1.
FedEx Express
–
FedEx Express, formerly Federal Express, is a cargo airline based in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. It is the worlds largest airline in terms of freight tons flown and it is a subsidiary of FedEx Corporation, delivering packages and freight to more than 375 destinations in nearly every country each day. Its headquarters are in Memphis with its global SuperHub located at Memphis International Airport, in the United States, FedEx Express has a national hub at Indianapolis International Airport. There are a total of 12 air hubs in the worldwide network. The concept for what became Federal Express came to Fred Smith while he was studying as a student at Yale University. Smith felt that the necessary delivery speed could only be achieved by using air transport, but he believed that the U. S. air cargo system was so inflexible and bound by regulations at that time that it was completely incapable of making sufficiently fast deliveries. Plus, the U. S. air cargo industry was highly unsuited to the role, despite the professors opinion, Smith held on to the idea. Smith founded the Federal Express Corporation in 1971 and it was founded in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1971, as Smith was operating Little Rock Airmotive there. After a lack of support from the Little Rock National Airport, Smith moved the company to Memphis, Tennessee, the company started overnight operations on April 17,1973, with fourteen Dassault Falcon 20s that connected twenty-five cities in the United States. That night,186 packages were carried, Services included both overnight and two-day package and envelope delivery services, as well as Courier Pak. Federal Express began to market itself as the service company with 550-mile-per-hour delivery trucks. However, the company began to experience difficulties, losing up to a million USD a month. The winnings enabled the company to meet payroll the following Monday. The $27,000 wasn’t decisive, but it was an omen that things would get better, at the time, Federal Express was the most highly financed new company in U. S. history, in terms of venture capital. Federal Express installed its first drop box in 1975 which allowed customers to drop off packages without going to a local branch. In 1976, the company became profitable with a volume of 19,000 parcels per day. A1977 legislative change removed restrictions on the operated by all-cargo airlines. In 1978, the company went public and was listed on The New York Stock Exchange, in 1980 the company implemented DADS to coordinate on-call pickups for customers, this system allows customers to schedule pickups for the same day
FedEx Express
–
First FedEx Express aircraft, a
Dassault Falcon 20 named Wendy, on display at
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
FedEx Express
–
A
McDonnell Douglas MD-11 in the Federal Express livery used until 1994
FedEx Express
–
A FedEx Express delivery truck, showing the dual branding, both "FedEx" and "Federal Express" that the company used from 1994 to 2000
FedEx Express
–
A FedEx Express delivery truck showing the current "FedEx" branding
2.
Roger Federer
–
Roger Federer is a Swiss professional tennis player who is currently ranked world No.4 by the Association of Tennis Professionals. Many players and analysts have called him the greatest tennis player of all time, Federer turned professional in 1998 and was continuously ranked in the top 10 from October 2002 to November 2016. Federer has won 18 Grand Slam singles titles, the most in history for a tennis player. In majors, Federer has won seven Wimbledon titles, five Australian Open titles, five US Open titles and he is among the eight men to capture a career Grand Slam. He has reached a record 28 mens singles Grand Slam finals, Federers ATP tournament records include winning a record six ATP World Tour Finals and playing in the finals at all nine ATP Masters 1000 tournaments. He also won the Olympic gold medal in doubles with his compatriot Stan Wawrinka at the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, representing Switzerland, he was a part of the 2014 winning Davis Cup team. He was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a four consecutive years from 2005 to 2008. Federer was born at the Basel Cantonal Hospital in Basel, Switzerland, Federer has one sibling, his older sister Diana, who is the mother of a set of twins. He holds both Swiss and South African citizenship, Federer was raised as a Roman Catholic and met Pope Benedict XVI while playing the 2006 Internazionali BNL dItalia tournament in Rome. Like all male Swiss citizens, Federer was subject to military service in the Swiss Armed Forces. However, in 2003 he was ruled unsuitable and was not required to fulfil his military obligation. Instead, he served in the protection force and was required to pay 3% of his taxable income as an alternative. He grew up supporting F. C. Basel and the Swiss National Football Team, Federer also credits the range of sports he played as a child—he also played badminton and basketball—for his hand-eye coordination. Federer is married to former Womens Tennis Association player Mirka Vavrinec and he met her while both were competing for Switzerland in the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Vavrinec retired from the tour in 2002 because of a foot injury and they were married at Wenkenhof Villa in Riehen near Basel on 11 April 2009, surrounded by a small group of close friends and family. In July 2009, Mirka gave birth to twin girls, Myla Rose. The Federers had another set of twins in 2014, this time boys whom they named Leo and Lennart, in 2003, he established the Roger Federer Foundation to help disadvantaged children and to promote their access to education and sports. In 2005, he auctioned his racquet from his US Open championship to aid victims of Hurricane Katrina, at the 2005 Pacific Life Open in Indian Wells, Federer arranged an exhibition involving several top players from the ATP and WTA tour called Rally for Relief
Roger Federer
–
Federer at the
2009 Wimbledon Championships
Roger Federer
–
Federer's signature
Roger Federer
–
Federer's family watching him in
Indian Wells, 2012
Roger Federer
–
Federer at the 2004 US Open, where he became the first man since 1988 to win three majors in a season.
3.
Tim Federowicz
–
Timothy Joseph Federowicz is an American professional baseball catcher in the San Francisco Giants organization. He has also played for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Chicago Cubs, Federowicz was drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 7th round of the 2008 MLB Draft out of the University of North Carolina. At North Carolina, he was a first team Freshman All-American in 2006 and as a junior in 2008 and he began his professional career with the Lowell Spinners in the New York–Penn League in 2008. He broke out in 2009 with the Greenville Drive, hitting.345 with 10 homers in 55 games and he was promoted to the Salem Red Sox in the Carolina League, where he played through 2010. In 2011, he began the year with the Double-A Portland Sea Dogs, on July 31,2011 he was traded to the Los Angeles Dodgers as part of a three-team trade that sent Érik Bédard to the Red Sox and Trayvon Robinson to the Seattle Mariners. The Dodgers assigned him to the Triple-A Albuquerque Isotopes and he was in 25 games for the Isotopes, hitting.325 with 6 home runs. He was called up to the Dodgers on September 6,2011 and he struck out in his first major league plate appearance in the ninth inning, against Waldis Joaquín. On September 15,2011, he had his first major-league start against the Pittsburgh Pirates and he appeared in 7 games for the Dodgers, with 2 hits in 13 at-bats. In 2012 with Albuquerque he hit.294 with 11 homers and 76 RBI in 115 games and was selected to the Pacific Coast League mid-season All-Star team and the post-season All-PCL Team. He returned to the Majors when the Dodgers called him up on September 1, after the season, he played for the Tigres del Licey in the Dominican Winter League. Federowicz made the Dodgers opening day roster in 2013 as the catcher to A. J. Ellis. However, he was optioned back to AAA after Ramón Hernández was acquired from the Rockies and he rejoined the Dodgers in June and became the full-time backup catcher after Hernández was released on June 14. Federowicz hit his first major league home run on June 1,2013 at Colorado, in 56 games with the Dodgers in 2013, he hit.231 with 4 homers and 16 RBI. In 2014, he was out for the backup catcher job by Drew Butera. In 78 games for them, he hit.328 with 14 homers and 48 RBI, in limited action with the Dodgers, he hit.113 in 23 games. On December 18,2014, he was traded to the San Diego Padres for Yasmani Grandal, Joe Wieland, during a spring training game, Federowicz suffered a tear in the lateral meniscus in his right knee, which caused him to miss the entire season. He was designated for assignment on August 1,2015, Federowicz signed a minor league contract with the Chicago Cubs on January 14,2016. He started the season with the Triple-A Iowa Cubs and he was brought up to the major league roster on April 28
Tim Federowicz
–
Federowicz with the
Los Angeles Dodgers in 2013
Tim Federowicz
–
Federowicz playing for the
Albuquerque Isotopes, triple-A affiliates of the
Los Angeles Dodgers, in
2012
4.
Ticker symbol
–
A ticker symbol or stock symbol is an abbreviation used to uniquely identify publicly traded shares of a particular stock on a particular stock market. A stock symbol may consist of letters, numbers or a combination of both, ticker symbol refers to the symbols that were printed on the ticker tape of a ticker tape machine. Stock symbols are unique identifiers assigned to each security traded on a particular market, for example, AAPL is for Apple Inc. OODH is for Orion DHC, Inc. and HD is for Home Depot, a stock symbol can consist of letters, numbers, or a combination of both, and is a way to uniquely identify that stock. The symbols were kept as short as possible to reduce the number of characters that had to be printed on the ticker tape, the allocation of symbols and formatting convention is specific to each stock exchange. In the US, for example, stock tickers are typically between 1 and 4 letters and represent the name where possible. In Europe, most exchanges use three-letter codes, for example Dutch consumer goods company Unilever traded on the Amsterdam Euronext exchange has the symbol UNA, while in Asia, numbers are often used as stock tickers to avoid issues for international investors when using non-Latin scripts. For example, the bank HSBCs stock traded on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has the ticker symbol 0005, symbols sometimes change to reflect mergers. Prior to the 1999 merger with Mobil Oil, Exxon used a spelling of the company XON as its ticker symbol. The symbol of the firm after the merger was XOM, symbols are sometimes reused, in the US the single-letter symbols are particularly sought after as vanity symbols. For example, since Mar 2008 Visa Inc. has used the symbol V that had previously used by Vivendi which had delisted. To fully qualify a stock, both the ticker and the exchange or country of listing needs to be known, on many systems both must be specified to uniquely identify the security. This is often done by appending the location or exchange code to the ticker, although stock tickers identify a security, they are exchange dependent, generally limited to stocks and can change. These limitations have led to the development of other codes in financial markets to identify securities for settlement purposes, the most prevalent of these is the International Securities Identifying Number. An ISIN uniquely identifies a security and its structure is defined in ISO6166, Securities for which ISINs are issued include bonds, commercial paper, stocks, and warrants. The ISIN identifies the security, not the exchange on which it trades, for instance, Daimler AG stock trades on twenty-two different stock exchanges worldwide, and is priced in five different currencies, it has the same ISIN on each, though not the same ticker symbol. ISIN cannot specify a particular trade in this case, and another identifier, following the introduction of the Sequence trading platform in 1996, EPICs were renamed Tradable Instrument Display Mnemonics, but they are still widely referred to as EPICs. Stocks can also be identified using their SEDOL number or their ISIN, in the United States, modern letter-only ticker symbols were developed by Standard & Poors to bring a national standard to investing
Ticker symbol
–
Stock
telegraph ticker machine by
Thomas Edison
5.
New York Stock Exchange
–
The New York Stock Exchange, is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the worlds largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its companies at US$19.3 trillion as of June 2016. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013, the NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007, the main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978. The NYSE is owned by Intercontinental Exchange, an American holding company that it also lists, previously, it was part of NYSE Euronext, which was formed by the NYSEs 2007 merger with Euronext. NYSE and Euronext now operate as divisions of Intercontinental Exchange, the NYSE has been the subject of several lawsuits regarding fraud or breach of duty and in 2004 was sued by its former CEO for breach of contract and defamation. The earliest recorded organization of securities trading in New York among brokers directly dealing with each other can be traced to the Buttonwood Agreement, previously securities exchange had been intermediated by the auctioneers who also conducted more mundane auctions of commodities such as wheat and tobacco. In 1817 the stockbrokers of New York operating under the Buttonwood Agreement instituted new reforms, after sending a delegation to Philadelphia to observe the organization of their board of brokers, restrictions on manipulative trading were adopted as well as formal organs of governance. Several locations were used between 1817 and 1865, when the present location was adopted, the invention of the electrical telegraph consolidated markets, and New Yorks market rose to dominance over Philadelphia after weathering some market panics better than other alternatives. The Civil War greatly stimulated speculative securities trading in New York, by 1869 membership had to be capped, and has been sporadically increased since. The latter half of the century saw rapid growth in securities trading. Securities trade in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was prone to panics. The Stock Exchange Luncheon Club was situated on the floor from 1898 until its closure in 2006. The main building, located at 18 Broad Street, between the corners of Wall Street and Exchange Place, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1978, as was the 11 Wall Street building. The NYSE announced its plans to merge with Archipelago on April 21,2005, NYSEs governing board voted to merge with rival Archipelago on December 6,2005, and became a for-profit, public company. It began trading under the name NYSE Group on March 8,2006, Wall Street is the leading US money center for international financial activities and the foremost US location for the conduct of wholesale financial services. It comprises a matrix of wholesale financial sectors, financial markets, financial institutions, the principal sectors are securities industry, commercial banking, asset management, and insurance. Prior to the acquisition of NYSE Euronext by the ICE in 2013, Marsh Carter was the Chairman of the NYSE, presently, the chairman is Jeffrey Sprecher
New York Stock Exchange
–
The New York Stock Exchange in 2012.
New York Stock Exchange
–
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
New York Stock Exchange
–
The Stock Exchange at 10–12 Broad Street, in 1882
6.
Dow Jones Transportation Average
–
It is the oldest stock index still in use, even older than its better-known relative, the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The index is a average of the stock prices of twenty transportation corporations, with each stocks price weighted to adjust for stock splits. As a result, it can change at any time the markets are open, the figure mentioned in news reports is usually the figure derived from the prices at the close of the market for the day. Changes in the composition are rare, and generally occur only after corporate acquisitions or other dramatic shifts in a components core business. Should such an event require that one component be replaced, the index is reviewed. As of April 2010, the index consists of the following 20 companies, Alaska Air Group replaced AMR Corporation on December 2,2011, effective October 30,2012, Kirby Corp. replaced Overseas Shipholding Group, Inc. On October 15,2015, American Airlines Group replaced Con-way, the average was created on July 3,1884, by Charles Dow, co-founder of Dow Jones & Company, as part of the Customers Afternoon Letter. At its inception, it consisted of eleven transportation companies—nine railroads, the Transportation Average is an important factor in Dow theory. In 1964, the index first broke 200, slightly over where it was in 1929, in 1983, the index first broke 500. In 1987, the index broke 1000 and it closed at 2146.89 on March 9,2009, having a low coincident with some other indices, this was a bit above its low of 1942.19 on March 11,2003. By May, the Industrials and all other major indexes except the NASDAQ group were making all-time highs, including the Transports, on October 24,2013, the Transports closed at 7,022.79, for its first close above 7,000 points. It closed the year at a high of 7,400.57. On May 27,2014, it first closed above 8,000 points, the index closed above 9000 on November 10,2014. At the close of 2014, the index hit 9139.92, at the close of 2015, the index hit 7508.71, a loss of 17. 85% on the year. The index is tracked by a fund, iShares Transportation Average. Dow Jones Utility Average Dow theory Yahoo, finance page for ^DJT Bloomberg page for TRAN, IND Dow Jones & Company website Yahoo, Chart of DJTA performance chart of DJT vs SPX from Yahoo
Dow Jones Transportation Average
–
Dow Jones Transportation Average 1896–2012
7.
Express mail
–
Express mail is an accelerated mail delivery service for which the customer pays a surcharge and receives faster delivery. Express mail is a service for domestic and international mail and is in most countries governed by a countrys own postal administration, since 1998, the international accelerated delivery services are governed by the EMS Cooperative. Express Mail Service is an international postal service offered by postal-administration members of the Universal Postal Union. These administrators created the EMS Cooperative in 1998 within the framework of the UPU to promote the harmonization, as of January 2015, EMS was offered by more than 190 countries and territories worldwide. An independent auditor measures the express delivery performance of all international EMS operators, EMS Performance Awards are based on postal operators performance, including service performance and tracking. Gold, Silver, or Bronze certificate are awarded to EMS Cooperative members depending on their yearly performance and these EMS award winners are recorded in the EMS Cooperatives Hall of Fame. Since its creation,182 postal administrations have joined the EMS Cooperative, many transportation logistics firms offer similar accelerated services. UPS, DHL and FedEx are the most popular alternatives, however, in many countries such alternative carriers shipments have different status for several legal purposes. In some countries legal notification sent by post and EMS are deemed made on the date of dispatch, while for other couriers on the date of delivery only
Express mail
–
1903 4d Express mail cover from Kendall-Bedford with red official
Royal Mail express label affixed. The vertical line also indicates that express service is required.
Express mail
–
EMS SpeedPost from India
8.
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
Little Rock is the capital and the most populous city of the U. S. state of Arkansas. It is also the county seat of Pulaski County and it was incorporated on November 7,1831, on the south bank of the Arkansas River close to the geographic center of the state. The city derives its name from a rock formation along the river, the capital of the Arkansas Territory was moved to Little Rock from Arkansas Post in 1821. The citys population was 193,524 at the 2010 census, Little Rock is a cultural, economic, government, and transportation center within Arkansas and the South. Little Rocks history is available through history museums, historic districts or neighborhoods like the Quapaw Quarter, the city is the headquarters of Dillards, Windstream Communications, Acxiom, Stephens Inc. University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Heifer International, the Clinton Foundation, other large corporations, such as Dassault Falcon Jet and LM Wind Power have large operations in the city. State government is an employer, with many offices being located in downtown Little Rock. Two Interstate highways, Interstate 30 and Interstate 40, meet in Little Rock, Little Rock derives its name from a small rock formation on the south bank of the Arkansas River called le petit rocher. The little rock was used by river traffic as a landmark. The little rock is across the river from big rock, a bluff at the edge of the river. Archeological artifacts provide evidence of Native Americans inhabiting Central Arkansas for thousands of years before Europeans arrived, the early inhabitants may have been the Folsom people, Bluff Dwellers, and Mississippian culture peoples who built earthwork mounds recorded in 1541 by Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto. Historical tribes of the area were the Caddo, Quapaw, Osage, Choctaw, Little Rock was named for a stone outcropping on the bank of the Arkansas River used by early travelers as a landmark. Le Petit Rocher, named in 1722 by French explorer and trader Jean-Baptiste Bénard de la Harpe, Travelers referred to the area as the Little Rock, and the landmark name stuck. Little Rock is located at 34°44′10″N 92°19′52″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 116.8 square miles, of which,116.2 square miles of it is land and 0.6 square miles of it is water. Little Rock is located on the bank of the Arkansas River in Central Arkansas. Fourche Creek and Rock Creek run through the city, and flow into the river, the western part of the city is located in the foothills of the Ouachita Mountains. Northwest of the city limits are Pinnacle Mountain and Lake Maumelle, the city of North Little Rock is located just across the river from Little Rock, but it is a separate city. North Little Rock was once the 8th ward of Little Rock, an Arkansas Supreme Court decision on February 6,1904, allowed the ward to merge with the neighboring town of North Little Rock
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
Clockwise from top: Little Rock skyline,
William J. Clinton Presidential Library,
War Memorial Stadium, the River Market District, and the
Arkansas State Capitol
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
Seal
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
The skyline of Little Rock, viewed from the north bank of the
Arkansas River
Little Rock, Arkansas
–
Astronaut photograph of Little Rock, Arkansas taken from the International Space Station (ISS)
9.
Frederick W. Smith
–
Frederick Wallace Fred Smith is the founder, chairman, president, and CEO of FedEx, originally known as Federal Express. The company is headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee, Fred Smith, the father, died while Fred Smith, the son, was only 4, and the boy was raised by his mother and uncles. Smith was crippled by disease as a small boy but regained his health by age 10, before becoming an excellent football player. Smith had a great interest in flying, and became a pilot as a teen. He attended elementary school at Presbyterian Day School and high school at Memphis University School, in 1962, Smith entered Yale University. While attending Yale, he wrote a paper for an economics class, the paper became the idea of FedEx. Smith became a member and eventually the president of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity and he received his bachelors degree in economics in 1966. In his college years, he was a friend and DKE fraternity brother of George W. Bush, Smith was also friends with John Kerry and shared an enthusiasm for aviation with Kerry and was a flying partner with him. After graduation, Smith was commissioned in the U. S. Marine Corps, much mythology exists about this part of his life, Smith was a Marine Corps Ground Officer for his entire service. He was specially trained to fly with pilots and observe and control ground action and he never went through Navy flight training and was not a Naval aviator or pilot in the military. Individuals who completed Navy flight training and became a Designated Naval Aviator were obligated to serve six years at the time, as a Marine, Smith had the opportunity to observe the militarys logistics system first hand. He served two tours of duty in Vietnam, flying with pilots on over 200 combat missions and he was honorably discharged in 1969 with the rank of Captain, having received the Silver Star, the Bronze Star, and two Purple Hearts. While in the military, Smith carefully observed the procurement and delivery procedures, in 1970, Smith purchased the controlling interest in an aircraft maintenance company, Ark Aviation Sales, and by 1971 turned its focus to trading used jets. On June 18,1971, Smith founded Federal Express with his $4 million inheritance, in 1973, the company began offering service to 25 cities, and it began with small packages and documents and a fleet of 14 Falcon 20 jets. His focus was on developing an integrated system, which had never been done before. In the early days of FedEx, Smith had to go to lengths to keep the company afloat. In one instance, he took the companys last $5,000 to Las Vegas, Smith has served on the boards of several large public companies, as well as the St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital and Mayo Foundation boards. He was formerly chairman of the Board of Governors for the International Air Transport Association, Smith is chair of the Business Roundtables Security Task Force, and a member of the Business Council and the Cato Institute
Frederick W. Smith
–
Regulations
10.
Memphis, Tennessee
–
Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U. S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Shelby County. The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf, Memphis had a population of 653,450 in 2013, making it the largest city in the state of Tennessee. It is the largest city on the Mississippi River, the third largest in the greater Southeastern United States, the greater Memphis metropolitan area, including adjacent counties in Mississippi and Arkansas, had a 2014 population of 1,317,314. This makes Memphis the second-largest metropolitan area in Tennessee, surpassed by metropolitan Nashville, Memphis is the youngest of Tennessees major cities, founded in 1819 as a planned city by a group of wealthy Americans including judge John Overton and future president Andrew Jackson. A resident of Memphis is referred to as a Memphian, and the Memphis region is known, particularly to media outlets, as Memphis and the Mid-South. Occupying a substantial bluff rising from the Mississippi River, the site of Memphis has been a location for human settlement by varying cultures over thousands of years. The historic Chickasaw Indian tribe, believed to be their descendants, French explorers led by René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle and Spanish explorer Hernando de Soto would encounter the Chickasaw in that area, in the 16th century. J. D. L. Chickasaw Bluffs, located on the Mississippi River at the present day location of Memphis, spain and the United States vied for control of this site, which was a favorite of the Chickasaws. The United States gained the right to navigate the Mississippi River, the Spanish dismantled the fort, shipping its lumber and iron to their locations in Arkansas. Captain Isaac Guion led an American force down the Ohio River to claim the land, by this time, the Spanish had departed. The forts ruins went unnoticed twenty years later when Memphis was laid out as a city, the city of Memphis was founded on May 22,1819 by John Overton, James Winchester and Andrew Jackson. They named it after the ancient capital of Egypt on the Nile River, Memphis developed as a trade and transportation center in the 19th century because of its flood-free location high above the Mississippi River. Located in the delta region along the river, its outlying areas were developed as cotton plantations. The cotton economy of the antebellum South depended on the labor of large numbers of African-American slaves. Through the early 19th century, one million slaves were transported from the Upper South, Many were transported by steamboats along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. This gave planters and cotton brokers access to the Atlantic Coast for shipping cotton to England, the citys demographics changed dramatically in the 1850s and 1860s under waves of immigration and domestic migration. Due to increased immigration since the 1840s and the Great Famine, ethnic Irish made up 9.9 percent of the population in 1850, but 23.2 percent in 1860, when the total population was 22,623. They had encountered considerable discrimination in the city but by 1860 and they also gained many elected and patronage positions in the Democratic Party city government, and an Irish man was elected as mayor before the Civil War
Memphis, Tennessee
–
From top to bottom and left to right:
Downtown Memphis skyline,
Beale Street,
Graceland,
Orpheum Theatre, Beale Street Landing, and the
Hernando de Soto Bridge
Memphis, Tennessee
–
A
Mississippian era priest (Digital illustration, 2004)
Memphis, Tennessee
–
Memphis in the mid-1850s
Memphis, Tennessee
–
Cotton merchants on Union Avenue (1937)
11.
Mail
–
The mail or post is a system for physically transporting documents and other small packages, or, the postcards, letters, and parcels themselves. A postal service can be private or public, though many governments place restrictions on private systems, since the mid-19th century national postal systems have generally been established as government monopolies with a fee on the article prepaid. Proof of payment is often in the form of adhesive postage stamps, modern private postal systems are typically distinguished from national postal agencies by the names courier or delivery service. Postal authorities often have other than transporting letters. In some countries, a postal, telegraph and telephone service oversees the system, in addition to telephone. Some countries postal systems allow for savings accounts and handle applications for passports, the Universal Postal Union, established in 1874, includes 192 member countries and sets the rules for international mail exchanges. The word mail comes from the Medieval English word male, referring to a bag or pack. It was spelled that way until the 17th century, and is distinct from the word male, the French have a similar word, malle for a trunk or large box, and mála is the Irish term for a bag. In the 17th century, the mail began to appear as a reference for a bag that contained letters. Over the next hundred years the word began to be applied strictly to the letters themselves. The U. S. Postal Service delivers the mail, the term email first appeared in the 1970s. The term snail-mail is a retronym to distinguish it from the quicker email, various dates have been given for its first use. Post is derived from Medieval French poste, which stems from the past participle of the Latin verb ponere. The practice of communication by written documents carried by an intermediary from one person or place to another almost certainly dates back nearly to the invention of writing, however, development of formal postal systems occurred much later. The earliest surviving piece of mail is also Egyptian, dating to 255 BC, the first credible claim for the development of a real postal system comes from Ancient Persia, but the point of invention remains in question. He also negotiated with neighbouring countries to do the same and had built from the city of Post in Western Iran all the way up to the city of Hakha in the East. Other writers credit his successor Darius I of Persia, other sources claim much earlier dates for an Assyrian postal system, with credit given to Hammurabi and Sargon II. Mail may not have been the mission of this postal service
Mail
–
Postal wagons at the postal sorting facility in
Sion, Switzerland. Mail between regional cities is transported by rail, to be delivered by postal bus, vans and cycles at a local level.
Mail
–
Many early post systems consisted of fixed courier routes. Here, a post house on a postal route in the 19th century
Finland
Mail
–
The use of the
Scinde Dawk adhesive stamps to signify the prepayment of postage began on 1 July 1852 in the
Scinde /
Sindh district, as part of a comprehensive reform of the district's postal system.
Mail
–
Early stamps of
India were
watermarked with an elephant's head.
12.
Delivery (commerce)
–
Delivery is the process of transporting goods from a source location to a predefined destination. Cargo are primarily delivered via roads and railroads on land, shipping lanes on the sea, the general process of delivering goods is known as distribution. The study of processes for delivery and disposition of goods. Postal, courier, and relocation services also deliver goods for commercial, there are many variations on this model for specific types of goods and modes of sale. Products sold via catalogue or the Internet may be delivered directly from the manufacturer or warehouse to the consumers home, small manufacturers may deliver their products directly to retail stores without warehousing. Some manufacturers maintain factory outlets which serve as both warehouse and retail store, selling directly to consumers at wholesale prices. Building, construction, landscaping and like materials are delivered to the consumer by a contractor as part of another service. Some highly perishable or hazardous goods, such as used in medical imaging, are delivered directly from manufacturer to consumer. Home delivery is available for fast food and other convenience products. Sometimes home delivery of goods is possible. A milk float is a battery electric vehicle, specifically designed for the delivery of fresh milk. A new form of delivery is emerging on the horizon of the internet age, in this concept an individual not necessarily contracted by the vendor performs the delivery of goods to the destination. Sometimes, private companies will also deliver consumer goods on a regular basis for companies like E-commerce businesses. The consumer demand for Supermarkets to deliver to their door created the need for a temperature controlled vehicle on 3. 5T chassis. Vehicles are often specialized to different types of goods. Armored cars, dump trucks and concrete mixers are examples of vehicles specialized for delivery of specific types of goods, on the sea, merchant ships come in various forms, such as cargo ships, oil tankers and fishing boats. Freight aircraft are used to deliver cargo, often, passenger vehicles are used for delivery of goods. These include buses, vans, pick-ups, cars, motorcycles and bicycles, a significant amount of freight is carried in the cargo holds of passenger ships and aircraft
Delivery (commerce)
–
A
Dairy Crest Smiths Elizabethan electric
Milk float for use of delivering fresh milk to people's doorsteps.
Delivery (commerce)
–
ASDA Mercedes-Benz Sprinter vans for delivering groceries to customers' doors
Delivery (commerce)
–
Delivery tricycle
Delivery (commerce)
–
A horse-drawn dairy delivery vehicle in
Montreal,
Quebec in 1942
13.
Cargo
–
Multi-modal container units, designed as reusable carriers to facilitate unit load handling of the goods contained, are also referred to as cargo, specially by shipping lines and logistics operators. Similarly, aircraft ULD boxes are also documented as cargo, with associated packing list of the contained within. When empty containers are shipped each unit is documented as a cargo and when goods are stored within, seaport terminals handle a wide range of maritime cargo. Automobiles are handled at many ports and are carried on specialized roll-on/roll-off ships. Break bulk cargo is typically stacked on pallets and lifted into. The volume of bulk cargo has declined dramatically worldwide as containerization has grown. One way to secure break bulk and freight in intermodal containers is by using Dunnage Bags, bulk cargo, such as salt, oil, tallow, and scrap metal, is usually defined as commodities that are neither on pallets nor in containers. Bulk cargoes are not handled as individual pieces, the way heavy-lift, alumina, grain, gypsum, logs, and wood chips, for instance, are bulk cargoes. Neo-bulk cargo comprises individual units that are counted as they are loaded and unloaded, in contrast to bulk cargo that is not counted, containers are the largest and fastest growing cargo category at most ports worldwide. Containerized cargo includes everything from auto parts, machinery and manufacturing components to shoes and toys to frozen meat, air cargo, commonly known as air freight, is collected by firms from shippers and delivered to customers. Aircraft were first used for carrying mail as cargo in 1911, eventually manufacturers started designing aircraft for other types of freight as well. There are many commercial aircraft suitable for carrying cargo such as the Boeing 747 and the bigger An‑124, such large aircraft employ quick-loading containers known as unit load devices, much like containerized cargo ships. The ULDs are located in the front section of the aircraft, most nations own and utilize large numbers of military cargo aircraft such as the C‑17 Globemaster III for logistical needs. Popular commercial aircraft transformed to an aircraft such as Saab 340A is designed for high revenue. Trains are capable of transporting a number of containers that come from shipping ports. Trains are also used for the transportation of water, cement, grain, steel, wood and they are used because they can carry a large amount and generally have a direct route to the destination. Under the right circumstances, freight transport by rail is more economic and energy efficient than by road, the main disadvantage of rail freight is its lack of flexibility. For this reason, rail has lost much of the business to road transport
Cargo
–
Cargo being unloaded from a ship using a
cargo net at
Haikou New Port,
Haikou City,
Hainan, China
Cargo
–
Container ship at the
Port of Helsinki in
Finland
Cargo
–
Cargolux Boeing 747-400F with the nose loading door open
Cargo
–
Boeing 777 freighter of
Emirates arrives at
London Heathrow Airport (2015).
14.
United States Dollar
–
The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
United States Dollar
–
Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
United States Dollar
–
Federal Reserve Notes
United States Dollar
–
Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
United States Dollar
–
Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
15.
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
In accounting and finance, earnings before interest and taxes, is a measure of a firms profit that includes all expenses except interest and income tax expenses. It is the difference between operating revenues and operating expenses, when a firm does not have non-operating income, then operating income is sometimes used as a synonym for EBIT and operating profit. To calculate EBIT, expenses are subtracted from revenues, net income is later obtained by subtracting interest and taxes from the result
Earnings before interest and taxes
–
Accounting
16.
Net income
–
In business, net income is an entitys income minus cost of goods sold, expenses and taxes for an accounting period. In the context of the presentation of financial statements, the IFRS Foundation defines net income as synonymous with profit, net income is a distinct accounting concept from profit but the same as net profit. Net income can also be calculated by adding a companys operating income to non-operating income, net income can be distributed among holders of common stock as a dividend or held by the firm as an addition to retained earnings. As profit and earnings are used synonymously for income, net earnings, often, the term income is substituted for net income, yet this is not preferred due to the possible ambiguity. Net income is called the bottom line because it is typically found on the last line of a companys income statement. The items deducted will typically include tax expense, financing expense, likewise, preferred stock dividends will be subtracted too, though they are not an expense. For a merchandising company, subtracted costs may be the cost of goods sold, sales discounts, for a product company advertising, manufacturing, and design and development costs are included
Net income
–
Accounting
17.
Asset
–
In financial accounting, an asset is an economic resource. Anything tangible or intangible that can be owned or controlled to produce value, simply stated, assets represent value of ownership that can be converted into cash. The balance sheet of a firm records the value of the assets owned by that firm. It covers money and other valuables belonging to an individual or to a business, one can classify assets into two major asset classes, tangible assets and intangible assets. Tangible assets contain various subclasses, including current assets and fixed assets, current assets include inventory, while fixed assets include such items as buildings and equipment. Intangible assets are resources and rights that have a value to the firm because they give the firm some kind of advantage in the marketplace. Examples of intangible assets include goodwill, copyrights, trademarks, patents and computer programs, an asset is a resource controlled by the entity as a result of past events and from which future economic benefits are expected to flow to the entity. One of the most widely accepted accounting definitions of asset is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board, employees are not considered assets like machinery is, even though they can generate future economic benefits. This is because an entity does not have sufficient control over its employees to satisfy the Frameworks definition of an asset, similarly, in economics an asset is any form in which wealth can be held. The accounting equation is the structure of the balance sheet. It relates assets, liabilities, and owners equity, Assets = Liabilities + Capital Liabilities = Assets − Capital Equity = Assets − Liabilities Assets are listed on the balance sheet. On a companys balance sheet certain divisions are required by generally accepted accounting principles, Assets can be divided into e. g. current assets and fixed assets, often with further subdivisions such as cash, receivables and inventory. Assets are formally controlled and managed within larger organizations via the use of asset tracking tools and these monitor the purchasing, upgrading, servicing, licensing, disposal etc. of both physical and non-physical assets. Current assets are cash and other assets expected to be converted to cash or consumed either in a year or in the operating cycle and these assets are continually turned over in the course of a business during normal business activity. There are 5 major items included into current assets, Cash and cash equivalents – it is the most liquid asset, which includes currency, deposit accounts, short-term investments – include securities bought and held for sale in the near future to generate income on short-term price differences. Receivables – usually reported as net of allowance for non-collectable accounts, inventory – trading these assets is a normal business of a company. The inventory value reported on the sheet is usually the historical cost or fair market value. This is known as the lower of cost or market rule, prepaid expenses – these are expenses paid in cash and recorded as assets before they are used or consumed
Asset
–
Accounting
18.
Equity (finance)
–
In accounting, equity is the difference between the value of the assets and the value of the liabilities of something owed. Equity can be negative if liabilities exceeds assets, shareholders equity represents the equity of a company as divided among shareholders of common or preferred stock. Negative shareholders equity is often referred to as a shareholders deficit, alternatively, equity can also refer to the capital stock of a corporation. The value of the stock depends on the future economic prospects. For a company in liquidation proceedings, the equity is that which remains after all liabilities have been paid, when starting a business, the owners fund the business to finance various operations. Throughout the businesss existence, the equity of the business will be the difference between its assets and debt liabilities, this is the accounting equation, when a business liquidates during bankruptcy, the proceeds from the assets are used to reimburse creditors. The creditors are ranked by priority, with secured creditors being paid first, other creditors being paid next, owners equity is this remaining or residual claim against assets, which is paid only after all other creditors are paid. In such cases where even creditors could not get money to pay their bills. In financial accounting, owners equity consists of the net assets of an entity, net assets is the difference between the total assets and total liabilities. Equity appears on the sheet, one of the four primary financial statements. The assets of an entity can be tangible and intangible items. Intangible assets include such as brand names, copyrights or goodwill. Tangible assets include land, equipment, and cash, issue of new equity in which the firm obtains new capital increases the total shareholders equity. Share repurchases, in which a firm returns money to investors, reducing on the side its financial assets. For practical purposes, share repurchasing is similar to a dividend payment, rather than giving money to all shareholders immediately in the form of a dividend payment, a share repurchase reduces the number of shares outstanding. Dividends paid out to preferred stock owners are considered an expense to be subtracted from net income, sometimes assets bought and held in other countries get translated back into the reporting currency at different exchange rates, resulting in a changed value. When the owners are shareholders, the interest can be called shareholders equity, the remains the same. If all shareholders are in one and the class, they share equally in ownership equity from all perspectives
Equity (finance)
–
Accounting
19.
FedEx Office
–
FedEx Office is a chain of stores that provide a retail outlet for FedEx Express and FedEx Ground shipping, as well as printing, copying, and binding services. Unlike its main competitor, The UPS Store, all FedEx Office stores are corporate-owned, paul Orfalea, whose nickname was Kinko because of his curly hair, founded the company as Kinkos in 1970. Its first copy shop, which Orfalea opened with a copy machine, was in the college community of Isla Vista next to the campus of the University of California. He left the company in 2000, following a dispute with the investment firm Clayton, Dubilier & Rice, Orfalea wrote in his autobiography that disentangling him from Kinkos took enormous effort from the lawyers at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher. The problem was rather than adopt the traditional franchising model. By 1997, he had established over 127 Kinkos partnerships, all had to be carefully dismantled and rolled into a single S corporation to convert the company to a more centralized corporate-owned business model. However, the new structure made it easier for CDR to gradually force him out of his own company. Kinkos corporate headquarters was based in Ventura, California for many years, but in 2002, in February 2004, FedEx bought Kinkos for $2.4 billion, which then became known as FedEx Kinkos Office and Print Centers. Prior to the FedEx acquisition, most Kinkos stores opened 24 hours a day, after the acquisition, FedEx reduced the hours for many locations. On June 2,2008, FedEx announced that they were rebranding FedEx Kinkos as FedEx Office, as of spring 2010, some stores and branding still showed FedEx Kinkos signage. To ease customer confusion during the period, many stores displayed a large purple sign in the window that said Kinkos Printing Inside. Amanda Gulotta is the President and Chief Executive Officer, following Ken Mays departure on March 7,2008, the companys primary clientele are small business and home office clients. According to the company, it has nearly 2,000 operating facilities, with over $2 billion in revenues, the company is the 7th largest printing company in North America. The companys primary competitors in the crowded North American market include The UPS Store, Office Depot, OfficeMax, AlphaGraphics, Staples, Sir Speedy, Kinkos pursued an international expansion strategy during the boom years of the 1990s and early 2000s. Countries hosting FedEx Office centers outside the U. S. include Canada, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, Kinkos formerly operated in Australia, Mexico, and the Netherlands but withdrew from those markets in late 2008 due to low demand. During the 2008–2012 global recession, FedEx Office subsequently withdrew from China, Japan, konica Minolta bought the Japanese operations. The computers available for rental are connected to at least one color, some newer stores have only a color printer but charge less for monochrome prints. Most locations also have at least one or two empty seating areas for patrons to use their own computers, using complimentary WiFi connections provided by AT&T
FedEx Office
–
FedEx Office Print & Ship Services, Inc. (
dba FedEx Office)
FedEx Office
–
A FedEx Office store with the FedEx Kinko's sign
20.
FedEx Ground
–
FedEx Ground is a shipping company that is a subsidiary of the FedEx Corporation. It is headquartered in Moon Township, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, originally conceived as a lower cost competitor to UPS, Roadway Package System was created to take advantage of new barcode, material handling and computer technologies. By 1996, RPS had achieved 100% coverage of the United States, in addition, Roadway Services had been reformed as a new holding company called Caliber System, Inc. In 1997, Fred Smith, founder of FedEx, contacted Dan Sullivan, co-founder of RPS and now president of Caliber Systems, Inc. about merging the two companies. In 2000, FedEx merged the Caliber System, Inc. operating companies into the FedEx organization with Roberts Express becoming FedEx Custom Critical, viking Freight, which initially operated under its original name, was re-branded FedEx Freight in 2001. FedEx Ground now provides 1-5 day delivery of packages to all 50 states. Ground also delivered to Puerto Rico, but this service was discontinued in 2009, the subsidiary also offers a specialty service known as FedEx Home Delivery which, coupled with Ground, serves all home addresses in the United States. FedEx purchased the parcel consolidator Parcel Direct in September 2004 from Quad Graphics and this FedEx Ground subsidiary was re-branded as FedEx SmartPost in October 2004. FedEx SmartPost uses FedEx for the journey and uses the US Postal Service for final delivery to residences, FedEx SmartPost is headquartered in New Berlin, Wisconsin, United States and operates 26 hubs throughout the US, Official website
FedEx Ground
–
FedEx Ground truck
FedEx Ground
–
FedEx Ground
21.
FedEx Freight
–
FedEx Corporation is an American multinational courier delivery services company headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee. The name FedEx is an abbreviation of the name of the companys original air division, Federal Express. FedEx Corporation is a company, incorporated October 2,1997. FDX Corporation was founded in January 1998 with the acquisition of Caliber System Inc. by Federal Express, with the purchase of Caliber, FedEx started offering other services besides express shipping. FDX Corporation was founded to oversee all of the operations of companies and its original air division. Ron Ponder, a president at the time, was in charge of this proposed venture. In January 2000, FDX Corporation changed its name to FedEx Corporation, a new subsidiary, called FedEx Corporate Services, was formed to centralize the sales, marketing, and customer service for all of the subsidiaries. In February 2000, FedEx acquired Tower Group International, a logistics company. FedEx also acquired WorldTariff, a duty and tax information company, TowerGroup. FedEx Corp. acquired privately held Kinkos, Inc. in February 2004, the acquisition was made to expand FedExs retail access to the general public. After the acquisition, all FedEx Kinkos locations exclusively offered only FedEx shipping, in June 2008, FedEx announced that they would be dropping the Kinkos name from their ship centers, FedEx Kinkos would now be called FedEx Office. In September 2004, FedEx acquired Parcel Direct, a parcel consolidator, internal Revenue Service tentatively decided the FedEx Ground Division might be facing a tax liability of $319 million for 2002, due to misclassification of its operatives as independent contractors. FedEx denied that any irregularities in classification had occurred, but faced legal action from operatives claiming benefits that would have accrued had they been classified as employees. In June 2009, FedEx began a campaign against United Parcel Service, FedEx claimed that signing the Federal Aviation Administration re-authorization bill, which would let some of its workers unionize more easily, was equivalent to giving UPS a bailout. Independent observers heavily criticized FedExs wording, claiming that it was an abuse of the term, FedEx Express employees are regulated under the Railway Labor Act. On January 14,2013, FedEx named Henry Maier CEO and President of FedEx Ground, on July 17,2014, FedEx was indicted for conspiracy to distribute controlled substances in cooperation with the Chhabra-Smoley Organization and Superior Drugs. On July 17,2016 the The DOJ U. S. Attorneys Office confirmed in a statement that it had asked U. S. District Court Judge Charles Breyer to dismiss the indictment but also did not say why. In April 2015, FedEx acquired their rival firm TNT Express for €4.4 billion as it looks to expand their operations in Europe
FedEx Freight
–
A FedEx
MD-11 on approach to JFK Airport in New York City.
FedEx Freight
–
FedEx Corporation
FedEx Freight
–
Fedex's first van displayed at the FedEx World Headquarters
FedEx Freight
–
FedEx Airbus A300-600F Cargo Jetliner
22.
United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
–
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
–
Flag
United States
–
The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
–
The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
23.
Syllabic abbreviation
–
An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. It consists of a group of letters taken from the word or phrase, a contraction is an abbreviation, but an abbreviation is not necessarily a contraction. Acronyms and initialisms are regarded as subsets of abbreviations and they are abbreviations that consist of the initial letters or parts of words. Abbreviations have a history, created so that spelling out a whole word could be avoided. This might be done to time and space, and also to provide secrecy. Shortened words were used and initial letters were used to represent words in specific applications. In classical Greece and Rome, the reduction of words to single letters was common, in Roman inscriptions, Words were commonly abbreviated by using the initial letter or letters of words, and most inscriptions have at least one abbreviation. However, some could have more than one meaning, depending on their context, Abbreviations in English were frequently used from its earliest days. Manuscripts of copies of the old English poem Beowulf used many abbreviations, for example 7 or & for and, the standardisation of English in the 15th through 17th centuries included such a growth in the use of abbreviations. At first, abbreviations were sometimes represented with various suspension signs, for example, sequences like ‹er› were replaced with ‹ɔ›, as in ‹mastɔ› for master and ‹exacɔbate› for exacerbate. While this may seem trivial, it was symptomatic of an attempt by people manually reproducing academic texts to reduce the copy time, an example from the Oxford University Register,1503, Mastɔ subwardenɔ y ɔmēde me to you. And wherɔ y wrot to you the last wyke that y trouyde itt good to differrɔ thelectionɔ ovɔ to quīdenaɔ tinitatis y have be thougħt me synɔ that itt woll be thenɔ a bowte mydsomɔ. The Early Modern English period, between the 15th and 17th centuries, had abbreviations like ye for Þe, used for the word the, hence, by later misunderstanding, during the growth of philological linguistic theory in academic Britain, abbreviating became very fashionable. The use of abbreviation for the names of J. R. R. Tolkien and his friend C. S. Lewis, but before that, many Britons were more scrupulous at maintaining the French form. In French, the period follows a abbreviation if the last letter in the abbreviation is not the last letter of its antecedent. Like many other cross-channel linguistic acquisitions, many Britons readily took this up and followed this rule themselves, while the Americans took a simpler rule and applied it rigorously. Over the years, however, the lack of convention in some style guides has made it difficult to determine which two-word abbreviations should be abbreviated with periods and which should not. The U. S. media tend to use periods in two-word abbreviations like United States, many British publications have gradually done away with the use of periods in abbreviations
Syllabic abbreviation
–
Example of
Latin text with abbreviations
Syllabic abbreviation
–
Road sign in China—"km" is a symbol, not an abbreviation, as it is not a contraction of a Chinese word
24.
Delaware
–
Delaware is a state located in the Mid-Atlantic and/or Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered to the south and west by Maryland, to the northeast by New Jersey, the state takes its name from Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr, an English nobleman and Virginias first colonial governor. Delaware occupies the portion of the Delmarva Peninsula and is the second smallest, the sixth least populous. Delaware is divided into three counties, the lowest number of counties of any state, from north to south, the three counties are New Castle, Kent, and Sussex. While the southern two counties have historically been agricultural, New Castle County has been more industrialized. Before its coastline was explored by Europeans in the 16th century, Delaware was inhabited by groups of Native Americans, including the Lenape in the north. It was initially colonized by Dutch traders at Zwaanendael, near the present town of Lewes, Delaware was one of the 13 colonies participating in the American Revolution. On December 7,1787, Delaware became the first state to ratify the Constitution of the United States, the Delaware Indians, a name used by Europeans for Lenape people indigenous to the Delaware Valley, also derive their name from the same source. The surname de La Warr comes from Sussex and is of Anglo-Norman origin and it came probably from a Norman lieu-dit La Guerre. This toponymic could derive from the Latin word ager, from the Breton gwern or from the Late Latin varectum, the toponyms Gara, Gare, Gaire also appear in old texts cited by Lucien Musset, where the word gara means gore. It could also be linked with a patronymic from the Old Norse verr, Delaware is 96 miles long and ranges from 9 miles to 35 miles across, totaling 1,954 square miles, making it the second-smallest state in the United States after Rhode Island. Delaware is bounded to the north by Pennsylvania, to the east by the Delaware River, Delaware Bay, New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean, small portions of Delaware are also situated on the eastern side of the Delaware River sharing land boundaries with New Jersey. The state of Delaware, together with the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland, the definition of the northern boundary of the state is unusual. Most of the boundary between Delaware and Pennsylvania was originally defined by an arc extending 12 miles from the cupola of the courthouse in the city of New Castle and this boundary is often referred to as the Twelve-Mile Circle. This is the only nominally circular state boundary in the United States, to the west, a portion of the arc extends past the easternmost edge of Maryland. The remaining western border runs slightly east of due south from its intersection with the arc, the Wedge of land between the northwest part of the arc and the Maryland border was claimed by both Delaware and Pennsylvania until 1921, when Delawares claim was confirmed. Delaware is on a plain, with the lowest mean elevation of any state in the nation. Its highest elevation, located at Ebright Azimuth, near Concord High School, the northernmost part of the state is part of the Piedmont Plateau with hills and rolling surfaces
Delaware
–
The Blackbird Pond on the Blackbird State Forest Meadows Tract in New Castle County, Delaware
Delaware
–
Flag
Delaware
–
A field north of Fox Den Rd., along the Lenape Trail in
Middle Run Valley Natural Area.
Delaware
–
Sunset in Woodbrook, New Castle County, Delaware
25.
Less than truckload
–
Less than truckload shipping or less than load is the transportation of relatively small freight. The alternatives to LTL carriers are parcel carriers or full truckload carriers, parcel carriers usually handle small packages and freight that can be broken down into units less than 150 pounds. Full truckload carriers move freight that is loaded into a semi-trailer, semi trailers are typically between 26 and 53 feet and require a substantial amount of freight to make such transportation economical. There are several different perspectives as to what is actually considered LTL, full Truck Load carriers can put anywhere from 2 to 6 different peoples shipments on a trailer and since each shipment is technically “less than a truckload” they would consider that to be LTL. There are also freight companies who do not specialize in truck loads, finally, the most commonly referenced LTL is shipped via “common” carriers who handle freight above what would normally ship via FedEx Ground, or UPS or U. S. Mail parcel services to just under what would usually be considered a Truck Load at about 20,000 pounds or more than 14 pallets, LTL common carriers are also more likely to accept loose cargo than the other two. LTL shipments typically weigh between 151 and 20,000 lb, less than Truckload carriers use hub and spoke operations where small local terminals are the spokes and larger more central terminals are the hubs. In most cases, the end of line terminals employ local drivers who start the day by loading up their trailers, then when the trailer is empty they begin making pickups and return to the terminal for sorting and delivery next day. Because of the efficiency of this order of operations most deliveries are performed in the morning, pickup/delivery drivers usually have set casual routes which they travel every day or several times a week, so the driver has an opportunity to develop a rapport with their customers. Once the driver has filled their trailer or completed their assigned route, the trailer is unloaded and the individual shipments are then weighed and inspected to verify their conformity to the description contained in the accompanying paperwork. All LTL freight is subject to inspection, though not all freight is inspected, next, the freight is loaded onto an outbound trailer which will forward the freight to a breakbulk, a connection, or to the delivering terminal. An LTL shipment may be handled only once while in transit, transit times for LTL freight are longer than for full truckload freight. LTL transit times are not directly related only to the distance between shipper and consignee, instead, LTL transit times are dependent upon the makeup of the network of terminals and breakbulks that are operated by a given carrier and that carriers beyond agents and interline partners. If the freight must be sorted and routed more than once, or if more than one linehaul is required for transportation to the delivering terminal, in some instances the LTL freight has up to 10 days of delivery time frame. Also, delivery to beyond points or remote areas will almost always add days to the transit time, the main advantage to using an LTL carrier is that a shipment may be transported for a fraction of the cost of hiring an entire truck and trailer for an exclusive shipment. Also, a number of services are available from LTL carriers. These optional services include liftgate service at pickup or delivery, residential service at pickup or delivery, inside delivery, notification prior to delivery, freeze protection, and others. These services are billed at a predetermined flat fee or for a weight based surcharge calculated as a rate per pound or per hundredweight
Less than truckload
–
Regulations
26.
British Airways
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British Airways, often shortened to BA, is the flag carrier and the largest airline in the United Kingdom based on fleet size. When measured by passengers carried, it is second-largest in the United Kingdom behind easyJet, the airline is based in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport. On 31 March 1974, all four companies were merged to form British Airways, after almost 13 years as a state company, British Airways was privatised in February 1987 as part of a wider privatisation plan by the Conservative government. The carrier soon expanded with the acquisition of British Caledonian in 1987, followed by Dan-Air in 1992, British Airways is a founding member of the Oneworld airline alliance, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and the now defunct Canadian Airlines. The alliance has since grown to become the third-largest, after SkyTeam, IAG is listed on the London Stock Exchange and in the FTSE100 Index. A long-time Boeing customer, British Airways ordered 59 Airbus A320 family aircraft in August 1998, in 2007 it purchased 12 Airbus A380s and 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliners, marking the start of its long-haul fleet replacement. The centrepiece of the airlines fleet is the Boeing 777. British Airways is the largest operator of the Boeing 747-400, with 51 registered to the airline, on 1 September 1972 the management service functions of both BOAC and BEA were combined under the newly formed British Airways Group. British Airways was established as an airline on 31 March 1974 by the dissolution of BOAC, British Airways and Air France operated the supersonic airliner Aerospatiale-BAC Concorde, and the worlds first supersonic passenger service flew in January 1976 from London Heathrow to Bahrain. Services to the US began on 24 May 1976 with a flight to Washington Dulles airport, service to Singapore was established in co-operation with Singapore Airlines as a continuation of the flight to Bahrain. The final commercial Concorde flight was BA002 from New York JFK to London Heathrow on 24 October 2003, in 1981 the airline was instructed to prepare for privatisation by the Conservative Thatcher government. Sir John King, later Lord King, was appointed chairman, while many other large airlines struggled, King was credited with transforming British Airways into one of the most profitable air carriers in the world. The flag carrier was privatised and was floated on the London Stock Exchange in February 1987, British Airways effected the takeover of the UKs second airline, British Caledonian, in July of that same year. The formation of Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic Airways in 1984 created a competitor for BA and this campaign included allegations of poaching Virgin Atlantic customers, tampering with private files belonging to Virgin and undermining Virgins reputation in the City. As a result of the case BA management apologised unreservedly, Lord King stepped down as chairman in 1993 and was replaced by his deputy, Colin Marshall, while Bob Ayling took over as CEO. Virgin filed an action in the US that same year regarding BAs domination of the trans-Atlantic routes. In 1992 British Airways expanded through the acquisition of the financially troubled Dan-Air, British Asia Airways, a subsidiary based in Taiwan, was formed in March 1993 to operate between London and Taipei. That same month BA purchased a 25% stake in the Australian airline Qantas and, with the acquisition of Brymon Airways in May, in September 1998, British Airways, along with American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qantas, and Canadian Airlines, formed the Oneworld airline alliance
British Airways
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A
Boeing 747-100 in BOAC-British Airways transition livery
British Airways
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A British Airways
Hawker Siddeley Trident in transitional scheme with BEA livery but with British Airways titles
British Airways
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British Airways' first
Concorde at Heathrow Airport, on 15 January 1976
British Airways
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British Airways and Iberia merged in January 2011, forming the International Airlines Group, one of the world's largest airlines.
27.
Concorde
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Aérospatiale/BAC Concorde is a British-French turbojet-powered supersonic passenger jet airliner that was operated until 2003. It had a speed over twice the speed of sound at Mach 2.04. First flown in 1969, Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued flying for the next 27 years and it is one of only two supersonic transports to have been operated commercially, the other is the Soviet-built Tupolev Tu-144, which was operated for a much shorter period. Concorde was jointly developed and manufactured by Aérospatiale and the British Aircraft Corporation under an Anglo-French treaty, twenty aircraft were built, including six prototypes and development aircraft. Air France and British Airways were the airlines to purchase. The aircraft was used by wealthy passengers who could afford to pay a high price in exchange for Concordes speed. In the UK, any or all of the type are known simply as Concorde, the type was retired in 2003 after the crash of Air France Flight 4590, in which all passengers and crew were killed. The general downturn in the aviation industry after the September 11 attacks in 2001. The group met for the first time in February 1954 and delivered their first report in April 1955, at the time it was known that the drag at supersonic speeds was strongly related to the span of the wing. The team outlined a baseline configuration that looked like an enlarged Avro 730 and this same short span produced very little lift at low speed, which resulted in extremely long take-off runs and frighteningly high landing speeds. In an SST design, this would have required enormous engine power to lift off from existing runways, based on this, the group considered the concept of an SST infeasible, and instead suggested continued low-level studies into supersonic aerodynamics. Soon after, Johanna Weber and Dietrich Küchemann at the RAE published a series of reports on a new wing planform, the vortex will lower the air pressure and cause lift to be greatly increased. This effect had been noticed earlier, notably by Chuck Yeager in the Convair XF-92, Weber suggested that this was no mere curiosity, and the effect could be deliberately used to improve low speed performance. Küchemanns and Webers papers changed the nature of supersonic design almost overnight. Although the delta had already used on aircraft prior to this point. Such a layout would still have good supersonic performance inherent to the span, while also offering reasonable take-off. It would also need to have landing gear to produce the required angle of attack while still on the runway. Küchemann presented the idea at a meeting where Morgan was also present, test pilot Eric Brown recalls Morgans reaction to the presentation, saying that he immediately seized on it as the solution to the SST problem
Concorde
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Concorde
Concorde
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Commemorative gold medallion by Albert de Jaeger, of the intention to build Concorde
Concorde
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British Airways Concorde in early BA livery at
London-Heathrow Airport, in the 1980s
Concorde
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Concorde's first visit to Heathrow Airport on 1 July 1972
28.
Supersonic airliner
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A supersonic aircraft is an aircraft able to fly faster than the speed of sound. Supersonic aircraft were developed in the half of the twentieth century and have been used almost entirely for research. Only two, Concorde and the Tupolev Tu-144, ever entered service for use as airliners. Fighter jets are the most common example of supersonic aircraft, the aerodynamics of supersonic flight is called compressible flow because of the compression associated with the shock waves or sonic boom created by any object travelling faster than sound. Aircraft flying at speeds above Mach 5 are often referred to as hypersonic aircraft, the first aircraft to fly supersonically in level flight was the American Bell X-1 experimental plane which was powered by a 6000-lb thrust rocket powered by liquid oxygen and ethyl alcohol. The majority of aircraft have been military or experimental aircraft. In the 1960s and 70s, many design studies for supersonic airliners were done, however political, environmental and economic obstacles and one fatal Concorde crash prevented them from being used to their full commercial potential and these aircraft are no longer flying. Supersonic flight brings with it substantial technical challenges, as the aerodynamics of flight are dramatically different from those of subsonic flight. In particular, aerodynamic drag rises sharply as the passes the transonic regime, requiring much greater engine power. To keep drag low, wing span must be limited, which reduces the aerodynamic efficiency when flying slowly. Since a supersonic aircraft must take off and land at a slow speed. However, swinging affects the longitudinal trim of the aircraft and the mechanism adds weight and cost. Another technique that has used is a delta-wing design, such as used on Concorde. This has the advantage that it can attain a high angle of attack at low speeds, other kinds of wings are the Short thin wing, Sweep back wing and the swept forward wing. Another problem is the heat generated by friction as the air flows over the aircraft, most supersonic designs use aluminium alloys such as Duralumin, which are cheap and easy to work but lose their strength quickly at high temperatures. This limits maximum speed to around Mach 2.2, some early supersonic aircraft, including the first, relied on rocket power to provide the necessary thrust, although rockets burn a lot of fuel and so flight times were short. Early turbojets were more fuel-efficient but did not have enough thrust, the invention of the afterburner, in which extra fuel is burned in the jet exhaust, made these mixed powerplant types obsolete. The turbofan engine passes additional cold air around the core, further increasing its fuel efficiency
Supersonic airliner
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Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird supersonic
reconnaissance aircraft
Supersonic airliner
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Bell X-1
Supersonic airliner
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The fuselage of Concorde had an extremely high
fineness ratio.
Supersonic airliner
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Aerion SBJ
29.
Shannon, Ireland
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Shannon or Shannon Town, named after the river near which it stands, is a town in County Clare, Ireland. It was given town status on 1 January 1982, the town is located just off the N19 road, a spur of the N18/M18 road between Limerick and Ennis. It is the location of Shannon Airport, an airport serving the Clare/Limeric k region in the west of Ireland. Spearheaded by Brendan ORegan, it was built in the 1960s on reclaimed marshland alongside Shannon Airport, the residential areas were intended as a home for the thousands of workers at the airport, surrounding industries and support services. Population growth was never as fast as planned throughout the first few decades of the towns existence and this was partly due to the proximity of friendly places to live, such as Ennis town and Limerick city, or even the nearby village of Newmarket-on-Fergus. The planned nature of town did not necessarily result in a successful town. It was lacking in facilities, and the shopping centre was also of poor design. Shops fronted onto pedestrian malls that were uncovered, allowing estuary winds. The early low-cost housing was poor-quality terraced housing, Shannon was located in the parish of Newmarket-on-Fergus in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killaloe, and at first a priest in residence of the airport served the population. In 1966 St. Senan’s School was opened and Mary Immaculate Church was built on Corrib Drive, on 24 December 1967 the parish of Shannon was created. For a short period a group of Dominican Sisters of England had a community in the parish, in 1974 they were replaced by the Sisters of Mercy. The church of Saints John and Paul was opened in Tullyvarraga in 1980, other churches are the Adoration Chapel in and the Shannon Airport Oratory. The population grew significantly in the 1990s, and new housing developments continued to be built. Facilities in the town are slowly improving, for example, a major supermarket opened. The main road through Shannon was remodelled following the opening of the bypass of Newmarket-on-Fergus, new units continue to open in the industrial estates. Shannon town currently has six schools, including a Gaelscoil. There is two second level education institutes in the town, St. Patricks Comprehensive School and St. Caimins Community School, St. Patricks Comprehensive School opened in 1966 as Irelands first comprehensive school. It has been serving the town since and is due an extension to increase its capacity to over 900 pupils, there is one third level institution in Shannon
Shannon, Ireland
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View over Shannon, with the industrial area on the left and the housing on the right.
US$50.365 billion (2016)[1]
US$13.784 billion (2016)[1]
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