited liability company with 40% ownership held by Vodafone Kenya Limited. In 2002, it was converted to a company while the government held 60% of the shares. Safaricom has introduced a number of services to Kenya and been a player in the mobile market. As a result of the income of most of Safaricoms customers. Flashing is the practice of calling another user, but disconnecting before the connected call is answered. It provides a method for users to alert someone that they wish to be called
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