1.
Flag of Malaya
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This is a list of flags used in Malaysia. A common flag for the three federal territories was adopted by the Ministry of the Federal Territories on 20 August 2006, the flag is to be used and flown on matters and ceremonies that involve all the federal territories as a whole. An example is in national sporting events, the contingent of the territories would be under this common flag. However, the usage of the individual territorial flags would be given preference in events relating to individual territories
2.
Coat of arms of Malaysia
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The Coat of Arms of Malaysia is a coat of arms comprising a shield or escutcheon, two tigers for supporters, a crescent and fourteen point star for a crest and a motto). As the Malaysian emblem descended from the coat of arms of the Federated Malay States under British colonial rule, the Coat of Arms of Malaysia consists of a shield guarded by two supporters as rampant tigers. The shield is topped by a crest consisting of a crescent with a 14-pointed federal star. The yellow colour of the crest, a crescent and a 14-pointed federal star, the crescent also represents Islam as the official religion while the federal star represents the thirteen states and the Federal Territories of Malaysia. Originally, the star represented the original fourteen states of Malaysia. It was not changed when Singapore left the Federation in 1965, the escutcheon, represented by a shield, is primarily intended to serve as a representation of states unified under the Malaysian federation, and is subdivided into ten divisions. The upper portion or chief of the shield contains five krises on a red background, representing the five former Unfederated Malay States, Johore, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah and Perlis. The permutations of the red, black, white and yellow make up the colours of these states flags. Red, black and yellow are for Negeri Sembilan, black and white for Pahang, black, white and yellow for Perak, in the lower middle of the shield, there are three sections formerly representing the new states of Sabah, Singapore and Sarawak. Since 1965, Singapores section has been replaced by a depiction of the national flower, in the sinister section is the Malacca tree representing Malacca The two rampant tigers supporting the shield are traditional Malay symbols. They are retained from the armorial ensign of the Federation of Malaya. The motto of the arms, located below the shield, consists of a banner with the phrase Unity is Strength written in both romanised Malay and Jawi, the original English phrase was replaced by romanised Malay some time after independence. The origins of the Malaysian coat of arms can be traced to the formation of the Federated Malay States under the rule of the United Kingdom. The arms, like its successors, included a shield. The motto was originally written in Jawi as Dipelihara Allah flanked by two eight-pointed stars. Dipelihara Allah is today the Selangor state motto, the founding of the Federation of Malaya in 1948 led to a revision of the arms. Among the changes were a complete representation the 11 states of the federation on the shield, the replacement of the eastern crown with a yellow crescent. The original Jawi motto was replaced with Unity is Strength in both English and Jawi Malay
3.
Sovereign state
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A sovereign state is, in international law, a nonphysical juridical entity that is represented by one centralized government that has sovereignty over a geographic area. International law defines sovereign states as having a permanent population, defined territory, one government, and it is also normally understood that a sovereign state is neither dependent on nor subjected to any other power or state. The existence or disappearance of a state is a question of fact, States came into existence as people gradually transferred their allegiance from an individual sovereign to an intangible but territorial political entity, of the state. States are but one of political orders that emerged from feudal Europe, others being city states, leagues. Westphalian sovereignty is the concept of sovereignty based on territoriality. It is a system of states, multinational corporations. Sovereignty is a term that is frequently misused and that position was reflected and constituted in the notion that their sovereignty was either completely lacking, or at least of an inferior character when compared to that of civilised people. Lassa Oppenheim said There exists perhaps no conception the meaning of which is more controversial than that of sovereignty. It is a fact that this conception, from the moment when it was introduced into political science until the present day, has never had a meaning which was universally agreed upon. In the opinion of H. V. Evatt of the High Court of Australia, sovereignty is neither a question of fact, nor a question of law, but a question that does not arise at all. The right of nations to determine their own status and exercise permanent sovereignty within the limits of their territorial jurisdictions is widely recognized. The Westphalian model of sovereignty has increasingly come under fire from the non-west as a system imposed solely by Western Colonialism. What this model did was make religion a subordinate to politics and this system does not fit in the Islamic world because concepts such as separation of church and state and individual conscience are not recognised in the Islamic religion as social systems. Nation denotes a people who are believed to or deemed to share common customs, religion, language, origins, however, the adjectives national and international are frequently used to refer to matters pertaining to what are strictly sovereign states, as in national capital, international law. State refers to the set of governing and supportive institutions that have sovereignty over a definite territory, State recognition signifies the decision of a sovereign state to treat another entity as also being a sovereign state. Recognition can be expressed or implied and is usually retroactive in its effects. It does not necessarily signify a desire to establish or maintain diplomatic relations, There is no definition that is binding on all the members of the community of nations on the criteria for statehood. In actual practice, the criteria are mainly political, not legal, in international law, however, there are several theories of when a state should be recognised as sovereign
4.
Malay language
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Malay is a major language of the Austronesian family. It has a status in Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. As the Bahasa Kebangsaan or Bahasa Nasional of several states, Standard Malay has various official names, in Singapore and Brunei it is called Bahasa Melayu, in Malaysia, Bahasa Malaysia, and in Indonesia, Bahasa Indonesia and is designated the Bahasa Persatuan/Pemersatu. However, in areas of central to southern Sumatra where the language is indigenous, Indonesians refer to it as Bahasa Melayu and consider it one of their regional languages. There are also several Malay trade and creole languages which are based on a lingua franca derived from Classical Malay, as well as Macassar Malay, Malay historical linguists agree on the likelihood of the Malay homeland being in western Borneo stretching to the Bruneian coast. A form known as Proto-Malay language was spoken in Borneo at least by 1000 BCE and was, it has been argued, the ancestral language of all subsequent Malayan languages. The history of the Malay language can be divided into five periods, Old Malay, the Transitional Period, the Malacca Period, Late Modern Malay and it is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible. Old Malay was influenced by Sanskrit literary language of Classical India, Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. Batenburg on November 29,1920 at Kedukan Bukit, South Sumatra, on the banks of the Tatang and it is a small stone of 45 by 80 centimetres. The earliest surviving manuscript in Malay is the Tanjong Tanah Law in post-Pallava letters and this 14th-century pre-Islamic legal text produced in the Adityawarman era of Dharmasraya, a Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that arose after the end of Srivijayan rule in Sumatra. The laws were for the Minangkabau people, who still live in the highlands of Sumatra. The Malay language came into use as the lingua franca of the Malacca Sultanate. During this period, the Malay language developed rapidly under the influence of Islamic literature, the development changed the nature of the language with massive infusion of Arabic, Malayalam and Sanskrit vocabularies, called Classical Malay. Under the Sultanate of Malacca the language evolved into a form recognisable to speakers of modern Malay, however, there is no connection between Malaccan Malay as used on Riau and the Riau vernacular. One of the oldest surviving letters written in Malay is a letter from Sultan Abu Hayat of Ternate, Maluku Islands in present-day Indonesia, the letter is addressed to the king of Portugal, following contact with Portuguese explorer Francisco Serrão. The letters show sign of non-native usage, the Ternateans used the unrelated Ternate language, Malay was used solely as a lingua franca for inter-ethnic communications. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Southeast Asia, malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although each language of the family is mutually unintelligible, their similarities are rather striking, many roots have come virtually unchanged from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language
5.
Politics of Malaysia
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Executive power is exercised by the federal government and the 13 state governments. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament and the 13 state assemblies. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature, though the executive maintains a level of influence in the appointment of judges to the courts. The Constitution of Malaysia is codified and the system of government is based on the Westminster system, whereas, the Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara and Dewan Rakyat. Malaysia has had a multi-party system since the first direct election of the Federal Legislative Council of the Malaya in 1955 on a first-past-the-post basis, the ruling party since then had always been the Alliance Party coalition and from 1973 onwards, its successor, the Barisan Nasional coalition. The Barisan Nasional coalition currently consists of the United Malays National Organisation, Malaysian Chinese Association, the opposition are made up of the newly formed pact, the Coalition of Hope, the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party, the Socialist Party of Malaysia and other smaller parties. Although Malaysian politics has been stable, critics allege that the government, ruling party. However, since the 8 March 2008 General Election, the coverage on the countrys politics has noticeably increased. Early organised political movements in Malaysia were organised along regional and ethnic groups and were not political parties in the modern sense and these in turn were primarily influenced by the Egyptian Islamic reform magazine, al-Manar published in Cairo by Rashid Rida from 1898 to 1936. While these publications were concerned with the Islamic religion, it also touched extensively on the social, political. One of the first such movements was the New Hope Society that was established in Johor Bahru in 1916, the Sultan Idris Training College for Malay teachers in Tanjung Malim was fertile ground for the exchange of ideas. This magazine allowed for the discussion of larger issues as well political issues. Eunos himself was a Justice of Peace, a member of the Muslim Advisory Board set up by the administration during World War I. In his capacity as the chairman of the KM, he became the first Malay member of the Legislative Council of the Straits Settlements, one of the first issues championed by the KM was the appeal for land to be set aside for a Malay settlement. The appeal was granted and a sum of $700,000 was set aside for the KM to purchase and this settlement has evolved and is now part of the Eunos neighbourhood in Singapore. The KM also became the catalyst for the establishment of similar organisations in the states of the British Malaya such as the Penang Malay Association. People associated with the KM included the first President of Singapore, the KM survived World War II and entered into a political coalition with the United Malays National Organisation and the Malayan Chinese Association to form the Singapore Alliance Party. It however eventually faded away with the defeats of the Alliance in the 1955 legislative elections in Singapore
6.
Yang di-Pertuan Agong
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The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the monarch and head of state of Malaysia. The office was established in 1957 when the Federation of Malaya gained independence from the United Kingdom, Malaysia is a constitutional monarchy with an elected monarch as head of state. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is one of the few elected monarchs in the world and his queen consort is called Raja Permaisuri Agong. The couple are styled in English as His Majesty and Her Majesty, in Malaysias constitutional monarchy, Yang di-Pertuan Agong has extensive powers within the constitution. The constitution specifies that the power of the Federal government is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and is exercised by him on the advice of the federal Council of Ministers. The latter is headed by the Prime Minister, appointed by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong from among the members of Parliament. Among them, Yang di-Pertuan Agong has discretionary powers to choose who he wants as the Prime Minister and is not bound by the decision of the outgoing PM if no party has won a majority vote. It, however, does not afford him the right and authority to dismiss the PM and he also can dismiss or withhold consent to a request for the dissolution of Parliament. He may discontinue or dissolve Parliament but he can only dissolve Parliament at the request of the PM and he can reject any new laws or amendments to existing laws but if he still withholds permission, it will automatically become law after 30 days from the initial submission to him. The 15th and current Yang di-Pertuan Agong is Sultan Muhammad V of Kelantan and his reign began on 13 December 2016, after his election on 14 October 2016 at the 243rd Conference of Rulers. The ceremonial installation of the 15th Yang di-Pertuan Agong will be held on 24 April 2017, common English terms used in the media and by the general public include King, Paramount Ruler, Head of State, Head of the Federation, and Head of State of the Federation. In Malaysian passports prior to the 2010 redesign, the title The Supreme Head of Malaysia was used in the English version of the passport note, since the issuance of ICAO compliant e-passports in 2010, the untranslated title His Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia is used. In August 1957, having rejected the title of Yang di-Pertuan Besar in favour of Yang di-Pertuan Agong. By seniority, the 84-year-old major general Ibrahim of Johor, Sultan of Johor since 1895, was first in line, but he declined due to old age. The next in line, Abu Bakar of Pahang, Sultan of Pahang since 1932, was rejected five times by his fellow electors, abdul Rahman of Negeri Sembilan, having been elected to his state throne in 1933, was elected by eight votes to one. After a ruler had served as the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, he may not stand for election until all rulers of the states have also stood for election. In the event of a vacancy of the office, the Conference of Rulers elects a new Yang di-Pertuan Agong as if the term had expired. The new Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected for a full five-year term, after his term expires, the Conference holds a new election, in which the incumbent would not be re-elected
7.
Hisamuddin of Selangor
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He was the first son of Almarhum Sultan Alauddin Sulaiman Shah ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Musa by Cik Puan Hasnah binti Pilong, a commoner wife. Named Tengku Alam Shah at birth, he was not expected to succeed as he had two elder half-brothers, educated at the Malay College Kuala Kangsar, he was instrumental in the establishment of the Malay College Old Boys Association in 1929. In 1931, he was appointed Tengku Laksamana of Selangor, having served as Tengku Panglima Raja. Sultan Alaeddin Sulaiman Shah had many children, his first three sons in order being Tengku Musa Eddin, Tengku Badar Shah and Tengku Alam Shah. The first two sons were children by his consort, Tengku Ampuan Maharum binti Tengku Dhiauddin of the royal house of Kedah. In 1903, Tunku Musa Eddin had been made Tengku Mahkota and was promoted to Raja Muda or heir apparent in 1920, however, at the instigation of the British Resident, Theodore Samuel Adams, Tengku Musa Eddin was dismissed as Raja Muda in 1934 for alleged misbehaviour. Adams had accused Tengku Musa Eddin as a spendthrift and wastrel with a penchant for gambling, however, many Malays in Selangor believed the real reason for Tengku Musa Eddins dismissal was his refusal to follow Adams orders. Although Sultan Sulaiman pleaded for the case of Tengku Musa Eddin, the appointment occurred on 20 July 1936. Tengku Alam Shah was proclaimed Sultan on 4 April 1938, four days after the death of his father, on 26 January 1939, he was crowned at Istana Mahkota Puri in Klang. Tengku Musa Eddin, then Tengku Kelana Jaya Putera, presided over the ceremony, on 15 January 1942, Col. Fujiyama, the Japanese Military Governor of Selangor, invited Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah to Kings House in Kuala Lumpur. In an interview with Major-General Minaki the Sultan confessed that he had made speeches in support of the British war efforts but had been persuaded by the British resident to do so. Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah declined to work with the Japanese and from 1943, refused their allowance awarded to him, the return of the British finally brought Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah back to the throne, while ex-Sultan Musa was exiled to the Cocos Keeling Islands. Although he had signed the Malayan Union treaty, like all other Malay rulers, he later repudiated it, on 1 March 1946, Sultan Alam Shah officiated the First Malay Unity Congress at the Sultan Sulaiman Club in Kuala Lumpur which was instrumental in creating UMNO. The Congress was organised by the Selangor Malay Society which had as its president the scholar Zainal Abidin Ahmad, on 3 August 1957, by eight votes to one, Sultan Alam Shah was elected Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong of independent Malaya. Sultan Alam Shah was elected second Yang di-Pertuan Agong or federal Paramount Ruler of independent Malaya on the death of Tuanku Abdul Rahman and his term of office began on 14 April 1960. On 30 July 1960 he proclaimed the end of the Emergency in Malaya, Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah died from an unidentified illness at Istana Negara in Kuala Lumpur on 1 September 1960, aged 62, the day fixed for his installation. He was interred at the Royal Mausoleum near Sultan Sulaiman Mosque in Klang and he was succeeded by his son by Raja Jemaah, Tengku Abdul Aziz Shah, as Sultan of Selangor, taking the title of Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah. Sultan Salahuddin later became the 11th Yang di-Pertuan Agong and also died while in office like his father, Sekolah Alam Shah, first in Cheras and then in Putrajaya, was named after him
8.
Putra of Perlis
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Tuanku Syed Harun Putra ibni Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullail, KCMG was the third Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia of Federation of Malaya, and later of Malaysia, and sixth Raja of Perlis from. He was the son of Syed Hassan bin Syed Mahmud Jamalullail, sometime Bakal Raja or heir presumptive to the throne of Perlis, born in Arau, he was educated at the Arau Malay School and later at Penang Free School between 1937 and 1939. At the age of 18, he joined the Perlis administrative service, becoming a magistrate, the fourth Raja of Perlis, Syed Alwi ibni Almarhum Syed Safi Jamalullail was childless. However, he had several half-brothers who were competing for the role of heir presumptive, the succession to the Perlis throne was not automatic and an heir presumptive had to be confirmed in that post by the State Council comprising the Raja and several others. Syed Putras paternal grandfather Syed Mahmud, was the oldest son of Raja Syed Safi ibni Almarhum Syed Alwi Jamalullail and he was also a half brother of Raja Syed Alwi. He served as Raja Muda until 1912 when he was convicted and jailed in Alor Star, two years later, he died in Alor Star. On 6 December 1934, Syed Mahmuds son Syed Hassan was, however, Syed Hassan died on 18 October 1935. On 30 April 1938, again by a three to one vote, the State Council chose Syed Putra as the Bakal Raja, however, the British colonial rulers supported Syed Putra. On the outbreak of the World War II, Raja Syed Alwi retreated to Kuala Kangsar and he returned to Perlis on 28 December 1941 but was already very ill and state affairs were exercised by Syed Hamzah. Syed Putra was at the serving in the judiciary in Kuala Kumpur and had been advised by Sultan Musa Ghiatuddin Riayat Shah of Selangor to remain there. In May 1942, Syed Hamzah persuaded Raja Syed Alwi to withdraw Syed Putras appointment as Bakal Raja, Syed Putra and his family stayed in Klang until 15 May 1942 when he returned to Perlis. He lived in a hut near the Arau railway station and received a $90 a month allowance from Raja Syed Alwi, on 29 March 1945 he left for Kelantan, the home state of his consort Tengku Budriah, where he sold cakes and sundry goods for a living. The British Military Administration under Lord Louis Mountbatten refused to recognise Syed Hamzah as Raja, on 18 September 1945, Syed Hamzah abdicated. He went into exile in Thailand and died in Arau on 20 February 1958, on 4 December 1945 the British proclaimed Syed Putra as sixth Raja of Perlis. He returned to Perlis from Kelantan, via Padang Besar and he was installed on 12 March 1949. Raja Syed Putra objected to the Malayan Union treaty on the grounds that it contravened the 1930 British-Perlis Treaty giving governing power to the Raja-in-council, however, his protests that he signed under duress was rejected by the British. Subsequently, like all other Malay rulers, Raja Syed Putra repudiated the Malayan Union treaty, Raja Syed Putra was elected Deputy Yang di-Pertuan Agong by the Malay rulers and served in that office from 14 April 1960 until the death of Sultan Hisamuddin Alam Shah on 1 September 1960. Raja Syed Putra was elected third Yang di-Pertuan Agong of independent Malaya and he was installed at Istana Negara on 4 January 1961
9.
Hari Merdeka
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Hari Merdeka, also known as Hari Kebangsaan, refers to the day when the Federation of Malayas independence from the British Empire was officially declared. To commemorate the event, Hari Merdeka was declared a holiday in Malaysia. Once it became clear that the Communist threat posed during the Malayan Emergency was petering out, agreement was reached on 8 February 1956, the announcement of the day was set months earlier by the Tunku in a Melaka meeting of the Alliance. On the night of 30 August 1957, crowds gathered at the Dataran merdeka Padang in Kuala Lumpur to witness the handover of power from the British. Prime Minister-designate Tunku Abdul Rahman arrived at 11,58 p. m. on the stroke of midnight, the lights were switched back on, and the Union Flag in the square was lowered. The new Flag of Malaya was raised as the national anthem Negaraku was played and this was followed by seven chants of Merdeka by the crowd. Tunku Abdul Rahman later gave a speech hailing the ceremony as the greatest moment in the life of the Malayan people. Before giving the address to the crowd, he was given a necklace by representatives of the Alliance Party youth in honour of this occasion in history. The event ended at one in the morning the next day, on the morning of 31 August 1957, the festivities moved to the newly completed Merdeka Stadium. More than 20,000 people witnessed the ceremony, which began at 9,30 a. m and those in attendance included rulers of the Malay states, foreign dignitaries, members of the federal cabinet, and citizens. The Queens representative, the Duke of Gloucester presented Tunku Abdul Rahman with the instrument of independence, Tunku then proceeded to read the Proclamation of Independence, which culminated in the chanting of Merdeka. Seven times with the crowd joining in, sports events and other events marked the birth of the new nation. However, it was postponed to 16 September 1963, mainly due to Indonesian, nevertheless, North Borneo and Singapore declared sovereignty on 31 August 1963. Indonesian opposition later escalated to a military conflict, indonesia considered Malaysia as a new form of colonisation on the provinces of Sarawak and North Borneo in the island of Borneo. However, they did not lay claim upon the two territories, unlike Philippines claim on the part of Sabah. Their eventual findings which indicated substantial support for Malaysia among the peoples of Sabah and Sarawak, the formation of the Federation of Malaysia was then announced on 16 September 1963, as Malaysia Day. The nationwide Independence Day celebration is held on 31 August. However, this has caused minor discontent among East Malaysians in particular since it has been argued that celebrating the national day on 31 August is too Malaya-centric
10.
Malaysia Agreement
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Singapore later ceased to be a part of Malaysia, becoming an independent state on 9 August 1965. It came into being in 1946, through a series of agreements between the United Kingdom and Malayan Union, the Malayan Union was superseded by the Federation of Malaya on 1 February 1948, and achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957. The committee is also a successor to the former Committee on Information from Non-Self-Governing Territories and it stated that all people have a right to self-determination and proclaimed that colonialism should be brought to a speedy and unconditional end. Under the Malaysia Agreement signed between Great Britain and the Federation of Malaya, Britain would enact an Act to relinquish control over Singapore, Sarawak. The issue of self-determination with respect to the peoples of North Borneo, Sarawak and it has accordingly been decided to set up a Commission to carry out this task and to make recommendations. The five-man team, which comprised two Malayans and three British representatives, was headed by Lord Cobbold. In Singapore, the Peoples Action Party sought merger with Malaysia on the basis of the mandate it obtained during the general elections of 1959 when it won 43 of the 51 seats. However, this mandate became questionable when dissension within the Party led to a split, in July 1961, following a debate on a vote of confidence in the government,13 PAP Assemblymen were expelled from the PAP for abstaining. They went on to form a new party, the Barisan Sosialis. More defections occurred until the PAP had a majority of just one seat in the Assembly, given this situation, it would have been impossible to rely on the mandate achieved in 1959 to move forth with merger. A new mandate was necessary, especially since the Barisan argued that the terms of merger offered were detrimental to the Singapore people. While Brunei sent a delegation to the signing of the Malaysia Agreement, United Nations General Assembly 18th Session - the Question of Malaysia Malaysia Timeline by the BBC News Channel. Allen, J. de V. Stockwell, Anthony J. Wright, a collection of treaties and other documents affecting the states of Malaysia 1761-1963
Malaysia
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