1.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
2.
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academys corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, the roster of the Academys approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a closely guarded secret. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, the Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017, the notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began with Louis B. He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and he met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having a banquet was discussed. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry, actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts, everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6,1927 and their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president and that night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five groups, or branches. The original five were, Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers, the initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as went on, the organization moved further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented, during July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This award of merit for distinctive achievement is what we know now as the Academy Award, the initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, the screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers, in 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created Americas first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures
3.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
4.
British Film Institute
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The British Film Institute is a film and charitable organisation which promotes and preserves filmmaking and television in the United Kingdom. The BFI maintains the worlds largest film archive, the BFI National Archive, previously called National Film Library, National Film Archive and National Film, the archive contains more than 50,000 fiction films, over 100,000 non-fiction titles and around 625,000 television programmes. The majority of the collection is British material but it also features internationally significant holdings from around the world, the Archive also collects films which feature key British actors and the work of British directors. The BFI runs the BFI Southbank and London IMAX cinema, both located on the bank of the River Thames in London. The IMAX has the largest cinema screen in the UK, and shows popular recent releases and short films showcasing its technology, BFI Southbank shows films from all over the world particularly critically acclaimed historical & specialised films that may not otherwise get a cinema showing. The BFI also distributes archival and cultural cinema to other venues – each year to more than 800 venues all across the UK, the BFI offers a range of education initiatives, in particular to support the teaching of film and media studies in schools. In late 2012, the BFI received money from the Department For Education to create the BFI Film Academy Network, the BFI runs the annual London Film Festival along with BFI Flare, London LGBT Film Festival and the youth-orientated Future Film Festival. The BFI publishes the monthly Sight & Sound magazine as well as films on Blu-ray, DVD, SIFT has a collection of about 7 million still frames from film and television. The institute was founded in 1933, the institute was restructured following the Radcliffe Report of 1948 which recommended that it should concentrate on developing the appreciation of filmic art, rather than creating film itself. Thus control of film production passed to the National Committee for Visual Aids in Education. From 1952-2000, the BFI provided funding for new and experimental filmmakers via the BFI Production Board, the institute received a Royal Charter in 1983. This was updated in 2000, and in the year the newly established UK Film Council took responsibility for providing the BFIs annual grant-in-aid. As an independent registered charity, the BFI is regulated by the Charity Commission, in 1988, the BFI opened the London Museum of the Moving Image on the South Bank. The Museum was temporarily closed in 1999 when the BFI stated that it would be re-sited and this did not happen, and MOMIs closure became permanent in 2002 when it was decided to redevelop the South Bank site. This redevelopment was itself then further delayed, the BFI is currently managed on a day-to-day basis by its chief executive, Amanda Nevill. Supreme decision-making authority rests with a chair and a board of up to 14 governors, the current chair is Josh Berger, who took up the post in February 2016. He succeeded Greg Dyke, who took office on 1 March 2008, Dyke succeeded the late Anthony Minghella, who was chair from 2003 until 31 December 2007. The chair of the board is appointed by the BFIs own Board of Governors but requires the consent of the Secretary of State for Culture, Media, other Governors are co-opted by existing board members when required
5.
Screen Actors Guild
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The Screen Actors Guild was an American labor union which represented over 100,000 film and television principal and background performers worldwide. On March 30,2012, the leadership announced that the SAG membership voted to merge with the American Federation of Television. The Screen Actors Guild was associated with the Associated Actors and Artistes of America, AAAA is affiliated with the AFL–CIO. Internationally, the SAG was affiliated with the International Federation of Actors. C, since 1995, the guild annually awarded the Screen Actors Guild Awards, which are considered an indicator of success at the Academy Awards. This award is continued by SAG-AFTRA, in 1925, the Masquers Club was formed by actors discontent with the grueling work hours at the Hollywood studios. This was one of the concerns which led to the creation of the Screen Actors Guild in 1933. A meeting in March 1933 of six led to the guilds foundation. Aubrey Smith, Charles Starrett, Richard Tucker, Arthur Vinton, Morgan Wallace, many high-profile actors refused to join SAG initially. This changed when the producers made an agreement amongst themselves not to bid competitively for talent, a pivotal meeting, at the home of Frank Morgan, was what gave SAG its critical mass. Cantors participation was critical, particularly because of his friendship with the recently elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt, after several years and the passage of the National Labor Relations Act, the producers agreed to negotiate with SAG in 1937. Robinson, Edwin Stanley, Gloria Stuart, Lyle Talbot, Franchot Tone, Warren William, Ten of those summoned, dubbed the Hollywood Ten, refused to cooperate and were charged with contempt of Congress and sentenced to prison. The president of SAG – future United States President Ronald Reagan – also known to the FBI as Confidential Informant T-10, testified before the committee but never publicly named names. He felt that lacking a definite stand on the part of the government, subsequently, a climate of fear, enhanced by the threat of detention under the provisions of the McCarran Internal Security Act, permeated the film industry. On November 17,1947, the Screen Actors Guild voted to force its officers to take a non-communist pledge, none of those blacklisted were proven to advocate overthrowing the government – most simply had Marxist or socialist views. The Waldorf Statement marked the beginning of the Hollywood blacklist that saw hundreds of people prevented from working in the film industry, unfortunately, there are no credits to restore, nor any other belated recognition that we can offer our members who were blacklisted. They could not work under assumed names or employ surrogates to front for them, an actors work and his or her identity are inseparable. The Screen Actors Guild Ethnic Minorities Committee was co-founded in 1972 by actors Henry Darrow, Edith Diaz, Ricardo Montalban, the Screen Actors Guild Womens Committee was founded in 1972. In 1998, Naomi Marquez filed suit against SAG and Lakeside Productions claiming they had breached their duty of fair representation, the claim was denied by the Supreme Court
6.
The Story of the Kelly Gang
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The Story of the Kelly Gang is a 1906 Australian silent film that traces the exploits of 19th-century bushranger and outlaw Ned Kelly and his gang. It was directed by Charles Tait and shot in and around the city of Melbourne, the film ran for more than an hour with a reel length of about 1,200 metres, making it the longest narrative film yet seen in the world. It was first shown at Melbournes Athenaeum Hall on 26 December 1906, a commercial and critical success, it is regarded as the origin point of the bushranging drama, a genre that dominated the early years of Australian film production. Since its release, many films have been made about the Kelly legend. In 2007, The Story of the Kelly Gang was inscribed on the UNESCO Memory of the World Register for being the worlds first full-length narrative feature film, historian Ian Jones suggests bushranger stories still had an indefinable appeal for Australians in the early 20th century. The Story of the Kelly Gang was made by a consortium of two involved in theatre—entrepreneurs John Tait and Nevin Tait, and pioneering film exhibitors Millard Johnson. The Tait family owned the Melbourne Athenaeum Hall and part of their concert program often included short films, Melbourne film exhibitors Johnson and Gibson also had technical experience, including developing film stock. Credit for writing the scenario is generally given to brothers Frank, John. Unfortunately, with the passage of time and the desire to make a story of it they created a maze of contradictory information. There is evidence that at least one other bushranging film had made before 1906. This was Joseph Perrys 1904 short Bushranging in North Queensland, made by the Salvation Armys Limelight Department in Melbourne, one of the worlds first film studios, there is considerable uncertainty over who appeared in the film and a number of unsubstantiated claims have been made regarding participation. In her memoirs, Viola Tait claimed the part of Ned was played by a Canadian stunt actor, shooting of the film reportedly involved a budget variously estimated between £400 and £1,000 and took six months. Worked without a scenario, and pieced the story together as he went along, lincoln also claimed that the principal characters were played by the promoters and their relatives, who certainly made no pretensions to any great histrionic talent. Viola Taits memoirs, published in the early 1970s, identifies Charles as being chosen as director because of his theatrical experience and her account confirmed that many of the extended Tait family and their friends appeared in scenes. Much of the film was shot on the property of Elizabeth Taits family at Heidelberg, other scenes in the film may have been shot in the suburbs of St Kilda, and possibly Eltham, Greensborough, Mitcham, and Rosanna. The Victoria Railways Department assisted by providing a train, costumes were possibly borrowed from E. I. Coles Bohemian Company, and members of the troupe may have performed in the film. According to Viola Tait, Sir Rupert Clarke loaned the suit of Kelly armour his family owned for use in the film
7.
L'Inferno
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LInferno is a 1911 Italian silent film, loosely adapted from Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy. LInferno took over three years to make, and was the first full-length Italian feature film ever made, LInferno was first screened in Naples in the Teatro Mercadante on March 10,1911. An international success, it took in more than $2 million in the United States alone, for this reason, LInferno was arguably the first true blockbuster in all of cinema. Today it is regarded by scholars and fans as the finest film adaptation of any of Dantes works to date. The first music score for the film was written by Raffaele Caravaglios, the film was released on DVD in 2004, with a score by Tangerine Dream. Another DVD, based on a version restored by Cineteca di Bologna in 2006, was published in 2011 with a soundtrack by Edison Studio in Cinema Ritrovato collection. As Dantes The Divine Comedy places Muhammad in hell, and following the depictions in engravings of Gustave Doré and this would make LInferno one of the few films to include such a depiction. Nancy Mitford recorded seeing the film in Italy in 1922, referring to it as Dante and she records that it lasted from 9 until 12,15 including two intermissions. She details many of the deaths and tortures from the film and her description of the film in her letter home is quoted in the biography Nancy Mitford by Harold Acton. The scenes from Hell from the film were reused in an American 1936 exploitation film Hell-O-Vision, some American state film censor boards required removal of the hell sequences from LInferno used in Go Down, Death. Such as one where a bare breast is momentarily seen
8.
Quo Vadis (1913 film)
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Quo Vadis. is an Italian film made directed by Enrico Guazzoni for Cines in 1913, based on the 1896 novel of the same name written by Henryk Sienkiewicz. It was arguably the first blockbuster in the history of cinema, with 5,000 extras, lavish sets, a worldwide success, it premièred in Germany at the opening night of the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz, on 19 March 1913. In an unusual departure from normal practice, the crowd scenes were reinforced with special mobs of live costumed actors in the auditorium. Quo Vadis. was the first film to be projected in a first-class Broadway theater, the films first screening in London was for King George V, in the Royal Albert Hall, who complimented the performers. Another Italian director, Giovanni Pastrone, would direct Cabiria – which holds many similarities with Quo Vadis, but is longer, more thematically complex, the story is set during the early years of rule by the emperor Nero. He is a man obsessed with gaining absolute power. In addition, the cruel Nero kidnaps the pair and sends them into an arena to fight lions. of Cinema Peplum Dominic Cammarota, fanucci,87, p. 15th The Dictionary of film Mereghetti-2002-cards, ed. Baldini & Castoldi,2001, p.1711. Quo Vadis at the Internet Movie Database
9.
Richard III (1912 film)
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Richard III is a 55-minute film adaptation of Shakespeares play, starring Frederick Warde as the title character. International co-production, was produced by Film dArt and released through the independent states rights distribution system. Richard III was adapted from Shakespeares original and Colley Cibbers 1699 adaptation by playwright James Keane, the film was shot around Westchester, New York and City Island Long Island Sound. The film itself begins with Warde, in dress, emerging from behind a theatrical curtain and bowing, and concludes with him bowing again. A traveling actor, Warde discovered it was economical to single-handedly tour with the film rather than perform the play with an entire theatrical company. The film also features two scenes from 3 Henry VI and it is the oldest surviving American feature-length film, and is also thought to be the first feature-length Shakespearean adaptation ever made. As early as 1922, the film was thought lost and it was not until 1996 that a print was discovered, when William Buffum, former projectionist at the Bluebird Theatre in Portland, Oregon, donated his copy to the American Film Institute. The AFI restored the print, transferring it from its film stock. Richard, Duke of Gloucester Albert Gardner, prince Edward of Lancaster James Keane. Princess Elizabeth List of rediscovered films Richard III at the American Film Institute Catalog Richard III at the Internet Movie Database
10.
From the Manger to the Cross
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From the Manger to the Cross or Jesus of Nazareth is a 1912 American motion picture that was filmed on location in Palestine. It tells the story of Jesus life, directed by Sidney Olcott who also appeared in the film, actress and screenwriter Gene Gauntier wrote the script and portrayed the Virgin Mary. The film received excellent reviews at the time of its original release, after Vitagraph Studios acquired Kalem, the film was re-released in February 1919. According to Turner Classic Movies, the film cost $35,000 to produce, although the films profits eventually amounted to almost $1 million, the Kalem directors refused to increase Olcotts basic salary and he resigned. Mayer, head of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, would say this was the film for his movie theater in Haverhill, Massachusetts. However, most sources place the date of this film as 1912. A statement by Israel Zangwill describing it as An artistic triumph — the kinema put to its true end appeared on advertising bills outside the Queens Hall. From the Manger to the Cross gained considerable publicity from an outcry in the Daily Mail and it demanded, and waxed indignant about the profits for its American film producers. Although initially disappointed, he discovered a set of negatives after searching in the vaults. Hession added a sound track and spoken commentary, and From the Manger to the Cross was re-released in 1938. TCM host Robert Osborne and the National Film Preservation Foundation consider this film to be the most important silent film to deal with the life of Christ. In 1998, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, london, Burke Publishing Co. Michel Derrien, Aux origines du cinéma irlandais, Sidney Olcott, le premier oeil, TIR2013. ISBN 978-2-917681-20-6 Philippe Baron, Première passion, documentaire sur From the Manger to the Cross, France,2009,55 minutes, produit par Vivement lundi
11.
Cleopatra (1912 film)
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Cleopatra is a 1912 American silent historical drama starring Helen Gardner in the title role and directed by Charles L. Gaskill. It is the first film to be produced by Gardners production company, the film was based on a play written by Victorien Sardou. Cleopatra is one of the first six-reel feature films produced in the United States, in a series of elaborately staged tableaux, it depicts Cleopatra and her love affairs, first with handsome fisherman-slave Pharon, then with Mark Antony. The films budget was $45,000 and featured lavish sets, Gardner used the natural scenery in Tappan for outdoor shots in addition to sets. Upon its release, Cleopatra played in opera houses and theatres, the film was also featured in a theatrical roadshow accompanied by a publicist, manager and a lecturer/projectionist. In 1918, Gardner filmed additional scenes and re-issued the film to compete with the 1917 adaptation released by Fox, like many American films of the time, Cleopatra was subject to cuts by city and state film censorship boards. For the 1918 release, the Chicago Board of Censors required a cut of the two intertitles If I let you live and love me ten days, will you then destroy yourself, and Suppose Anthony were told that she had just left the embraces of the slave Pharon. The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists,2002, turner Classic Movies had the print restored and commissioned a new musical score for the film. The restored version aired on TCM in August 2000, Cleopatra on YouTube Cleopatra at the Internet Movie Database Cleopatra at silentera. com
12.
35 mm film
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35 mm film is the film gauge most commonly used for motion pictures and chemical still photography. The name of the gauge refers to the width of the photographic film, the standard negative pulldown for movies is four perforations per frame along both edges, which results in 16 frames per foot of film. For still photography, the frame has eight perforations on each side. This resulted in cameras, projectors, and other equipment having to be calibrated to each gauge, the 35 mm width, originally specified as 1.375 inches, was introduced in 1892 by William Dickson and Thomas Edison, using film stock supplied by George Eastman. The gauge has been versatile in application, Eastman Kodak, Fujifilm and Agfa-Gevaert are some companies which offered 35 mm films. Today Kodak is the last remaining manufacturer of motion picture film and it is difficult to compare the quality of film to digital media but a good estimate would be about 20.8 million total pixels would equal one 35 millimeter high quality color frame of film. In 1880, George Eastman began to manufacture gelatin dry plates in Rochester. Along with W. H. Walker, Eastman invented a holder for a roll of picture-carrying gelatin layer coated paper, hannibal Goodwins invention of nitrocellulose film base in 1887 was the first transparent, flexible film. With the advent of film, Thomas Alva Edison quickly set out on his invention, the Kinetoscope. The Kinetoscope was a loop system intended for one-person viewing. Edison, along with assistant W. K. L. Dickson, followed that up with the Kinetophone, beginning in March 1892, Eastman and then, from April 1893 into 1896, New Yorks Blair Camera Co. supplied Edison with film stock. Edisons aperture defined a single frame of film at 4 perforations high, a court judgment in March 1902 invalidated Edisons claim, allowing any producer or distributor to use the Edison 35 mm film design without license. Filmmakers were already doing so in Britain and Europe, where Edison had failed to file patents, at the time, film stock was usually supplied unperforated and punched by the filmmaker to their standards with perforation equipment. A variation developed by the Lumière Brothers used a circular perforation on each side of the frame towards the middle of the horizontal axis.33 aspect ratio. Spehr describes the importance of these developments, The early acceptance of 35 mm as a standard had momentous impact on the development and spread of cinema. The film format was introduced into still photography as early as 1913 but first became popular with the launch of the Leica camera, created by Oskar Barnack in 1925. The costly image-forming silver compounds in a film stocks emulsion meant from the start that 35 mm filmmaking was to be a hobby with a high barrier to entry for the public at large. Furthermore, the film base of all early film stock was highly flammable
13.
Sound film
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A sound film is a motion picture with synchronized sound, or sound technologically coupled to image, as opposed to a silent film. The first known exhibition of projected sound films took place in Paris in 1900. Reliable synchronization was difficult to achieve with the early sound-on-disc systems, innovations in sound-on-film led to the first commercial screening of short motion pictures using the technology, which took place in 1923. The primary steps in the commercialization of sound cinema were taken in the mid- to late 1920s, at first, the sound films which included synchronized dialogue, known as talking pictures, or talkies, were exclusively shorts. The earliest feature-length movies with recorded sound included only music and effects, the first feature film originally presented as a talkie was The Jazz Singer, released in October 1927. A major hit, it was made with Vitaphone, which was at the time the brand of sound-on-disc technology. Sound-on-film, however, would become the standard for talking pictures. By the early 1930s, the talkies were a global phenomenon, in the United States, they helped secure Hollywoods position as one of the worlds most powerful cultural/commercial centers of influence. In Europe, the new development was treated with suspicion by many filmmakers and critics, in Japan, where the popular film tradition integrated silent movie and live vocal performance, talking pictures were slow to take root. In India, sound was the element that led to the rapid expansion of the nations film industry. The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearly as old as the concept of cinema itself. On February 27,1888, a couple of days after photographic pioneer Eadweard Muybridge gave a lecture not far from the laboratory of Thomas Edison, the two inventors privately met. No agreement was reached, but within a year Edison commissioned the development of the Kinetoscope, essentially a peep-show system, as a visual complement to his cylinder phonograph. The two devices were brought together as the Kinetophone in 1895, but individual, cabinet viewing of motion pictures was soon to be outmoded by successes in film projection and these appear to be the first publicly exhibited films with projection of both image and recorded sound. Phonorama and yet another sound-film system—Théâtroscope—were also presented at the Exposition, three major problems persisted, leading to motion pictures and sound recording largely taking separate paths for a generation. The primary issue was synchronization, pictures and sound were recorded and played back by separate devices, sufficient playback volume was also hard to achieve. Finally, there was the challenge of recording fidelity, cinematic innovators attempted to cope with the fundamental synchronization problem in a variety of ways. In 1902, Léon Gaumont demonstrated his sound-on-disc Chronophone, involving an electrical connection he had recently patented, four years later, Gaumont introduced the Elgéphone, a compressed-air amplification system based on the Auxetophone, developed by British inventors Horace Short and Charles Parsons
14.
Bushranger
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By the 1820s, the term bushranger had evolved to refer to those who abandoned social rights and privileges to take up robbery under arms as a way of life, using the bush as their base. Bushranging thrived during the rush years of the 1850s and 1860s when the likes of Ben Hall, Frank Gardiner. In other infamous cases, such as that of Dan Morgan, the Clarke brothers, the number of bushrangers declined due to better policing and improvements in rail transport and communication technology, such as telegraphy. Kellys capture and execution in 1880 effectively represented the end of the bushranging era, bushranging exerted a powerful influence in Australia, lasting for almost a century and covering much of the continent. Its origins in a convict system bred a kind of desperado. Native-born bushrangers also expressed nascent Australian nationalist views and are recognised as the first distinctively Australian characters to gain general recognition, as such, many bushrangers became folk heroes and symbols of rebellion against the authorities, admired for their bravery, rough chivalry and colourful personalities. For these and other reasons, attitudes to bushrangers in Australia are at times complex, from this time onwards, the term was used to denote criminals who attacked people on the roads or in the bush. John Bigge described bushranging in 1821 as absconding in the woods and living upon plunder, charles Darwin likewise recorded in 1835 that a bushranger was an open villain who subsists by highway robbery, and will sooner be killed than taken alive. Over 2,000 bushrangers are estimated to have roamed the Australian countryside, beginning with the convict bolters, bushranging began soon after British colonisation with the establishment of Sydney, New South Wales as a penal colony in 1788. The majority of early bushrangers were convicts who had escaped prison and these bushrangers, also known as bolters, preferred the hazards of wild, unexplored bushland surrounding Sydney to the deprivation and brutality of convict life. The first bushranger gang, led by African convict John Caesar, robbed settlers for food, Aboriginal trackers would play a significant role in the hunt for bushrangers. Colonel Godfrey Mundy described convict bushrangers as desperate, hopeless, fearless, rendered so, perhaps, by the tyranny of a gaoler, of an overseer, or of a master to whom he has been assigned. Liberty or Death. was the cry of convict bushrangers, and in numbers they roamed beyond Sydney, some hoping to reach China. Bolters such as the Norfolk Island mutineers seized boats and set sail for foreign lands, others attempted to inspire an overhaul of the convict system, or simply sought revenge on their captors. This latter desire found expression in the convict ballad Jim Jones at Botany Bay, in which Jones, Donahue was the most notorious bushranger of the 1820s, terrorising settlements outside Sydney from 1827 until he was fatally shot by a trooper in 1830. That same year, west of the Blue Mountains, brutalised convict Ralph Entwistle sparked a bushranging insurgency known as the Bathurst Rebellion and he and his gang raided farms, liberating assigned convicts by force in the process, and within a month, his personal army numbered 130 bushrangers. Following battles with vigilante posses, mounted policemen and soldiers of the 39th Regiment of Foot, he, convict bushrangers were particularly prevalent in the penal colony of Van Diemens Land, established in 1803. He was killed by soldiers in 1818, other notorious Vandemonian bolters include the cannibal serial killers Thomas Jeffries and Alexander Pearce
15.
Ned Kelly
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Edward Ned Kelly was an Australian bushranger of Irish descent. Kelly was born in the British colony of Victoria as the third of eight children to an Irish convict from County Tipperary and his father died after serving a six-month prison sentence, leaving Kelly, then aged 12, as the eldest male of the household. The Kellys were a poor family who saw themselves as downtrodden by the Squattocracy. Arrested in 1870 for associating with bushranger Harry Power, Kelly was first convicted of stealing horses and he fled to the bush in 1878 after being indicted for the attempted murder of a police officer at the Kelly familys home. After he, his brother Dan, and two associates fatally shot three policemen, the Government of Victoria proclaimed them outlaws. During the remainder of the Kelly Outbreak, Kelly and his associates committed armed robberies in Euroa and Jerilderie, and murdered Aaron Sherritt. In a manifesto letter, Kelly—denouncing the police, the Victorian government, threatening dire consequences against those who defied him, he ended with the words, I am a widows son outlawed and my orders must be obeyed. All were killed except Kelly, who was wounded by police fire. Despite support for his reprieve, Kelly was tried, convicted and sentenced to death by hanging and his final words are famously reported to have been, such is life. Even before his execution, Kelly had become a figure in Australia. Despite the passage of more than a century, he remains an icon, inspiring countless works in the arts. Kelly continues to cause division in his homeland, some celebrate him as Australias equivalent of Robin Hood, journalist Martin Flanagan wrote, What makes Ned a legend is not that everyone sees him the same—its that everyone sees him. Like a bushfire on the horizon casting its red glow into the night. Kellys father, John Kelly, was born in 1820 in County Tipperary, Ireland, to Thomas and Mary, after his release in 1848, Red Kelly moved to Victoria and found work at James Quinns farm at Wallan Wallan as a bush carpenter. He subsequently turned his attention to gold-digging, at which he was successful and he soon became notorious as a cattle thief and his house was a rendezvous of criminals. On 18 November 1850, at the age of 30, Red Kelly married Ellen Quinn, his employers 18-year-old daughter, Ned Kelly was his parents third child. The exact date of his birth is not known but, among other things, on passing Beveridge for the last time he told an officer, do you see a little hill there. That is where I was born about 28 years ago, now, I am passing through it, I suppose, to my doom
16.
Short film
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A short film, is a cinema format, denoting any film not long enough to be considered a feature film. The term featurette originally applied to a longer than a short subject. The increasingly rare term short subject means approximately the same thing and it is an industry term which carries more of an assumption that the film is shown as part of a presentation along with a feature film. Short is an abbreviation for either term, Short films are often screened at local, national, or international film festivals and made by independent filmmakers for non profit, either with a low budget or no budget at all. They are usually funded by grants, non profit organizations. Short films are used by filmmakers to gain experience or prove their talent in order to gain funding for future films from private investors, entertainment companies. Longer and shorter films coexisted with similar popularity throughout the days of film. However, comedy films were produced in large numbers compared to lengthy features such as D. W. Griffiths The Birth of a Nation. By the 1920s, a ticket purchased a varied program including a feature and several supporting works from such as second feature, short comedy, 5–10 minute cartoon, travelogue. Short comedies were popular, and typically came in a serial or series. Even though there was no set release schedule, these series could be considered somewhat like a modern TV sitcom – lower in status than feature films. Animated cartoons came principally as short subjects, in the 1930s, the distribution system changed in many countries owing to the Great Depression. Instead of the cinema owner assembling a program of their own choice, the studios sold a package centered on a main and supporting feature, with the rise of the double feature, two reel shorts went into decline as a commercial category. Hal Roach, for example, moved Laurel and Hardy full-time into feature films after 1935, by the mid-1950s, with the rise of television, the commercial live-action short was virtually dead, The Three Stooges being the last major series of 2-reelers, ending in 1959. Short films had become a medium for student, independent and specialty work, cartoon shorts had a longer life, due in part to the implementation of lower-cost limited animation techniques, but also declined in this period. Warner Bros. one of the most prolific of the golden era, the Pink Panther was the last regular theatrical cartoon short series, having begun in 1964 and ended in 1980. By the 1960s, the market for animated shorts had largely shifted to television, a few animated shorts continue within mainstream commercial distribution. For instance, Pixar has screened a short along with each of its feature films during its theatrical run since 1995
17.
Newsreel
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A newsreel is a form of short documentary film prevalent between 1910s to 1960s, regularly released in a public presentation place and containing filmed news stories and items of topical interest. It was a source of news, current affairs, and entertainment for millions of moviegoers until television supplanted its role in the 1950s, newsreels are now considered significant historical documents, since they are often the only audiovisual record of historical and cultural events of those times. Newsreels were typically exhibited as short subjects preceding the main feature film into the 1960s, the first official British news cinema that only showed newsreels was the Daily Bioscope that opened in London on May 23,1909. In 1929 William Fox purchased a former Broadway theater called the Embassy and he changed the format from a $2 show twice a day to a continuous 25 cent programme establishing the first newsreel theater in the USA. The idea was such a success that Fox and his backers announced they would start a chain of theaters across the USA. The newsreels were often accompanied by cartoons or short subjects, in some countries, newsreels generally used music as a background for usually silent on-site film footage. In some countries, the narrator used humorous remarks for light-hearted or non-tragic stories, in the U. S. newsreel series included The March of Time, Pathé News, Paramount News, Fox Movietone News, Hearst Metrotone News, and Universal Newsreel. Pathé News was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures from 1931 to 1947 and their strike lasted through to at least Tuesday August 16, the Tuesday being the last day for production on new newsreels shown on the Thursday. Events of the resulted in over three hundred cinemas across Britain having to go without newsreels that week. An example of a story is in the film Citizen Kane. Citizen Kane includes a fictional newsreel News on the March that summarizes the life of title character Charles Foster Kane while parodying The March of Time, a 1978 Australian film, Newsfront, is a drama about the newsreel business. On February 16,1948, NBC launched a television program called Camel Newsreel Theatre with John Cameron Swayze that featured newsreels with Swayze doing voiceovers. Also in 1948, the DuMont Television Network launched two short-lived newsreel series, Camera Headlines and I. N. S, telenews, the latter in cooperation with Hearsts International News Service. On August 15,1948, CBS started their evening news program Douglas Edwards. Later the NBC, CBS, and ABC news shows all produced their own news film, newsreels died out because of technological advances such as electronic news-gathering for television news, introduced in the 1970s, rendered them obsolete. Nonetheless, some such as Cuba, Japan, and Spain continued producing newsreels into the 1980s and 1990s. Newsreel-producing companies excluded television companies from their distribution, but the television companies countered by sending their own cameramen to film news events, an international newsfilm conference, London, BUFVC,1998 Fielding, Raymond. The American Newsreel, A Complete History, 1911-1967, 985–991 The Newsreel Archive News on Screen
18.
Serial film
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Each chapter was screened at a movie theater for one week, and ended with a cliffhanger, in which characters found themselves in perilous situations with little apparent chance of escape. Viewers had to each week to see the cliffhangers resolved. Many serials were Westerns, since those were the least expensive to film, besides Westerns, though, there were films covering many genres, including crime fiction, espionage, comic book or comic strip characters, science fiction, and jungle adventures. Although most serials were filmed economically, some were made at significant expense, the Flash Gordon serial and its sequels, for instance, were major productions in their times. Serials were a form of movie entertainment dating back to Edisons What Happened to Mary of 1912. Usually filmed with low budgets, serials were action-packed stories that involved a hero battling an evil villain. The hero and heroine would face one trap after another, battling countless thugs and lackeys, many famous clichés of action-adventure movies had their origins in the serials. The popular Indiana Jones movies are a well-known, romantic pastiche of the serials clichéd plot elements, ruth Roland, Marin Sais, Ann Little, and Helen Holmes were also early leading serial queens. Most of these serials put beautiful young women in jeopardy week after week, the serials starring women were the most popular during the silent period but in the sound era few serials had a female character in the major role. Years after their first release, serials gained new life at Saturday Matinees, for that reason, serials are sometimes called Saturday Matinee Serials, even though they were originally shown with feature films. Many have been released in home video formats, besides the hero or heroine, some terms are used to define villains and supporting players, The saddle pal or sidekick was the helper or assistant of the hero or heroine. That person was often a comic or a more serious. The brains heavy was the man who issued the orders to his henchmen and he often wears a suit, and pretends to be an upright, lawful member of the community. He usually had little to do until the last chapter except talk, snarl, the action heavy is the assistant or second-in-command to the brains heavy who usually wore workmanlike duds, did the physical labor, and often had more brawn than brains. He went from one chapter to the next trying desperately to kill the hero with fists, knives, guns, bombs, or whatever else was handy at the time. The oldtimer was the man who owned the ranch, the father of the hero and often had a short lifespan, as well those that wore a badge of a sheriff, marshall. The middle-aged and older performers who were judges, lawyers, storeowners, wardens, owners of the newspaper, scientists, executives. Famous American serials of the silent era include The Perils of Pauline and The Exploits of Elaine made by Pathé Frères, another popular serial was the 119-episode The Hazards of Helen made by Kalem Studios and starring Helen Holmes for the first forty-eight episodes then Helen Gibson for the remainder
19.
Animated cartoon
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Animated cartoons are still created for commercial, educational, and personal purposes to this day. The first animated projection was created in France, by Charles-Émile Reynaud, Reynaud created the Praxinoscope in 1877 and the Théâtre Optique in December 1888. On 28 October 1892, he projected the first animation in public, Pauvre Pierrot and this film is also notable as the first known instance of film perforations being used. His films were not photographed, but drawn directly onto the transparent strip, in 1900, more than 500,000 people had attended these screenings. The first animated projection was Humorous Phases of Funny Faces by newspaper cartoonist J. Stuart Blackton, in the movie, a cartoonists line drawings of two faces were animated on a blackboard. The two faces smiled and winked, and the man blew smoke in the ladys face, also. The first animated projection in the sense was Fantasmagorie by the French director Émile Cohl in 1908. This was followed by two films, Le Cauchemar du fantoche and Un Drame chez les fantoches, all completed in 1908. One of the very first successful animated cartoons was Gertie the Dinosaur by Winsor McCay and it is considered the first example of true character animation. At first, animated cartoons were black-and-white and silent, felix the Cat and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit are notable examples. From the 1920s to 1960s, theatrical cartoons were produced in huge numbers, MGM, and UPA were the largest studios producing these 5- to 10-minute shorts. Other studios included Walter Lantz, DePatie-Freleng, Charles Mintz Studios, Famous Studios, the first cartoon to use a soundtrack was in 1926 with Max Fleischers My Old Kentucky Home. However the Fleischers used a De Forest sound system and the sound was not completely synchronized with the film, walt Disneys 1928 cartoon Steamboat Willie starring Mickey Mouse was the first to use a click track during the recording session, which produced better synchronism. Mickey Mousing became a term for any action that was perfectly synchronized with music. The music used is original most of the time, but musical quotation is often employed, animated characters usually performed the action in loops, i. e. drawings were repeated over and over. Although other producers had made films earlier using 2-strip color, Disney produced the first cartoon in 3-strip Technicolor, Flowers and Trees, technicians at the Fleischer studio invented rotoscoping, in which animators trace live action in order to make animation look more realistic. However, rotoscoping made the animation look stiff and the technique was used more for studying human and animal movement. Today, traditional animation uses traditional methods, but is aided by computers in certain areas and this gives the animator new tools not available that could not be achieved using old techniques
20.
Passion Play
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The Passion Play or Easter pageant is a dramatic presentation depicting the Passion of Jesus Christ, his trial, suffering and death. It is a part of Lent in several Christian denominations. The development of the Passion Play was about the same as that of the Easter Drama and it originated in the ritual of the Church, which prescribes, among other things, that the Gospel on Good Friday should be sung in parts divided among various persons. Thus, the Benedictbeurn Passion Play is still composed of Latin ritual sentences in prose and of church hymns. Yet even this oldest of the Passion Plays already shows a tendency to break away from the ritual and to adopt a more dramatic form. From these humble beginnings the Passion Play developed very rapidly, since in the century it was at a stage of development which could not have been reached except by repeated practice. From this second period we have the Vienna Passion, the St. Gall Passion, the oldest Frankfort Passion, all four Plays, as they are commonly called, are written in rhyme, principally in German. The oldest Frankfort Passion play, that of Canon Baldemar von Peterwell, of this play only the Ordo sive Registrum has come down to us, a long roll of parchment for the use of the director, containing stage directions and the first words of the dialogues. The plays based on this list of directions lead us to the period in which the Passion Play reached its highest development, during this period the later Frankfort Passion Play, the Alsfelder, and the Friedberger originated. Nearly all these Passion Plays have some relation to those coming from the Tyrol, some contributing to, others taking from and these, again, are founded upon the Tyrolese Passion play which originated during the transition period of the fourteenth to the fifteenth century. Historian J. E. Wackernell, with the aid of the plays that have reached us, has reconstructed this period, in Tyrol the Passion Plays received elaborate cultivation, at Bolzano they were presented with great splendour and, in 1514, lasted no less than seven days. Here, too, the innovation of placing the female roles in the hands of women was introduced, the citizens and civil authorities considered it a point of honour to render the production as rich and diversified as possible. Ordinarily the preparations for the play were in the hands of a spiritual brotherhood, people of the most varied classes took part in the production, and frequently the number of actors was as high as two hundred and even greater. If was undoubtedly no small task to drill the performers, particularly since the stage arrangements were very primitive. The stage was a structure, almost as broad as it was long, elevated but slightly above the ground. A house formed the background, an attached to the house represented Heaven. Under the balcony three crosses were erected, sometimes the stage was divided into three sections by doors. Along the sides of the stage, taken lengthwise, stood the houses required for the production, they were indicated by fenced-in spaces, or by four posts upon which a roof rested
21.
Vie et Passion du Christ
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Vie et Passion du Christ is a 44-minute French silent film that was produced and released in 1903. As such, it is one of the earliest feature-length narrative films, the film, with sequences made in the stencil color process Pathéchrome, takes a straightforward approach to its subject matter. All scenes are introduced by an inter-title giving the name of the event followed by the actors playing out the familiar stories from the Gospels. Other than the titles, there are no other inter-titles. In 1932, the film was re-issued in the U. S. distributed on a states-rights basis, instead of the stencil coloring effect, however, the film was printed on red-tinted stock, with a musical score by James C. Its original French title was La Vie et la passion de Jésus Christ, List of films based on the Bible List of early color feature films Vie et Passion du Christ at the Internet Movie Database IMDB reference
22.
The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight
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The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight is an 1897 documentary film directed by Enoch J. Rector depicting a boxing match between James J. Corbett and Bob Fitzsimmons in Carson City, Nevada on St. Patricks Day the same year. Originally running at over 100 minutes, it was the longest film that had ever released to date, as such. The technology that allowed this is known as the Latham loop and he used three such equipped cameras placed adjacently and filming on 63mm nitrate film. Only fragments of the film survive today, the known fragments were transferred in the 1980s from a print owned by Jean A. LeRoy of New York City, the transfer done on a specially built optical printer to convert the film to 35mm film. The film was also the first ever to be shot in widescreen, according to Dan Streible, The Corbett-Fitzsimmons Fight is one of the earliest individual productions to sustain public commentary on the cinema. The film is so important to history that Luke McKernan declared. In 2012, the film was added to the National Film Registry at the Library of Congress as a culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant film. The film no longer exists in its entirety, however, it is known from sources that the film included all fourteen rounds of the event. This was not unusual for a film, although each round would previously have been presented as a separate attraction. Even with these approximate timings, the film ran a minimum of 71 minutes, the film climaxes with Fitzsimmons hitting Corbett in the solar plexus for a knockout and Corbett crawling outside the space of the camera so that he is not visible above the waist. Some time after leaving the company, Rector arranged for the film with boxing promoter Dan Stuart, Stuart offered $10,000 to the winner of the bout in an agreement signed by both boxers on 4 January 1897. Corbett, along with his fans, was eager to win back the title that he had lost to Fitzsimmons in Mexico. Producer William Aloysius Brady got an agreement from Rector that 25% of the proceeds of the film would go to him and Corbett, Fitzsimmons and his manager, Martin Julian, Fitzsimmons was outraged upon learning of the deal, and the terms were renegotiated. Under the new terms, each boxer and his manager would take 25%, with Rector, Stuart, the film was shot in widescreen format on 2 3/16 gauge film stock. Rector brought 48,000 feet of stock, the largest amount that had ever been brought on location. The night before the match, Stuart cut the ring down from 24 feet to 22 feet for the sake of the camera, wyatt Earp was a reporter for The New York World at the time, which published his commentaries on the fight on March 14 and March 18. He disagreed with referee George Silers decision when Fitzsimmons allegedly hit Corbett in the jaw, the film premiered on May 22 at the New York Academy of Music and played into June, where it was presented with live running commentary
23.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
24.
The Last Days of Pompeii (1913 film)
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Ultimi giorni di Pompei, Gli is an 1913 Italian black and white silent film directed by Mario Caserini and Eleuterio Rodolfi. In Pompeii 79AD, Glaucus and Jone are in love each other. Arbaces, the Egyptian High Priest, is determined to conquer her, Glaucus buys the blind slave Nydia who is mishandled by her owner. Nydia falls in love him and asks Arbaces for his help. He gives her a potion to make Glaucus fall in love with him, in fact it is a poison which will destroy his mind. Arbaces disciple Apoecides threatens to reveal publicly his wrongdoings, Arbaces kills him and accuses Glaucus of the crime. He locks Nydia in a cellar to prevent her from speaking, Glaucus is condemned to be thrown to the lions. Nydia manages to escape and tells Glaucus friend Claudius what happened, Claudius rushes to the Circus to accuse Arbaces and the crowd decides that Arbaces and not Glaucus should be thrown to the lions. The Vesuvius starts erupting and a panic ensues. Under the shock, Glaucus recovers his mind, blind Nydia, the only one to find her way in the darkness caused by the rain of ashes, leads Glaucus and Jone to safety and finds peace by drowning herself. The film was released in Italy on 24 August 1913, distributed by Giuseppe Barattolo and it was distributed in the US by the Kleine Optical Company under the name George Kleine Attractions. Ultimi giorni di Pompeii, Gli at the Internet Movie Database Gli ultimi giorni di Pompei/The last days of Pompeii on YouTube
25.
Cabiria
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This article is about Giovanni Pastrones 1914 silent film, for the Federico Fellini film, see The Nights of Cabiria. Cabiria is a 1914 Italian epic silent film, directed by Giovanni Pastrone, the film is set in ancient Sicily, Carthage, and Cirta during the period of the Second Punic War. Apart from being a classic on its own terms, the film is notable for being the first film in which the long-running film character Maciste makes his debut. According to Martin Scorsese, in this work Pastrone invented the movie and deserves credit for many of the innovations often attributed to D. W. Griffith. Among those was the use of a moving camera, thus freeing the feature-length narrative film from static gaze. The historical background and characters in the story are taken from Livys Ab Urbe Condita, in addition, the script of Cabiria was partially based on Gustave Flauberts 1862 novel Salammbo and Emilio Salgaris 1908 novel Cartagine in fiamme. Source, FIRST EPISODE, Batto and his young daughter Cabiria live in an estate in the shadow of Mount Etna at Catana on the island of Sicily. Cabiria plays with dolls with her nurse Croessa, when the volcanic Etna erupts violently, Batto prays to the god Pluto for deliverance but receives only a brief respite before his home and gardens are destroyed. While attempting to escape, servants discover a stairway leading underground. Taking advantage of the chaos and plundering Batto’s hidden underground treasure, Batto and his wife mourn the loss of Cabiria, as they believe her to be buried beneath the rubble. He intends to sacrifice her to the great god Moloch, also in Carthage are two Roman spies, Fulvius Axilla, a Roman patrician and Maciste, his huge, muscular slave. The innkeeper Bodastoret welcomes Fulvius and Maciste to his Inn of the Striped Monkey, Croessa tries to prevent the sacrifice of Cabiria by pretending that the child is ill, but Croessa is whipped for her deception. Later, she chances upon Fulvius and Maciste, recognizing them as fellow countrymen, she implores them to assist her. The entrance to the huge Temple of Moloch is a gigantic three-eyed head, one hundred young children are to perish as offerings. Inside of the temple are frenzied devotees, and the seated statue of the wingbed god Moloch is a hollow bronze furnace. The great chest opens for each victim, and when a youngster is slid into the inferno, the door closes, Croessa, Fulvius, and Maciste sneak into the temple and the slave boldly snatches Cabiria away from the priest. Pursued by a mob, they make their way up to the roof, down the gargantuan façade. All except Croessa, who pays a price for the rescue. THIRD EPISODE, Meanwhile, Hannibal
26.
With Our King and Queen Through India
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With Our King and Queen Through India is a British documentary. The film is silent and made in the Kinemacolor additive color process, the film records the 12 December 1911 celebrations in India which marked the coronation of George V and his proclamation as Emperor of India. The films is often referred to as The Delhi Durbar or The Durbar at Delhi, different showings of With Our King and Queen Through India would be made up of different sets of the films, so that the show was exhibited in several different lengths. Today only one survives, showing a review of troops after the main ceremony. The film showcased the use of Kinemacolor, which had been launched by Charles Urban in 1908 as the first successful colour motion picture process. It was produced by Urbans Natural Color Kinematograph Company and he took five camera operators with him, Joseph De Frenes, Albuin Mariner, Alfred Gosden, Hiram Horton, British filmmakers had previously filmed the Delhi Durbar marking the coronation of King Edward VII in 1903. The music echoed that played at the ceremonies in Delhi. The stage set featured a mock-up of the Taj Mahal, live commentary was provided by the Scalas stage manager St John Hamund. An article in the American periodical Munseys Magazine praised the music, with Our King and Queen Through India made a huge impact worldwide because of its colour, length and multi-media spectacle. It had an appeal for middle class audiences that had previously avoided film shows because of their low social status. George V saw it at the Scala on 11 May 1912, accompanied by Queen Mary, Queen Alexandra, the Empress wrote to her son Nicholas II of Russia about the show. We are lunching today with Georgie and May at Buckingham Palace, last night we saw their journey to India. Kinemacolor is wonderfully interesting and very beautiful and gives one the impression of having seen it all in reality, the films were also shown at Buckingham Palace on 12 December 1912
27.
Kinemacolor
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Kinemacolor was the first successful color motion picture process, used commercially from 1908 to 1914. It was invented by George Albert Smith of Brighton, England in 1906 and he was influenced by the work of William Norman Lascelles Davidson and, more directly, Edward Raymond Turner. It was launched by Charles Urbans Urban Trading Co. of London in 1908, from 1909 on, the process was known as Kinemacolor. It was an additive color process, photographing and projecting a black-and-white film behind alternating red. How to Make and Operate Moving Pictures published by Funk and Wagnalls in 1917 notes the following, the greatest amount of attention so far has been attracted by a system invented by George Albert Smith, and commercially developed by Charles Urban under the name of Kinemacolor. In this system, only two colour filters are used in taking the negatives and only two in projecting the positives and this filter is an aluminium skeleton wheel. Having four segments, two ones, G and H, one filled in with red-dyed gelatine, E F. The camera is so geared that exposures are made alternately through the red gelatine, panchromatic film is used, and the negative is printed from in the ordinary way, and it will be understood that there is no colour in the film itself. The first motion picture exhibited in Kinemacolor was a short filmed in Brighton titled A Visit to the Seaside. On 26 February 1909, the public first saw Kinemacolor in a programme of twenty-one short films shown at the Palace Theatre in London. The process was first seen in the United States on 11 December 1909, at an exhibition staged by Smith, in 1910, Kinemacolor released the first dramatic film made in the process, Checkmated. With Our King and Queen Through India and the dramas The World, the Flesh and the Devil, unfortunately, these latter two features were also among the last films released by Kinemacolor. Kinemacolor enjoyed the most commercial success in the UK where, between 1909 and 1918, it was shown at more than 250 entertainment venues, the system was made available to exhibitors either by licence or from 1913 through a series of touring companies. Although in most cases the system stayed at licensed venues for only a few there were instances where it remained at a hall for up to two years. Four dramatic short films were produced by Kinemacolor in the United States in 1912–1913. However, the company was never a success, partly due to the expense of installing special Kinemacolor projectors in cinemas, also, the process suffered from fringing and haloing of the images, an unsolvable problem as long as Kinemacolor remained a successive frame process. The first version of Prizma Color, developed by William Van Doren Kelley in the U. S. from 1913 to 1917, in the U. K. William Friese-Greene developed another additive color system for film called Biocolour. However, in 1914 George Albert Smith sued Friese-Greene for infringing Kinemacolors patents, slowing the development of Biocolour by Friese-Greene and his son Claude in the 1920s
28.
Oliver Twist
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Oliver Twist, or The Parish Boys Progress, is the second novel by English author Charles Dickens and was first published as a serial 1837–39. The story is of the orphan Oliver Twist, who starts his life in a workhouse and is sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. He escapes from there and travels to London, where he meets the Artful Dodger, Oliver Twist is notable for its unromantic portrayal by Dickens of criminals and their sordid lives, as well as for exposing the cruel treatment of the many orphans in London in the mid-19th century. The alternate title, The Parish Boys Progress, alludes to Bunyans The Pilgrims Progress, as well as the 18th-century caricature series by William Hogarth, A Rakes Progress and A Harlots Progress. In this early example of the novel, Dickens satirizes the hypocrisies of his time, including child labour, the recruitment of children as criminals. The novel may have inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe. It is likely that Dickenss own youthful experiences contributed as well, Oliver Twist has been the subject of numerous adaptations for various media, including a highly successful musical play, Oliver. and the multiple Academy Award-winning 1968 motion picture. Disney also put its spin on the novel with the movie called Oliver & Company in 1988, the novel was originally published in monthly installments in the Magazine Bentleys Miscellany from February 1837 to April 1839. It was originally intended to form part of Dickenss serial, The Mudfog Papers, george Cruikshank provided one steel etching per month to illustrate each installment. It included 24 steel-engraved plates by Cruikshank, the first edition was titled, Oliver Twist, or, The Parish Boys Progress. Oliver is brought up with food and few comforts. Around the time of Olivers ninth birthday, Mr. Bumble, Oliver, who toils with very little food, remains in the workhouse for six months. One day, the desperately hungry boys decide to draw lots, the loser must ask for another portion of gruel. The task falls to Oliver, who at the next meal tremblingly comes up forward, bowl in hand, the board of well-fed gentlemen who administer the workhouse hypocritically offer £5 to any person wishing to take on the boy as an apprentice. Mr. Gamfield, a chimney sweep, almost claims Oliver. However, when he begs not to be sent away with that dreadful man. Later, Mr. Sowerberry, an undertaker employed by the parish and he treats Oliver better and, because of the boys sorrowful countenance, uses him as a mourner at childrens funerals. In trying to bait Oliver, Noah insults Olivers biological mother, calling her a regular right-down bad un. Oliver flies into a rage, once Oliver is sent to his room for the night, he breaks down and weeps, upset at the events which he had faced
29.
Frederick Warde
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Frederick Barkham Warde was an English Shakesperian actor who relocated to the United States in the late 19th century. He was the son of Thomas Warde and Anne, in the late 1870s he partnered with his friend actor Maurice Barrymore and the two agreed to tour plays around the United States. Warde would have one section of the country while Barrymore and his company toured the other, for a time the venture was very successful. Warde had two notable achievements, one being the discovery of Douglas Fairbanks Sr. and persuading him to move from Denver to join Wardes New York City actors troupe. Fairbanks then made his Broadway debut in 1902, the second achievement was as the star of Richard III, based on the play by William Shakespeare. This 55-minute film was re-discovered in 1996 by a film collector who donated it to the American Film Institute archive. The film is thought to be the earliest surviving American feature film, in 1916 Warde filmed another Shakespearean tragedy, King Lear, for the Thanhouser company. In 1917 he appeared in a Pathe film Under False Colors with a beauty named Jeanne Eagels. Another of his films was A Lovers Oath, opposite Ramon Novarro and it is regarded as a lost film. Warde also recorded a sound film Frederick Warde Reads Poem. Though Warde lived until 1935 he saw no need to come out of retirement to appear in legitimate sound motion pictures
30.
Cinema of India
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The cinema of India consists of films produced across India. Cinema as a medium has gained popularity in the country. Indian films have come to be followed throughout South Asia. Dadasaheb Phalke is known as the father of Indian cinema, the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, for lifetime contribution to cinema, was instituted in his honour, by the Government of India in 1969, and is the most prestigious and coveted award in Indian cinema. In the 20th century, Indian cinema, along with the Hollywood and Chinese film industries, as of 2013, in terms of annual film output, India ranks first, followed by Nollywood, Hollywood and China. In 2012, India produced 1,602 feature films, the Indian film industry reached overall revenues of $1.86 billion in 2011. This is projected to rise to $3 billion in 2016, in 2015, India had a total box office of US$1.6 billion, the fourth largest in the world outside North America. Enhanced technology paved the way for upgrading from established norms of delivering product. Visual effects based, super hero science fiction, and epic films like Enthiran, Baahubali, Indian cinema found markets in over 90 countries where films from India are screened. The Indian government extended film delegations to countries such as the United States of America. The provision of 100% foreign direct investment has made the Indian film market attractive for foreign enterprises such as 20th Century Fox, Sony Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures, tax incentives to multiplexes have aided the multiplex boom in India. By 2003 as many as 30 film production companies had been listed in the National Stock Exchange of India, the South Indian film industry defines the four film cultures of South India as a single entity. They are the Tamil, the Telugu, the Malayalam and the Kannada industries, although developed independently over a long period, gross exchange of film performers and technicians as well as globalisation helped to shape this new identity. Music in Indian cinema is another substantial revenue generator with the music rights alone accounting for 4–5% of the net revenues generated by a film in India. Following the screening of the Lumière moving pictures in London, cinema became a sensation across Europe, in the next year a film presentation by one Professor Stevenson featured a stage show at Calcuttas Star Theatre. With Stevensons encouragement and camera Hiralal Sen, an Indian photographer, made a film of scenes from that show, the Wrestlers by H. S. Bhatavdekar showing a wrestling match at the Hanging Gardens in Bombay was the first film ever to be shot by an Indian. It was also the first Indian documentary film, the first Indian film released in India was Shree Pundalik a silent film in Marathi by Dadasaheb Torne on 18 May 1912 at Coronation Cinematograph, Bombay. The female roles in the film were played by male actors, the film marked a historic benchmark in the film industry in India
31.
Raja Harishchandra
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Raja Harishchandra is a 1913 Indian realistic silent film, directed and produced by Dadasaheb Phalke, and is the first full-length Indian feature film. The film was based on the legend of Raja Harishchandra, recounted in the Ramayana, the silent film had intertitles in Marathi and its cast and staff were primarily Marathi people. The film marked a historic benchmark in the industry in India. Only one print of the film was made and shown at the Coronation Cinematograph and it was a commercial success and paved the way for more such films. The film opens with a scene of a tableaux patterned on the painting by Raja Ravi Varma, of Raja Harishchandra and his wife with their son. The film revolves around the noble and righteous king, Harishchandra, though, in the end, pleased by his high morals, the Gods restore his former glory, and further bestow him with divine blessings. Dattatraya Damodar Dabke, a Marathi stage actor played the role of Raja Harischandra. The female lead role of Taramati, Harischandras wife was played by Anna Salunke, Phalkes son Bhalachandra D. Phalke was the child artist who donned the role of Rohtash, son of Harischandra. Sage Vishwamitras role was played by G. V, the story was an adaptation from the Hindu mythology and was scripted by Ranchhodbai Udayram and Dada Saheb Phalke. Other artists in the film were, Dattatreya Kshirsagar Dattatreya Telang Ganpat G. Shinde Vishnu Hari Aundhkar Nath T and he started a studio in Dadar Main Road. He wrote the play, and created the sets for the film. The film was Dada’s first feature film venture of full length of 3700 ft about 50 minutes of running time. The film was screened at the Coronation Cinema in 1913 before invited audience of the representatives of the press, the film received wide acclaim and was a commercial success. Phalke followed it up by making such as Satyavan Savitri, Satyawadi Raja Harish Chandra, Lanka Dahan, Sri Krisna Janma. Phalke was greatly influenced by the style of painter Raja Ravi Verma in the making of his films, just as Verma brought Hindu mythology on canvas, Phalke brought it in motion pictures. He would make films based on mythological stories from Ramayana, Mahabharata. The film had an all-male cast as no woman was available for playing female leads, Phalke struggled to get woman, including nautch girls, to agree to act in film. He hence had to cast a man to play the role of Queen Taramati
32.
The Birth of a Nation
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The Birth of a Nation is a 1915 American silent epic drama film directed and co-produced by D. W. Griffith and starring Lillian Gish. The screenplay is adapted from the novel and play The Clansman and it was released on February 8,1915. Three hours long, the film was presented in two parts separated by an intermission, it was the first 12-reel film in America. The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth is dramatized, there were widespread African-American protests against The Birth of a Nation, such as in Boston, while thousands of white Bostonians flocked to see the film. The NAACP spearheaded a campaign to ban the film. Griffiths indignation at efforts to censor or ban the film motivated him to produce Intolerance the following year. The films release is credited as being one of the events that inspired the formation of the second era Ku Klux Klan at Stone Mountain, Georgia. The Birth of a Nation, along with the trial and lynching of Leo Frank for the 1913 murder of Mary Phagan in Atlanta, was used as a tool for the KKK. Under President Woodrow Wilson, it was the first American motion picture to be screened at the White House, Griffiths innovative techniques and storytelling power have made The Birth of a Nation one of the landmarks of film history. In 1992, the United States Library of Congress deemed the film culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant, the film follows two juxtaposed families. One is the Northern Stonemans, abolitionist U. S, representative Austin Stoneman, his daughter, and two sons. The other is the Southern Camerons, Dr. Cameron is married to his wife, the couple also has three sons and two daughters. Phil, the elder Stoneman son, falls in love with Margaret Cameron, while the visit to the the Cameron estate in South Carolina. Meanwhile, young Ben Cameron idolizes a picture of Elsie Stoneman, during the Civil War, the young men from both families enlist in their respective armies for the war. The younger Stoneman and two of the Cameron brothers are killed in the war, meanwhile, the Cameron women are rescued by Confederate soldiers who rout a Black militia, after an attack on the Cameron home. Ben Cameron leads a charge at the Siege of Petersburg. But he is wounded and captured. He is then taken to a Union hospital in Washington, D. C, during his stay at the hospital, he is told that he will be hanged
33.
Japan
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Japan is a sovereign island nation in Eastern Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies off the eastern coast of the Asia Mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea, the kanji that make up Japans name mean sun origin. 日 can be read as ni and means sun while 本 can be read as hon, or pon, Japan is often referred to by the famous epithet Land of the Rising Sun in reference to its Japanese name. Japan is an archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu and Shikoku, the country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions. Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one, the population of 127 million is the worlds tenth largest. Japanese people make up 98. 5% of Japans total population, approximately 9.1 million people live in the city of Tokyo, the capital of Japan. Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period, the first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other regions, mainly China, followed by periods of isolation, from the 12th century until 1868, Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shoguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor. Japan entered into a period of isolation in the early 17th century. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Japan is a member of the UN, the OECD, the G7, the G8, the country has the worlds third-largest economy by nominal GDP and the worlds fourth-largest economy by purchasing power parity. It is also the worlds fourth-largest exporter and fourth-largest importer, although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war, it maintains a modern military with the worlds eighth-largest military budget, used for self-defense and peacekeeping roles. Japan is a country with a very high standard of living. Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world, in ancient China, Japan was called Wo 倭. It was mentioned in the third century Chinese historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms in the section for the Wei kingdom, Wa became disliked because it has the connotation of the character 矮, meaning dwarf. The 倭 kanji has been replaced with the homophone Wa, meaning harmony, the Japanese word for Japan is 日本, which is pronounced Nippon or Nihon and literally means the origin of the sun. The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty, at the start of the seventh century, a delegation from Japan introduced their country as Nihon
34.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
35.
The Jazz Singer
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The Jazz Singer is a 1927 American musical film. Directed by Alan Crosland and produced by Warner Bros, the film depicts the fictional story of Jakie Rabinowitz, a young man who defies the traditions of his devout Jewish family. After singing popular tunes in a garden he is punished by his father. Some years later, now calling himself Jack Robin, he has become a jazz singer. He attempts to build a career as an entertainer but his professional ambitions ultimately come into conflict with the demands of his home and heritage. Darryl F. Zanuck won an Honorary Academy Award for producing the film, in 1996, The Jazz Singer was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry of culturally, historically or aesthetically significant motion pictures. In 1998, the film was chosen in voting conducted by the American Film Institute as one of the best American films of all time, ranking at number ninety. Cantor Rabinowitz wants his son to carry on the family tradition. But down at the garden, thirteen-year-old Jakie Rabinowitz is performing so-called jazz tunes. Moisha Yudelson spots the boy and tells Jakies father, who drags him home, Jakie clings to his mother, Sara, as his father declares, Ill teach him better than to debase the voice God gave him. Jakie threatens, If you whip me again, Ill run away —, after the whipping, Jakie kisses his mother goodbye and, true to his word, runs away. At the Yom Kippur service, Rabinowitz mournfully tells a fellow celebrant, My son was to stand at my side and sing tonight –, as the sacred Kol Nidre is sung, Jakie sneaks back home to retrieve a picture of his loving mother. About 10 years later, Jakie has changed his name to the more assimilated Jack Robin, Jack is called up from his table at a cabaret to perform on stage. Jack wows the crowd with his energized rendition, afterward, he is introduced to the beautiful Mary Dale, a musical theater dancer. There are lots of singers, but you have a tear in your voice, she says. With her help, Jack eventually gets his big break, a part in the new musical April Follies. Back at the family home Jack left long ago, the elder Rabinowitz instructs a young student in the traditional cantorial art. Jack appears and tries to explain his point of view, and his love of modern music, as he leaves, Jack makes a prediction, I came home with a heart full of love, but you dont want to understand
36.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan
37.
Vitaphone
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Vitaphone was a sound film system used for feature films and nearly 1,000 short subjects made by Warner Bros. and its sister studio First National from 1926 to 1931. Vitaphone was the last major analog sound-on-disc system and the one which was widely used. The soundtrack was not printed on the film itself, but issued separately on phonograph records, the discs, recorded at 33 1⁄3 rpm and typically 16 inches in diameter, would be played on a turntable physically coupled to the projector motor while the film was being projected. Many early talkies, such as The Jazz Singer, used the Vitaphone system, the name Vitaphone derived from the Latin and Greek words, respectively, for living and sound. The Vitaphone trademark was later associated with cartoons and other subjects that had optical soundtracks. Wente had created in 1916 and greatly improved in 1922, the business was established at Western Electrics Bell Laboratories in New York City and acquired by Warner Bros. in April 1925. Warner Bros. introduced Vitaphone on August 6,1926 with the release of their silent feature Don Juan, the feature was preceded by a program of short subjects with live-recorded sound, nearly all featuring classical instrumentalists and opera stars. Don Juan was able to draw huge sums of money at the box office, after its financial failure, Paramount head Adolph Zukor offered Sam Warner a deal as an executive producer for Paramount if he brought Vitaphone with him. Harry eventually agreed to accept Sams demands, dance band leader Henry Halstead is given credit for starring in the first Vitaphone short subject filmed in Hollywood instead of New York. Carnival Night in Paris featured the Henry Halstead Orchestra and a cast of hundreds of costumed dancers in a Carnival atmosphere, from the perspective of the cast and crew on the sound stage, there was little difference between filming with Vitaphone and a sound-on-film system. In the early years of sound, the cameras and their operators were enclosed in soundproofed booths with small windows made of thick glass. Cables suspended the microphones in fixed positions just above camera range, the recording machines were usually located in a separate building to completely isolate them from sound stage floor vibrations and other undesirable influences. The audio signal was sent from a monitoring and control booth to the recording room over a heavy shielded cable. Synchronization was maintained by driving all the cameras and recorders with synchronous electric motors powered from a common source, except for the unusual disc size and speed, the physical record-making process was the same one employed by contemporary record companies to make smaller discs for home use. The recording lathe cut an audio-signal-modulated spiral groove into the surface of a thick round slab of wax-like material rotating on a turntable. If problems were found, the scene could then be re-shot while everything was still in place, a Vitaphone-equipped theater had normal projectors which had been furnished with special phonograph turntables and pickups, a fader, an amplifier, and a loudspeaker system. The projectors operated just as motorized silent projectors did, but at a speed of 24 frames per second. When the projector was started, it rotated the linked turntable, the Vitaphone process made several improvements over previous systems, Amplification – The Vitaphone system used electronic amplification based on Lee De Forests Audion tube
38.
Color photography
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Color photography is photography that uses media capable of reproducing colors. By contrast, black-and-white photography records only a channel of luminance. In color photography, electronic sensors or light-sensitive chemicals record color information at the time of exposure, monochrome images which have been colorized by tinting selected areas by hand or mechanically or with the aid of a computer are colored photographs, not color photographs. Their colors are not dependent on the colors of the objects photographed. Color photography has been the dominant form of photography since the 1970s, Color photography was attempted beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments were directed at finding a substance which would assume the color of the light falling on it. Other experimenters, such as Edmond Becquerel, achieved better results, over the following several decades, renewed experiments along these lines periodically raised hopes and then dashed them, yielding nothing of practical value. Gabriel Lippmann is remembered as the inventor of a method for reproducing colors by photography, based on the interference phenomenon, in 1886 Lippmanns interest had turned to a method of fixing the colors of the solar spectrum on a photographic plate. By April 1892, he was able to report that he had succeeded in producing color images of a glass window, a group of flags, a bowl of oranges topped by a red poppy. He presented his theory of photography using the interference method in two papers to the Academy, one in 1894, the other in 1906. The named colors are somewhat arbitrary divisions imposed on the spectrum of visible light. The test subject was a bow made of ribbon with stripes of colors, apparently including red. Creating colors by mixing colored lights in various proportions is the method of color reproduction. LCD, LED, plasma and CRT color video displays all use this method and this is also known as the RGB color model. In photography, the dye colors are cyan, a greenish-blue which absorbs red, magenta, a purplish-pink which absorbs green, and yellow. The red-filtered image is used to create a dye image, the green-filtered image to create a magenta dye image. When the three dye images are superimposed they form a color image. This is also known as the CMYK color model, most commonly, three pigment images were first created separately by the so-called carbon process and then carefully combined in register
39.
Hand-colouring of photographs
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Hand-colouring refers to any method of manually adding colour to a black-and-white photograph, generally either to heighten the realism of the photograph or for artistic purposes. Hand-colouring is also known as painting or overpainting. Typically, watercolours, oils, crayons or pastels, and other paints or dyes are applied to the surface using brushes, fingers. Hand-coloured photographs were most popular in the mid- to late-19th century before the invention of colour photography, monochrome photography was first exemplified by the daguerreotype in 1839 and later improved by other methods including, calotype, ambrotype, tintype, albumen print and gelatin silver print. In an attempt to more realistic images, photographers and artists would hand-colour monochrome photographs. Coloured powder was fixed on the surface of the daguerreotype by the application of heat. Variations of this technique were patented in England by Richard Beard in 1842 and in France by Étienne Lecchi in 1842, later, hand-colouring was used with successive photographic innovations, from albumen and gelatin silver prints to lantern slides and transparency photography. Parallel efforts to produce coloured photographic images affected the popularity of hand-colouring, in 1842 Daniel Davis Jr. patented a method for colouring daguerreotypes through electroplating, and his work was refined by Warren Thompson the following year. The results of the work of Davis and Thompson were only successful in creating colour photographs. In 1850 Levi L. Hill announced his invention of a process of daguerreotyping in natural colours in his Treatise on Daguerreotype, sales of conventional uncoloured and hand-coloured daguerreotypes fell in anticipation of this new technology. Hill delayed publication of the details of his process for years, however. When he finally did publish his treatise in 1856, the process – whether bona fide or not – was certainly impractical, hand-colouring remained the easiest and most effective method to produce full-colour photographic images until the mid-20th century when American Kodak introduced Kodachrome colour film. Another notable early photographer in Japan to use hand-colouring was Yokoyama Matsusaburō, later practitioners of hand-colouring in Japan included the firm of Stillfried & Andersen, which acquired Beatos studio in 1877 and hand-coloured many of his negatives in addition to its own. Hand-coloured photographs were produced by Kusakabe Kimbei, Tamamura Kozaburō, Adolfo Farsari, Uchida Kuichi, Ogawa Kazumasa. Many high-quality hand-coloured photographs continued to be made in Japan well into the 20th century, the so-called golden age of hand-coloured photography in the western hemisphere occurred between 1900 and 1940. The increased demand for hand-coloured landscape photography at the beginning of the 20th century is attributed to the work of Wallace Nutting, Nutting, a New England minister, pursued hand-coloured landscape photography as a hobby until 1904, when he opened a professional studio. He spent the next 35 years creating hand-coloured photographs, and became the best-selling hand-coloured photographer of all time, with the start of the Great Depression in 1929, and the subsequent decrease in the numbers of the middle class, sales of hand-coloured photographs sharply diminished. Despite their downturn in popularity, skilled photographers continued to create beautifully hand-coloured photographs, hans Bellmers hand-coloured photographs of his own doll sculptures from the 1930s provide an example of continued hand-colouring of photographs in Europe during this time
