1.
Federal Communications Commission
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The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security, and modernizing itself. The FCC was formed by the Communications Act of 1934 to replace the radio regulation functions of the Federal Radio Commission, the FCC took over wire communication regulation from the Interstate Commerce Commission. The FCCs mandated jurisdiction covers the 50 states, the District of Columbia, the FCC also provides varied degrees of cooperation, oversight, and leadership for similar communications bodies in other countries of North America. The FCC is funded entirely by regulatory fees and it has an estimated fiscal-2016 budget of US$388 million. Consistent with the objectives of the Act as well as the 1993 Government Performance and Results Act and these are, Broadband All Americans should have affordable access to robust and reliable broadband products and services. Competition Competition in the provision of services, both domestically and overseas, supports the Nations economy. The competitive framework for communications services should foster innovation and offer consumers reliable, Media The Nations media regulations must promote competition and diversity and facilitate the transition to digital modes of delivery. Public Safety and Homeland Security Communications during emergencies and crisis must be available for public safety, health, defense, the Nations critical communications infrastructure must be reliable, interoperable, redundant, and rapidly restorable. The FCC is directed by five appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. The U. S. President designates one of the commissioners to serve as chairman, only three commissioners may be members of the same political party. None of them may have a financial interest in any FCC-related business, importantly, commissioners may continue serving until the appointment of their replacements, but may not serve beyond the end of the next session of Congress following term expiration. In practice, as of 2016 this means that commissioners may serve up to 1 1/2 years beyond the term expiration dates listed above if no replacement is appointed. The Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau develops and implements the FCCs consumer policies, CGB serves as the public face of the FCC through outreach and education, as well as through their Consumer Center, which is responsible for responding to consumer inquiries and complaints. CGB also maintains partnerships with state, local, and tribal governments in such areas as emergency preparedness. The Enforcement Bureau is responsible for enforcement of provisions of the Communications Act 1934, FCC rules, FCC orders, major areas of enforcement that are handled by the Enforcement Bureau are consumer protection, local competition, public safety, and homeland security. S. The International Bureau also oversees FCC compliance with the international Radio Regulations, the Media Bureau also handles post-licensing matters regarding direct broadcast satellite service. The Wireless Telecommunications Bureau regulates domestic wireless telecommunications programs and policies, the Wireline Competition Bureau develops policy concerning wire line telecommunications. The Wireline Competition Bureaus main objective is to promote growth and economical investments in technology infrastructure, development, markets
2.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms
3.
Radio
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When radio waves strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can be extracted and transformed back into its original form, Radio systems need a transmitter to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it, for example using amplitude modulation or angle modulation. Radio systems also need an antenna to convert electric currents into radio waves, an antenna can be used for both transmitting and receiving. The electrical resonance of tuned circuits in radios allow individual stations to be selected, the electromagnetic wave is intercepted by a tuned receiving antenna. Radio frequencies occupy the range from a 3 kHz to 300 GHz, a radio communication system sends signals by radio. The term radio is derived from the Latin word radius, meaning spoke of a wheel, beam of light, however, this invention would not be widely adopted. The switch to radio in place of wireless took place slowly and unevenly in the English-speaking world, the United States Navy would also play a role. Although its translation of the 1906 Berlin Convention used the terms wireless telegraph and wireless telegram, the term started to become preferred by the general public in the 1920s with the introduction of broadcasting. Radio systems used for communication have the following elements, with more than 100 years of development, each process is implemented by a wide range of methods, specialised for different communications purposes. Each system contains a transmitter, This consists of a source of electrical energy, the transmitter contains a system to modulate some property of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This modulation might be as simple as turning the energy on and off, or altering more subtle such as amplitude, frequency, phase. Amplitude modulation of a carrier wave works by varying the strength of the signal in proportion to the information being sent. For example, changes in the strength can be used to reflect the sounds to be reproduced by a speaker. It was the used for the first audio radio transmissions. Frequency modulation varies the frequency of the carrier, the instantaneous frequency of the carrier is directly proportional to the instantaneous value of the input signal. FM has the capture effect whereby a receiver only receives the strongest signal, Digital data can be sent by shifting the carriers frequency among a set of discrete values, a technique known as frequency-shift keying. FM is commonly used at Very high frequency radio frequencies for high-fidelity broadcasts of music, analog TV sound is also broadcast using FM. Angle modulation alters the phase of the carrier wave to transmit a signal
4.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
5.
United States Department of Commerce and Labor
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The United States Department of Commerce and Labor was a short-lived Cabinet department of the United States government, which was concerned with controlling the excesses of big business. It was created on February 14,1903, during the administration of Theodore Roosevelt, investigations were the province of its Bureau of Corporations. The department was renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4,1913, the Bureau of Corporations was spun off as an independent agency in 1915, the Federal Trade Commission The United States Secretary of Commerce and Labor was the head of the department. The secretary was a member of the Presidents Cabinet, corresponding with the division of the department in 1913, the Secretarys position was divided into separate positions of Commerce and Labor. In 2011, in response to federal budget-cutting efforts, Senator Richard Burr, sponsored Senate Bill 1116, to date no action on this proposal has been taken beyond referral to committee. Parties Republican Labor and Commerce, Department of
6.
Medium wave
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Medium wave is the part of the medium frequency radio band used mainly for AM radio broadcasting. Practical groundwave reception typically extends to 200–300 miles, with distances over terrain with higher ground conductivity. Most broadcast stations use groundwave to cover their listening area, Medium waves can also reflect off charged particle layers in the ionosphere and return to Earth at much greater distances, this is called the skywave. At night, especially in winter months and at times of low solar activity, when this happens, MF radio waves can easily be received many hundreds or even thousands of miles away as the signal will be reflected by the higher F layer. This can allow very long-distance broadcasting, but can also interfere with distant local stations, due to the limited number of available channels in the MW broadcast band, the same frequencies are re-allocated to different broadcasting stations several hundred miles apart. On nights of good skywave propagation, the signals of distant station may interfere with the signals of local stations on the same frequency. These channels are called clear channels, and they are required to broadcast at higher powers of 10 to 50 kW and this arrangement had numerous practical difficulties. The Commerce Department rarely intervened in such cases but left it up to stations to enter into voluntary timesharing agreements amongst themselves, the addition of a third entertainment wavelength,400 meters, did little to solve this overcrowding. In 1923, the Commerce Department realized that as more and more stations were applying for commercial licenses, on 15 May 1923, Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover announced a new bandplan which set aside 81 frequencies, in 10 kHz steps, from 550 kHz to 1350 kHz. Each station would be assigned one frequency, no longer having to broadcast weather, class A and B stations were segregated into sub-bands. Today in most of the Americas, mediumwave broadcast stations are separated by 10 kHz and have two sidebands of up to ±5 kHz in theory, in the rest of the world, the separation is 9 kHz, with sidebands of ±4.5 kHz. Both provide adequate quality for voice, but are insufficient for high-fidelity broadcasting. In the US and Canada the maximum power is restricted to 50 kilowatts. Those stations which shut down completely at night are known as daytimers. In most cases there are two limits, a lower one for omnidirectional and a higher one for directional radiation with minima in certain directions. The power limit can also be depending on daytime and it is possible, other countries may only operate low-powered transmitters on the same frequency, again subject to agreement. For example, Russia operates a transmitter, located in its Kaliningrad exclave and used for external broadcasting. Due to the demand for frequencies in Europe, many countries operate single frequency networks, in Britain
7.
Clarence Dill
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Clarence Cleveland Dill was an American politician from the state of Washington. A Democrat, he was elected to two each in both houses of Congress. Dill was born in Fredericktown, Ohio, and attended Ohio Wesleyan University and he completed his undergraduate work at the University of Delaware in 1907. As a young man, Dill was a teacher, and moved west to Spokane, Washington and he taught English at South Central High School and was a newspaper reporter at The Spokesman-Review in the summer. Dill became a lawyer in 1910, and soon entered politics and he was elected to the U. S. House in 1914 and 1916 from the newly created fifth district, but was defeated for re-election in 1918 by state supreme court justice J. Stanley Webster. On April 5,1917, Dill was one of 50 representatives who voted against declaring war on Germany, Dill was elected to the U. S. Senate in 1922 and re-elected in 1928, but did not seek a third term in 1934. In the Senate, he was the sponsor of both the 1927 Radio Act and the 1934 Communications Act, and was a staunch proponent of the Grand Coulee Dam. In June 1934 Congress amended the Watson-Parker Railway Labor Act so it explicitly included non-operating train personnel, senator Dill sponsored the new act since he thought Pullman porters and maids should be black. Blacks could now join the union without fear of losing their jobs, Dill ran for governor in 1940 but was narrowly defeated by Republican Arthur B. Horan had lost to Charles Leavy by eleven points in the race in 1940. Dill then served as a member of the Columbia Basin Commission from 1945 to 1948, in between all of these jobs, he usually practiced law. He died in 1978 in Spokane at the age of 93, senator elected before the Great Depression. After he left the Senate, Dill sought a divorce from his wife in 1936, Dill claimed that Jones told his friends that he was a political coward for not seeking re-election in 1934, and that she buried dogs and garbage in the backyard. Separated while he was still in office, the divorce proceedings began in late June 1936 in Spokane. The court found in his favor, he kept the house, Dill met home economics educator Mabel Aileen Dickson in November 1936 in Washington, DC, and they were married in May 1939. Born in Crystal, North Dakota, she was raised in Canada, Dickson graduated from the University of Alberta in Edmonton and they were married for thirty years, until her death from a heart ailment. Their 12,000 sq ft home, Cliff Aerie, built in 1941 at 708 W. Cliff Drive, is a Spokane landmark. congress. gov, biographical Directory of the United States Congress
8.
Wallace H. White Jr.
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Wallace Humphrey White Jr. was a prominent American politician and Republican leader in United States Congress from 1916 until 1949. White was born in Lewiston, Maine and his grandfather, William P. Frye, was also a prominent political figure, having served as a Senator from Maine and President pro tempore. In 1899, White graduated from Bowdoin College in Brunswick, after graduating, he became the assistant clerk to the Senate Committee on Commerce and later secretary to his grandfather. White studied law and was admitted to the bar, afterward beginning to practice in Lewiston, the political career of White began when he was elected as a Republican to the U. S. House of Representatives in 1916. He took office on March 4 of the year and served until March 3,1931. He left the House in 1931 after being elected to the Senate in late 1930 and he also served as a presidential appointee on a variety of commissions. White was reelected in 1936 and 1942 and served from March 4,1931 and he was elected minority leader by his colleagues, and became majority leader when his party held a majority in the 80th Congress. White was one of a handful of senators who voted against the elevation of Hugo Black to the Supreme Court in 1937 based on his alleged Klan membership and he was not a candidate for renomination in 1948. White died in Auburn and is interred at the Mt. Auburn Cemetery, White was married twice, first to Anna Pratt of Lewiston in 1903. A one son, Herbert Frye White, was born in 1904, in 1914, Anna Pratt White and an infant daughter Helen Hayden White both died in childbirth. In 1917 White married the widow Nina Lumbard Lunn, Nina Lunn was the widow of Ralph Lunn and she brought to the marriage a son, Richard Lunn and daughter, Nina Katherine Lunn. Wallace H. White Jr. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, wallace H. White Jr. at Find a Grave
9.
Calvin Coolidge
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John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was the 30th President of the United States. A Republican lawyer from Vermont, Coolidge worked his way up the ladder of Massachusetts state politics and his response to the Boston Police Strike of 1919 thrust him into the national spotlight and gave him a reputation as a man of decisive action. Soon after, he was elected as the 29th vice president in 1920, elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little, although having a rather dry sense of humor. Coolidge restored public confidence in the White House after the scandals of his predecessors administration, as a Coolidge biographer wrote, He embodied the spirit and hopes of the middle class, could interpret their longings and express their opinions. That he did represent the genius of the average is the most convincing proof of his strength, Coolidges retirement was relatively short, as he died at the age of 60 in January 1933, less than two months before his immediate successor, Herbert Hoover, left office. Though his reputation underwent a renaissance during the Ronald Reagan administration, John Calvin Coolidge Jr. was born in Plymouth Notch, Windsor County, Vermont, on July 4,1872, the only U. S. president to be born on Independence Day. He held various offices, including justice of the peace and tax collector. Coolidges mother was the daughter of a Plymouth Notch farmer and she was chronically ill and died, perhaps from tuberculosis, when Coolidge was twelve years old. His younger sister, Abigail Grace Coolidge, died at the age of fifteen, probably of appendicitis, Coolidges father remarried in 1891, to a schoolteacher, and lived to the age of eighty. Coolidges family had roots in New England, his earliest American ancestor, John Coolidge, emigrated from Cottenham, Cambridgeshire, England, around 1630 and settled in Watertown. Another ancestor, Edmund Rice, arrived at Watertown in 1638, Coolidges great-great-grandfather, also named John Coolidge, was an American military officer in the Revolutionary War and one of the first selectmen of the town of Plymouth Notch. His grandfather, Calvin Galusha Coolidge, served in the Vermont House of Representatives, many of Coolidges ancestors were farmers, and numerous distant cousins were prominent in politics. Coolidge attended Black River Academy and then Amherst College, where he distinguished himself in the class, as a senior joined the fraternity Phi Gamma Delta. While there, Coolidge was profoundly influenced by philosophy professor Charles Edward Garman, the only hope of perfecting human relationships is in accordance with the law of service under which men are not so solicitous about what they shall get as they are about what they shall give. Yet people are entitled to the rewards of their industry, what they earn is theirs, no matter how small or how great. But the possession of property carries the obligation to use it in a larger service, at his fathers urging after graduation, Coolidge moved to Northampton, Massachusetts to become a lawyer. To avoid the cost of law school, Coolidge followed the practice of apprenticing with a local law firm, Hammond & Field. John C. Hammond and Henry P. Field, both Amherst graduates, introduced Coolidge to law practice in the county seat of Hampshire County, in 1897, Coolidge was admitted to the bar, becoming a country lawyer
10.
United States Statutes at Large
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Each act and resolution of Congress is called a slip law, which is classified as either public law or private law, and designated and numbered accordingly. At the end of a Congress session, slip laws are compiled into Statutes at Large and they are part of a three-part model for publication of federal statutes consisting of slip laws, session laws, and codification. Today, large portions of slip laws denominated as public laws are now drafted as amendments to the United States Code. Once enacted into law, an Act will be published in the Statutes at Large and will add to, modify, provisions of a public law that contains only enacting clauses, effective dates, and similar matters are not generally codified. Private laws also are not generally codified, some portions of the United States Code have been enacted as positive law and other portions have not been so enacted. Publication of the United States Statutes at Large began in 1845 by the firm of Little, Brown. During Little, Brown and Companys time as publisher, Richard Peters, George Minot, in 1874, Congress transferred the authority to publish the Statutes at Large to the Government Printing Office under the direction of the Secretary of State. 633, was enacted July 30,1947 and directed the Secretary of State to compile, edit, index,980, was enacted September 23,1950 and directed the Administrator of General Services to compile, edit, index, and publish the Statutes at Large. Since 1985 the Statutes at Large have been prepared and published by the Office of the Federal Register of the National Archives, sometimes very large or long Acts of Congress are published as their own volume of the Statutes at Large. For example, the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was published as volume 68A of the Statutes at Large. Volumes 1 to 18 of the Statutes at Large made available by the Library of Congress Volumes 1 to 64 of the Statutes at Large made available by the Congressional Data Coalition via LEGISWORKS
11.
United States Department of Commerce
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The United States Department of Commerce is the Cabinet department of the United States government concerned with promoting economic growth. Among its tasks are gathering economic and demographic data for business and government decision-making and this organizations main purpose is to create jobs, promote economic growth, encourage sustainable development and improve standards of living for all Americans. The Department of Commerce headquarters is the Herbert C. Hoover Building in Washington, the department was originally created as the United States Department of Commerce and Labor on February 14,1903. It was subsequently renamed the Department of Commerce on March 4,1913, as the bureaus, in 1940, the Weather Bureau was transferred from the Agriculture Department, and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was merged into the department. In 1949, the Public Roads Administration was added to the department due to the dissolution of the Federal Works Agency, in 1958, the independent Federal Aviation Agency was created and the Civil Aeronautics Authority was abolished. In 1966, the Bureau of Public Roads was transferred to the newly created Department of Transportation, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration was created on October 3,1970.6 billion. The budget authorization is broken down as follows, Proposals to reorganize the Department go back many decades, the Economic Development Administration would be completely eliminated. The Obama administration projects that the reorganization would save $3 billion, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration would be transferred from the Department of Commerce into the Department of the Interior. Later that year, shortly before the 2012 presidential election, Obama invoked the idea of a secretary of business in reference to the plan. The reorganization was part of a proposal which would grant the President the authority to propose mergers of federal agencies. This ability had existed from the Great Depression until the Reagan presidency, the Obama administration plan faced criticism for some of its elements. However, environmental groups such as the Natural Resources Defense Council feared that the reorganization could distract the agency from its mission of protecting the nations oceans, the plan was reiterated in the Obama administrations FY2016 budget proposal that was released in February 2015
12.
Herbert Hoover
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Herbert Clark Hoover was an American politician who served as the 31st President of the United States from 1929 to 1933 during the Great Depression. He was defeated in a landslide in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D, a lifelong Quaker, he became a successful mining engineer around the globe and retired in 1912. In the First World War he built a reputation as a humanitarian by leading relief efforts in Belgium during the war. He headed the U. S. Food Administration during World War I and his reputation as a Progressive businessman fighting for efficiency and elimination of waste was built as the Secretary of Commerce 1921-28. Hoover was a leader in the Efficiency Movement, which held that every institution public and they all could be improved by experts who could identify the problems and solve them. He also believed in the importance of volunteerism and of the role of individuals in society, in the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no elected-office experience. Although Hoover never raised the issue, some of his supporters did in mobilizing anti-Catholic sentiment against his opponent Al Smith. He reluctantly approved the Smoot–Hawley Tariff of 1930, which sent foreign trade spiralling down and he believed it was essential to balance the budget despite falling tax revenue, so he raised the tax rates. The economy kept falling, and the unemployment rate rose to 25%, with industry, mining. This downward spiral, plus his support for policies that had lost favor, set the stage for Hoovers overwhelming defeat in 1932 by Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. Most historians agree that Hoovers defeat in the 1932 election was caused primarily by the downward economic spiral, Hoover became a conservative spokesman for opposition to the domestic and foreign policies of the New Deal. He opposed entry into the Second World War and was not given any role to play, in 1946, President Harry S. Truman liked Hoover and appointed him to survey war-torn Germany which produced a number of reports that changed U. S. occupation policy. In 1947, Truman appointed Hoover to head the Hoover Commission, by the time of his death, he had rehabilitated his image. Nevertheless, Hoover is often ranked by historians as one of the worst U. S. presidents. Herbert Hoover was born on August 10,1874, in West Branch, Iowa, he would become the only President so far born in that state and the first born west of the Mississippi River. His father, Jesse Hoover, was a blacksmith and farm implement store owner, of German, German-Swiss, Jesse Hoover and his father Eli had moved to Iowa from Ohio twenty years previously. Hoovers mother, Hulda Randall Minthorn, was born in Norwich, Ontario, Canada, both of his parents were Quakers. At about age two he contracted the croup and he was so ill that he was momentarily thought to have died, until he was resuscitated by his uncle, John Minthorn
13.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
14.
CBS
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CBS is an American commercial broadcast television network that is a flagship property of CBS Corporation. The company is headquartered at the CBS Building in New York City with major facilities and operations in New York City. CBS is sometimes referred to as the Eye Network, in reference to the iconic logo. It has also called the Tiffany Network, alluding to the perceived high quality of CBS programming during the tenure of William S. Paley. It can also refer to some of CBSs first demonstrations of color television, the network has its origins in United Independent Broadcasters Inc. a collection of 16 radio stations that was purchased by Paley in 1928 and renamed the Columbia Broadcasting System. Under Paleys guidance, CBS would first become one of the largest radio networks in the United States, in 1974, CBS dropped its former full name and became known simply as CBS, Inc. In 2000, CBS came under the control of Viacom, which was formed as a spin-off of CBS in 1971, CBS Corporation is controlled by Sumner Redstone through National Amusements, which also controls the current Viacom. The television network has more than 240 owned-and-operated and affiliated stations throughout the United States. The origins of CBS date back to January 27,1927, Columbia Phonographic went on the air on September 18,1927, with a presentation by the Howard Barlow Orchestra from flagship station WOR in Newark, New Jersey, and fifteen affiliates. Operational costs were steep, particularly the payments to AT&T for use of its land lines, in early 1928 Judson sold the network to brothers Isaac and Leon Levy, owners of the networks Philadelphia affiliate WCAU, and their partner Jerome Louchenheim. With the record out of the picture, Paley quickly streamlined the corporate name to Columbia Broadcasting System. He believed in the power of advertising since his familys La Palina cigars had doubled their sales after young William convinced his elders to advertise on radio. By September 1928, Paley bought out the Louchenheim share of CBS, during Louchenheims brief regime, Columbia paid $410,000 to A. H. Grebes Atlantic Broadcasting Company for a small Brooklyn station, WABC, which would become the networks flagship station. WABC was quickly upgraded, and the relocated to 860 kHz. The physical plant was relocated also – to Steinway Hall on West 57th Street in Manhattan, by the turn of 1929, the network could boast to sponsors of having 47 affiliates. Paley moved right away to put his network on a financial footing. In the fall of 1928, he entered talks with Adolph Zukor of Paramount Pictures. The deal came to fruition in September 1929, Paramount acquired 49% of CBS in return for a block of its stock worth $3.8 million at the time
15.
Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
16.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941
17.
Amateur radio
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The amateur radio service is established by the International Telecommunication Union through the International Telecommunication Regulations. National governments regulate technical and operational characteristics of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with a call sign. Prospective amateur operators are tested for their understanding of key concepts in electronics, according to an estimate made in 2011 by the American Radio Relay League, two million people throughout the world are regularly involved with amateur radio. About 830,000 amateur radio stations are located in IARU Region 2 followed by IARU Region 3 with about 750,000 stations, a significantly smaller number, about 400,000, are located in IARU Region 1. The origins of amateur radio can be traced to the late 19th century, the First Annual Official Wireless Blue Book of the Wireless Association of America, produced in 1909, contains a list of amateur radio stations. This radio callbook lists wireless telegraph stations in Canada and the United States, as with radio in general, amateur radio was associated with various amateur experimenters and hobbyists. Amateur radio enthusiasts have significantly contributed to science, engineering, industry, research by amateur operators has founded new industries, built economies, empowered nations, and saved lives in times of emergency. Ham radio can also be used in the classroom to teach English, map skills, geography, math, science, the term ham radio was first a pejorative that mocked amateur radio operators with a 19th-century term for being bad at something, like ham-fisted or ham actor. It had already used for bad wired telegraph operators. Subsequently, the community adopted it as a moniker, much like the Know-Nothing Party, or other groups. Other, more entertaining explanations have grown up throughout the years, the many facets of amateur radio attract practitioners with a wide range of interests. Many amateurs begin with a fascination of radio communication and then combine other personal interests to make pursuit of the hobby rewarding, some of the focal areas amateurs pursue include radio contesting, radio propagation study, public service communication, technical experimentation, and computer networking. Amateur radio operators use various modes of transmission to communicate, the two most common modes for voice transmissions are frequency modulation and single sideband. FM offers high quality audio signals, while SSB is better at long distance communication when bandwidth is restricted. Radiotelegraphy using Morse code, also known as CW from continuous wave, is the extension of landline telegraphy developed by Samuel Morse. Morse, using internationally agreed message encodings such as the Q code, a similar legacy mode popular with home constructors is amplitude modulation, pursued by many vintage amateur radio enthusiasts and aficionados of vacuum tube technology. Demonstrating a proficiency in Morse code was for years a requirement to obtain an amateur license to transmit on frequencies below 30 MHz. Following changes in regulations in 2003, countries are no longer required to demand proficiency
18.
Mechanical television
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Mechanical-scanning methods were used in the earliest television systems in the 1920s and 1930s. One of the first experimental wireless television transmissions was by John Logie Baird on November 25,1925, by 1928 many radio stations were broadcasting experimental television programs using mechanical systems. However the technology never produced images of sufficient quality to become popular with the public, a mechanical television receiver is also called a televisor in some countries. The invention of the television was the work of people in the 19th century. Facsimile transmission systems for still photographs pioneered methods of mechanical scanning of images in early 19th century, alexander Bain introduced the facsimile machine in 1843 to 1846. Frederick Bakewell demonstrated a working version in 1851. The first practical system, working on telegraph lines, was developed. Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of the element selenium in 1873, as a 23-year-old German university student, Paul Julius Gottlieb Nipkow proposed and patented the Nipkow disk in 1884. This was a disk with a spiral pattern of holes in it. Although he never built a model of the system, Nipkows spinning-disk image rasterizer was the key mechanism used in most mechanical scan systems. Constantin Perskyi had coined the word television in a paper read to the International Electricity Congress at the International World Fair in Paris on August 25,1900, perskyis paper reviewed the existing electromechanical technologies, mentioning the work of Nipkow and others. However, it was not until 1907 that developments in amplification tube technology, by Lee de Forest and Arthur Korn among others, the first demonstration of the instantaneous transmission of images was by Georges Rignoux and A. Fournier in Paris in 1909. A matrix of 64 selenium cells, individually wired to a mechanical commutator, in the receiver, a type of Kerr cell modulated the light and a series of variously angled mirrors attached to the edge of a rotating disc scanned the modulated beam onto the display screen. The 8x8 pixel resolution in this demonstration was just sufficient to clearly transmit individual letters of the alphabet. An updated image was transmitted several times each second, moving images were not possible because, in the scanner, the sensitivity was not enough and the selenium cell was very laggy. By the 1920s when amplification made television practical, Scottish inventor John Logie Baird employed the Nipkow disk in his prototype video systems, on March 25,1925, Baird gave the first public demonstration of televised silhouette images in motion, at Selfridges Department Store in London. Since human faces had inadequate contrast to show up on his system, he televised a ventriloquists dummy named Stooky Bill talking and moving. By January 26,1926, he demonstrated the transmission of image of a face in motion by radio and this is widely regarded as first television demonstration
19.
William H. G. Bullard
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William Hannum Grubb Bullard was an admiral of the United States Navy, whose service included duty during the Spanish–American War and World War I. After World War I, he established the Navys patrol on Chinas Yangtze River, a noted electrical engineer, he wrote a popular handbook on naval electrical systems, and contributed to the use of radio in the Navy. William Bullard was born in Media, Pennsylvania, a community about 12 miles west of Philadelphia and his father was Orson Flagg Bullard, a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. William graduated from Media High School in 1882, as a member of the schools first graduating class and he attended the United States Naval Academy, graduating in 1886. He returned to the Naval Academy in the mid-1890s, where he participated on the officers summer baseball team and he served in USS Columbia during the Spanish-American War and commanded the battleship USS Arkansas, serving with the British Grand Fleet, during World War I. On August 5,1921, the Yangtze Patrol force was organized under Rear Admiral Bullard as part of the Asiatic Fleet, during the unsettled conditions in China during the 1920s and 1930s, the Navy patrolled the Yangtze to protect United States interests, lives, and property. Bullard gained a reputation as an authority on electrical systems and radio communications, in 1904, while still a junior officer, the then-lieutenant published through the United States Naval Institute a work titled Naval Electricians Text and Handbook. Later retitled the Naval Electricians Text Book, the work went through multiple editions, being re-released in 1908,1911,1915, on 13 December 1912, Captain Bullard was appointed Superintendent of the Naval Radio Service, within the Bureau of Navigation. During his tenure, he developed a Handbook of Regulations, after World War I, Bullard served in 1919 as a member of the Inter-Allied Conference on Radio, and later served as Director of Naval Communications, Navy Department. Rear Admiral Bullard retired in 1922 and died in Washington, D. C.24 November 1927, two ships have been named in Bullards honor. In 1943, the Navy named the destroyer USS Bullard after him, in February 1946, construction was completed on the cable-laying vessel SS William H. G. Bullard, built for the U. S. Maritime Commission by Pusey and Jones Corporation of Wilmington, Del. The vessel was acquired by the Navy in 1953 and redesignated USS Neptune and this article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Naval History & Heritage Command. This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships, some of Bullards works on electrical engineering and radio can be found in the collections of the Library of Congress. History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy, Washington, Bureau of Ships and Office of Naval History,1963
20.
Eugene Octave Sykes
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Eugene Octave Sykes, Jr. was a judge on the Mississippi Supreme Court. He served as the first Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from 1934 to 1935 and he was born in Aberdeen, Mississippi on July 16,1876 to Eugene Octave Sykes, Sr. and India Rogers. He attended St. Johns College High School and the United States Naval Academy, and he served on the Mississippi Supreme Court from 1916 to 1924, appointed by Theodore Bilbo. Calvin Coolidge appointed him to the Federal Radio Commission in 1927 and he served as the first Chairman of the Federal Communications Commission from 1934 and 1935. He died of an attack on June 21,1945 in Washington. Lanham, MD, University Press of America
21.
Orestes H. Caldwell
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Orestes Hampton Caldwell was one of the first five members of the Federal Radio Commission. He may have been the first person to coin the term electronics and he was born on March 8,1888 in Lexington, Kentucky. He graduated from Purdue University as an engineer, specializing in telephone. In 1907 he succeeded Lee De Forest as technical editor of Western Electrician and he went on to edit a number of engineering and technical journals, including Electrical World, Electrical Merchandising, and Radio Retailing. His tenure on the FRC was marked by consistent support for high-powered radio, a position that led to frequent clashes with the United States Congress. When he was on the grill the second time, he added to the gayety of the situation by bawling out Congress, One of the enemies Caldwell made was a key senator for radio policy, Clarence Dill, who helped author the Radio Act of 1927. … I think anybody would be an improvement over Mr. Caldwell so far as the service of the public is concerned, nonetheless, Caldwell had the reputation of being the most technologically knowledgeable of the early Radio Commissioners. Following his stint on the FRC, he returned to the industry as editor of Electronics, a passionate fan of electronic gadgets, he hosted a weekly show called Radio Magic on NBC in the late 1930s and early 1940s. He also outfitted his house in Cos Cob, Connecticut, with all kinds of devices as a kind of Dwelling of the Future. World Trade called it the House of One Thousand Servants and an electrical fairyland where every function and he died on August 27,1967 in Greenwich, Connecticut
22.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
23.
Minneapolis
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Minneapolis is the county seat of Hennepin County, and the larger of the Twin Cities, the 16th-largest metropolitan area in the United States. As of 2015, Minneapolis is the largest city in the state of Minnesota, Minneapolis and Saint Paul anchor the second-largest economic center in the Midwest, after Chicago. Minneapolis lies on both banks of the Mississippi River, just north of the confluence with the Minnesota River, and adjoins Saint Paul. It was once the worlds flour milling capital and a hub for timber, the city and surrounding region is the primary business center between Chicago and Seattle, with Minneapolis proper containing Americas fifth-highest concentration of Fortune 500 companies. As an integral link to the economy, Minneapolis is categorized as a global city. Noted for its music and performing arts scenes, Minneapolis is home to both the award-winning Guthrie Theater and the historic First Avenue nightclub. The name Minneapolis is attributed to Charles Hoag, the citys first schoolteacher, who combined mni, a Dakota Sioux word for water, and polis, Dakota Sioux had long been the regions sole residents when French explorers arrived around 1680. For a time relations were based on fur trading, gradually more European-American settlers arrived, competing for game and other resources with the Dakota. In the early 19th century, the United States acquired this territory from France, fort Snelling was built in 1819 by the United States Army, and it attracted traders, settlers and merchants, spurring growth in the area. The United States government pressed the Mdewakanton band of the Dakota to sell their land, the Minnesota Territorial Legislature authorized present-day Minneapolis as a town in 1856 on the Mississippis west bank. Minneapolis incorporated as a city in 1867, the rail service began between Minneapolis and Chicago. It later joined with the city of St. Anthony in 1872. Minneapolis developed around Saint Anthony Falls, the highest waterfall on the Mississippi River, forests in northern Minnesota were a valuable resource for the lumber industry, which operated seventeen sawmills on power from the waterfall. By 1871, the west river bank had twenty-three businesses, including mills, woolen mills, iron works, a railroad machine shop, and mills for cotton, paper, sashes. Due to the hazards of milling, six local sources of artificial limbs were competing in the prosthetics business by the 1890s. The farmers of the Great Plains grew grain that was shipped by rail to the citys thirty-four flour mills, a father of modern milling in America and founder of what became General Mills, Cadwallader C. Some ideas were developed by William Dixon Gray and some acquired through industrial espionage from the Hungarians by William de la Barre, pillsbury Company across the river were barely a step behind, hiring Washburn employees to immediately use the new methods. The hard red spring wheat that grows in Minnesota became valuable, not until later did consumers discover the value in the bran that Minneapolis
24.
WCCO (AM)
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WCCO is a Class A clear-channel radio station located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States and owned by CBS Radio. Its studios are located in the CBS Radio Building at 625 Second Avenue South in downtown Minneapolis and its transmitter is located in Coon Rapids, Minnesota. WCCO features talk radio and news programming, with local hosts most hours of the day, with 50,000 watts of power, and a non-directional signal, WCCO reaches a wide area of North America at night. From 1947 to 1996, WCCO radio and WCCO-TV won twelve George Foster Peabody Awards, WCCO began broadcasting in the region on September 4,1922 as WLAG, known as the Call of the North, from a hotel near Loring Park in Minneapolis. However, the station soon landed in trouble and closed down in 1924. Washburn Crosby Company, forerunner of General Mills, took over the station, broadcasts resumed less than two months later on October 2,1924 from its current transmitter site in Coon Rapids. In 1927, WCCO was one of the original 21 stations of the NBC Red Network, in the early days of radio, WCCO was a powerful force in the development of better and more powerful transmitters. On November 11,1928, with the implementation of the Federal Radio Commissions General Order 40 and it signed on with 50,000 watts for the first time in September 1932. In the 1930s, two additional 300-foot towers were added to increase the range of the stations signal, later in 1932, CBS bought WCCO from General Mills, and switched affiliations to the CBS Radio Network, which it remains affiliated with to this day. In 1952, CBS sold majority control of WCCO to the Murphy and McNally families, CBS was forced to sell off its stake in the WCCO stations in 1954 due to Federal Communications Commission ownership limits in effect at the time. CBS reacquired the WCCO stations outright in 1992 when Midwest Radio, WCCO constructed a new 654-foot tower in Coon Rapids in 1939. This is the tower used today, although the broadcast frequency was changed to 830 kHz as a result of the 1941 North American Regional Broadcasting Agreement. Due to the power, as well as Minnesotas mostly flat landscape. During the day, it provides at least B grade coverage to almost all of Minnesota, plus portions of Iowa. Under the right conditions, it reaches into portions of North and South Dakota, at night, the stations signal typically reaches across 28 U. S. states and three Canadian provinces. Certain conditions can make the signal stretch much farther, legendary station personality Howard Viken says that he once picked up the station while he was stationed at Guadalcanal in 1943. In 2005, WCCO began broadcasting its signal with HD Radio, WCCO broadcasters were substantial celebrities across the Midwest. Perhaps the greatest of all was Cedric Adams who first appeared on WCCO in 1931
25.
Harold A. Lafount
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Harold Arundel Lafount was an American businessman who served on the Federal Radio Commission from 1927 to 1934. He was the father of Lenore Romney, the father-in-law of businessman and politician George W. Romney, english-born, Lafount moved to the United States as a teenager and grew up in Utah. He managed several businesses and was active in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Appointed to the Federal Radio Commission by President Calvin Coolidge, he was in charge of the covering the Western United States. He was also an influence in making radio airtime available to political candidates and parties. Lafount later managed a number of radio stations in the northeastern United States on behalf of Arde Bulova. A licensing issue regarding a station Lafount co-owned resulted in a protracted regulatory, Lafount was born in Aston town within Birmingham, England, on January 5,1880, the son of Robert Arthur Lafount, originally from Belbroughton, Worcestershire, and mother Emily Ethel. He had at least one sibling, a sister called Elsie, the family came with Mormon missionaries to the United States in 1893 and settled in Utah. Lafount gained a degree in engineering from Utah State Agricultural College. He returned to England as a Mormon missionary himself, arriving in Liverpool in August 1902, however, he returned to the U. S. from Sheffield ahead of schedule in May 1903 due to illness. On October 28,1903, Lafount married Alma Luella Robison and they had four daughters, Elsie, Lenore, Constance, and Ruth. Lafount first worked as an assistant in his fathers store in Logan, Utah, known as the Lafount Hardware Company. He was in the business for twelve years starting in 1903. The company also had offices in Logan, on one trip between the two cities, he escaped with only bruises when the tank of his automobile exploded. Lafount worked at Pacific Land & Water for ten years and he was then a receiver for the Sevier River Land and Water Company from 1923 to 1927. By the mid-1920s, he was a manufacturer of earphones for radio receivers. He knew prominent people socially, including LDS Church President Heber J. Grant, during the 1910s, the Lafount family had moved from Logan to Salt Lake City, where they lived in a large brick house located at Fifteenth South and Ninth East. From 1919 to 1924, Lafount was bishop of the ward in the area where he lived
26.
Thad H. Brown
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Thaddeus Harold Brown was a Republican lawyer and politician from the U. S. State of Ohio. Thad H. Brown was born January 10,1887 at Cardington, Morrow County, Ohio, son of William Henry Brown and he was married November 10,1915 to Marie Thrailkill. In 1920, Brown was post Commander of American Legion in Columbus and he was elected Ohio Secretary of State in 1922 and 1924, serving 1923-1927. Brown was a candidate in the Republican primary for Ohio Governor in 1926, a delegate to the 1928 Republican National Convention. March 28,1932, Brown was appointed to the Federal Radio Commission, on July 11,1934, he was appointed a Commissioner to the newly formed Federal Communications Commission and served until June 30,1940. Thad H. Brown died in Cleveland, Ohio, February 25,1941 and he was a Presbyterian, Mason, Phi Kappa Psi, Phi Delta Phi, and Shriner
27.
Ohio Secretary of State
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The Ohio Secretary of State is an elected statewide official in the State of Ohio. From 1803 to 1851, the Ohio Secretary of State was elected by the Ohio General Assembly to a three-year term, the 1851 Ohio Constitution made the office elective, with a two-year term. In 1954, the term was extended to four years. The Secretary of State is elected in even-numbered, off cycle years, election Results, Ohio Secretary of State List of company registers Ohio Secretary of State Secretaries of State of the State of Ohio,1788 - present. Jon Husted, Ohio Secretary of State
28.
National Association of Broadcasters
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The NAB represents more than 8,300 terrestrial radio and television stations as well as broadcast networks. As of 2015, the president and CEO of the NAB is Gordon Smith, the NAB was founded as the National Association of Radio Broadcasters in 1922 at the Drake Hotel in Chicago. The associations founder and first president was Eugene F, mcDonald Jr. who also launched the Zenith corporation. In 1951 it changed its name to the National Association of Radio, in 1958 it adopted its current name, National Association of Broadcasters. The NAB worked to establish a radio system in the United States. The coalition claimed that the industry would only promote profitable programming, thereby reducing the quality. The National Independent Broadcasters were formed in 1939 as part of the NAB, to represent stations that were not associated with any network, many satellite radio enthusiasts have criticized the NAB for lobbying against legislation approvals for those services. The NAB has lobbied against the use of spaces, unused broadcast spectrum lying between broadcast channels, for wireless broadband internet and other digital use. Indeed, the FCC has recommended the use of spaces for broadband. In 2011 the NAB funded a campaign titled The Future of TV, advocating for the private ownership of the spectrum. In mid-2014, an NAB advertising campaign against a Congressional threat appeared, organization similar to the NAB exist in individual U. S. states, including Georgia Association of Broadcasters in Georgia, and the Illinois Broadcasters Association, in Illinois. In Canada, the Canadian Association of Broadcasters has a similar role, nABs annual spring convention is the NAB Show. It typically draws over 100,000 industry professionals, NAB also manages the NAB Radio Show which is held each autumn and draws over 3,000 radio professionals. Other strides in nonlinear editing technology included archival film restoration, digital audio mixing improvements, motion stabilization of hand-held footage and rotoscoping with one click
29.
Milford, Kansas
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Milford is a city in Geary County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 530, Milford was originally called Bachelder, and under the latter name was laid out in 1855. Milford contained a mill in its early days. Milford is located at 39°10′24″N 96°54′42″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.59 square miles, all of it land. The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers, according to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Milford has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated Cfa on climate maps. Milford is part of the Manhattan, Kansas Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of the census of 2010, there were 530 people,203 households, and 133 families residing in the city. The population density was 898.3 inhabitants per square mile, there were 272 housing units at an average density of 461.0 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 83. 4% White,5. 7% African American,0. 4% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 2% Pacific Islander,1. 3% from other races, and 8. 1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5. 7% of the population,25. 1% of all households were made up of individuals and 4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.61 and the family size was 3.18. The median age in the city was 32.8 years. 25. 8% of residents were under the age of 18,11. 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24,30. 4% were from 25 to 44,22. 7% were from 45 to 64, and 9. 2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 54. 2% male and 45. 8% female, as of the census of 2000, there were 502 people,183 households, and 133 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,217.2 people per square mile, there were 245 housing units at an average density of 1,570.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 84. 66% White,3. 19% African American,0. 40% Native American,0. 80% Asian,1. 00% Pacific Islander,3. 59% from other races, and 6. 37% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6. 37% of the population,22. 4% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.74 and the family size was 3.27. In the city, the population was out with 34. 1% under the age of 18,11. 6% from 18 to 24,32. 7% from 25 to 44,15. 9% from 45 to 64
30.
John R. Brinkley
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Although initially Brinkley promoted this procedure as a means of curing male impotence, eventually he claimed that the technique was a virtual panacea for a wide range of male ailments. He was also, almost by accident, an advertising and radio pioneer who began the era of Mexican border blaster radio. Brinkley was born to John Richard Brinkley, a mountain man who practiced medicine in North Carolina. Father Brinkleys first marriage was annulled because he was underage, after he reached adulthood, he married four more times, and outlived each of his young, pretty wives. In 1870, at the age of 42, he married Sarah T. Mingus, later, the 24-year-old niece of Mingus moved into the house, Sarah Candice Burnett. The family called Brinkleys wife Sally to differentiate between the two Sarahs, Sarah Burnett died of pneumonia and tuberculosis when Brinkley was five. Aunt Sally and John Brinkley moved with the boy to East LaPorte within the same county. The family had little money during this time, John Richard Brinkley died when his son was ten years old. Young Brinkley attended a log cabin school in the Tuckasegee area. There, Brinkley met Sally Margaret Wike, the daughter of a school board member. When Brinkley was 13, the term was lengthened. Brinkley finished his studies at 16 and began to work carrying mail between local towns, and to learn how to use a telegraph and he wished, however, to become a doctor. As a telegrapher, Brinkley went to New York City to work for Western Union, after which he moved to New Jersey to work at one, then another, in late 1906, he returned home to Aunt Sally after hearing that she was unwell. She died on December 25,1906, afterward, he was comforted by Sally Wike, age 22 and one year older than Brinkley. They married on January 27,1907, in Sylva, North Carolina and they traveled around posing as Quaker doctors, giving rural towns a medicine show where they hawked a patent medicine. Brinkleys next move was to Knoxville, Tennessee, where he played right-hand man, in 1907, Brinkley settled with his wife in Chicago, where they celebrated the birth of a daughter on November 5 – Wanda Marion Brinkley. The new father enrolled at Bennett Medical College, a school with questionable curricula focused on Eclectic medicine. Brinkley worked for Western Union as a telegrapher at night and attended classes during the day, while debts mounted from tuition, the cost of raising a family, in 1908, the Brinkleys buried an infant son who had lived only three days
31.
American Medical Association
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The American Medical Association, founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1897, is the largest association of physicians—both MDs and DOs—and medical students in the United States. The AMAs stated mission is to promote the art and science of medicine, the Association also publishes the Journal of the American Medical Association, which has the largest circulation of any weekly medical journal in the world. The AMA also publishes a list of Physician Specialty Codes which are the method in the U. S. for identifying physician. Ever since, the AMA Code of Medical Ethics dictates professional conduct for practicing physicians, the AMA has one of the largest political lobbying budgets of any organization in the United States. Its political positions throughout its history have often been controversial, the American Medical Associations vehement campaign against Medicare in the 1950s and 1960s included the Operation Coffee Cup, supported by Ronald Reagan. However, the AMA remains opposed to any health care plan that might enact a National Health Service in the United States. In the 1990s, the organization was part of the coalition that defeated the health care reform advanced by Hillary, the AMA has also supported changes in medical malpractice law to limit damage awards, which, it contends, makes it difficult for patients to find appropriate medical care. In many states, high risk specialists have moved to other states that have enacted reform, for example, in 2004, all neurosurgeons had relocated out of the entire southern half of Illinois. The main legislative emphasis in multiple states has been to effect caps on the amount that patients can receive for pain and these costs for pain and suffering are only those that exceed the actual costs of healthcare and lost income. At the same however, states without caps also experienced similar results. Some economic studies have found that caps have historically had an effect on premium rates. Nevertheless, the AMA believes the caps may alleviate what is perceived as an excessively litigious environment for many doctors. A recent report by the AMA found that in a 12-month period, claims that the AMA generates $70 million in revenue through its stewardship of Current Procedural Terminology codes appear to be a mischaracterization. The estimate is based on a distortion of the transparent financial information the AMA voluntarily offers in its Annual Report, the AMA has publicly reported this figure represents income from its complete line of books and products, which include more than 100 items, not just CPT. Collections of the associations papers dating from the late 1860s to the late 1960s are held at the National Library of Medicine. Throughout its history, the AMA has been involved in a variety of medical policy issues, from Medicare and HMOs to public health. Between 1998 and 2011, the AMA spent $264 million on lobbyists, in the 1930s, the AMA attempted to prohibit its members from working for the primitive health maintenance organizations that sprung up during the Great Depression. The AMAs subsequent conviction for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act was affirmed by the U. S. Supreme Court, the AMAs vehement campaign against Medicare in the 1950s and 1960s included the Operation Coffee Cup supported by Ronald Reagan
32.
Censorship
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Governments, private organizations and individuals may engage in censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, there are no laws against self-censorship. In 399 BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, defied attempts by the Greek state to censor his philosophical teachings and was sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. Socrates student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, in contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law, the rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored, Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter espionage, which is the process of gleaning military information, political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion. Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a religion is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones, alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their religion. Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the needs of the state. Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years, in the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day. Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop. Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader, pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdat, illegal self-published books, possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB
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United States courts of appeals
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The United States courts of appeals are the intermediate appellate courts of the United States federal court system. A court of appeals decides appeals from the courts within its federal judicial circuit. The United States courts of appeals are considered among the most powerful, because of their ability to set legal precedent in regions that cover millions of Americans, the United States courts of appeals have strong policy influence on U. S. law. The Ninth Circuit in particular is influential, covering 20% of the American population. There are currently 179 judges on the U. S. courts of appeals authorized by Congress in 28 U. S. C. §43 pursuant to Article III of the U. S. Constitution. These judges are nominated by the President of the United States and they have lifetime tenure, earning an annual salary of $215,400. The eleven numbered circuits and the D. C. Circuit are geographically defined, the thirteenth court of appeals is the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, which has nationwide jurisdiction over certain appeals based on their subject matter. All of the courts of appeals also hear appeals from some administrative decisions and rulemaking. Decisions of the U. S. courts of appeals have been published by the private company West Publishing in the Federal Reporter series since the courts were established, only decisions that the courts designate for publication are included. The unpublished opinions are published separately in Wests Federal Appendix, more recently, court decisions have also been made available electronically on official court websites. However, there are also a few federal court decisions that are classified for security reasons. The number of judges that the U. S. Congress has authorized for each circuit is set forth by law in 28 U. S. C. §44, while the places where those judges must regularly sit to hear appeals are prescribed in 28 U. S. C, the current courts of appeals system was established in the Judiciary Act of 1891, also known as the Evarts Act. Because the courts of appeals possess only appellate jurisdiction, they do not hold trials, instead, appeals courts review decisions of trial courts for errors of law. Accordingly, a court considers only the record from the trial court. These arguments, which are presented in form and can range in length from dozens to hundreds of pages, are known as briefs. Sometimes lawyers are permitted to add to their written briefs with oral arguments before the appeals judges, at such hearings, only the parties lawyers speak to the court. The rules that govern the procedure in the courts of appeals are the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, in a court of appeals, an appeal is almost always heard by a panel of three judges who are randomly selected from the available judges
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Governor of Kansas
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The Governor of the State of Kansas is the head of state for the State of Kansas, United States. Under the Kansas Constitution, the Governor is also the head of government, serving as the executive of the Kansas executive branch. The Governor is the Commander-in-Chief of the Kansas National Guard when not called into Federal use, despite being an executive branch official, the Governor also possesses legislative and judicial powers. The office was created in 1861 when Kansas was officially admitted to the United States as the 34th state, prior to statehood in 1861, the office was preceded by a Presidential appointed Governor of Kansas Territory with similar powers. The 46th and current Governor of Kansas is Sam Brownback and his term began on January 11,2011. He succeeded Mark Parkinson, who began his term on April 28,2009 when Kathleen Sebelius resigned upon the US Senate vote confirming her as Secretary of Health and Human Services. A small part of Kansas was once claimed as part of the Republic of Texas (see List of Presidents of the Republic of Texas, Parties Democratic Independent Parties Democratic Populist Republican This is a table of congressional seats, other federal offices, and other governorships held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Kansas except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Kansas who are living at this time. The most recent U. S. governor of Kansas to die was John Anderson Jr. on September 15,2014. The most recently serving U. S. governor of Kansas to die was Joan Finney, elections occur at the same time as the Congressional midterm elections, and each term begins on the second Monday of January following the election. The lieutenant governor is subject to the limitations and runs on a combined ticket with the governor. If the governor becomes incapacitated, the lieutenant governor assumes the duties of the governor, however, if both offices become vacant, the line of succession is determined by the legislature. Under present law, the President of the Senate would be next in line to assume the governorship, since 1962, the Governor of Kansas has resided in the governors mansion, known as Cedar Crest. It was designed by the architect firm Wight and Wight and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982. Office of the Governor Kansas Government Information Online Library
35.
WLW
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WLW – branded Newsradio 700 WLW – is a commercial news/talk radio station serving Greater Cincinnati. Owned by iHeartMedia, WLW is a 50, 000-watt clear-channel station that covers much of the half of North America at night. WLW serves as the Cincinnati affiliate for ABC News Radio and as a station for the Cincinnati Bengals. It is also the home of radio personality Bill Cunningham, the WLW studios are located in Sycamore Township, while the station transmitter is located in Mason. Besides a standard transmission, WLW broadcasts over a single HD radio channel. In July 1921, radio manufacturer Powel Crosley Jr. began tests from his 20-watt College Hill home station, powell already owned a number of enterprises including the Crosmobile, and a refrigerator-freezer company. He owned the Cincinnati Reds baseball club from 1934 to 1961, Crosley was innovative, personally inventing, or funding the development of, many then–cutting edge technological advances related to his ventures. He placed these in the hands of his younger brother Lewis. On March 22,1922, Crosley and his Crosley Broadcasting Corporation began operating a commercially licensed,50 watt station, under its current call sign, Crosley was a fanatic about the new broadcasting technology, and continually increased his stations capability. The power increased to 500 watts in September 1922, and to 1000 watts in May 1924, in January 1925, WLW was the first 5000 watt broadcasting station. On October 4,1928, the station increased its power to 50 kilowatts and it was the first station at this power level, which remains the maximum power allowed for any AM station in the United States. At 50 kilowatts, WLW was heard easily over an area from New York to Florida. In 1933 he obtained a permit from the Federal Radio Commission for a 500 kilowatt superstation. It was the first large amplifier used in the United States for public, domestic radio broadcasting and was in operation between 1934 and 1939 and it was an experimental amplifier, driven by the radio stations regular 50 kW transmitter. It operated in class C with high-level plate modulation, the amplifier required a dedicated 33 kV electrical substation and a large pond complete with fountains for cooling. It operated with an input of about 750 kW and its output was 500 kW. In January 1934, WLW began broadcasting at the 500 kilowatt level late at night under the call sign W8XO. In April 1934 the station was authorized to operate at 500 kilowatts during regular hours under the WLW call letters, on May 2,1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt pressed a ceremonial button that officially launched WLWs 500-kilowatt signal
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Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
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Robert P. Shuler
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Robert Pierce Fighting Bob Shuler, Sr. was an American evangelist and political figure. In 1931, the Federal Radio Commission revoked Shulers broadcast license and he ran for the United States Senate in 1932 on the Prohibition Party ticket and attracted more than 500,000 votes. Born in a log cabin in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Tennessee, Shuler graduated from Emory and Henry College in 1903 and was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal Church and he served as a pastor at churches in Virginia, Tennessee and Texas before moving west to California. It was in California that Shuler gained fame as the pastor of Trinity Methodist Church, located at 1201 S. Flower St. in Downtown Los Angeles. From 1926-1932, Shuler operated radio station KGEF, which he stood for Keep God Ever First. He built the station at the site of Trinity Methodist Church, using funds donated by Methodist philanthropist Lizzie Glide. Shuler also published a magazine under the name Bob Shulers Magazine, at his peak, Shulers congregation had 5,000 members, and his radio broadcasts reportedly had an audience of 600,000 Southern Californians and were heard from Mexico to Canada. American Mercury wrote that Shuler had built up the greatest political and social power ever wielded by a man of God since the days of Savonarola in Florence. One historical account described Shulers influence as follows, Hyperbole aside, in the late 1920s and early 1930s, politicians feared him, criminals avoided him, newspapers deplored him, and many ministers criticized him. But the public loved him, turning Shuler into a folk hero, during the 1928 Presidential election, with Catholic Alfred E. Smith running as the Democratic candidate, Shuler asserted that the Catholics were plotting to murder Protestants in their beds. He also publicly defended the Ku Klux Klan, the Times wrote, Unless you have been attacked by Rev. Bob Shuler, pastor of Trinity Methodist Church South, via radio, magazine, pulpit or pamphlet you dont amount to much in Los Angeles. Shulers targets included the Los Angeles Public Library, the YWCA, Shuler used his pulpit to make popular attacks on corruption in city government, the spread of vice and crime in the city, and abuses by the police department. Shuler made common cause with other reform-minded Protestant clergymen, becoming president of the Ministerial Union, schuler and other Protestant ministers active in the reform and anti-vice movements had applied direct political pressure on both the mayor and the Chief of Police. In 1923, Shuler went after Chief Louis D, Oaks of the Los Angeles Police Department. Shuler staked out a speakeasy and caught Chief Oaks leaving the establishment in an inebriated state accompanied by two women, neither of whom were his wife, after revealing publicly what he had seen, Oaks was ousted by Los Angeles Mayor George E. Cryer. In 1929, Shuler focused his attacks on Cryer himself, whom Shuler branded as a grafter and the exploiter. Shulers charges, made both on his station and in his magazine, led to a widely publicized libel lawsuit by Cryer against Shuler. The details of the Shuler libel suit were front page news in the Los Angeles Times for much of 1929, the jury found Shuler not guilty on one count and failed to reach a verdict on a second count
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Crystal Cathedral
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The Crystal Cathedral is a church building of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Orange in Garden Grove, Orange County, California, in the United States. The reflective glass building, designed by postmodern American architect Philip Johnson, was completed in 1980, the largest glass building in the world, it has one of the largest musical instruments in the world, the Hazel Wright Memorial organ. Until 2013, the building had been the place of worship for Crystal Cathedral Ministries. The Garden Grove Community Church was founded in 1955 by Robert H. Schuller, an affiliate of the Reformed Church in America, the church first held services in space rented from the Orange Drive-In Theatre. In 1961, the moved to a new sanctuary designed by architect Richard Neutra. In 1968, the completed the Tower of Hope to provide office and classroom space. Schuller envisioned a facility with walls made of glass and commissioned architect Philip Johnson. The design was an outgrowth of Johnsons reexamination of German expressionist architect Hermann Finsterlin, construction of the Crystal Cathedral began in 1977 and was completed in 1980, built at a cost of $18 million. The signature rectangular panes of glass comprising the building are not bolted to the structure and this and other measures are intended to allow the building to withstand an earthquake of magnitude 8.0. The building was constructed using over 10,000 rectangular panes of glass, in fact, the building was neither made of crystal nor intended to be a true cathedral – that is, a church that houses a bishops official seat – by that congregation. The congregation added the Prayer Spire in 1990, beginning in 2010, creditors of Crystal Cathedral Ministries filed lawsuits to collect money due to them for providing goods, services and broadcasting The Hour of Power weekly TV show. A board member said that the debt was $55 million. The churchs board filed for bankruptcy October 18,2010, citing $43 million in debt including a $36 million mortgage, Church officials said that they had been trying to negotiate payments but after several suits were filed and writs of attachment were granted the church had to declare bankruptcy. The church received offers from a real estate investment group and nearby Chapman University, two weeks later, the diocese increased its initial offer of $50 million to $53.6 million which included a lease-back provision at below market rates for a period of time. On November 17,2011, a judge approved selling the Crystal Cathedral to the Diocese of Orange for $57.5 million. The Vatican approved the use of the two weeks after the judges ruling. The sale to the diocese was finalized on February 3,2012, Callistus Church, a parish the diocese later transferred to the Crystal Cathedral campus. The transfer of the located on the campus was immediate
