1.
Public university
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A public university is a university that is predominantly funded by public means through a national or subnational government, as opposed to private universities. Whether a national university is considered public varies from one country to another, in Egypt, Al-Azhar University opened in 975 AD as the second oldest university in the world. In Nigeria Public Universities can be established by both the Federal Government and by State Governments, students are enrolled after completing the 8-4-4 system of education and attaining a mark of C+ or above. They are also eligible for a low interest loan from the Higher Education Loan Board and they are expected to pay back the loan after completing higher education. South Africa has 23 public tertiary institutions, either categorised as a traditional university or a comprehensive university. Almost entire national universities in Brunei are public universities and these are major universities in Brunei, University of Brunei Darussalam Brunei Technological University Sultan Sharif Ali Islamic University There are 40 public universities in Bangladesh. The University Grant Commission is the body for all the public universities in Bangladesh. The universities do not deal directly with the government, but with the University Grants Commission, recently many private universities are established under the Private University Act of 1992. In mainland China, nearly all universities and research institutions are public and currently, the public universities are usually run by the provincial governments, there are also circumstances where the municipal governments administer the universities. Some public universities are national, which are administered by the central government. Private undergraduate colleges do exist, which are vocational colleges sponsored by private enterprises. The majority of universities are not entitled to award bachelors degrees. Public universities usually enjoy higher reputation domestically, eight institutions are funded by the University Grants Committee. The Academy for Performing Arts also receives funding from the government, the Open University of Hong Kong is also a public university, but it is largely self-financed. The Shue Yan University is the private institution with the status of a university. There are public and private institutes in Indonesia. The government provide public universities, institutes, high schools and academies in each province, the private educational institution usually provided by religious organizations, public organizations, and some big companies. In India, most universities and nearly all research institutions are public, There are some private undergraduate colleges, mostly engineering schools, but a majority of these are affiliated to public universities
2.
Order of Australia
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Before the establishment of the order, Australian citizens received British honours. The Queen of Australia is Sovereign Head of the Order, while the Governor-General is Principal Companion/Dame/Knight, the Governor-Generals Official Secretary is Secretary of the Order. The order is divided into a general and a military division, honorary awards at all levels may be made to deserving non-citizens – these awards are made additional to the quotas. The badge of the Order of Australia is a convex disc representing the Golden Wattle flower, at the centre is a ring, representing the sea, with the word Australia below two branches of golden wattle. The whole disc is topped by the Crown of St Edward, the AC badge is decorated with citrines, blue enamelled ring and enamelled crown. The AO badge is similar, without the citrines, for the AM badge only the crown is enamelled, and the OAM badge is plain. The AK/AD badge is similar to that of the AC badge, the star for knights and dames is a convex golden disc decorated with citrines, with a blue royally crowned inner disc bearing an image of the coat of arms of Australia. The ribbon of the order is blue with a stripe of golden wattle flower designs. AKs, male ACs and AOs wear their badges on a necklet, women usually wear their badges on a bow on the left shoulder, although they may wear the same insignia as males, if so desired. The orders insignia were designed by Stuart Devlin, the Order currently consists of four levels and the medal, in both general and military divisions. Since 2015, the level has been discontinued. Awards of Knight and Dame of the Order have been made in the division only. Military Division – Not awarded in the military division. There was a quota of four per year, excluding honorary appointments, the Knight- and Damehoods were conferred between 1976 and 1983, and again from 2014 till 2015. Although this level is not awarded anymore, several knight and dames of the Order are still alive, Companion General Division – Eminent achievement and merit of the highest degree in service to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Eminent service in duties of great responsibility. Excluding honorary appointments, until 2003, no more than 25 Companions were appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 30. This was increased in 2016 to 35, Officer General Division – Distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or to humanity at large. Military Division – Distinguished service in responsible positions. Prior to 2003, the quota was 100 Officers appointed in any calendar year, in 2003 this was increased to 125. This was increased in 2016 to 140, Member General Division – Service in a particular locality or field of activity or to a particular group. Military Division – Exceptional service or performance of duty
3.
Higher education
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Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. Tertiary education at non-degree level is referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, in the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education, the term higher education was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion. Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level. The latter level of education is referred to as graduate school. Higher education is important to national economies, both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers. However, the admission of so many students of average ability to higher education inevitably requires a decline in academic standards. There is some question as to whether advanced mathematical skills or talent are in fact necessary for such as history, English, philosophy. In contrast, the higher education and training that takes place at vocational universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications. Requirements for admission to such high-level graduate programs is extremely competitive, in the United States, there are large differences in wages and employment associated with different degrees. Medical doctors and lawyers are generally the highest paid workers, and have among the lowest unemployment rates and it may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. Engineering disciplines include, aerospace, biological, civil, chemical, computer, electrical, industrial, examples are painting, sculpture, and drawing, etc. Higher educational institutions in these arts include Film schools and Art schools, Higher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of education such as that offered by institutions of vocational education. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a broader scientific field
4.
Technical and further education
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Fields covered include business, finance, hospitality, tourism, construction, engineering, visual arts, information technology and community work. Individual TAFE institutions are known as colleges or institutes, depending on the state or territory. TAFE colleges are owned, operated and financed by the various state and this is in contrast to the university sector, whose funding is predominantly the domain of the federal government and whose universities are predominantly owned by the state governments. In NZ the equivalent of a TAFE is a Polytech, in many instances TAFE study can be used as partial credit towards bachelors degree-level university programs. As at June 200910 TAFE colleges now confer their own awards and post graduate diplomas. However Melbourne Polytechnic has been accredited in 2015 to offer two masters degree courses, some high schools also deliver courses developed and accredited by TAFEs. While Universities have the ability and power to design and offer their own degree courses, TAFEs in some states can also teach senior high school qualifications, like the VCE, Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning, and the Higher School Certificate. Some universities, e. g. Charles Darwin University and Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, offer TAFE courses, some high schools also deliver courses developed and accredited by TAFEs. Some private institutions offer courses from TAFEs, however they more commonly offer other vocational education. Many Australians refer to all sub-degree courses as TAFE courses, no matter what institution creates or delivers the course, before the 1990s, the TAFEs had a near monopoly in the sector. TAFE courses provide students an opportunity for certificate, diploma, in most cases, TAFE campuses are grouped into TAFE institutions along geographic lines. Most TAFEs are given a locally recognised region of the country where they exclusively operate covering a range of subjects. A few TAFEs specialise in a area of study. These are usually found near the middle of the capital cities, or the William Angliss Institute of TAFE in Melbourne which specialises in food, hospitality and tourism courses for Victoria
5.
Ballarat
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Ballarat /ˈbæləræt/ is a city located on the Yarrowee River in the Grampians region of Victoria, Australia. The city is approximately 105 kilometres west-north-west of the capital, Melbourne. It is the third largest population for a city in Australia. Ballarat is arguably the most significant Victorian era gold rush boomtown in Australia, just months after Victoria was granted separation from the state of New South Wales, the Victorian gold rush transformed Ballarat from a small sheep station to a major settlement. Gold was discovered at Poverty Point on 18 August 1851, within months, migrants from across the world had rushed to the district in search of gold. Unlike many other boom towns, the Ballarat fields experienced sustained high gold yields for many decades. The Eureka Rebellion began in Ballarat, and the armed rebellion in Australian history. In response to the event the first male suffrage in Australia was instituted, the gold rush and boom gave birth to many other significant cultural legacies. The rebellions symbol, the Eureka Flag, has become a symbol and is held at the Museum of Australian Democracy at Eureka in Ballarat. It has endured as a regional centre hosting the rowing and kayaking events from the 1956 Summer Olympics. It is the capital of the Central Highlands and the largest city in the Goldfields region of Victoria. Ballarat is known for its history, culture and its well-preserved Victorian era heritage, after a narrow popular vote the city merged with the town of Ballarat East in 1921, ending a long standing rivalry. Prior to the European settlement of Australia, the Ballarat region was populated by the Wathaurong people, the Boro gundidj tribes territory was based along the Yarrowee River. The Yuille family, Scottish settlers Archibald Buchanan Yuille and his brother William Cross Yuille, arrived in 1837 and squatted a 10, the first houses were built near Woolshed Creek by William Yuille and Anderson, while Yuille erected a hut at Black Swamp in 1838. Outsiders originally knew of the settlement as Yuilles Station and Yuilles Swamp, Archibald Yuille named the area Ballaarat Some claim the name is derived from a local Wathaurong Aboriginal word for the area, balla arat. The meaning of word is not certain, however, several translations have been made. In some dialects, balla means bent elbow, which is translated to mean reclining or resting, another claim is that the name derives from Yuilles native Gaelic Baile Ararat, alluding to the resting place of Noahs ark. The present spelling was adopted by the City of Ballarat in 1996
6.
Churchill, Victoria
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Churchill is a town in the Latrobe Valley, located in central Gippsland in the east of Victoria, Australia. The town had a population of 4,750 at the 2011 census, the town was named in honour of former British leader Sir Winston Churchill. Churchill was formerly known as Hazelwood, Victoria and began as a centre for the Hazelwood Power Station and future replacement for Yallourn. The site was chosen for its pleasant location at the foot of the Strzelecki Ranges and it was relatively free from air pollution, is not above rich coalfields and is in close proximity to the larger towns and power stations in the Latrobe Valley. Construction of Churchill began in 1965, within a week five more families arrived and so the town began to grow street by street. The town was sufficiently advanced for the Post Office to open on 11 April 1966, the shopping centre in Churchill was officially opened on July 1967, the first two shops having opened 19 May 1967. In that year many new traders opened for business, all the shop keepers were offered a commission house in Churchill for their use. The Churchill Newsagency opened in 1967 and was run by Ian, a Tattersalls agency was established in 1975. The transport system was to be a network of restricted-access highways, population was anticipated to reach 6,000 by 1971, rising to around 40,000 by 2000. However, the discovery of gas in Bass Strait resulted in the closure of the Lurgi plant to the towns north. This, combined with the development of services in the town. Population peaked at a modest 5500 in the early 1990s before a small decline, signs of renewed growth have appeared, with several new housing estates being released during the past decade. After closing in 2006 the hotel was remodeled and reopened in January 2011, in 2009 Churchill also suffered the shock of the Black Saturday bush fires. Lit deliberately on Glendonald Rd, these fires burnt the surrounding hills of Churchill through to Yarram, the area now known as Churchill was originally named Hazelwood, but was renamed after Sir Winston Churchills death. The name Churchill won by narrow vote, some of the names in Churchill have a distinctly local flavour. Estates in the town were named after early settlers. These include Silcock, Medew, McMillan, Glendonald, and Northways, roads have also been named after people, flora, and Aboriginal names. Churchill Cigar Churchill has a landmark, a tall square golden tower
7.
Berwick, Victoria
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Berwick /ˈbɛrɪk/ is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,41 kilometres south-east of Melbournes central business district. Its local government area is the City of Casey, at the 2011 Census, Berwick had a population of 44,779. It was named by an early leaseholder after Berwick-on-Tweed in Northumberland, the town of Berwick was originally part of the Cardinia Creek run. Subdivision started in 1854 and a store, post office, hotel, wheat, barley and potatoes were grown, with a flour mill operating for several years. Dairy farming and cheese making later became the main activities, the Berwick Agricultural Society, originally started in 1848 as the Mornington Farmers Society, is one of the oldest farmers societies in Victoria. The area grew with the construction of a road between Melbourne and the Gippsland region, the Post Office opening on 18 September 1858. A quarry opened in 1859 to supply ballast for the line along the same route, which opened in 1877. The site of the quarry is now occupied by Wilson Botanic Park, from 1861 until 1902, Berwick was also the headquarters of the Shire of Berwick, originally formed as the Berwick Roads Board. Poplar trees lining the High Street and on into Beaconsfield were planted as an Avenue of Honour to commemorate the fallen in the First World War. Originally name plaques were supposed to have been mounted at the foot of each tree but this was never carried out, late in the 20th century Melbourne sprawled eastward to Berwick. The surrounding rural land was subdivided becoming a destination for first home buyers with the population exploding with new housing developments from the 1990s to the 2000s. Some of the character of the township has remained. The Berwick Inn on the corner of High Street and Lyall Road, was licensed at Berwick in 1857 as the Border Hotel, the original one-storey section is now the bar. The two-storey section was added in 1877 as the railway approached, the western section was built later in the century. The first licensee was Robert Bain who owned the towns first store and post office, the Border Hotel was an important local centre in the early days. Bain was the first secretary of the Berwick Roads Board and its meetings were held at the hotel from 1862 to 1865. The first local police court was held at the hotel in 1865, berwicks census populations have been 60,636,887,25,461,36,420 and 44,779. The median age in 2011 was 35, the towns first school, Berwick Primary, was originally established in an old shepherd’s hut near the old Berwick hospital in 1857
8.
Horsham, Victoria
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Horsham is a regional city in the Wimmera region of western Victoria, Australia. Located on the Wimmera River, Horsham is approximately 300 kilometres north-west of the state capital Melbourne, in June 2015, Horsham had an estimated population of 16,451. It is the most populous city in the Wimmera region, and serves a catchment of approximately 95,000 people. Horsham was named by original settler James Monckton Darlot after the town of Horsham in his native England and it grew throughout the latter 19th and early 20th century as a centre of Western Victorias wheat and wool industry. Horsham was declared a city in 1949 and was named Australias Tidiest Town in 2001, the first inhabitants of the Horsham area were the Djura Balug indigenous Australian tribe who spoke the Jardwadjali language. Major Thomas Mitchell was the first European to pass through the area, squatter James Monckton Darlot was the first European settler, claiming 100,000 acres at Dooen on 10 August 1842. Charles Carter established his property Brim Springs nearby in 1845, the Post Office opened on 1 July 1848. An elaborate post office building and clock tower was erected in 1880, the main railway from Melbourne reached Horsham in 1879 and was later extended to Adelaide, South Australia, while a branch line west to Carpolac was started in 1887 and closed in 1988. The Horsham Borough Council and the Shire of Wimmera operated the McKenzie Creek Tramway from the town to a stone quarry, the horse tramway opened in 1885 and ceased operating in 1927. Special picnic trains operated from time to time conveying residents in open wagons, major flooding affected the settlement in both October 1894 and August 1909 with the Wimmera reaching 3.87 m. Horsham was declared a town on 17 November 1932, green Lake, originally planned as an agricultural irrigation reservoir was constructed in 1933 with a capacity of 5.35 GL. Horsham was declared a city on 25 May 1949, on 24 February 1951 a train collided with a bus at a level crossing near Horsham resulting in 11 deaths. The Post Office was demolished in 1970 and replaced with an office block. The bell from the old post office was incorporated into a memorial, the Rural City of Horsham was formed through amalgamation of surrounding shires on 20 January 1995. The Black Saturday bushfires of 2009 affected Horsham, with 5,700 ha area burnt around the citys fringe including the golf club, the satellite town of Haven was worst affected. It was named Australias Tidiest Town in 2001 and was also named Victorias tidiest town, Horsham experienced significant flooding in successive years in 2010 and 2011 Victorian floods. During these events, the Wimmera reached 3.32 m and 4.71 m respectively, Horsham is situated on the floodplain of the Wimmera River, the topography of which is mostly flat. The mean elevation is 128 metres above sea level, the river at Horsham is its widest reach and forms an east-west green belt with several islands along the reach, the largest being the Apex island sand bank
9.
Victoria (Australia)
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Victoria is a state in southeast Australia. Victoria is Australias most densely populated state and its second-most populous state overall, most of its population is concentrated in the area surrounding Port Phillip Bay, which includes the metropolitan area of its state capital and largest city, Melbourne, Australias second-largest city. Prior to British European settlement, the area now constituting Victoria was inhabited by a number of Aboriginal peoples. With Great Britain having claimed the entire Australian continent east of the 135th meridian east in 1788, Victoria was included in the wider colony of New South Wales. The first settlement in the area occurred in 1803 at Sullivan Bay, and much of what is now Victoria was included in the Port Phillip District in 1836, Victoria was officially created as a separate colony in 1851, and achieved self-government in 1855. Politically, Victoria has 37 seats in the Australian House of Representatives and 12 seats in the Australian Senate, at state level, the Parliament of Victoria consists of the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council. Victoria is currently governed by the Labor Party, with Daniel Andrews the current Premier, the personal representative of the Queen of Australia in the state is the Governor of Victoria, currently Linda Dessau. Local government is concentrated in 79 municipal districts, including 33 cities, although a number of unincorporated areas still exist, Victorias total gross state product is ranked second in Australia, although Victoria is ranked fourth in terms of GSP per capita because of its limited mining activity. Culturally, Melbourne is home to a number of museums, art galleries and theatres and is described as the sporting capital of Australia. The Melbourne Cricket Ground is the largest stadium in Australia, and the host of the 1956 Summer Olympics, Victoria has eight public universities, with the oldest, the University of Melbourne, having been founded in 1853. Victoria, like Queensland, was named after Queen Victoria, who had been on the British throne for 14 years when the colony was established in 1851. The first British settlement in the later known as Victoria was established in October 1803 under Lieutenant-Governor David Collins at Sullivan Bay on Port Phillip. In the year 1826 Colonel Stewart, Captain S. Wright, fly and the brigs Dragon and Amity, took a number of convicts and a small force composed of detachments of the 3rd and 93rd regiments. Victorias next settlement was at Portland, on the south west coast of what is now Victoria, edward Henty settled Portland Bay in 1834. Melbourne was founded in 1835 by John Batman, who set up a base in Indented Head, from settlement the region around Melbourne was known as the Port Phillip District, a separately administered part of New South Wales. Shortly after the now known as Geelong was surveyed by Assistant Surveyor W. H. Smythe. And in 1838 Geelong was officially declared a town, despite earlier white settlements dating back to 1826, days later, still in 1851 gold was discovered near Ballarat, and subsequently at Bendigo. Later discoveries occurred at sites across Victoria
10.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
11.
University
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A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
12.
Ararat, Victoria
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It was proclaimed as a city on 24 May 1950. It is named after Mount Ararat 10 kilometres south west of the town which was named by Horatio Wills in 1841, prior to the European settlement of Australia, Ararat was inhabited by the Tjapwurong Indigenous Australian people. Europeans first settled in the Grampians region in the 1840s after surveyor Thomas Mitchell passed through the area in 1836. In 1841, Horatio Wills, on his way to selecting country further south, wrote in his diary and it is from this entry and the nearby Mount that the town takes its name. The Post Office opened 1 February 1856 although known as Cathcart until 31 August 1857, in 1857, a party of Chinese miners en route to the Central Victorian gold fields struck gold at the Canton Lead which marked the beginning of great growth in Ararat. The Chinese community was substantial in Ararat, and the Gum San Chinese Heritage Centre commemorates the history of the community, rapid growth brought about a municipality, which was incorporated as a borough on 24 September 1858. Ararat became a city of asylums, with a large facility Aradale Mental Hospital was opened in 1865 and J Ward, both have been closed but remain as significant reminders of the citys role in the treatment of mentally ill patients. Vines were planted in 1863 by Swiss settlers, the Pola family, Ararats economy is driven by primary industries of the region including wool, beef and the Grampians Wine Region. The region has a number of farms including the Challicum Hills Wind Farm produce large amounts of renewable energy to the National Electricity Market. It is also home to AF Gason Pty Ltd one of Australias largest manufacturers of farm machinery, the city also has a significant service economy with health, community services and is a regional commerce centre. HM Prison Ararat is located in the town, key tourist attractions include the Ararat Regional Art Gallery, Mount Langi Ghiran winery, tours through Aradale and the Gum San Chinese Heritage Centre. Ararat is nestled between mountain ranges, including the Grampians National Park, Mount Langi Ghiran, Mount Cole, Mount Buangor, Ararat Hills Regional Park. Cemetery Creek, the main catchment runs through the north of the town while Green Hill lake is on the citys eastern fringe. 88% of people in Ararat were born in Australia, 62% of people in Ararat identify as Christian. Anglican and Catholic faiths are represented with 18% of people identifying with each. The city is the location of the offices and seat of government for the Rural City of Ararat local government area. Ararat is represented by the federal Division of Wannon, for law enforcement, Ararat has a single police station as well as a magistrates court and a childrens court all located on Barkly Street. Ararat has four primary schools - Ararat 800 Primary, Ararat West Primary, Ararat North Primary, in addition there are several kindergartens in the city
13.
Rural City of Horsham
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The Rural City of Horsham is a local government area in Victoria, Australia, located in the western part of the state. It covers an area of 4,249 square kilometres and and it includes the towns of Brimpaen, Dadswells Bridge, Dooen, Haven, Horsham, Laharum, Natimuk, Noradjuha and Pimpinio. It was formed in 1995 by the amalgamation of the City of Horsham, most of the Shire of Wimmera and Shire of Arapiles, and part of the Shire of Kowree. The Rural City is governed and administered by the Horsham Rural City Council, its seat of local government and administrative centre is located at the council headquarters in Horsham. The Rural City is named after the urban settlement located in the north-east of the LGA, that is Horsham. The city was winner of Australia’s tidiest town in 2001, there is a shopping precinct that offers coffee shops and restaurants. Horsham is the capital of the region and hosts events from sport to cultural interests, the Horsham golf course is known as country Victoria’s best, as awarded from the pro-am circuit. The region is the site of lakes and a Wimmera River system and in normal seasons is popular fishing, boating, swimming. The council is composed of seven councillors elected to represent an unsubdivided municipality, the council meets in the council chambers at the council headquarters in the Horsham Civic Centre, which is also the location of the councils administrative activities. It also provides services at its administrative centre in Horsham. Horsham List of localities Horsham Rural City Council official website Official tourist website for Horsham Metlink local public transport map Link to Land Victoria interactive maps
14.
Stawell, Victoria
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Stawell, is an Australian town in the Wimmera region of Victoria 237 kilometres west-north-west of the state capital, Melbourne. Located within the Shire of Northern Grampians local government area it is a seat of government for the shire. At the 2011 census, Stawell had a population of 6,150 and it was founded in 1853 during the Victorian gold rush and is one of few towns in Victoria retaining an active gold mining industry. Stawell is famed for the Stawell Gift, a foot race. It is also known as the gateway to the Grampians National Park and it is named after Sir William Foster Stawell, the Chief Justice of Victoria. There was however sufficient numbers for the area to support the beginnings of a settlement, the town site was first settled during 1853 and was named Pleasant Creek. The mining population of the Stawell field remained relatively small until 1857 when a series of new gold discoveries were made. In August 1857 more extensive prospecting and mining occurred at what became known as Commercial Street, two Post Offices were opened, Pleasant Creek on 19 October 1857 and Quartz Reef, Pleasant Creek on 1 June 1859. In 1858 diggers opened the Great Western goldfield, which was worked by some 9,000 prospecters. The prospecting spread to nearby Deep Lead, about 6 kilometres to northwest, at the same time, shafts were being sunk around Big Hill, becoming known as the Quartz Reefs. Much alluvial gold was found in the area but the fossicking petered out by 1859, in 1861, the township was renamed to honour Sir William Stawell, the Chief Justice of Victoria resulting in the name of the Pleasant Creek post office becoming Stawell. The town was created a borough in 1869, in 1870 Stawell post office was renamed Stawell West, and Quartz Reef, Stawell post office was renamed to Stawell. Stawell Town Hall was constructed in 1872, under the guidance of Stawell Shire Engineer, the former Free Library and Mechanics Institute building at 170 Main Street was constructed in 1874 to the design of Stawell architect, George Inskip. The building has served as the location of the Mechanics Institute, School of Design and it is now the headquarters of Australian Regional Education. The towns water system was designed by John DAlton in 1875, diverting water from Fyans Creek by tunnels and pipelines. By the mid-1920s the gold mining had ceased as the yields were found to be no longer commercial viable. A Pioneers memorial was erected on Big Hill in 1938, the town hall underwent significant postwar remodelling, culminating in the addition of the landmark clock tower in 1939. The Quartz Gold Memorial and Dane Memorial seat were erected on Big Hill in 1953 out of local quartz stone, stawells historical association with gold-mining was revived when full-scale mining recommenced in 1981
15.
University of Ballarat
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The university offered traditional programs, including business, information technology, building and construction, engineering, mining, education, social sciences, nursing, hospitality, and art. The University of Ballarats history goes back to the gold rush era of the 1850s and it began as a tertiary school in 1870. In 1970, Founders Theatre was built at the St Helen campus after an appeal was made to commemorate the opening of the school 100 years earlier, the University of Ballarat was formed from a number of varying types of schools. The earliest was the School of Mines in 1870, which merged with other related organizations. Another was through Ballarat Base Hospital School of Nursing, the university merged with Monash Universitys Gippsland campus in 2013, and are now the Federation University Australia. Tertiary education at Ballarat began with the establishment of the School of Mines in 1870, redmond Barry was its first president, and he was involved in the creation of university degree level courses for the school. The School of Mines had two divisions - a tertiary division and a technical division and they remained three entities until 1976. Ballarat Institute of Advanced Education merged into Ballarat College of Advanced Education, the Ballarat School of Industries and Ballarat Technical School merged into the The School of Mines and Industries, Ballarat in 1976. Several entities merged or had arrangements with SMB, in 1994, a memo of understanding was signed between SMB and the Ararat Technical School, which was founded in 1969. Then, in 1998, SMB and the Horsham-based Wimmera Institute of TAFE, dating back to 1882, Ballarat University College was formed in 1990, and became an affiliated college of the University of Melbourne. Its name was changed to Ballarat University College, an affiliated College of the University of Melbourne, the Federal Government was lobbied and responded by sending three Vice-Chancellors to Ballarat to consider the matter. The result was favorable and the university became a university in 1994. Its sole link to the University of Melbourne was that Melbourne would observe the academic standards at the new university for a five-year period. The University of Ballarat was organised in 1994, after being sponsored by the University of Melbourne for five years, in 1998, the Ballarat School of Mines and Industries and the Horsham-based Wimmera Institute of TAFE merged into the university, expanding its curriculum. In addition to classroom learning, the school offered online learning courses. According to the records, there were 25,810 students consisting of 13,820 higher education students and 11,990 technical. Of the total student population,11,460 students were at the Ballarat campus, there were 6,145 masters students, as compared to the 6,048 bachelor students. There were 12,481 students located off-campus, based on partnerships with partnership institutions, the university was a member of the Association of Commonwealth Universities
16.
Federation University Australia, Gippsland campus
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Federation University Australia Gippsland Campus is an Australian university campus located in the town of Churchill 142 km east of Melbourne. Its main neighbouring towns in the region are Morwell and Traralgon, formerly a branch of Monash University, on 1 January 2014 it became part of Federation University Australia. Study areas at the campus include Arts, Business, Education, Information Technology, Nursing, Midwifery, Sport, Outdoor and Physical Education, Psychology, Science, Engineering, the current Head of Campus is Dr Harry Ballis. Federation University Australia came into being after the University of Ballarat merged with Monash University Gippsland Campus, new students commencing their studies at the Gippsland campus from 2014 study under the Federation University entity. Remaining Monash students at the campus have been able to complete their degree as a Monash University student, the campus began as the Yallourn Technical School in 1928, in order to train State Electricity Commission of Victoria workers for the Yallourn Power Station. It became Yallourn Technical College in 1958, the Gippsland Institute of Advanced Education took over College courses after it was formed in 1968 at its current location of Churchill. It was amalgamated with Monash University in 1990, initially becoming Monash University College, in 2008, the Monash Gippsland Medical School was opened, after extensive construction of new facilities and accommodation for the increase in students on campus. Student enrollments at the campus however have increased significantly since 2014, the Gippsland Campus is one of several Federation University Australia campuses in regional Victoria including campuses in Ballarat, Berwick and the Wimmera. It is situated on 63 hectares of landscaped grounds, next to the Strzelecki Ranges, a distinctive architectural feature of the Gippsland campus was the Binishell. A Binishell is large reinforced concrete dome shaped and lifted by air pressure and its inventor, architect Dr. Dante Bini, directed the construction of the Binishell in December 1979. Around 1,600 Binishells have been built in 17 countries, the eleven metre high binishell, using 300 tons of concrete and reinforcing steel, was inflated by a large membrane in around one hour, using Dr. Dante Binis ferrocement method. The Binishell was used as a place for exams and graduations, however, due to its diminished structural integrity, during 2004 and early 2005 the building was not used for either of these purposes whilst a new structure support was installed. Normal use of the building was resumed in Semester 12005, on 14 February 2009, the Binishell was demolished due to long-term structural issues which had made it unsafe for ongoing use. Past events hosted at the venue include a sitting of the Victorian State Parliament in 2008, the National Primate Breeding and Research Centre is located next to the Gippsland campus. Opened in 2007 and costing $5 million it is Australias main primate centre housing up to 600 monkeys, the centre remains under the ownership of Monash University. Federation University Australia students are represented by a Student Senate, with two Gippsland Representatives and multiple other portfolios, the former Monash campus student union, Monash University Gippsland Student Union, officially appointed a liquidator on the 27th October 2016. The organisation began as the GIAE Union in the early 1970s, each year students were elected to the student union board, with each office bearer in charge of a portfolio of various student issues. Until the end of 2013 the campus produced the Monash University Gippsland Student Newspaper that represented all students at Monash Gippsland, the paper was edited by students, and consisted of student articles
17.
Ballarat Gaol
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The Ballarat Gaol, a former maximum security prison for males, females and children, is located in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. Replacing temporary structures including prison hulks in the Bay of Port Phillip and holding yards in Ballarat, the report of the Select Committee on Prison Discipline of September 1857 recommended gaol buildings replace the Port Phillip Bay prison hulks. The inquiry recommended adopting Londons Pentonvillle design of 1842 to build the gaols and this prison design carried on a revolution begun in 1829 by Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia. The complex was based on a hall from which radiated wings of cells. The principle of the design being that one guard would stand in the centre of the hall, the construction of the gaol began in 1856 and the first cell blocks were completed by 1857. It was completed in 1862 with 58 cells designed to hold a mixture of 74 male and female prisoners, in 1862 a tunnel was constructed to join the gaol to the adjacent Ballarat Courthouse, allowing for the safe transfer of prisoners. In 1872 Captain Moonlite, a bushranger and Anglican clergyman, escaped from the gaol, the prison was closed in 1965. Most of the gaol was demolished to allow the School of Mines Ballarat to expand onto the site, the remaining structures at the site include the main gate, wardens residence and governors residence. These buildings are now used by Federation University, the old wardens residence is now home to the Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sports and its Prevention. The site is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, during its time in use as a gaol, the following individuals were executed by public hanging at Ballarat Gaol
18.
Tertiary education in Australia
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Tertiary education in Australia consists of both government and private institutions. A higher education provider is a body that is established or recognised by or under the law of the Australian Government, there are 43 universities in Australia,40 public universities, two international universities, and one private specialty university. The flagship Australian universities are Go8 universities, Australia ranked 4th by OECD in international PhD students destination after US, UK and France. Decision-making, regulation and governance for education are shared among the Australian Government, the state and territory governments. Some aspects of education are the responsibility of states and territories. In particular, most universities are established or recognised under state, States and territories are also responsible for accrediting non-self-accrediting higher education providers. The Australian Government has the responsibility for public funding of higher education. The Higher Education Support Act 2003 sets out the details of Australian Government funding, the Australian National University, the Australian Film, Television and Radio School and the Australian Maritime College are established under Commonwealth legislation. The Australian Catholic University is established under corporations law and it has establishment Acts in New South Wales and Victoria. Many private providers are also established under corporations law, as self-accrediting institutions, Australias universities have a reasonably high level of autonomy to operate within the legislative requirements associated with their Australian Government funding. Australian universities are represented through the national universities lobbying body Universities Australia, Eight universities in the list have formed a group in recognition of their recognized status and history, known as the Group of Eight or Go8. Other university networks have formed among those of less prominence. Academic standing and achievements vary across these groups and student entry standards also vary with the Go8 universities having the highest standing in both categories, the various state-administered institutes of technical and further education across the country are the major providers of vocational education and training in Australia. TAFE institutions generally offer short courses, Certificates I, II, III, and IV, diplomas and they also sometimes offer higher education courses, especially in Victoria. In addition to TAFE institutes there are many registered training organisations which are privately operated, in Victoria alone there are approximately 1100. Many of them receive government funding to programs to apprentices or trainees, to disadvantaged groups. These qualifications are regularly reviewed and updated and they are also required to have relevant vocational competencies, at least to the level being delivered or assessed. However, as Australian universities largely regulate their own courses, the usage of AQF is for vocational education
19.
Monash University
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Monash University is an Australian public research university based in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1958, it is the second oldest university in the State of Victoria, Monash is one of two Australian universities to be ranked in the École des Mines de Paris ranking on the basis of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies. Monash is in the top 20% in teaching, top 10% in international outlook, top 20% in industry income, Monash enrolls over 48,000 undergraduate and almost 21,000 graduate students, It also has more applicants than any university in the state of Victoria. In 2014, its revenue was over $2.2 billion. The university has a number of campuses, five of which are in Victoria, Monash also has a research and teaching centre in Prato, Italy, a graduate research school in Mumbai, India and a graduate school in Jiangsu Province, China. Since December 2011, Monash has had an alliance with the University of Warwick in the United Kingdom. Monash University courses are delivered at other locations, including South Africa. The Clayton campus contains the Robert Blackwood Hall, named after the universitys founding Chancellor Sir Robert Blackwood, in 2014, the University ceded its Gippsland campus to Federation University. On 15 July 2016, Monash confirmed that Federation University Australia would take over the operations of the Berwick campus prior to the end of 2018, the university was named after the prominent Australian general Sir John Monash. This was the first university in Australia to be named after a person, rather than a city, the original campus was in the south-eastern Melbourne suburb of Clayton. The first University Council, led by Monashs first Chancellor Sir Robert Blackwood, selected Sir Louis Matheson, to be the first Vice-Chancellor of Monash University, the University was granted an expansive site of 100 hectares of open land in Clayton. The 100 hectares of land consists of the former Talbot Epileptic Colony, in its early years, it offered undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in engineering, medicine, science, arts, economics, politics, education, and law. It was a provider for international student places under the Colombo Plan. In its early years of teaching, research and administration, Monash was not disadvantaged by entrenched traditional practices, Monash was able to adopt modern approaches without resistance from those who preferred the status quo. A modern administrative structure was set up, Australias first research centres, from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s, Monash became the centre of student radicalism in Australia. It was the site of mass student demonstrations, particularly concerning Australias role in Vietnam War. By the late 1960s, several student organisations, some of which were influenced by or supporters of communism, turned their focus to Vietnam, with numerous blockades, in the late 1970s and 1980s, some of Monashs most publicised research came through its pioneering of in-vitro fertilisation. Led by Professors Carl Wood and Alan Trounson, the Monash IVF Program achieved the worlds first clinical IVF pregnancy in 1973, in 1980, they delivered the first IVF baby in Australia
20.
Parliament of Victoria
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The Parliament of Victoria is the bicameral legislature of the Australian state of Victoria. It follows a Westminster-derived parliamentary system and consists of The Queen, represented by the Governor of Victoria, the Legislative Assembly, the Parliament meets at Parliament House in the state capital Melbourne. The two Houses of Parliament have 128 Members in total,88 in the house and 40 in the upper house. Government is formed in the house while the upper is a house of review. The incumbent Labor Party government, elected at the 2014 election, prior to 1851 the area of Australia now known as Victoria was part of the colony of New South Wales and was administered by the Government of New South Wales in Sydney. On 5 August 1850 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the Australian Constitutions Act 1850 which made provision for the separation of Victoria from New South Wales. Enabling legislation was passed by the Parliament of New South Wales, the Lieutenant-Governor was subordinate in some matters to the Governor of New South Wales, who was given the title Governor-General. The Legislative Council met for the first time in November 1851 at St Patricks Hall, the Constitution established the Westminster-style system of responsible government that continues in Victoria today. The Legislative Council consisted of thirty members representing six Provinces, each returning five Members. The Legislative Assembly consisted of sixty members representing thirty-seven multi and single-member electorates, until November 2006, the Legislative Council had 44 members serving eight-year terms, elected from single-member constituencies, with half the seats falling vacant every four years. Since then it has had 40 members, each serving four-year terms, since 2006, the Legislative Assembly has had 88 members elected for fixed four-year terms from single-member constituencies, using preferential voting. Each house has a number of committees that investigate proposed laws in detail before they are considered by the whole house, some of the committee work is carried out by the Joint Committees which consist of members from all sides of politics and from both chambers. Like the Parliament, the committees cease to exist when the Parliament is dissolved by the governor and this means that often the names and jurisdiction of the committees are changed. A proposed law or bill can be introduced into either house, ordinary appropriation bills need only be passed by the Legislative Assembly before being presented to the Governor for royal assent. Each electoral region contains eleven electoral districts, all members of both houses are elected for fixed four year terms. General elections are held on the last Saturday in November every four years with the Parliament expiring on the Tuesday twenty-five days before the election and it is also not permitted to be a member of both houses or a candidate for election to both houses of Parliament. The last general election was held on 29 November 2014, Ministers and former ministers are entitled to the style The Honourable although some choose not to use it. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly is the officer of the Legislative Assembly
21.
College and university rankings
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College and university rankings are rankings of institutions in higher education ordered by various combinations of various factors. Rankings have most often conducted by magazines, newspapers, websites, governments. In addition to ranking entire institutions, organizations perform rankings of specific programs, departments, various rankings mostly evaluating on institutional output by research. Some rankings evaluate institutions within a country, while others assess institutions worldwide. The subject has produced much debate about rankings usefulness and accuracy, the expanding diversity in rating methodologies and accompanying criticisms of each indicate the lack of consensus in the field. The variety of academic rankings provide an overview and insightful overlook of different academic institutions on composite capabilities in academia. For rankings of United States universities in particular, see Rankings of universities in the United States, several organizations produce worldwide university rankings, including the following. The ranking is funded by the Chinese government and its purpose was to measure the gap between Chinese and world class universities. In the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities there are no Chinese universities in the first 100 of 500 places, ARWU rankings have been cited by The Economist magazine. It has been lauded for being consistent and transparent based on an article, the education ministers of France, Norway and Denmark traveled to China to discuss and find ways to improve their rankings. ARWU does not rely on surveys and school submissions, among other criteria, ARWU includes the number of articles published by Nature or Science and the number of Nobel Prize winners and Fields Medalists. Harvard has topped the ranking for years, one of the primary criticisms of ARWUs methodology is that it is biased towards the natural sciences and English language science journals over other subjects. This Saudi Arabia-based consulting organization has published rankings of world universities since 2012. This university ranking is owned by the French consulting company and rating agency SMBG and it ranks masters and MBA in its 9 geographical regions. G-factor ranks university and college web presence by counting the number of only from other university websites. G-factor is an indicator of the popularity or importance of each universitys website from the perspectives of other institutions. The annual U. S. News Best Global Universities rankings were produced to provide insight into how universities compare globally. The Best Global Universities rankings also provide insight into how U. S. universities – which U. S. News has been ranking separately for more than 30 years – stand globally
22.
PLK Vicwood KT Chong Sixth Form College
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Po Leung Kuk Vicwood K. T. Chong Sixth Form College is a government-subsidised sixth form college in Kowloon, Hong Kong. The continuing education sector of the College also provides adult education, the College also offered joint-degree courses with Australian university The University of Ballarat in 1996, and The University of Victoria later. Being the first and only sixth form college in Hong Kong and it is now offering education to form four to form six pupils. Its main feeder is Po Leung Kuk Tong Nai Kan Junior Secondary College, the current headmaster of the College is Dr Lee Poon Shing, former headmaster of Fukien Secondary School Affiliated School and vice-president and Dean of humanities of GT College. The current president and supervisor is The Honourable Ms Angela Leong On-kei, the College was established on 26 July 1991 as a co-educational college which focused on the Hong Kong A-level Examinations. It was Hong Kongs first government-subsidised sixth form school, on the premises of Po Leung Kuk Wu Chung College. The site was originally that of a primary school, in its first year, the school offered a total of 16 disciplines with Use of English being the only compulsory module. The social sciences stream of the College was highly innovative, offering economics, principles of accounts, pure mathematics, business studies, Dr Darnay Chan was the first headmaster of the College, previously having been the head of Po Leung Kuk Tang Yuk Tien College in Tuen Mun. It officially opened on 12 March 1992 with a ceremony officiated by former Secretariat for Education, The Hon Michael Suen, GBS, CBE. While graduates tend to celebrate graduation with traditional graduation dinners usually locate in international hotels, the first speech day was held on 8 May 1993, officiated by Professor Gungwu Wang, CBE, then vice-chancellor of The University of Hong Kong. It has developed into a tradition for the Colleges founding father, His Excellency Sultan Vicwood KT Chong, the College has quickly become a symbol of academic excellence in Hong Kong, with extraordinary results in Hong Kong A-level Examinations and very high admission scores. Since 2007, the rates have been equal or close to 100%, with credit rates above 50%. The College started offering joint-degree programmes with numerous overseas universities such as The University of Victoria, Canada and The University of Ballarat, the Colleges schoolteachers were considered equals to undergraduate lecturers. In 2000, the College was in preparation to be the first community college in Hong Kong, offered associate degree courses with the first graduation held in May 2004
23.
Hong Kong
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Hong Kong, officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the Pearl River Delta of East Asia. Macau lies across the delta to the west, and the Chinese province of Guangdong borders the territory to the north. With a total area of 1,106 square kilometres. Hong Kong was later occupied by Japan during World War II until British control resumed in 1945, under the principle of one country, two systems, Hong Kong maintains a separate political and economic system from China. Except in military defence and foreign affairs, Hong Kong maintains its independent executive, legislative, in addition, Hong Kong develops relations directly with foreign states and international organisations in a broad range of appropriate fields. Hong Kong is one of the worlds most significant financial centres, with the highest Financial Development Index score and consistently ranks as the worlds most competitive and freest economic entity. As the worlds 8th largest trading entity, its legal tender, Hong Kongs tertiary sector dominated economy is characterised by simple taxation with a competitive level of corporate tax and supported by its independent judiciary system. However, while Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita incomes in the world and it has a very high Human Development Index ranking and the worlds longest life expectancy. Over 90% of the population use of well-developed public transportation. Seasonal air pollution with origins from neighbouring areas of Mainland China. Hong Kong was officially recorded in the 1842 Treaty of Nanking to encompass the entirety of the island, before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour, literally means Little Hong Kong)—between Aberdeen Island and the southern coast of Hong Kong Island. Aberdeen was a point of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. Detailed and accurate romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time, fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbours fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River or to the incense from factories lining the coast of northern Kowloon. The incense was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before Hong Kong developed Victoria Harbour, the name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric. As of 1997, its name is the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the Peoples Republic of China. This is the title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law. Hong Kong has carried many nicknames, the most famous among those is the Pearl of the Orient, which reflected the impressive nightscape of the citys light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour
24.
Post Office Gallery
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The Post Office Gallery is an art gallery in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia. The former Ballarat Post Office is located on the corner of Sturt, classified by Heritage Victoria it was built during William Wardells tenure as Inspector-General and Chief Architect of the Public Works Department. The Ballarat Post Office was the largest of its kind after the Melbourne General Post Office, in 2002 the Ballarat Post Office became part of the University of Ballarat Arts Academy which includes the Post Office Gallery. Official PO Gallery website Media related to Ballarat Post Office at Wikimedia Commons
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Peter Lalor
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He is famous for being the only outlaw to make it to parliament. He was the first Catholic MP for Queens County since the reign of James II and his mother was Ann, née Dillon. They had 11 sons and daughters, of whom Lalor was the youngest and his eldest brother was James Fintan Lalor, who was involved in the Young Ireland movement and the unsuccessful rebellion of 1848. Another brother, Richard Lalor, served as a Parnellite nationalist in the House of Commons and his mother died on 4 June 1835 and his father married Ellen Mary Anne Loughnan, with whom he had no children. Lalor was educated at Carlow College and then trained as an engineer at Trinity College. Three of the Lalor brothers migrated to America and fought on both sides of the Civil War, however, Peter and his brother Richard decided to go to Australia, arriving in Victoria in October 1852. Lalor worked first in the construction of the Melbourne–Geelong railway line and he began mining in the Ovens Valley, then moved to the Eureka Lead at Ballarat where he befriended Duncan Gillies. His brother Richard returned to Ireland, becoming active and himself a member of the House of Commons. In October 1854, the Government ordered the police to go out hunting for unlicensed diggers two times a week and he and others were charged with the murder and arrested, but with the police court, they were discharged. A indignation meeting was held at Ballarat on 17 October, close to the spot where Scobie was killed, at this meeting a committee was appointed, of which Peter Lalor was one. The authorities, fearing that the meeting might lead to an attack on Bentleys hotel, a youth threw a stone at the lamp in front of the building, breaking the glass. That act of violence, was the spark, with cries of Down with the house and Burn it. The angry mob stormed the hotel and set fire to it, three people were arrested, and charged with act of incendiarism, and were committed and imprisoned. A mass meeting was held on Bakery Hill on 11 November 1854, bentley, in the meantime, had been re-arrested on the advice of the Attorney-General William Stawell for the murder of Scobie, and convicted. He was sentenced to three years on the roads, on 29 November a meeting of about 12,000 men was held at Ballarat. This is said to be the first public meeting that Mr. Lalor addressed and he moved one of the resolutions submitted and passed. It called for a meeting of the Reform League for the following Sunday to elect a central committee, the insurgent flag was hoisted on the platform. It represented the Southern Cross constellation, one of the resolutions passed at the meeting declared the license fee to be an unjustifiable imposition
26.
Monash University, Berwick campus
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Monash University, Berwick Campus is a campus of Monash University located in Berwick, which is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. It offers degrees in Business and Commerce, Nursing and Education and it is situated in the City of Casey, one of Australias fastest growing areas with approximately 2000 students attending the Campus. It is small in comparison to other campuses, covering an area of only 55 hectares, a student accommodation building was completed in 2006 to stabilise the demand generated by both local and the vast number of international students. Faculties have come and gone over the years and now the Faculty of Education holds the majority of students on campus, the campus celebrated its 10th anniversary on 29 April 2006. On 7 March 2016 Monash announced that it would be closing the Berwick campus by 2018, on 15 July 2016 it was announced that Federation University Australia would take responsibility for the Berwick Campus from 2017 pending government approvals. The campus is situated next to the Clyde Road exit ramp on the Princes Freeway and it takes approximately 45 minutes to travel to the campus from the Melbourne CBD. Permit parking is offered to students and staff as well as coin-operated daily ticket parking for infrequent drivers, the Berwick train station is a seven-minute walk to the campus. Situated on the Pakenham line, trains run approximately every 30 minutes to, students and staff can also use the free intercampus shuttle which runs from the Clayton campus to the Berwick campus approximately every two hours. The current team serving on the MUBS board can be viewed here The Cubs and Societies Officer of the Student Union oversees the organisation and activities of clubs, currently, MUBS is working on growing clubs and societies on campus
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Ambulance Victoria
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Ambulance Victoria, an agency of the Department of Health & Human Services, is the statutory provider of pre-hospital emergency care and ambulance services in Victoria. Ambulance Victoria was formed on 1 July 2008 following the merger of the Metropolitan Ambulance Service, Rural Ambulance Victoria, Ambulance Victoria has undergone significant reform since 2008. Ambulance Victoria provides emergency response to more than 5.9 million people in an area of more than 227,000 square kilometres. During 2015-2016, Ambulance Victoria responded to 843,051 cases, in 2016, it was announced that 450 extra paramedics would be funded the largest Victorian ambulance investment ever. Formal ambulance services began in Victoria since 1883, over the years services were provided by St John Ambulance, Civil Ambulance Service and a multitude of local area ambulance services. In the 1980s the Metropolitan Ambulance Service was formed from a number of smaller area services and 16 regional services were amalgamated into five, in 1997 this was then consolidated down to one rural service, Rural Ambulance Victoria. On 26 May this decision was confirmed, with one service commencing operation on 1 July 2008, Ambulance Victorias primary function is to respond to emergency incidents and its secondary function is medical transport requests. Ambulance Victoria has more than 260 ambulance branches located across Victoria, in 2015-2016, Ambulance Victorias workforce was 3,438 paramedics and 578 MICA paramedics. In addition, Ambulance Victoria employed 723 casual ACO and there was 357 CERT volunteers, Ambulance Victoria operates a Bicycle Response Unit in pre-planned operations for public events in Melbourne with large crowds. The unit was established in the lead up to the 2006 Commonwealth Games, in 2012, a Paramedic Motorcycle Unit was trialled in inner city Melbourne operating two Piaggio MP3 three wheeled motorbikes. Ambulance Victorias emergency and non-emergency patient transport communications are handled by Emergency Services Telecommunications Authority communication centres in East Burwood, Ambulance communications functions include 000 Emergency call-taking, non-emergency patient transport requests, and ambulance dispatch for emergency and non-emergency vehicles. A number of communication used by Ambulance Victoria, such as digital radio. In addition, the helicopters respond to search and rescue incidents, able to utilise the winch, AAV operates five twin engine AgustaWestland AW139 helicopters through a contract with Australian helicopters that are leased from LCI. The helicopters are designated HEMS and operate throughout the state, - HEMS1 based at Essendon, HEMS2 based in the La Trobe Valley. HEMS5 is for primary response and specialist medical retrieval based at Essendon, helicopter operations commenced in 1970 with a Bell 206A JetRanger known as the Angel of Mercy based on the Mornington Peninsula operated from Tyabb Airport. In 1980, a Hughes 500D was operated in the La Trobe Valley, later a Bell 206 Long Ranger, two helicopters were configured for the aeromedical role with one as a spare. In 2001, a Bell 412EP was operated from Bendigo airport known as HEMS3, in January 2017, the final of the five new AgustaWestland AW139s entered service replacing the Victoria Police Eurocopter AS365 Dauphin and ending the partnership. AAV operates four Beechcraft B200C King Airs from its Essendon headquarters and they are used mainly for transporting patients from rural towns to the major hospitals in Melbourne and can carry two stretcher patients and two walking patients
28.
Country Fire Authority
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Country Fire Authority, or CFA, is a fire service in Victoria, Australia, with other fire services being Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning and the Metropolitan Fire Brigade. The CFA provides firefighting and other services to rural areas and regional townships of Victoria. Australian emergency services, including CFA, can be summoned to assist by dialling the primary emergency telephone number,000. Mobile phones also allow a default emergency number,112, to be dialled, CFA has approximately 35,000 volunteer firefighters from Victorian rural and urban community areas. These CFA volunteers support over 1,000 professional firefighters, CFA works closely with the other emergency services, such as the MFB, the State Emergency Service, Victoria Police and Ambulance Victoria. CFA falls under the portfolio of the Minister for Emergency Services, The Honourable James Merlino, in 2016, Frances Diver was appointed Chief Executive Officer of CFA, commencing her role on 27 June 2016. While this position was temporary, Ms Diver was reaffirmed as the ongoing CEO after six months in the role. CFAs current Chief Officer is Steve Warrington, promoted from his previous position as Deputy Chief Officer, the CFA was created on 2 April 1945 following significant bushfires during the period 1939-1944 which killed 114 people, destroyed nearly 1400 homes and damaged large areas of the state. Significant numbers of livestock also perished, subsequent investigations showed a lack of cohesive firefighting ability outside the central metropolitan area. The CFA took over existing brigades, many of which had established in the 19th or early 20th century. The CFA operates under the Country Fire Authority Act of 1958, as amended, since July 2013, fire services in Victoria have been funded by a fire service property levy on council rates. The CFA budgeted income for 2013–14 was $473m—$448m was provided by state government contributions, additional government funding can be provided for specific staffing or training improvements, major works, or during long-duration incidents. The CFA also receives funding from the provision of goods and services to external bodies. Individual brigades receive further funds from local councils, from their own fundraising activities, the CFA field of operations in Victoria covers an area of more than 150,000 square kilometres with a population of 3.3 million people. It divides its operations into 5 regions, which are subdivided into 21 districts. CFA resources include 1,220 brigades, of which 941 are rural volunteer brigades,204 urban volunteer brigades,35 integrated brigades,23 forest industry brigades and this fleet is supplemented by more than 1,400 brigade-owned vehicles. Brigade-owned vehicles are paid for by local communities, commonly with the assistance of government grants. The CFA has 1,200 base radios,5,800 vehicle radios,3,000 hand held radios,35,000 EAS pagers,58 satellite terminals and 10,700 pre-conference telephone interceptors
29.
000 (emergency telephone number)
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Triple Zero is the primary national emergency number in Australia. The Emergency Call Service is operated by Telstra as a condition of its telecommunications licence, other emergency numbers in Australia are 112 for GSM mobile and satellite phones, which is answered by a Triple Zero operator and 106 for TDD textphones. Those numbers changed in 1994 to 110,112 and 113 respectively, for calls to the State Emergency Service the Australia wide number 132500 can be used. This number should only be used for non–life-threatening situations, prior to 1969, Australia did not have a national number for emergency services, the police, fire and ambulance services possessed many phone numbers, one for each local unit. In 1961, the office of the Postmaster General introduced the Triple Zero number in major population centres, the number Triple Zero was chosen for several reasons, technically, it suited the dialling system for the most remote automatic exchanges, particularly outback Queensland. These communities used the digit 0 to select an automatic trunk line to a centre, in the most remote communities, two 0s had to be used to reach a main centre, thus dialling 0+0, plus another 0 would call an operator. Zero is closest to the stall on Australian rotary dial phones. 911 was previously considered as an emergency number, though existing numbering arrangements make this unfeasible due to homes and businesses being assigned numbers beginning with 911. Calling Triple Zero connects the caller to a Telstra operator who will then connect the caller to the emergency service organisation calltaker, Telstra operators will ask the caller if they require the Police, Fire, Ambulance. and their location if calling from a mobile phone or nomadic service. The caller is then connected to the relevant emergency service answer point as requested by the caller, the callers address is usually available to Telstra operators for fixed services in Australia even if the number is private. When calling from a telephone, callers should always attempt to provide accurate location details. This will assist emergency calltakers, and will expedite emergency service dispatch, within Australia, Triple Zero is a free call from any telephone. Simcards are not required to connect mobile phones to Emergency Services, interpreter services may also be available once connected to Emergency Services. Due to special configuration in their firmware, some 3G or GSM mobile phones sold in Australia will redirect other emergency numbers, such as 9-1-1 and 9-9-9, to Triple Zero. These calls are sent out by the handset as a flag to the network. ESTA operates three State Emergency Communications Centres, located in the Melbourne CBD, East Burwood, and Ballarat, using this information, a dispatcher will identify and dispatch the appropriate emergency services or resources. Calls for SES should be made to 132500, however if you have already called police or another service they will have notified SES if appropriate, many ESTA practices and protocols are standardised across all emergency services agencies, and all agencies use the same computer network. The result is complete and instantaneous information sharing between emergency services, on 7 February 2009, catastrophic bushfires occurred in Victoria, otherwise known as Black Saturday bushfires
30.
IBM
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International Business Machines Corporation is an American multinational technology company headquartered in Armonk, New York, United States, with operations in over 170 countries. The company originated in 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company and was renamed International Business Machines in 1924, IBM manufactures and markets computer hardware, middleware and software, and offers hosting and consulting services in areas ranging from mainframe computers to nanotechnology. IBM is also a research organization, holding the record for most patents generated by a business for 24 consecutive years. IBM has continually shifted its business mix by exiting commoditizing markets and focusing on higher-value, also in 2014, IBM announced that it would go fabless, continuing to design semiconductors, but offloading manufacturing to GlobalFoundries. Nicknamed Big Blue, IBM is one of 30 companies included in the Dow Jones Industrial Average and one of the worlds largest employers, with nearly 380,000 employees. Known as IBMers, IBM employees have been awarded five Nobel Prizes, six Turing Awards, ten National Medals of Technology, in the 1880s, technologies emerged that would ultimately form the core of what would become International Business Machines. On June 16,1911, their four companies were amalgamated in New York State by Charles Ranlett Flint forming a fifth company, the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company based in Endicott, New York. The five companies had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, New York, Dayton, Ohio, Detroit, Michigan, Washington, D. C. and Toronto. They manufactured machinery for sale and lease, ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders, meat and cheese slicers, to tabulators and punched cards. Thomas J. Watson, Sr. fired from the National Cash Register Company by John Henry Patterson, called on Flint and, Watson joined CTR as General Manager then,11 months later, was made President when court cases relating to his time at NCR were resolved. Having learned Pattersons pioneering business practices, Watson proceeded to put the stamp of NCR onto CTRs companies and his favorite slogan, THINK, became a mantra for each companys employees. During Watsons first four years, revenues more than doubled to $9 million, Watson had never liked the clumsy hyphenated title of the CTR and in 1924 chose to replace it with the more expansive title International Business Machines. By 1933 most of the subsidiaries had been merged into one company, in 1937, IBMs tabulating equipment enabled organizations to process unprecedented amounts of data, its clients including the U. S. During the Second World War the company produced small arms for the American war effort, in 1949, Thomas Watson, Sr. created IBM World Trade Corporation, a subsidiary of IBM focused on foreign operations. In 1952, he stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm, in 1957, the FORTRAN scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, IBM developed the SABRE reservation system for American Airlines, in 1963, IBM employees and computers helped NASA track the orbital flight of the Mercury astronauts. A year later it moved its headquarters from New York City to Armonk. The latter half of the 1960s saw IBM continue its support of space exploration, on April 7,1964, IBM announced the first computer system family, the IBM System/360
31.
Steve Bracks
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Stephen Phillip Steve Bracks AC is a former Australian politician and the 44th Premier of Victoria. He first won the district of Williamstown in 1994 for the Australian Labor Party and was party leader and premier from 1999 to 2007. Bracks led Labor in Victoria to minority government at the 1999 election, Labor was returned with a majority government after a landslide win at the 2002 election. Labor was elected for a term at the 2006 election with a substantial. Bracks is the second-longest-serving Labor premier in Victorian history, the treasurer, John Brumby, became Labor leader and premier in 2007 when Bracks retired from politics. Steve Bracks was born in Ballarat, where his family owns a fashion business and he is a Lebanese Australian, his paternal grandfather came to Australia as a child from Zahlé in the Beqaa Valley of Lebanon in the 1890s. His family were Melkites before immigrating and converting to Roman Catholicism, Bracks was educated in Ballarat at St Patricks College and the Ballarat College of Advanced Education, where he graduated in business studies and education. He became a follower of Australian rules football, supporting the Geelong Football Club. From 1976 to 1981 Bracks was a commerce teacher at Sacred Heart College. During the 1980s he worked in government in Ballarat and then as Executive Director of the Ballarat Education Centre. While in these positions he twice contested the seat of Ballarat North in the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the Australian Labor Party, in 1989 Bracks was appointed statewide manager of Victorian state government employment programs, under the Labor government of John Cain. He then became an adviser to both Cain and Cains successor as Premier, Joan Kirner, here he was able to witness from the inside the collapse of the Labor government following the economic and budgetary crisis which began in 1988. This experience gave Bracks a very conservative and cautious view of economic management in government, following the defeat of the Kirner government by the Liberal leader Jeff Kennett in late 1992, Bracks became Executive Director of the Victorian Printing Industry Training Board. One of his children is Nick Bracks, Australian model, Bracks was immediately elected to Labors front bench, as Shadow Minister for Employment, Industrial Relations and Tourism. In 1996, after Labor under John Brumby was again defeated, in March 1999, when it became apparent that Labor was headed for another defeat under Brumbys leadership, Brumby resigned and Bracks was elected Opposition Leader. Political observers were almost unanimous that Bracks had no chance of defeating Liberal premier Jeff Kennett at the September 1999 election, Bracks and his senior colleagues campaigned heavily in regional areas, accusing Kennett of ignoring regional communities. In response, voters in regional areas deserted the Kennett government, on election night, much to its own surprise, Labor increased its seat count from 29 to 41, with the Liberals and their National Party allies retaining 43, and three falling to rural independents. With the Coalition one seat short of government, the election was to be decided in Frankston East and that supplementary election was won by Labor on a large swing, resulting in a hung parliament
32.
Sandy Blythe
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Robert Alexander Sandy Blythe, OAM was an Australian wheelchair basketball player. He committed suicide in 2005 at the age of 43 after a long illness, Blythe was born in Geelong on 24 February 1962. He grew up in a farm outside the Victorian town of Derrinallum and was a champion Australian rules football player as a teenager and he played in the Teal Cup and was later part of the St Kilda Football Club country squad. In 1981, he began studying at the Ballarat College of Advanced Education, in 1984 he obtained his physical education degree on schedule, despite his six-month rehabilitation at Austin Hospital. He was part of the Australia mens national basketball team at the 1988 Seoul,1992 Barcelona,1996 Atlanta. He was the captain of the team when it won a medal at the 1996 Atlanta Games and was co-captain with Priya Cooper of the Australian Paralympic team at the 2000 Sydney Games. He had an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship in 1998 for wheelchair basketball, Blythe was also a motivational speaker who formed and worked in several businesses that improved public awareness of people with disabilities. In 2000, he released a memoir, Blythe Spirit, on 18 November 2005, Blythe committed suicide, he had been suffering from depression and chronic fatigue syndrome for several years. He was survived by his partner of eight years, wheelchair basketballer Paula Coghlan, Blythe received a Medal of the Order of Australia in 1997 for his 1996 gold medal. In 2000, he received an Australian Sports Medal, the Sandy Blythe Medal, awarded to the best player of the year in the Australia mens national wheelchair basketball team, is named in his honour. In 2010, he was inducted into the Australian Basketball Hall of Fame
33.
Cyril P. Callister
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Cyril Percy Callister was an Australian chemist and food technologist who developed the Vegemite yeast spread. The son of a teacher and postmaster, and one of nine children, he attended the Ballarat School of Mines and he gained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1914 and a Master of Science degree in 1917. In early 1915, Callister was employed by food manufacturer Lewis & Whitty, after 53 days, however, he was withdrawn from active service on the order of the Minister for Defence and assigned to the Munitions Branch, making explosives in Britain. Following the end of World War I, he married Scottish girl Katherine Hope Mundell and returned to Australia and he experimented on spent brewers yeast and independently developed what came to be called Vegemite, first sold by Fred Walker & Co in 1923. Working from the details of a James L. Kraft patent, the Walker Company negotiated a deal for the rights to manufacture the product, and in 1926, the Kraft Walker Cheese Company Ltd was established. Callister was appointed chief scientist and production superintendent of the new company, Callister got his Doctorate from the University of Melbourne in 1931, with his submission largely based on his work in developing Vegemite. He was a prominent member of the Royal Australian Chemical Institute, Callister died in 1949, following a heart attack and is buried at Box Hill Cemetery. A biography of Callister, The Man Who Invented Vegemite, written by his grandson Jamie Callister, was published in 2012, Callister is the great uncle to Kent Callister, a professional snowboarder who has competed at the Winter Olympics for Australia
34.
Vegemite
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Vegemite is a thick, very dark brown Australian food spread made from leftover brewers yeast extract with various vegetable and spice additives. It was developed by Cyril Percy Callister in Melbourne, Victoria in 1922, the Vegemite brand is currently owned by Mondelez International, but will be acquired by the Australian Bega Cheese group following an agreement in January 2017. Vegemite is salty, slightly bitter, malty, and rich in umami – a glutamate similar in flavour to beef bouillon, Callister had been hired by the chairman Fred Walker. Vegemite was registered as a trademark in Australia that same year, Callister used autolysis to break down the yeast cells from waste obtained from the Carlton & United brewery. Concentrating the clear liquid extract and blending with salt, celery, following a nationwide competition with a prize of £50 to find a name for the new spread, the name Vegemite was selected out of a hat by Fred Walkers daughter, Sheilah. The winners, local sisters Hilda and Laurel Armstrong of Albert Park, Vegemite first appeared on the market in 1923 with advertising emphasising the value of Vegemite to childrens health but failed to sell very well. This attempt to market share was unsuccessful and the name was changed back to Vegemite. Sales responded and in 1939 Vegemite was officially endorsed by the British Medical Association as a source of B vitamins. Rationed in Australia during World War II, Vegemite was included in Australian Army rations, in April 1984, a 115-gram jar of vegemite became the first product in Australia to be electronically scanned at a checkout. Vegemite is produced in Australia at Mondelezs Port Melbourne manufacturing facility which produces more than 22 million jars per year, virtually unchanged from Callisters original recipe, Vegemite now far outsells Marmite and other similar spreads in Australia. The billionth jar of Vegemite was produced in October 2008, Vegemite was also produced in New Zealand for over fifty years, but as of August 2006 New Zealand production had ceased. A common way of eating Vegemite is on toasted bread with a layer of butter or margarine, only a small amount of Vegemite is required due to its strong flavour. A Vegemite sandwich may consist of two slices of buttered bread, Vegemite, and cheese, but other such as lettuce, avocado. Vegemite can be used as a filling for pastries, such as the scroll or it may even be used in more exotic dishes. The official Vegemite website contains several recipes using Vegemite in foods such as pasta, burgers, pizzas, limited quantities of kosher Vegemite were first produced in the 1980s, a 2004 decision to cease certification was reversed after a backlash from Jewish consumers. In 2010, Vegemite also received halal certification, Vegemite is one of the richest sources of B vitamins, specifically thiamine, riboflavin, niacin and folic acid. Unlike Marmite and some other yeast extracts, the version contains no vitamin B12 although both B6 and vitamin B12 are added to the low-salt formulation. The main ingredient of Vegemite is yeast extract, which contains a concentration of glutamic acid
35.
Network Ten
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Network Ten is an Australian commercial broadcasting network owned by Ten Network Holdings, and is headquartered in Pyrmont, New South Wales. It first aired on August 1,1964 in Melbourne, Network Ten is the one of five national free-to-air networks in Australia. Its owned-and-operated stations can be found in the capital cities of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth. In the early 1960s, the government began canvassing the idea of licensing a third commercial television station in each capital city. This decision was seen by some as a way for the government to defuse growing public dissatisfaction with the dominance of imported overseas programming, the first of these third licences was granted to United Telecasters Sydney was granted on 4 April 1963. Structurally, the Australian television industry was modelled on the two-tiered system that had been in place in Australian radio since the late 1930s. One tier consisted of a network of publicly funded television stations run by the ABC, the second tier consisted of the commercial networks and independent stations owned by private operators, whose income came from selling advertising time. The network was launched as ATV-0 in Melbourne opened on 1 August 1964 and was owned by the Ansett transport and media group, which at the time owned one of Australias two domestic airlines. TEN-10 in Sydney, which opened on 5 April 1965, was owned by United Telecasters Sydney Ltd. Also opened that month was SAS-10, serving the city of Adelaide in South Australia, for its first five years, the 0/10 Network led a hand-to-mouth existence. By the beginning of the 1970s the network was in a financial position. In 1971, the 0/10 network first aired Young Talent Time, which was a ratings success. However, the true financial reprise came about due to the adult soap opera serial Number 96. The series broke new ground for Australian television and captured the imagination of viewers like few programs before or since and this began when Murdochs News Ltd purchased the Wollongong station WIN Television in the early 1960s, around the same time he bought Festival Records. In 1977, frustrated by regulatory blocks that prevented him from expanding into the Sydney market, Murdoch sold WIN, in 1979, Murdoch made an unsuccessful takeover bid for the Melbourne-based The Herald and Weekly Times media group. Although the bid failed, he gained a 50% stake in Ansett, in 1979, 0/10 first aired soap opera Prisoner, which was a huge ratings success. In 1987 Adelaides Network Ten affiliate and Seven Network affiliate successfully negotiated to exchange affiliation rights and channel frequencies due to ownership problems. On 27 December 1987, the exchange came into effect and ADS-7, owned by the owners as the main Network Ten stations, became ADS-10 with SAS-10 converting to SAS-7
36.
Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw
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Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw is an Indian entrepreneur. She is the chairman and managing director of Biocon Limited, a company based in Bangalore, India. In 2014, she was awarded the Othmer Gold Medal, for outstanding contributions to the progress of science and she is on the Financial Times’ top 50 women in business list. Kiran Mazumdar was born to Gujarati parents in Bangalore, India and she went to school at Bangalores Bishop Cotton Girls High School, graduating in 1968. She then attended Mount Carmel College, Bangalore, a college offering pre-university courses as an affiliate of Bangalore University. She studied biology and zoology, graduating from Bangalore University with a degree in Zoology in 1973. Mazumdar hoped to go to school, but did not obtain a scholarship. Her father, Rasendra Mazumdar, was the head brewmaster at United Breweries and he suggested that she study fermentation science, and train to be a brewmaster, a very non-traditional field for a woman. Mazumdar went to Federation University in Australia to study Malting and Brewing, in 1974 she was the only woman enrolled in the brewing course, and the top of her class. She earned the degree of master brewer in 1975 and she worked as a trainee brewer in Carlton and United Breweries, Melbourne and as a trainee maltster at Barrett Brothers and Burston, Australia. She also worked for some time as a consultant at Jupiter Breweries Limited, Calcutta and as a technical manager at Standard Maltings Corporation. However, when she investigated the possibility of work in Bangalore or Delhi. She began to look abroad, and was offered a position in Scotland, before Mazumdar could move, she met Leslie Auchincloss, founder of Biocon Biochemicals Limited, of Cork, Ireland. Auchinclosss company produced enzymes for use in the brewing, food-packaging, Auchincloss was looking for an Indian entrepreneur to help establish an Indian subsidiary. Mazumdar agreed to undertake the job on the condition if she did not wish to continue after six months she would be guaranteed a brewmasters position comparable to the one she was giving up. After a brief period as a manager at Biocon Biochemicals Limited, of Cork, Ireland, to learn more about the business. She started Biocon India in 1978 in the garage of her house in Bengaluru with a seed capital of Rs.10,000. Although it was a joint venture, Indian laws restricted foreign ownership to 30% of the company, the remaining 70% belonged to Kiran Mazumdar Shaw
37.
Biocon
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Biocon Limited is an Indian biopharmaceutical company based in Bangalore, India. The Company manufactures generic active pharmaceutical ingredients that are sold in the markets of the United States. It also manufactures biosimilar Insulins, which are sold in India as branded formulations, in December 2009, Biocon acquired the Active Pharma Ingredients undertaking from IDL Speciality Chemicals Ltd. a subsidiary of Gulf Oil Corporation Limited. Located with R&D in Bangalore and API unit in Hyderabad, India, Biocon’s presence straddles four main therapeutic areas—Diabetology, Cardiology, Nephrology and Oncology— and plans to introduce two new divisions, Comprehensive Care, and Immunotherapy, this year. Between 2005 and 2010, Biocon entered into more than 2,200 high-value R&D licensing and other deals within the pharmaceuticals and it has also expanded its global footprint to emerging and developed markets through acquisitions, partnerships and in-licensing. Biocon’s Corporate Social Responsibility wing, the Biocon Foundation, is involved in numerous health, in 2009–10, Biocon’s net income increased 44% to ₹24.048 billion, crossing the half-billion-dollar mark and profits grew 215% to ₹2.933 billion. Around 6% of its employees have PhD degrees, 45% have a masters degree, Biocon also collaborates with educational institutes to make courses more industry oriented. Biocon was founded in 1978 with ₹10,000 as the initial capital, the operations began out of the garage of a rented house with two employees. Biocon’s first product to go to market was peptinpapain, a found in papaya which is used to prevent beer from turning hazy. Until 1983, the company blended enzymes and supplied them to brewing, textiles, biofuels, animal feed, in the mid-1980s with a loan of US$250,000 from ICICI Bank, Biocon was able to build a solid-state fermentation plant which helped in the growth of its R&D. In 1989, the Irish Biocon was acquired by Unilever, in the mid-1990s, Kiran Mazumdar–Shaw decided to focus on biopharmaceuticals rather than enzymes. But Unilever, a shareholder, did not want to be in the biopharmaceuticals business. At that time, John Shaw, the Scotsman whom Kiran Mazumdar–Shaw had married in 1998, Biocon soon ventured into the lucrative biopharmaceutical segment. Foreseeing a great opportunity when branded drugs went off patent, they began to develop lovastatin, Biocon eventually began making other forms of statins. The company’s revenue went up from ₹700 million in 1998, to ₹5 billion in 2004 when it went public, in 2007, Biocon made a strategic decision to divest its historic enzymes business to Novozymes A/S of Denmark. Today, Biocon has evolved from a company to a fully integrated biopharmaceutical company. It now focuses its activities on its bio-pharma business verticals that include APIs, biologicals, in 2006, Biocon launched BIOMAb EGFR the first indigenously developed humanised monoclonal antibody for head-and-neck cancer. Biocon’s milestone events in each year are as follows,29 November 1978—Biocon India is incorporated as a joint venture between Biocon Biochemicals Ltd. of Ireland and Kiran Mazumdar-Shaw, 1979—Becomes the first Indian company to manufacture and export enzymes to USA and Europe
