1.
Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building
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The Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building is an historic structure located in Downtown Washington, D. C. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007, the structure was built to house the Acacia Mutual Insurance Company, which was the only federally chartered life insurance company. It was incorporated in 1869 as the Masonic Mutual Relief Association of the District of Columbia, the Federal government took procession of the building in 1934 to house the Federal Home Loan Bank Board, which is how the building acquired its name in 1937. It was a New Deal program that supported home ownership, george E. Mathews of the architectural firm of Hoggson Brothers was the original architect for the building. Louis A. Simon of the Public Works Branch in the Department of the Treasury was the architect for an addition that was built from 1935 to 1937, the building exemplifies early-20th-century Classical Revival intuitional office architecture. The exterior features facades covered with limestone with classical detail, the interior features an ornamented lobby. Media related to Federal Home Loan Bank Board Building at Wikimedia Commons
2.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
5.
United States Department of Justice
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The department was formed in 1870 during the Ulysses S. Grant administration. In its early years, the DOJ vigorously prosecuted Ku Klux Klan members, the Department of Justice administers several federal law enforcement agencies including the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The department has responsibility to investigate instances of fraud, to represent the United States in legal matters such as in the Supreme Court. The department also has responsibilities to review actions of law enforcement conduct by the Violent Crime Control. The Department is headed by the United States Attorney General, who is nominated by the President, the current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions. The U. S. Attorney General was initially a one-person and it was established by the Judiciary Act of 1789, but this grew with the bureaucracy. At one time the Attorney General gave legal advice to the U. S. Congress as well as the President, until March 3,1853, the salary of the Attorney General was set by statute at less than the amount paid to other Cabinet members. Early Attorneys General supplemented their salary by engaging in private practice of law. Following unsuccessful efforts to put the Attorney Generals Office on a footing, in 1869. On February 19,1868, Lawrence introduced a bill in Congress to create the Department of Justice, President Ulysses S. Grant then signed the bill into law on June 22,1870. The Department of Justice officially began operations on July 1,1870, just prior to the Civil War, in February 1861, the Confederate States of America established a Department of Justice. Grant appointed Amos T. Akerman as Attorney General and Benjamin H. Bristow as Americas first Solicitor General, both Akerman and Bristow used the Department of Justice to vigorously prosecute Ku Klux Klan members in the early 1870s. In the first few years of Grants first term in there were 1000 indictments against Klan members with over 550 convictions from the Department of Justice. The result was a decrease in violence in the South. Akerman gave credit to Grant and told a friend that no one was better or stronger then Grant when it came to prosecuting terrorists. Akermans successor, George H. Williams, in December 1871, the law did create a new office, that of Solicitor General, to supervise and conduct government litigation in the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1884, control of federal prisons was transferred to the new department, new facilities were built, including the penitentiary at Leavenworth in 1895, and a facility for women located in West Virginia, at Alderson was established in 1924. The U. S. Department of Justice building was completed in 1935 from a design by Milton Bennett Medary, upon Medarys death in 1929, the other partners of his Philadelphia firm Zantzinger, Borie and Medary took over the project
6.
Law enforcement agency
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A law enforcement agency, in North American English, is a government agency responsible for the enforcement of the laws. Outside North America, such organizations are usually called police services, LEAs which have their ability to apply their powers restricted in some way are said to operate within a jurisdiction. LEAs will have some form of restriction on their ability to apply their powers. Sometimes a LEA’s jurisdiction is determined by the complexity or seriousness of the non compliance with a law, differentiation of jurisdiction based on the seriousness and complexity of the non compliance either by law or by policy and consensus can coexist in countries. Other LEAs have a jurisdiction defined by the type of laws they enforce or assist in enforcing, for example, Interpol does not work with political, military, religious, or racial matters. A LEA’s jurisdiction usually also includes the bodies they support. Jurisdictionally, there can be an important difference between international LEAs and multinational LEAs, even though both are referred to as international, even in official documents. An international law enforcement agency has jurisdiction and or operates in countries and across State borders. International LEAs are typically also multinational, for example Interpol, within a country, the jurisdiction of law enforcement agencies can be organized and structured in a number of ways to provide law enforcement throughout the country. A law enforcement agency’s jurisdiction can be for the country or for a division or sub-division within the country. In Australia for example, each state has its own LEAs, in the United States for example, typically each state and county or city has its own LEAs. Often a LEA’s jurisdiction will be divided into operations areas for administrative. An operations area is called a command or an office. Sometimes the one jurisdiction is covered by more than one LEA, again for administrative and logistical efficiency reasons, or arising from policy. The primary difference between separate agencies and operational areas within the one jurisdiction is the degree of flexibility to move resources between versus within agencies. When multiple LEAs cover the one legal jurisdicition, each agency still typically organises itself into operations areas, when a LEA’s jurisdiction is for the whole country, it is usually one of two broad types, either federal or national. When the country has a constitution a whole of country LEA is referred to as a federal law enforcement agency. The responsibilities of a federal LEA vary from country to country. S, a federal police agency is a federal LEA which also has the typical police responsibilities of social order and public safety as well as federal law enforcement responsibilities
7.
United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth
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The United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in northeast Kansas. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice and it also includes a satellite federal prison camp for minimum-security male offenders. USP Leavenworth is located 25 miles northwest of Kansas City, Kansas, the civilian USP Leavenworth is the oldest of three major prisons built on federal land in Leavenworth County, Kansas. It is often confused with, but separate from the United States Disciplinary Barracks, the USDB is 4 miles north and is the sole maximum-security penal facility of the United States Military. Prisoners from the original USDB were used to build the civilian penitentiary, in addition, the militarys medium security Joint Regional Correctional Facility, located southwest of the new USDB, opened in 2010. The USDB and JRCF operate independently from the USP-Leavenworth, the prison was described by Pete Earley, the only writer at that time who had ever been granted unlimited access to the prison, in his book, The Hot House. The prisons history has also covered in the pictorial history titled U. S. Penitentiary Leavenworth by Kenneth M. LaMaster. USP Leavenworth was the largest maximum-security federal prison in the United States from 1903 until 2005 when it was downgraded to a medium-security facility, USP Leavenworth was one of three first generation federal prisons which were built in the early 1900s. Prior to its construction, federal prisoners were held at state prisons, in 1895, Congress authorized the construction of the federal prison system. The other two were Atlanta and McNeil Island, the prison follows a format popularized at the Auburn Correctional Facility in New York where the cell blocks were in a large rectangular building. The rectangular building was focused on indoor group labor with a staff continually patrolling, the St. Louis, Missouri architecture firm of Eames and Young designed both Leavenworth and the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta. Leavenworths prison cells are back to back in the middle of the structure facing the walls, the prisons walls are 40 feet high,40 feet below the surface and 3,030 feet long and enclose 22.8 acres. Its domed main building was nicknamed the Big Top or Big House, the domed Disciplinary Barracks two miles to the north was nicknamed the Little Top until it was torn down in 2004 and replaced with a newer structure. 1827, Colonel Henry Leavenworth chose site for new fort,1875, Fort chosen as the site for a military prison. Within a year, Fort Leavenworth housed more than 300 prisoners in a remodeled,1894, Secretary of War conceded to the House Appropriations Committee that War Department could do without the military prison. 1895 July 1, Congress transferred the military prison from the War Department to the US Department of Justice, the Department of Justice took over the plant and inaugurated the United States Penitentiary. Commandant of the prison, James V. Pope. Warden of the USP, James W. French,1896, House Judiciary Committee recommended that the facility be replaced
8.
United States Penitentiary, Atlanta
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The United States Penitentiary, Atlanta is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Atlanta, Georgia. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, the facility also has a detention center for pretrial and holdover inmates, and a satellite prison camp for minimum-security male inmates. In 1899, President William McKinley authorized the construction of a new prison in Atlanta. Georgia Congressman Leonidas F. Livingston advocated placing the prison in Atlanta. William S. Eanes, an architect from St. Louis, Missouri, construction was completed in January 1902 and the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary opened with the transfer of six convicts from the Sing Sing Correctional Facility in upstate New York. They were the beneficiaries of the Three Prisons Act of 1891, which established penitentiaries in Leavenworth, Kansas, Atlanta, Georgia, the first two remain open today, the third closed in 1976. The Atlanta site was the largest Federal prison, with a capacity of 3,000 inmates, inmate case files presented mini-biographies of men confined in the penitentiary. It encompassed 300 acres and had a capacity of 1200 inmates, the facility was subsequently renamed the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta when US government created the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1930. In the 1980s, USP Atlanta was used as a center for Cuban refugees from the Mariel Boatlift who were ineligible for release into American society. USP Atlanta is currently one of several facilities, including the Federal Transfer Center, Oklahoma City, as of 2006, the prison was housing three to five in-transit prisoners in each approximately 56-square-foot isolation cell for up to eight weeks at a time. At least one prisoner was killed, local hospitals reported admitting a total of eight Cubans suffering gunshot wounds, along with two prison guards who were slightly injured. *Inmates released from custody prior to 1982 are not listed on the Bureau of Prisons website
9.
McNeil Island Corrections Center
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The McNeil Island Corrections Center was a Washington State Department of Corrections prison on McNeil Island in unincorporated Pierce County, Washington, near Steilacoom. Opened in 1875, it had served as a territorial correctional facility. Americans sentenced to terms of imprisonment by the United States courts that operated in China in the late nineteenth, in the 1910s inmates included Robert Stroud, the Birdman of Alcatraz, who fatally stabbed a prison guard in March 1916. Career criminal and novelist James Fogle was sent to McNeil at the age of 17 in the 1950s, the island was deeded to the state government in 1984. In November 2010, the department announced its plans to close the penitentiary by 2011, State prisons McNeil Island Corrections Center. Archived from the original on August 27,2010, last island prison in U. S. closes
10.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
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The Federal Bureau of Investigation is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States, which simultaneously serves as the nations prime federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the U. S. Department of Justice, Intelligence Community and reports to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. A leading U. S. counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigative organization, although many of the FBIs functions are unique, its activities in support of national security are comparable to those of the British MI5 and the Russian FSB. At an FBI field office, a senior-level FBI officer concurrently serves as the representative of the Director of National Intelligence. Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint and these overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usually conduct unilateral operations in the host countries. The FBI can and does at times carry out secret activities overseas, just as the CIA has a domestic function. The FBI was established in 1908 as the Bureau of Investigation and its name was changed to the Federal Bureau of Investigation in 1935. The FBI headquarters is the J. Edgar Hoover Building, located in Washington, in the fiscal year 2012, the Bureaus total budget was approximately $8.12 billion. In 1896, the National Bureau of Criminal Identification was founded, the 1901 assassination of President William McKinley created an urgent perception that America was under threat from anarchists. The Departments of Justice and Labor had been keeping records on anarchists for years, the Justice Department had been tasked with the regulation of interstate commerce since 1887, though it lacked the staff to do so. It had made little effort to relieve its staff shortage until the breakage of the Oregon land fraud scandal at approximately the turn of the 20th Century, President Roosevelt instructed Attorney General Charles Bonaparte to organize an autonomous investigative service that would report only to the Attorney General. Bonaparte reached out to other agencies, including the Secret Service, for personnel, on May 27,1908, the Congress forbade this use of Treasury employees by the Justice Department, citing fears that the new agency would serve as a secret police department. Again at Roosevelts urging, Bonaparte moved to organize a formal Bureau of Investigation, the Bureau of Investigation was created on July 26,1908, after the Congress had adjourned for the summer. Attorney General Bonaparte, using Department of Justice expense funds, hired thirty-four people, including veterans of the Secret Service. Its first Chief was Stanley Finch, Bonaparte notified the Congress of these actions in December 1908. The bureaus first official task was visiting and making surveys of the houses of prostitution in preparation for enforcing the White Slave Traffic Act, or Mann Act, in 1932, the bureau was renamed the United States Bureau of Investigation. The following year it was linked to the Bureau of Prohibition, in the same year, its name was officially changed from the Division of Investigation to the present-day Federal Bureau of Investigation, or FBI. J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure
11.
Federal Correctional Institution, Milan
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The Federal Correctional Institution, Milan is a U. S. federal prison in York Charter Township, Michigan, near Milan. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons and this prison is a low-security facility for male inmates. Its adjacent Federal Detention Center houses pretrial and holdover inmates, the institution sits on approximately 332 acres and consists of 59 buildings with a total gross floor area of 504,200 square feet. The facility is 45 miles southwest of Downtown Detroit, Michigan,15 miles south of Ann Arbor, Michigan, FCI Milan was activated on April 6,1933, as a Federal Detention Farm and has undergone mission changes throughout its history. FCI Milan held female inmates from 1933 to 1939, housed offenders sentenced under the Federal Youth Corrections Act of 1950, there are very strict guidelines for admission due to the programs popularity. The Life Connections Program is an 18-month residential voluntary multi-faith restorative justice program which is offered in four other federal prisons. The program is designed to reduce recidivism and bring reconciliation to the victim, community, FCI Milan offers a unique program in federal prisons in conjunction with Milan High School where inmates can earn a high school diploma. Milan is the federal prison which has a high school diploma program. List of U. S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States FCI Milan from the Federal Bureau of Prisons
12.
United States Statutes at Large
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Each act and resolution of Congress is called a slip law, which is classified as either public law or private law, and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a Congress session, slip laws are compiled into Statutes at Large and they are part of a three-part model for publication of federal statutes consisting of slip laws, session laws, and codification. Today, large portions of slip laws denominated as public laws are now drafted as amendments to the United States Code. Once enacted into law, an Act will be published in the Statutes at Large and will add to, modify, provisions of a public law that contains only enacting clauses, effective dates, and similar matters are not generally codified. Private laws also are not generally codified, some portions of the United States Code have been enacted as positive law and other portions have not been so enacted. Publication of the United States Statutes at Large began in 1845 by the firm of Little, Brown. During Little, Brown and Companys time as publisher, Richard Peters, George Minot, in 1874, Congress transferred the authority to publish the Statutes at Large to the Government Printing Office under the direction of the Secretary of State. 633, was enacted July 30,1947 and directed the Secretary of State to compile, edit, index,980, was enacted September 23,1950 and directed the Administrator of General Services to compile, edit, index, and publish the Statutes at Large. Since 1985 the Statutes at Large have been prepared and published by the Office of the Federal Register of the National Archives, sometimes very large or long Acts of Congress are published as their own volume of the Statutes at Large. For example, the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was published as volume 68A of the Statutes at Large. Volumes 1 to 18 of the Statutes at Large made available by the Library of Congress Volumes 1 to 64 of the Statutes at Large made available by the Congressional Data Coalition via LEGISWORKS
13.
United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
14.
United States Attorney General
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The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice per 28 U. S. C. §503, concerned with affairs, and is the chief law enforcement officer. The 84th and current Attorney General is Jeff Sessions, who assumed the office on February 9,2017, the attorney general serves as a member of the Cabinet of the President of the United States and is the only cabinet officer who does not have the title Secretary of. The Attorney General is appointed by the President and takes office after confirmation by the United States Senate, the office of Attorney General was established by Congress by the Judiciary Act of 1789. In 1870, the Department of Justice was established to support the general in the discharge of their responsibilities. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Status As of April 2017, there are eleven, living former US Attorneys General, the most recent Attorney General to die was Janet Reno on November 7,2016. Barr served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. 2 Richard L. Thornburgh and Eric Holder served as acting general in their capacity as deputy attorney general. Both subsequently served as general, Thornburgh 1988–1991 and Holder 2009–2015. 4 Assistant Attorney General for the DOJ Civil Division Stuart M. Gerson was acting general from January 20,1993. Gerson was fourth in the line of succession at the Justice Department, during his time as Acting AG, Gerson supported the Brady bill and was in office in the beginnings of the Waco siege. Janet Reno, President Clintons nominee for attorney general, was confirmed on March 12, Acting Attorney General Gersons last day at the Justice Department was March 19. 5 On August 27,2007, President Bush named Solicitor General Paul Clement as the acting attorney general, to take office upon the resignation of Alberto Gonzales. According to administration officials, Clement took that office at 12,01 am September 17,2007, keisler served as acting attorney general until the nomination of Michael Mukasey on November 9,2007. 6 Deputy Attorney General Mark Filip was asked to assume the position of acting attorney general by then President-elect Obama, Filip led the Department while President Obamas nominee, then Attorney-General Designate Eric Holder, awaited confirmation by the United States Senate. Holder was confirmed on February 2,2009, and sworn in the next day, thus ending Filips tenure as the acting attorney general
15.
Cabinet of the United States
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The Cabinet of the United States is composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the government serving under the President. Aside from the Attorney General, the heads of the executive departments all receive the title of Secretary, all members of the Cabinet serve at the pleasure of the President, who can dismiss them at will for no cause. There is no definition of the term Cabinet in the United States Constitution. The name comes from a 17th-century usage for a room where advisors would meet. The term principal officers of the departments is also mentioned in the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The executive departments are listed in 5 U. S. C, under the 1967 Federal Anti-Nepotism statute, federal officials are prohibited from appointing their immediate family members to certain governmental positions, including those in the Cabinet. Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act of 1998, an incoming administration may appoint acting heads of department from employees of the relevant department and these may be existing high-level career employees, from political appointees of the outgoing administration, or sometimes lower-level appointees of the incoming administration. The heads of the departments and all other federal agency heads are nominated by the President. If approved, they receive their commission scroll, are sworn in, an elected Vice President does not require Senate confirmation, nor does the White House Chief of Staff, which is an appointed staff position of the Executive Office of the President. 21 positions, including the heads of the departments and others. §5312, and those 46 positions on Level II pay are listed in 5 U. S. C, as of 2015, Level I annual pay, was set at $203,700. The annual salary of the Vice President is $235,300, the salary level was set by the Government Salary Reform Act of 1989, which also provides an automatic cost of living adjustment for federal employees. For a full list of people nominated for Cabinet positions, see Formation of Donald Trumps Cabinet, the Cabinet includes the Vice President and the heads of 15 executive departments, listed here according to their order of succession to the Presidency. The following officials hold positions that are considered to be Cabinet-level positions, Department of the Navy, headed by the Secretary of the Navy, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Post Office Department, headed by the Postmaster General, reorganized as the United States Postal Service, National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense, created by the National Security Act of 1947 and recreated as the Department of Defense in 1949. Department of the Army, headed by the Secretary of the Army, Department of the Air Force, headed by the Secretary of the Air Force, became a military department within the Department of Defense. Secretary of Foreign Affairs, created in July 1781 and renamed Secretary of State in September 1789, Secretary of War, created in 1789 and was renamed as Secretary of the Army by the National Security Act of 1947. The 1949 Amendments to the National Security Act of 1947 made the Secretary of the Army a subordinate to the Secretary of Defense
16.
George Washington
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George Washington was an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War and he is popularly considered the driving force behind the nations establishment and came to be known as the father of the country, both during his lifetime and to this day. Washington was widely admired for his leadership qualities and was unanimously elected president by the Electoral College in the first two national elections. Washingtons incumbency established many precedents still in use today, such as the system, the inaugural address. His retirement from office two terms established a tradition that lasted until 1940 when Franklin Delano Roosevelt won an unprecedented third term. The 22nd Amendment now limits the president to two elected terms and he was born into the provincial gentry of Colonial Virginia to a family of wealthy planters who owned tobacco plantations and slaves, which he inherited. In his youth, he became an officer in the colonial militia during the first stages of the French. In 1775, the Second Continental Congress commissioned him as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army in the American Revolution, in that command, Washington forced the British out of Boston in 1776 but was defeated and nearly captured later that year when he lost New York City. After crossing the Delaware River in the middle of winter, he defeated the British in two battles, retook New Jersey, and restored momentum to the Patriot cause and his strategy enabled Continental forces to capture two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781. In battle, however, Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies, after victory had been finalized in 1783, Washington resigned as commander-in-chief rather than seize power, proving his opposition to dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism. Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in 1787, which devised a new form of government for the United States. Following his election as president in 1789, he worked to unify rival factions in the fledgling nation and he supported Alexander Hamiltons programs to satisfy all debts, federal and state, established a permanent seat of government, implemented an effective tax system, and created a national bank. In avoiding war with Great Britain, he guaranteed a decade of peace and profitable trade by securing the Jay Treaty in 1795 and he remained non-partisan, never joining the Federalist Party, although he largely supported its policies. Washingtons Farewell Address was a primer on civic virtue, warning against partisanship, sectionalism. He retired from the presidency in 1797, returning to his home, upon his death, Washington was eulogized as first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen by Representative Henry Lee III of Virginia. He was revered in life and in death, scholarly and public polling consistently ranks him among the top three presidents in American history and he has been depicted and remembered in monuments, public works, currency, and other dedications to the present day. He was born on February 11,1731, according to the Julian calendar, the Gregorian calendar was adopted within the British Empire in 1752, and it renders a birth date of February 22,1732. Washington was of primarily English gentry descent, especially from Sulgrave and his great-grandfather John Washington emigrated to Virginia in 1656 and began accumulating land and slaves, as did his son Lawrence and his grandson, Georges father Augustine
17.
United States Secretary of State
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Secretary of State is a Level I position in the Executive Schedule and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level. The current Secretary of State is former ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson and those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal of the United States, performance of protocol functions for the White House, and the drafting of certain proclamations. The Secretary also negotiates with the individual States over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries, under Federal Law, the resignation of a President or of a Vice President is only valid if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the Secretary of State. Accordingly, the resignations of President Nixon and of Vice-President Spiro Agnew, domestic issues, were formalized in instruments delivered to the Secretary of State, six Secretaries of State have gone on to be elected President. Former Secretaries of State retain the right to add the title Secretary to their surnames, as the head of the United States Foreign Service, the Secretary of State is responsible for management of the diplomatic service of the United States. The foreign service employs about 12,000 people domestically and internationally, the U. S. Secretary of State has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U. S. soil for any reason. The nature of the means that Secretaries of State engage in travel around the world. The record for most countries visited in a secretarys tenure is 112, second is Madeleine Albright with 96. The record for most air miles traveled in a secretarys tenure is 1.380 million miles, second is Condoleezza Rices 1.059 million miles and third is Clintons 956,733 miles. S
18.
United States Secretary of the Treasury
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This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the Minister of Finance in many other countries. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the Presidents Cabinet, nominees for The Secretary of the Treasury undergo a confirmation hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Finance before being confirmed by the United States Senate. The Secretary of the Treasury is a member of the U. S. National Security Council. The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender, the Secretary also manages the United States Emergency Economic Stabilization fund. Most of the Departments law enforcement agencies such as the U. S. Customs Service, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary of the Treasury salary is $205,700 annually,2 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury M. Peter McPherson served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from August 17,1988, to September 15,1988. 4 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Kenneth W. Dam served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from December 31,2002,5 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from June 30,2006, to July 9,2006. 7 Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Neal Wolin served as Acting Secretary of the Treasury from January 25,2013, as of April 2017, there are eleven living former Secretaries of the Treasury, the oldest being George P. Shultz. The most recent Secretary of the Treasury to die was Lloyd M. Bentsen, United States Department of the Treasury
19.
United States Secretary of War
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The Secretary of War was a member of the United States Presidents Cabinet, beginning with George Washingtons administration. A similar position, called either Secretary at War or Secretary of War, had appointed to serve the Congress of the Confederation under the Articles of Confederation between 1781 and 1789. Benjamin Lincoln and later Henry Knox held the position, when Washington was inaugurated as the first president under the Constitution, he appointed Knox to continue serving. The Secretary of War was the head of the War Department, at first, he was responsible for all military affairs, including naval affairs. In 1798, the Secretary of the Navy was created by statute, from 1886 onward, the Secretary of War was third in the line of succession to the presidency, after the Vice President of the United States and the Secretary of State. The office of Secretary at War was modelled upon Great Britains Secretary at War, the office of Secretary at War was meant replaced both the Commander-in-Chief and the Board of War, and like the President of the Board, the Secretary wore no special insignia. The Inspector General, Quartermaster General, Commissary General, and Adjutant General served on the Secretarys staff, however, the Army itself under Secretary Henry Knox only consisted of 700 men. Parties No party Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic Whig Republican Confederate States Secretary of War Bell, commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff 1775-2005, Portraits and Biographical Sketches. United States Army Center of Military History, encyclopedia of the United States Cabinet 1789-2010. Charlottesville, Virginia, The Judge Advocate Generals School, U. S. Army
20.
Herbert Hoover
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Herbert Clark Hoover was an American politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. He was defeated in a landslide in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D, a lifelong Quaker, he became a successful mining engineer around the globe and retired in 1912. In the First World War he built a reputation as a humanitarian by leading relief efforts in Belgium during the war. He headed the U. S. Food Administration during World War I and his reputation as a Progressive businessman fighting for efficiency and elimination of waste was built as the Secretary of Commerce 1921-28. Hoover was a leader in the Efficiency Movement, which held that every institution public and they all could be improved by experts who could identify the problems and solve them. He also believed in the importance of volunteerism and of the role of individuals in society, in the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no elected-office experience. Although Hoover never raised the issue, some of his supporters did in mobilizing anti-Catholic sentiment against his opponent Al Smith. He reluctantly approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff of 1930, which sent foreign trade spiralling down and he believed it was essential to balance the budget despite falling tax revenue, so he raised the tax rates. The economy kept falling, and the unemployment rate rose to 25%, with industry, mining. This downward spiral, plus his support for policies that had lost favor, set the stage for Hoovers overwhelming defeat in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. Most historians agree that Hoovers defeat in the 1932 election was caused primarily by the downward economic spiral, Hoover became a conservative spokesman for opposition to the domestic and foreign policies of the New Deal. He opposed entry into the Second World War and was not given any role to play, in 1946, President Harry S. Truman liked Hoover and appointed him to survey war-torn Germany which produced a number of reports that changed U. S. occupation policy. In 1947, Truman appointed Hoover to head the Hoover Commission, by the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image. Nevertheless, Hoover is often ranked by historians as one of the worst U. S. presidents. Herbert Hoover was born on August 10,1874, in West Branch, Iowa, he would become the only President so far born in that state and the first born west of the Mississippi River. His father, Jesse Hoover, was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner, of German, German-Swiss, Jesse Hoover and his father Eli had moved to Iowa from Ohio twenty years previously. Hoovers mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn, was born in Norwich, Ontario, Canada, both of his parents were Quakers. At about age two he contracted the croup and he was so ill that he was momentarily thought to have died, until he was resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn
21.
Alaska Department of Corrections
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The Department of Corrections of the state of Alaska is an agency of the state government responsible for corrections. The Department manages institutions, parole and probation, the current commissioner is Dean Williams. The agency has its headquarters in the Douglas area of Juneau, the State of Alaska assumed jurisdiction over its corrections on January 3,1959. Prior to statehood, the Federal Bureau of Prisons had correctional jurisdiction over Alaska and these statistics left Alaska ranking #2 among states in percentage of its inmates in private prisons, and unlike New Mexico, the leader, many of the Alaskans were detainees awaiting trial. The opening of the new $240 million Goose Creek Correctional Center in July 2012 allowed the state to bring those prisoners back to Alaska, since the establishment of the Alaska Department of Corrections,1 officer has died in the line of duty. List of law enforcement agencies in Alaska List of United States state correction agencies Official website
22.
Jeff Sessions
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Jefferson Beauregard Jeff Sessions III is an American politician and lawyer who is the 84th Attorney General of the United States. Sessions served as the junior United States Senator from Alabama from 1997 until 2017, Sessions was elected Attorney General of Alabama in 1994, and to the U. S. Senate in 1996, being re-elected in 2002,2008, and 2014. During his time in Congress, Sessions was considered one of the most conservative members of the U. S. Senate and he opposed legal and illegal immigration and amnesty and supported expansion of the border fence with Mexico. He supported the legislative efforts of the George W. Bush administration, including the 2001 and 2003 tax cut packages, the Iraq War. He opposed the establishment of the Troubled Asset Relief Program, the 2009 stimulus bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as the ranking Republican on the Senate Judiciary Committee, he opposed all three of President Obamas nominees for the Supreme Court. In November 2016, then-President-elect Donald Trump nominated Sessions for US Attorney General and he was confirmed on February 8,2017, with a 52–47 vote in the Senate, and was sworn in on February 9. In his Attorney General confirmation hearings, Sessions said that he did not have contact with Russian officials during the 2016 U. S. presidential campaign, in March 2017, news reports revealed that Sessions had twice met with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak in 2016. Sessions subsequently recused himself from any investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election while some Democratic lawmakers called for his resignation. He was born in Selma, Alabama, on December 24,1946, the son of Jefferson Beauregard Sessions, Jr. and his father owned a general store in Hybart, Alabama, and then a farm equipment dealership. Both of Sessionss parents were of primarily English ancestry, with some Scots-Irish, in 1964, Sessions became an Eagle Scout, and later, he earned the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award for his many years of service. After attending Wilcox County High School in nearby Camden, Sessions studied at Huntingdon College in Montgomery and he was active in the Young Republicans and was student body president. Sessions attended the University of Alabama School of Law and graduated with a J. D. degree in 1973, Sessions entered private practice in Russellville and later in Mobile, where he now lives. He also served in the Army Reserve in the 1970s with the rank of captain, Sessions was an Assistant US Attorney in the Office of the US Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama beginning in 1975. In 1981, President Reagan nominated him to be the US Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama, the Senate confirmed him and he held that position for 12 years until Bill Clintons Attorney General, Janet Reno, asked for his resignation. Sessionss office filed civil charges in the 1981 killing of Michael Donald. Sessionss office did not prosecute the case, but both men were arrested and convicted, the prosecution stirred charges of selective prosecution of black voter registration. The defendants, known as the Marion Three, were acquitted of all charges by a jury after three hours of deliberation, interviewed in 2009, Sessions said he remained convinced that he did the right thing, but admitted he failed to make the case. In 1986, Reagan nominated Sessions to be a judge of the U. S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama, Sessionss judicial nomination was recommended and actively backed by Republican Alabama Senator Jeremiah Denton
23.
United States Army Provost Marshal General
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The provost marshal general is a United States Army staff position that handles investigations and incarcerations of U. S. Army personnel. It is the highest-ranking provost marshal position in the U. S. Army, the position brings all aspects of law enforcement in the U. S. Army in a single office. The role has been off and on since 1776, after shutting down in 1974 at the end of the Vietnam War, it was resurrected on January 30,2003 following the September 11 attacks. William Marony was the first provost marshal general, appointed by George Washington on January 10,1776, the principal job was maintaining jails and supervising 40 executions. Nine men served as provost marshal general until 1778 when the duties were transferred to the Marechausse Corps, Service ended at the end of the war. Fry was appointed on March 3,1863 to be the first provost marshal general during the American Civil War, the office dealt with recruitment and desertion issues. It also supervised the Invalid Corps, in which disabled soldiers performed garrison duty, the position was abolished in 1866. Arthur MacArthur, Jr. was appointed provost marshal general of Manila in July 1901 to provide law enforcement in Manila, the position was abolished after about a year. Enoch Crowder was appointed provost marshal general in July 1917 with focus on enforcing the Selective Service System, during the American Expeditionary Force provost marshal generals oversaw military police, prisoner of war, criminal investigation, and circulation in Europe. Among the European marshals were Hanson E. Ely, William H. Allaire, groome III, and Harry Hill Bandholtz. The European component was dissolved in 1919 and the provost marshal general remained an advisor to the War Department until 1927, the Basic Field Manual in 1937 outlined the position when it was reactivated. Allen W. Gullion was appointed in 1941 and its duties initially were to control enemy aliens but were later expanded to do security clearance investigations and Military Police. After 1943 it was responsible for prisoner-of-war camps in the United States as well as Japanese-American relocation camps, toward the end of the war it began investigating crimes and apprehending deserters and would handle the War Crimes Division of the Judge Advocate Generals Office. Gullion remained until April 1944 when he was succeeded by Archer L. Lerch, Blackshear M. Bryan in 1945, Edwin P. Parker Jr. in 1948, William H. Maglin in 1953, and Haydon L. Boatner in 1957. Ralph J. Butchers was appointed in 1960 followed by Carl C. Turner in 1964, Karl W. Gustafson in 1968, ramsey in 1970 until the office was abolished on May 20,1974. After the start of Operation Iraqi Freedom, the position of provost marshal general was recreated, here is the list of provost marshals general, Provost Marshals Office Masters-at-Arms United States Air Force Security Forces
24.
Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers
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The Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers serves as an interagency law enforcement training body for 91 United States government federal law enforcement agencies. The stated mission of FLETC is to. train those who protect our homeland and it also provides training to state, local, campus, tribal, and international law enforcement agencies. Through the Rural Policing Institute and the Office of State and Local Training, it provides tuition-free and low-cost training to state, local, campus, additionally, it operates two other residential training sites at Artesia, New Mexico, and in Charleston, South Carolina. It also operates an in-service re-qualification training facility in Cheltenham, Maryland, for use by agencies with large concentrations of personnel in the Washington, the FLETC has oversight and program management responsibilities for the International Law Enforcement Academies in Gaborone, Botswana, and Bangkok, Thailand. It also supports training at ILEAs in Hungary and El Salvador, studies conducted in the late 1960s revealed an urgent need for training by professional instructors using modern training facilities and standardized course content. Congress authorized funds for planning and constructing the Consolidated Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, in 1970, the CFLETC was established as a bureau of the Department of the Treasury and began training operations in temporary facilities in Washington, D. C. The permanent location of the center was planned for the Washington. However, a construction delay resulted in Congress requesting that surplus federal installations be surveyed to determine if one could serve as the permanent site. In May 1975, after a review of existing facilities, the former Naval Air Station Glynco was selected. In the summer of 1975, the newly renamed Federal Law Enforcement Training Center relocated from Washington, D. C. and began training in September of that year at Glynco, Georgia. Glynco is the site and main campus for the FLETC. On March 1,2003, FLETC formally transferred from the Treasury Department to the newly created Department of Homeland Security, the move reflected the centrality of the FLETCs mission in support of the unified homeland security effort. The FLETCs parent agency, the Department of Homeland Security, supervises its administrative, as an interagency training organization, FLETC has professionals from diverse backgrounds to serve on its faculty and staff. Approximately one-third of the staff are permanent FLETC employees. The remainder are federal officers and investigators on short-term assignment from their parent organizations, partner Organizations have input regarding training issues and functional aspects of the Center. Agencies take part in curriculum review and development conferences and help develop policies and directives, title 31 of the Code of Federal Regulations This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Department of Homeland Security. Spring 2013, Vol.42, Issue 1, pp. 15–19, december 2010, Vol.76, Issue 12, pp. 556–558. 2012, Vol.7 Issue 4, pp. 478–488, 4/4/2014, Vol.6 Issue 14, pp.15
25.
United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners
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The United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners is a United States federal prison in Springfield, Missouri which provides medical, mental health, and dental services to male offenders. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, during the Great Depression, the people of Springfield, Missouri offered 620 acres of land to the federal government to build the prison. Congress authorized the building of the prison in 1930, the prison opened in 1933 as the United States Hospital for Defective Delinquents, under superintendent Dr. Marion R. King. The land surrounding the prison was used by the prisoners for farming until 1966, in 1977, the federal government returned some of the original 620 acres back to the city. Prison riots occurred in 1941,1944 and 1959, several political prisoners and spies arrested during World War II were held at MCFP Springfield for medical treatment. Anastasy Vonsyatsky served 3 years of a 5-year sentence there for conspiring to aid Hitlers Germany in violation of the Espionage Act before being released in 1946. Robert Henry Best and Herbert John Burgman, who were sentenced to life in prison for treason in 1948 and 1949 for making propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis, Best died at MCFP Springfield in 1952, Burgman in 1953. Genovese died at MCFP Springfield in 1969, Gotti in 2002, terrorists Omar Abdel Rahman and Jose Padilla were also held there for brief periods. On January 26,2010, inmate Victor Castro-Rodriguez,51, was dead on the floor of his cell. Castro-Rodriguez originally was convicted of assault and resisting arrest in the U. S. District Court of Southern Florida and was being held at the MCFP because of a mental illness. MCFP inmates Wesley Paul Coonce, Jr.34, and Charles Michael Hall,43, were charged in connection with his death, Coonce was also found guilty of one count of murder by an inmate serving a life sentence. Both were sentenced to death on June 2,2014, the following inmates are currently held at MCFP Springfield or served the majority of their sentence there. †Inmates who were released from custody prior to 1982 are not listed on the Bureau of Prisons website. Abu Hamza al-Masri John Sacramoni, boss of the fictional Lupertazzi crime family in the hit HBO television series The Sopranos, list of U. S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States Duffy, Peter. AngloBoer. com – Lord Horatio Kitchener, War Criminal
26.
Incarceration of women in the United States
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This article discusses the incarceration of women in prisons within the United States. A2014 International Center for Prison Studies report stated that about 33% of all prisoners in the world are held in the United States. According to a September 2014 study by the International Center for Prison Studies, the total population of females incarcerated in US prisons and jails in 2013 was 213,700 –9. 3% of the total. Between 2000 and 2010 the number of males in prison grew by 1. 4% per annum, from 2010 to 2013 the numbers fell for both genders, -0. 8% for males and -0.5 for females. For jails the figures for 2000–10 are 1. 8% for males and 2. 6% for females, over this period the female proportion of the incarcerated population has been increasing, at least partly due to compulsory sentencing. Hispanic women are incarcerated nearly twice the rate of white women, tough-on-crime legislation and legislation associated with the war on drugs have been connected to the increasing rate of the incarceration of women of color from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. In the United States, authorities began housing women in correctional facilities separate from men in the 1870s, first, women prisoners were imprisoned alongside men in general population, where they were subject to sexual attacks and daily forms of degradation. In 1973 Shakur was held in the Middlesex County Jail in New Jersey and she was the first, and last, woman ever imprisoned there, and was held in deplorable conditions including isolation and twenty-four hour observation. As of 2007, in most of the Western world, the guards on female prisons are exclusively female, until the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the 1972 Equal Employment Opportunity Act, this was true in the United States. Men usually worked in perimeter posts, such as gate posts, male employees previously had restricted positions. Both acts integrated the workforce, and after the acts passed male employees gained increasingly direct contact with female prisoners, as of 2007, about 40% of prison guards in American womens prisons are men. In some facilities, most of the guards are men, Silja Talvi, author of Women Behind Bars. Prison System, argued that in theory gender equality makes sense in all occupations, but in practice having male guards watch over female prisoners is problematic. Men make up the majority of prisoners in the United States, approximately ten times as many as women in 2013, child care is also another issue that women must worry about when they are incarcerated. According to Mumola, 64% of women were primary guardians for their children prior to being incarcerated compared to men at only 44% and it is likely that men like women experienced traumatic events in their childhood, but research has shown that women experience a higher rate of trauma. Because many states have only one facility, in comparison to having numerous men’s facilities. Women have fewer visits from their children, which is influenced by the fact that facilities are limited and located mostly in rural areas far from women’s hometowns. When men are in prison, their partners may take the kids to visit him
27.
Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury
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The Federal Correctional Institution, Danbury is a low-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Danbury, Connecticut. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, the facility also has an adjacent satellite prison camp that houses minimum-security female offenders. The satellite camp will continue to house female offenders, FCI Danbury was opened in August 1940 with the purpose of housing male and female inmates. It housed several high-profile political prisoners during World War II, conscientious objectors, including poet Robert Lowell and civil rights activist James Peck, were housed there for refusing to enter the military draft in the early 1940s. Robert Henry Best served most of his sentence at FCI Danbury after being convicted of treason in 1948 for making propaganda broadcasts for the Nazis during the war. Beginning in the 1970s the Yale Law School began providing services for prisoners at FCI Danbury. As of the 2010s Yale students and professors visit the facility, FCI Danbury became exclusively for female inmates in 1993. This was because there was a lack of space for women in the Northeastern United States, in August 2013, the Federal Bureau of Prisons announced that FCI Danbury was going to be reverted to an all-male facility to alleviate overcrowding across the entire federal prison system. The female inmate population will be transferred to the Federal Correctional Institution, Aliceville in Alabama and it was estimated that the change would be completed by December 2013. However, female inmates were not transferred to other facilities until April 2014, FCI Danbury and its camp were the only federal prisons in the Northeast which housed women, and the repurposing would further promote an imbalance of womens prisoner space within the BOP system. As of August 2014 there was no timeline for the installation of the new womens facilities, U. S. citizens would be eligible for the camps, but non-U. S. Citizens would still be incarcerated further away, as of that time there were no federal womens prisons left in the Northeast. Orange Is the New Black, My Year in a Womens Prison writer Piper Kerman criticized the move in an op-ed in The New York Times, a new $25 million womens facility was completed and began accepting female inmates in December,2016. FCI Danbury is located in southwestern Connecticut, approximately 55 miles from New York City,60 miles from Hartford, Connecticut, the facility is accessible to a MetroNorth station fewer than 4 miles from the facility. Four Amtrak stations are within 30 miles from the facility, in 2015 former inmate Beatrice Codianni stated that The camp is a dump and that the facility was cleaned just before each time accreditation inspectors arrived. The prison chaplain, religious groups, and volunteer groups had offered educational, in addition, prior to 1999 the prison hosted a childrens day so inmates could spend time with their children. The ensuing public outcry led to investigations and reviews of the prisons fire safety systems. In 2008, supervisory staff at FCI Danbury discovered that Correction Officer Michael Rudkin had been having sexual relations with a female inmate
28.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
29.
Kamala Harris
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Kamala Devi Harris is an American attorney and politician who is the junior United States Senator from California. She is a member of the Democratic Party and served as the 32nd Attorney General of California, Harris graduated from Howard University and University of California, Hastings College of the Law. She worked as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, in 2003, she was elected District Attorney of San Francisco, defeating incumbent Terence Hallinan. She was re-elected in 2007 and served from 2004 to 2011, Harris was elected Californias Attorney General in 2010 and re-elected in 2014. Harris was the first woman, the first Jamaican American, the first Asian American, Harris was born in Oakland, California. She has one sister, Maya, a lawyer and public policy advocate, who later married Tony West. The family moved to Berkeley, California where both of Kamalas parents attended graduate school and they also introduced their daughter to civil rights protests, which were common during that time in Berkeley. Kamalas parents divorced when she was young, Shyamala continued to raise her daughters in Berkeley, where the family lived in a black neighborhood and the girls sang in a Baptist choir. Her mother eventually moved the family to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, after graduating from Montreals Westmount High School in Quebec, Harris attended Howard University in Washington, D. C. where she majored in political science and economics. At Howard, Harris was elected to the liberal arts student council as freshman class representative, a member of the debate team, Harris then returned to California, earning her Juris Doctor from University of California, Hastings College of the Law in 1989. Harris failed the California bar exam her first time, later observing and she was admitted to the State Bar of California in 1990. Harris served as a Deputy District Attorney in Alameda County, California, Harris says she sought a career in law enforcement because she wanted to be at the table where decisions are made. After 1998, she became Managing Attorney of the Career Criminal Unit in the San Francisco District Attorneys Office. In 2000, San Francisco City Attorney Louise Renne recruited Harris to join her office, where she was Chief of the Community and Neighborhood Division, which oversees civil code enforcement matters. After the Fajitagate scandal, Harris defeated two-term incumbent Terence Hallinan in the 2003 election to become District Attorney of the City and County of San Francisco, in April 2004, San Francisco Police Department Officer Isaac Espinoza was shot and killed in the line of duty. Three days later D. A. Harris announced she would not seek the death penalty, during Officer Espinozas funeral at St. Marys Cathedral U. S. Harris still refused. Officer Espinozas killer was convicted of the murder and sentenced to life in prison, as D. A. Harris started a program that gives first-time drug dealers the chance to earn a high-school diploma and find employment. Over eight years the program has produced fewer than 300 graduates and she was re-elected when she ran unopposed, in 2007
30.
Indian reservation
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Each of the 326 Indian reservations in the United States are associated with a particular Nation. Not all of the countrys 567 recognized tribes have a reservation—some tribes have more than one reservation, some share reservations and this jumble of private and public real estate creates significant administrative, political, and legal difficulties. The collective geographical area of all reservations is 56,200,000 acres, while most reservations are small compared to US states, there are 12 Indian reservations larger than the state of Rhode Island. The largest reservation, the Navajo Nation Reservation, is similar in size to West Virginia, Reservations are unevenly distributed throughout the country, the majority are west of the Mississippi River and occupy lands that were first reserved by treaty or granted from the public domain. Because tribes possess tribal sovereignty, even though it is limited and these laws can permit legal casinos on reservations, for example, which attract tourists. The tribal council, not the local or federal government, generally has jurisdiction over reservations, different reservations have different systems of government, which may or may not replicate the forms of government found outside the reservation. Most Native American reservations were established by the government, a limited number, mainly in the East. The name reservation comes from the conception of the Native American tribes as independent sovereigns at the time the U. S, the term remained in use even after the federal government began to forcibly relocate tribes to parcels of land to which they had no historical connection. A majority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives live somewhere other than the reservations, often in big cities such as Phoenix. In 2012, there were over 2.5 million Native Americans with about 1 million living on reservations, from the beginning of the European colonization of the Americas, Europeans often removed native peoples from lands they wished to occupy. The means varied, including voluntary moves based on agreement, treaties made under considerable duress, forceful ejection. The removal caused many problems such as tribes losing means of livelihood by being subjected to an area, farmers having inadmissible land for agriculture. In 1764 the “Plan for the Future Management of Indian Affairs” was proposed by the Board of Trade, additionally, this plan dictated that the Indians would be properly consulted when ascertaining and defining the boundaries of colonial settlement. For much of North America, the American Revolution was more of a battle against the Indians than a war against the British, the treaty was seen by Americans as a confirmation of their conquest of Indian land. The private contracts that once characterized the sale of Indian land to various individuals and this protocol was adopted by the United States Government after the America Revolution. On March 11,1824, John C. Calhoun founded the Office of Indian Affairs as a division of the United States Department of War, to solve the land problem with 38 treaties with American Indian tribes. The passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 marked the systematization of a US federal government policy of forcibly moving Native populations away from European-populated areas, some of the lands these tribes were given to inhabit following the removals eventually became Indian Reservations. In 1851, the United States Congress passed the Indian Appropriations Act which authorized the creation of Indian reservations in modern-day Oklahoma, relations between settlers and natives had grown increasingly worse as the settlers encroached on territory and natural resources in the West
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Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona
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Montana
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Montana /mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The states name is derived from the Spanish word montaña, Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State, and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place. Montana has a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It also borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total,77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands. The economy is based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. Other significant economic activities include oil, gas, coal and hard rock mining, lumber, the health care, service, and government sectors also are significant to the states economy. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana, meaning mountain, or more broadly, mountainous country. Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the mountainous region of the west. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson and Benjamin F. Harding, when Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name, Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, with an area of 147,040 square miles, Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California, the largest landlocked U. S. state, and the worlds 56th largest national state/province subdivision. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, the states topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montanas 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the western half. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the states south-central part are part of the Central Rocky Mountains
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South Dakota
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South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2,1889, Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 171,000, is South Dakotas largest city. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, the state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as East River and West River. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the states population, West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River, the Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are located in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there, South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome, humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a rush in the Black Hills. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents. South Dakotas history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state, South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U. S. Census Bureau, it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest, South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles, making the state the 17th largest in the Union. Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft, is the states highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, the geographical center of the U. S. is 17 miles west of Castle Rock in Butte County. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle,1,024 mi from the nearest coastline, the Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation. Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs, Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions, eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, at times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River
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United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute
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The United States Penitentiary, Terre Haute is a high-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Terre Haute, Indiana. It is part of the Terre Haute Federal Correctional Complex and is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, USP Terre Haute houses a Special Confinement Unit for male federal inmates who have been sentenced to death as well as the federal execution chamber. FCC Terre Haute is located in the city of Terre Haute,70 miles west of Indianapolis. A new United States penitentiary was authorized by President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1938 and established in Terre Haute, Indiana, swope was the prison’s first warden. Public Works Administration issued a $3 million grant to pay for construction of USP Terre Haute in 1938, construction cost of the institution at the time that it was built was $2,150,000. The architectural design of the prison is a telephone pole design with all housing. It was the first penitentiary for adult felons ever to be constructed without a wall, in 2004, the new USP was built on adjoining property, with the old penitentiary becoming a medium-security Federal Correctional Institution. The institution initiated the use of the word inmate as opposed to other less-appealing labels such as convict or criminal. It also became one of the first federal prisons to implement educational programs in prisons with sessions devoted to improving the skills in reading, writing, math. Camp 5, part of the Guantanamo Bay detention camps, in Cuba, is reported to have based on the design of USP Terre Haute. USP Terre Haute is a Care Level 3 facility, which means that any inmate sent to Terre Haute who has serious problems that are not major enough to warrant hospitalization is sent to the USP. This facility is also a tobacco-free institution and this part of the FCC contains six housing units. One of the six housing units is a unit that can house 125 inmates. When the inmates are not working, they are partaking in faith-based activities, all of the inmates in the USP are allotted seven visit-days a month and 300 minutes of telephone time, which they have to use in increments of 30 minutes or less. The inmates housed here can work at UNICOR, which is an industry that makes towels. Inmates employed here earn an average of $6.50 to $7.50 a day, the Bureau of Prisons modified USP Terre Haute in 1995 and 1996 so it could house death row functions. On July 13,1999, the Special Confinement Unit at USP Terre Haute opened, there are currently 58 inmates on death row. The federal government chose Terre Haute as the location of the death row due to its central location within the United States
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Death row
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Death row is a special section of a prison in the United States that houses inmates who are awaiting execution after being sentenced to death for the conviction of a capital crime. The US is the only Western country that applies the death penalty for capital crimes. Thirty-one of its 50 states and the federal government authorize this penalty, Death row is a term also used figuratively to describe the state of awaiting execution, even in places where no special facility or separate unit for condemned inmates exists. After a person is guilty of a capital offense, the judge will give the jury the option of imposing a death sentence or life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. It is up to a jury to decide whether to give the death sentence, if sentenced to death, a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures, which can take years. Since 1973 and later, with an number of persons being freed since 1993, some 157 persons as of January 2017 have been exonerated on appeal. Alabama is the state in the United States that allows a judge to overrule even a unanimous jury decision. Judges are elected to office and some run on their record of imposing the death penalty, in 2016 Florida repealed its law to allow judicial intervention and the Delaware Supreme Court ruled that year that the practice was unconstitutional. If sentenced to death, a convict will remain on death row during appeal and habeas corpus procedures, in the United States,157 inmates have been exonerated and freed from death row from 1973 to January 2017. An increasing number of these exonerations have been won since 1993, Louisiana and several other states hold people on death row in solitary confinement and extreme isolation, in windowless cells 23 hours a day, with virtually no human contact except with guards. Such prisoners are not allowed to take part in any educational or work programs, opponents of capital punishment claim that a prisoners extreme social isolation on death row and uncertainty over his or her fate constitute a form of mental cruelty. Long-time death row inmates are liable to become ill, if they are not already. This is referred to as the death row phenomenon, in extreme cases some inmates may attempt to commit suicide. Each man had held in solitary more than 25 years. Angola has 71 prisoners on death row, but the state has executed a small proportion of such prisoners, so inmates sentenced to death may serve nearly life in solitary. In the United States, prisoners may wait many years as they appeal their convictions or sentences, the time between sentencing and execution has increased relatively steadily from 1977, when some states reinstated their death penalties through new legislation, to 2010. There was a 22% jump between 1989 and 1990, as DNA evidence began to be used regularly in trial. Finding evidence and testing of DNA took more time, although the use of lethal injections was declared constitutional, there has been increasing controversy associated with its use
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Execution chamber
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An execution chamber, or death chamber, is a room or chamber in which a legal execution is carried out. Execution chambers are almost always inside the walls of a maximum-security prison, inside the chamber is the device used to carry out the death sentence. In the United States, an execution chamber will usually contain a lethal injection table, in most cases, a witness room is located adjacent to an execution chamber, where witnesses may watch the execution through glass windows. All except for one of the states which allow capital punishment are equipped with a death chamber, the sole exception is New Hampshire, which has not had an inmate on death row since the 1940s. LaValle, which ruled the death penalty statute unconstitutional. Notes, a Death penalty abolished in 2012, all remaining inmates death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment by the Connecticut Supreme Court in 2015. B Death penalty abolished in 2011, all condemned prisoners sentences were commuted to life imprisonment immediately upon abolition. C Death penalty abolished in 2013, remaining inmates death sentences were commuted to life imprisonment by Gov. Martin OMalley in 2014. D Death penalty abolished in 2009, two remain on death row under sentences of death. E Last death sentence reversed in 2007, F Closed in 2008 under David Patersons administration. G If an execution does occur, the state will use its parole board meeting room at the state prison, in the United Kingdom, the execution chamber was part of a larger complex, often referred to as the Execution Suite. The room, usually formed from two prison cells, contained the large trapdoor, usually double-leaved, but in some older chambers such as at Oxford, single-leaved. The wooden beam from which the rope was suspended was usually set into the walls of the chamber above, at Wandsworth Prison the floor was retained and holes allowed the rope and chains through. Oxfords chamber was of an old 19th-century type, and the beam was set into the walls of the chamber just above head height. The last gallows to be constructed in Britain, at HMP Aberdeen, was built in 1962, and was used one year later for the hanging of Henry John Burnett, the last officially operational gallows in the United Kingdom, at Wandsworth Prison, was removed in 1994. Salvaged parts from it are currently in the possession of the National Galleries of Justice, japan has seven execution chambers used to kill condemned criminals. One is at the Tokyo Detention House, hanging is Japans method of execution. The execution chamber in Tokyo has a trap door, as the condemned dies, his or her body falls into a room below the execution chamber, and in that room the death is confirmed
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Federal Medical Center, Carswell
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The Federal Medical Center, Carswell is a United States federal prison in Fort Worth, Texas for female inmates of all security levels with special medical and mental health needs. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, the facility also has a prison camp for minimum-security female inmates. FMC Carswell is located in the northeast corner of Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth and it lies in the northwest part of the city of Fort Worth, near the southeast corner of Lake Worth. As of 2015, the woman with a federal death sentence is incarcerated at FMC Carswell. Prior to the opening, women went to a federal prison hospital in Kentucky that also served male prisoners. The Kentucky facility closed and FMC Carswell opened in 1994, the facility previously served as the medical center for Carswell Air Force Base. FMC Carswell is fully accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations and it is the only medical facility for women in the Federal Bureau of Prisons. The main five story building has a capacity of 600 prisoners, the minimum security prisoners live in barracks outside of the main compound. Although most inmates at this facility have some form of medical condition requiring treatment, Carswell houses the single woman who is currently under federal death sentences. FMC Carswell has a high security unit, which houses women in the BOP system who are classified as special management concerns due to violence and/or escape attempts. The unit has a capacity of 20 women, articles criticizing FMC Carswell have appeared in various media outlets relating to various forms of prisoner abuse. These articles focus on allegations of malpractice, neglect. Over a seven-year period, seven FMC Carswell staff members were convicted of abuse of a prisoner. In March 2000, an officer at FMC Carswell, Michael Lawrence Miller. The prisoner did not report the incident after it occurred, as she was being released in September 2000, she gave the sweatpants to a prison administrator. Implicated by this evidence, Miller was convicted, and in 2004 he was sentenced to 150 months imprisonment and he served out his sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution, Sandstone, and was released on March 19,2015. Inametti, Register # 36889-177, was imprisoned at the Federal Correctional Institution, Butner Low in North Carolina and released in October 2011. List of U. S. federal prisons Federal Bureau of Prisons Incarceration in the United States FMC Carswell page at BOP. gov Abuse at Carswell Prison is for real, May 21,2000, Molly Ivins Brink, taking the Cuffs Off at Carswell
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ADX Florence
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The United States Penitentiary, Administrative Maximum Facility is an American federal supermax prison for male inmates located in Fremont County, Colorado. It is unofficially known as ADX Florence, Florence ADMAX, Supermax, ADX also includes an adjacent minimum-security camp that, as of March 2014, houses more prisoners than the supermax unit. The BOP does not have a designated facility for women. The facilitys current warden is David Berkebile, both officers were killed using this tactic. Cluttss killer, Thomas Silverstein, is serving three life sentences at ADX, hoffmans killer, Clayton Fountain, died in prison of natural causes in 2004. Marion became a model for the subsequent construction of ADX, a facility designed from the ground up as a control unit prison, years later, Carlson said that building such a prison was the only way to handle inmates who show absolutely no concern for human life. Such individuals in addition posed the risk of becoming suicidal/homicidal, the residents of Fremont County welcomed the prison as a source of employment. At the time, the county was home to nine existing prisons. The supermax unit at ADX Florence houses about 410 male inmates, the facility is best known for housing inmates who have been deemed too dangerous, too high-profile or too great a national security risk for even a maximum-security prison. McVeighs co-conspirator, Terry Nichols, is serving 161 life sentences at ADX, robert Hanssen, the former FBI agent who betrayed several spies to the Soviet Union and Russia, is serving 15 life sentences at ADX for his crimes. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, the perpetrator of the Boston Marathon bombings, was transferred here from another prison in the Florence complex on July 17,2015. The prison also houses inmates who are a high risk, including Richard McNair. Additionally, former Bonanno crime family boss Vincent Basciano is currently serving time at ADX Florence and these inmates are kept in administrative segregation. They are confined in a specifically designed single-person cell for 23 hours a day and they are removed under restraint, on a 24-hour clock. The hour outside of the cell is for showering, exercise, and with privileges and their diet is restricted as well, to ensure that the foods they are served cant be used to harm themselves, or to make unhygienic conditions in their cell. After at least one year, depending on their conduct, inmates are then allowed out for longer periods. The long-term goal is to them at ADX for three years, then transfer them to a less restrictive prison to serve out the remainder of their sentences. According to a 1998 report in the San Francisco Chronicle, ADX Florences main purpose is to try, ADX Florence is a 37-acre, 490-bed complex at 5880 Highway 67, Florence, Colorado, about 100 miles south of Denver and 40 miles south of Colorado Springs
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Federal crime in the United States
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In the United States, a federal crime or federal offense is an act that is made illegal by U. S. federal legislation. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the Internal Revenue Service, and the Secret Service, kennedys assassination, assassinating the President or Vice President. In drug-related federal offenses mandatory minimums can be enforced, federal law is implicated when a defendant manufactures, sells, imports/exports, traffic, or cultivate illegal controlled substances across state boundaries or national borders. A mandatory minimum is a federally regulated minimum sentence for offenses of certain drugs, prosecution guidelines are established by the United States Attorney in each federal judicial district and by laws that Congress has already established
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Incarceration in the United States
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Incarceration in the United States is one of the main forms of punishment, rehabilitation, or both for the commission of felony and other offenses. The United States has the largest prison population in the world, in 2013 in the US, there were 698 people incarcerated per 100,000 population. This is the U. S. incarceration rate for adults or people tried as adults. According to the US Bureau of Justice Statistics,2,220,300 adults were incarcerated in US federal and state prisons, additionally,4,751,400 adults in 2013 were on probation or on parole. In total,6,899,000 adults were under supervision in 2013 – about 2. 8% of adults in the U. S. resident population. In 2014, the number of persons in the adult correctional systems had fallen to 6,851,000 persons. About 1 in 36 adults was under some form of correctional supervision – the lowest rate since 1996, on average the correctional population has declined by 1. 0% since 2007, while this continued to stay true in 2014 the number of incarcerated adults slightly increased in 2014. In addition, there were 54,148 juveniles in juvenile detention in 2013, although debtors prisons no longer exist in the United States, residents of some U. S. states can still be incarcerated for debt as of 2016. According to a 2014 Human Rights Watch report, tough-on-crime laws adopted since the 1980s, have filled U. S. prisons with mostly nonviolent offenders and this policy failed to rehabilitate prisoners and many were worse on release than before incarceration. Rehabilitation programs for offenders can be more cost effective than prison, according to the Brennan Center for Justice, falling crime rates cannot be ascribed to mass incarceration. According to a 2016 analysis of data by the U. S. Education Department, state and local spending on incarceration has grown three times as much as spending on education since 1980. In 1841, Dorothea Dix discovered that prison conditions were, in her opinion, prisoners were chained naked, whipped with rods. Others, criminally insane, were caged, or placed in cellars and she insisted on changes throughout the rest of her life. While focusing on the insane, her comments also resulted in changes for other inmates, the BOP also houses adult felons convicted of violating District of Columbia laws due to the National Capital Revitalization and Self-Government Improvement Act of 1997. As of 2004, state prisons proportionately house more violent felons, in 2016, almost 90% of prisoners were in state prisons, 10% were in federal prisons. At the beginning of 2008, more than 1 in 100 adults in the United States were in prison or jail, total US incarceration peaked in 2008. Total correctional population peaked in 2007, if all prisoners are counted, then in 2008 the US had around 24. 7% of the worlds 9.8 million prisoners
