1.
Village sign
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In many parts of southern England an ornamental village sign is erected to announce the village name to those entering the village. They are typically placed on the road entrance or in a prominent location such as a village green. The design often depicts a particularly characteristic feature of the village or a scene from its history, heritage and they are typically made of wood or metal or a combination of both, the designs are often made by the local community. Ornamental timber and iron signs were common historically to identify buildings of such as inns or town halls. The spread of interest beyond Norfolk can be attributed to Prince Albert and this prompted the Daily Mail to run a nationwide village sign competition. The prize fund exceeded £2,000 and ten awards were made, the winning schemes were exhibited at Australia House, London in October 1920. The village sign at Biddenden, Kent, featuring the two Biddenden Maids, was one of the successful Daily Mail competition entries, so too was the sign at Bromley, Kent. In 1924, King George VI recommended that the old custom of identifying villages with carved or painted name signs could be revived, in some places village signs have been surveyed and recorded. In Kent signs have been erected in more than half of the county villages have been identified, in 1929, Harry Carter, an art and woodwork master at Hamonds Grammar School, carved a sign for his home town. By the time of his death in 1983 he had carved over 200 town, while the practice is now widespread, decorative village signs are still common in Norfolk and in the neighbouring county of Suffolk as well as Essex and other East Anglian counties. Some village signs take the form of sculptures, such as the sign at Capel St Andrew in Suffolk, Village Sign Society Village signs on NorfolkCoast. co. uk Norfolk Village Signs Geograph article and photo-record of the Village Signs in Kent
2.
Norfolk
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Norfolk /ˈnɔːrfək/ is a county in East Anglia in England. It borders Lincolnshire to the west and north-west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea and, to the north-west, The Wash. With an area of 2,074 square miles and a population of 859,400, of the countys population, 40% live in four major built up areas, Norwich, Great Yarmouth, Kings Lynn and Thetford. The Broads is a network of rivers and lakes in the east of the county, the area is not a National Park although it is marketed as such. It has similar status to a park, and is protected by the Broads Authority. Norfolk was settled in times, with camps along the higher land in the west. A Brythonic tribe, the Iceni, inhabited the county from the 1st century BC to the end of the 1st century AD, the Iceni revolted against the Roman invasion in AD47, and again in 60 led by Boudica. The crushing of the second opened the county to the Romans. During the Roman era roads and ports were constructed throughout the county, situated on the east coast, Norfolk was vulnerable to invasions from Scandinavia and Northern Europe, and forts were built to defend against the Angles and Saxons. Norfolk, Suffolk and several adjacent areas became the kingdom of East Anglia, the influence of the Early English settlers can be seen in the many place names ending in -ton and -ham. Endings such as -by and -thorpe are also common, indicating Danish place names, in the 9th century the region came under attack. In the centuries before the Norman Conquest the wetlands of the east of the county began to be converted to farmland, and settlements grew in these areas. Migration into East Anglia must have high, by the time of the Domesday Book survey it was one of the most densely populated parts of the British Isles. During the high and late Middle Ages the county developed arable agriculture, the economy was in decline by the time of the Black Death, which dramatically reduced the population in 1349. During the English Civil War Norfolk was largely Parliamentarian, the economy and agriculture of the region declined somewhat. During the Industrial Revolution Norfolk developed little industry except in Norwich which was an addition to the railway network. In the 20th century the county developed a role in aviation, during the Second World War agriculture rapidly intensified, and it has remained very intensive since, with the establishment of large fields for growing cereals and oilseed rape. Norfolks low-lying land and easily eroded cliffs, many of which are chalk and clay, make it vulnerable to the sea, the low-lying section of coast between Kelling and Lowestoft Ness in Suffolk is currently managed by the Environment Agency to protect the Broads from sea flooding
3.
United Kingdom Census 2011
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A census of the population of the United Kingdom is taken every ten years. The 2011 census was held in all countries of the UK on 27 March 2011 and it was the first UK census which could be completed online via the Internet. The Office for National Statistics is the office of the UK Statistics Authority, a non-ministerial department formed in 2008. ONS designs, manages and runs the census in England and Wales, the first results from the 2011 census, age and sex, and occupied households estimates for England and Wales and Northern Ireland, were released on 16 July 2012. The first results for Scotland, and the first UK-wide results, were published on 17 December 2012, more detailed and specialised data were published from 2013. The Registrar General John Rickman conducted the first census of Great Britains population, from 1911 onwards rapid social change, scientific breakthroughs, and major world events affected the structure of the population. The 1971 census was run by the newly created Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, in 1996 the Office for National Statistics was formed by merging the Central Statistical Office, OPCS and the statistics division of the Department of Employment, the first census it ran was in 2001. In 2008 the UK Statistics Authority was established as an independent body, a population census is a key instrument for assessing the needs of local communities. When related to data sources such as housing or agricultural censuses, or sample surveys. Most countries of the world take censuses, the United Nations recommends that countries take a census at least once every ten years, other organisations that use census data include healthcare organisations, community groups, researchers and businesses. The 2011 census for England and Wales included around 25 million households, people could complete and submit their questionnaire online, or fill it in on paper and post it back in a pre-addressed envelope. Guidance was provided online and through the census helpline, completed questionnaires were electronically tracked and field staff followed up with households that did not return a questionnaire. In these cases field staff delivered and collected questionnaires and, where needed, provided advice or assistance in completing the questionnaire, there was a legal requirement to complete the 2011 census questionnaire, under the terms of the Census Act 1920. As at 27 March 2011 everyone who had lived or intended to live in the country for three months or more was required to complete a questionnaire, failure to return a completed questionnaire could lead to a fine and criminal record. The contract is valued at £150 million, approximately one third of the total £482 million census budget, concerns were raised during contract negotiations that the US PATRIOT Act could be used to force Lockheed Martin to reveal census data to US authorities. The Cabinet Office state that Lockheed Martin will develop the systems used to process census data, neither Lockheed Martin UK nor any Lockheed Martin employee will have access to personal Census data. The Office for National Statistics stated that no census information will ever leave the UK or be seen by any American-owned company. Several groups called for a boycott of the census over the involvement of Lockheed Martin, including the Stop the War Coalition, and the Christian thinktank Ekklesia
4.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
5.
Ordnance Survey National Grid
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The Ordnance Survey National Grid reference system is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain, different from using Latitude and Longitude. It is often called British National Grid, the Ordnance Survey devised the national grid reference system, and it is heavily used in their survey data, and in maps based on those surveys. Grid references are commonly quoted in other publications and data sources. The Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system is used to provide references for worldwide locations. European-wide agencies also use UTM when mapping locations, or may use the Military Grid Reference System system, the grid is based on the OSGB36 datum, and was introduced after the retriangulation of 1936–1962. It replaced the previously used Cassini Grid which, up to the end of World War Two, had issued only to the military. The Airy ellipsoid is a regional best fit for Britain, more modern mapping tends to use the GRS80 ellipsoid used by the GPS, the British maps adopt a Transverse Mercator projection with an origin at 49° N, 2° W. Over the Airy ellipsoid a straight grid, the National Grid, is placed with a new false origin. This false origin is located south-west of the Isles of Scilly, the distortion created between the OS grid and the projection is countered by a scale factor in the longitude to create two lines of longitude with zero distortion rather than one. Grid north and true north are aligned on the 400 km easting of the grid which is 2° W. 2° 0′ 5″ W. OSGB36 was also used by Admiralty nautical charts until 2000 after which WGS84 has been used, a geodetic transformation between OSGB36 and other terrestrial reference systems can become quite tedious if attempted manually. The most common transformation is called the Helmert datum transformation, which results in a typical 7 m error from true, the definitive transformation from ETRS89 that is published by the OSGB is called the National Grid Transformation OSTN02. This models the detailed distortions in the 1936–1962 retriangulation, and achieves backwards compatibility in grid coordinates to sub-metre accuracy, the difference between the coordinates on different datums varies from place to place. The longitude and latitude positions on OSGB36 are the same as for WGS84 at a point in the Atlantic Ocean well to the west of Great Britain. In Cornwall, the WGS84 longitude lines are about 70 metres east of their OSGB36 equivalents, the smallest datum shift is on the west coast of Scotland and the greatest in Kent. But Great Britain has not shrunk by 100+ metres, a point near Lands End now computes to be 27.6 metres closer to a point near Duncansby Head than it did under OSGB36. For the first letter, the grid is divided into squares of size 500 km by 500 km, there are four of these which contain significant land area within Great Britain, S, T, N and H. The O square contains an area of North Yorkshire, almost all of which lies below mean high tide
6.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
7.
Civil parish
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In England, a civil parish is a territorial designation which is the lowest tier of local government below districts and counties, or their combined form, the unitary authority. It is a parish, in contrast to an ecclesiastical parish. A civil parish can range in size from a town with a population of around 80,000 to a single village with fewer than a hundred inhabitants. In a limited number of cases a parish might include a city where city status has been granted by the Monarch. Reflecting this diverse nature, a parish may be known as a town, village. Approximately 35% of the English population live in a civil parish, as of 31 December 2015 there were 10,449 parishes in England. On 1 April 2014, Queens Park became the first civil parish in Greater London, before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London borough. The division of land into ancient parishes was linked to the system, parishes. The manor was the unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy. Later the church replaced the court as the rural administrative centre. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to levy a rate to fund relief of the poor was conferred on the authorities by the Act for the Relief of the Poor 1601. Both before and after this optional social change, local charities are well-documented, the parish authorities were known as vestries and consisted of all the ratepayers of the parish. As the number of ratepayers of some parishes grew, it increasingly difficult to convene meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the body of ratepayers. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite, by the 18th century, religious membership was becoming more fractured in some places, due for instance to the progress of Methodism. The legitimacy of the parish came into question and the perceived inefficiency. Sanitary districts covered England in 1875 and Ireland three years later, the replacement boards were each entitled to levy their own rate in the parish. The church rate ceased to be levied in many parishes and became voluntary from 1868, the ancient parishes diverged into two distinct systems of parishes during the 19th century
8.
Districts of England
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The districts of England are a level of subnational division of England used for the purposes of local government. As the structure of government in England is not uniform. Some districts are styled as boroughs, cities, or royal boroughs, these are purely honorific titles, prior to the establishment of districts in the 1890s, the basic unit of local government in England was the parish overseen by the parish church vestry committee. Vestries dealt with the administraction of both parochial and secular governmental matters, parishes were the successors of the manorial system and historically had been grouped into hundreds. Hundreds once exercised some supervising administrative function, however, these powers ebbed away as more and more civic and judicial powers were centred on county towns. From 1834 these parishes were grouped into Poor Law Unions, creating areas for administration of the Poor Law and these areas were later used for census registration and as the basis for sanitary provision. In 1894, based on these earlier subdivisions, the Local Government Act 1894 created urban districts and rural districts as sub-divisions of administrative counties, another reform in 1900 created 28 metropolitan boroughs as sub-divisions of the County of London. Meanwhile, from this date parish-level local government administration was transferred to civil parishes, the setting-down of the current structure of districts in England began in 1965, when Greater London and its 32 London boroughs were created. They are the oldest type of still in use. In 1974, metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties were created across the rest of England and were split into metropolitan districts, in London power is now shared again, albeit on a different basis, with the Greater London Authority. During the 1990s a further kind of district was created, the unitary authority, metropolitan boroughs are a subdivision of a metropolitan county. These are similar to unitary authorities, as the county councils were abolished in 1986. Most of the powers of the county councils were devolved to the districts but some services are run by joint boards, the districts typically have populations of 174,000 to 1.1 million. Non-metropolitan districts are second-tier authorities, which share power with county councils and they are subdivisions of shire counties and the most common type of district. These districts typically have populations of 25,000 to 200,000, the number of non-metropolitan districts has varied over time. Initially there were 296, after the creation of unitary authorities in the 1990s and late 2000s and these are single-tier districts which are responsible for running all local services in their areas, combining both county and district functions. They were created in the out of non-metropolitan districts, and often cover large towns. In addition, some of the smaller such as Rutland, Herefordshire
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North Norfolk
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North Norfolk is a local government district in Norfolk, United Kingdom. Its council is based in Cromer, the council headquarters can be found approximately 1 mile from the town centre of Cromer on the road to Holt and there is a smaller office for callers in Fakenham. The population of the Local Authority District at the 2011 Census was 101,149, the district was formed on 1 April 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972. Elections to the council are held every four years, with all of the 48 seats on the council up for election every fourth year. The Council is run by a Conservative administration, the Conservative party having gained a majority of 8 seats at the 2011 elections, the council had previously been under Liberal Democrat control from 2003. In the 2015 elections, the Conservatives won a second term after more than doubling their majority to 18. The district is run using the Leader and Cabinet model used by the majority of councils in England and Wales, at the time of the 2001 census, the district had an area of 994 square kilometres, with a population of 98,382 in 43,502 households. Visit North Norfolk North Norfolk District Council North Norfolk Online North Norfolk Railway Gallery of North Norfolk - Photographs of North Norfolk North Norfolk Coast Events Calendar
10.
Regions of England
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The regions are the highest tier of sub-national division in England. Between 1994 and 2011, nine regions had officially devolved functions within Government, while they no longer fulfil this role, they continue to be used for statistical and some administrative purposes. They define areas for the purposes of elections to the European Parliament, Eurostat also uses them to demarcate first level Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics regions within the European Union. The regions generally follow the boundaries of the former standard regions, the London region has a directly elected Mayor and Assembly. Six regions have local authority leaders boards to assist with correlating the headline policies of local authorities, the remaining two regions no longer have any administrative functions, having abolished their regional local authority leaders boards. In 1998, regional chambers were established in the eight regions outside of London, the regions also had an associated Government Office with some responsibility for coordinating policy, and, from 2007, a part-time regional minister within the Government. House of Commons regional Select Committees were established in 2009, Regional ministers were not reappointed by the incoming Coalition Government, and the Government Offices were abolished in 2011. Regional development agencies were public bodies established in all nine regions in 1998 to promote economic development and they had certain delegated functions, including administering European Union regional development funds, and received funding the central government as well. After about 500 AD, England comprised seven Anglo-Saxon territories – Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, the boundaries of some of these, which later unified as the Kingdom of England, roughly coincide with those of modern regions. During Oliver Cromwells Protectorate in the 1650s, the rule of the Major-Generals created 10 regions in England, proposals for administrative regions within England were mooted by the British government prior to the First World War. In 1912 the Third Home Rule Bill was passing through parliament, the Bill was expected to introduce a devolved parliament for Ireland, and as a consequence calls were made for similar structures to be introduced in Great Britain or Home Rule All Round. On 12 September the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, within England, he suggested that London, Lancashire, Yorkshire, and the Midlands would make natural regions. While the creation of regional parliaments never became official policy, it was for a widely anticipated. In 1946 nine standard regions were set up, in central government bodies, statutory undertakings. However, these had declined in importance by the late 1950s, creation of some form of provinces or regions for England was an intermittent theme of post-Second World War British governments. The Redcliffe-Maud Report proposed the creation of eight provinces in England, one-fifth of the advisory councils would be nominees from central government. The boundaries suggested were the eight now existing for economic planning purposes, a minority report by Lord Crowther-Hunt and Alan T. Peacock suggested instead seven regional assemblies and governments within Great Britain, some elements of regional development and economic planning began to be established in England from the mid-1960s onwards
11.
East of England
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The East of England is one of nine official regions of England at the first level of NUTS for statistical purposes. It was created in 1994 and was adopted for statistics from 1999 and it includes the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. Essex has the highest population in the region and its population at the 2011 census was 5,847,000. Bedford, Luton, Basildon, Peterborough, Southend-on-Sea, Norwich, Ipswich, Colchester, Chelmsford, the southern part of the region lies in the London commuter belt. The region has the lowest elevation range in the UK, North Cambridgeshire and the Essex Coast have most of the around 5% of the region which is below 10 metres above sea level. The Fens are partly in North Cambridgeshire which is notable for the lowest point in the country in the land of the village of Holme 2.75 metres below sea level which was once Whittlesey Mere. The highest point is at Clipper Down at 817 ft, in the far corner of the region in the Ivinghoe Hills. In the late 1960s, the Roskill Commission considered Thurleigh in Bedfordshire, Nuthampstead in Hertfordshire, the East of England succeeded the standard statistical region East Anglia. The East of England civil defence region was identical to todays region, England between the Wash and Thames Estuary has since post-Roman times been and continues to be known as East Anglia, including the county traversing the west of this line, Cambridgeshire. Essex, despite meaning East-Saxons, previously formed part of the South East England, as did Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire, the earliest use of the term is from 1695. Charles Davenant, in An essay upon ways and means of supplying the war, wrote, The Eleven Home Counties, then cited a list including these four. The term does not appear to have used in taxation since the 18th century. East Anglia is one of the driest parts of the United Kingdom with average rainfall ranging from 450 mm to 750 mm. This is usually because low pressure systems and weather fronts from the Atlantic have lost a lot of their moisture over land by the time they reach Eastern England, however the Fens in Cambridgeshire are prone to flooding should a strong system affect the area. Northerly winds can also be cold but are not usually as cold as easterly winds, westerly winds bring milder and, typically, wetter weather. Southerly winds usually bring mild air but chill if coming from further east than Spain, spring is a transitional season that can be chilly to start with but is usually warm by late-April/May. The weather at this time is often changeable and occasionally showery, summer is usually warm and continental air from mainland Europe or the Azores High usually leads to at least a few weeks of hot, balmy weather with prolonged warm to hot weather. The number of storms from the Atlantic, such as the remnants of a tropical storm usually coincides with the location of the jet stream
12.
Countries of the United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom comprises four countries, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Within the United Kingdom, a sovereign state, Northern Ireland, Scotland. England, comprising the majority of the population and area of the United Kingdom, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales are not themselves listed in the International Organization for Standardization list of countries. However the ISO list of the subdivisions of the UK, compiled by British Standards, Northern Ireland, in contrast, is described as a province in the same lists. Each has separate governing bodies for sports and compete separately in many international sporting competitions. Northern Ireland also forms joint All-Island sporting bodies with the Republic of Ireland for most sports, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man are dependencies of the Crown and are not part of the UK. Similarly, the British overseas territories, remnants of the British Empire, are not part of the UK, southern Ireland left the United Kingdom under the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922. * Figures for GVA do not include oil and gas revenues generated beyond the UKs territorial waters, various terms have been used to describe England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Wales was described as the country, principality, and dominion of Wales, outside Wales, England was not given a specific name or term. The Laws in Wales Acts have subsequently been repealed, the Acts of Union 1707 refer to both England and Scotland as a part of a united kingdom of Great Britain The Acts of Union 1800 use part in the same way to refer to England and Scotland. The Northern Ireland Act 1998, which repealed the Government of Ireland Act 1920, the Interpretation Act 1978 provides statutory definitions of the terms England, Wales and the United Kingdom, but neither that Act nor any other current statute defines Scotland or Northern Ireland. Use of the first three terms in other legislation is interpreted following the definitions in the 1978 Act and this definition applies from 1 April 1974. United Kingdom means Great Britain and Northern Ireland and this definition applies from 12 April 1927. In 1996 these 8 new counties were redistributed into the current 22 unitary authorities, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are regions in their own right while England has been divided into nine regions. The official term rest of the UK is used in Scotland, for example in export statistics and this term is also used in the context of potential Scottish independence to mean the UK without Scotland. The alternative term Home Nations is sometimes used in sporting contexts, the second, or civic group, contained the items about feeling British, respecting laws and institutions, speaking English, and having British citizenship. Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain, studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and it reported that 37% of people identified as British, whilst 29% identified as Irish and 24% identified as Northern Irish
13.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
15.
Postcodes in the United Kingdom
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Postal codes used in the United Kingdom are known as postcodes. They are alphanumeric and were adopted nationally between 11 October 1959 and 1974, having been devised by the GPO, a full postcode is known as a postcode unit and designates an area with a number of addresses or a single major delivery point. For example, the postcode of the University of Roehampton in London is SW15 5PU, the postcode of GCHQ is GL51 0EX, where GL signifies the postal town of Gloucester. The postal town refers to an area and does not relate to a specific town. GL51 is one of the postcodes for the town of Cheltenham which is where GCHQ is located, the London post town covers 40% of Greater London. On inception it was divided into ten districts, EC, WC, N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W. The S and NE sectors were later abolished and these divisions changed little, usually only changed for operational efficiency. Some older road signs in Hackney still indicate the North East sector/district, following the successful introduction of postal districts in London, the system was extended to other large towns and cities. Liverpool was divided into Eastern, Northern, Southern and Western districts in 1864/65, in 1917 Dublin – then still part of the United Kingdom – was divided into numbered postal districts. These continue in use in a form by An Post. In 1923 Glasgow was divided in a way to London. In January 1932 the Postmaster General approved the designation of some urban areas into numbered districts. In November 1934 the Post Office announced the introduction of numbered districts in every town in the United Kingdom large enough to justify it. Pamphlets were issued to each householder and business in ten areas notifying them of the number of the district in which their premises lay, the pamphlets included a map of the districts, and copies were made available at local head post offices. The public were invited to include the district number in the address at the head of letters. A publicity campaign in the following year encouraged the use of the district numbers, the slogan for the campaign was For speed and certainty always use a postal district number on your letters and notepaper. A poster was fixed to every box in the affected areas bearing the number of the district. Every post office in the district was also to display this information
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Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom
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Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom are administered by the UK governments Office of Communications. For this purpose Ofcom established a telephone numbering plan, known as the National Telephone Numbering Plan, since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national numbers after the 0 trunk code, regions with shorter area codes, typically large cities, permit the allocation of more telephone numbers as the local number portion has more digits. Local customer numbers are four to eight figures long, the total number of digits is ten, but in a very few areas the total may be nine digits. The area code is referred to as an STD or a dialling code in the UK. The code allocated to the largest population is for London, the code allocated to the largest area is for all of Northern Ireland. The UK Numbering Plan also applies to three British Crown dependencies—Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man—even though they are not part of the UK itself. Possible number formats for UK telephone numbers are as follows, Number ranges starting 01 can have NSN length as 10 or 9 digits, the 0800 range can have NSN length as 10,9 or 7 digits. The 0845 range can have NSN length as 10 or 7 digits, the 0500 range has NSN length as 9 digits only. There are no numbers in the UK with an NSN length of 8 digits. Geographic telephone numbers in the UK always have nine or ten digits, four-digit area codes have either six-digit subscriber numbers or a mix of five- and six-digit subscriber numbers. Xxxxxx This is the used by most areas. It has an area code and a six digit subscriber number. These area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995. Just short of 581 areas use this format, and the area range from 01200 to 01998. A small number of areas also have a few subscriber numbers that have only five digits. That is, almost all area codes now have only six digit local numbers, six of the four-digit area codes are known as mixed areas as they share those four digits with the twelve five-digit area codes. The numbers therefore have only nine digits after the initial zero trunk code and these area codes were changed by adding a 1 directly after the initial zero as a part of PhONEday in 1995
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Norfolk Constabulary
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Norfolk Constabulary is the territorial police force responsible for the county of Norfolk in England. In March 2016 the force had a strength of 1,515 constables,915 police staff,251 special constables and 171 PCSOs, Norfolk Constabulary was founded in 1839 under the County Police Act 1839, and was one of the first county forces to be formed. In 1965, it had an establishment of 636 officers and a strength of 529. In 1968 it amalgamated with Norwich City Police and Great Yarmouth Borough Police to form Norfolk Joint Constabulary, in 1974 it returned to the name Norfolk Constabulary. The Norfolk Police Authority was enthusiastic for the merger, but the forces were not. On 2 January 2007, Ian McPherson became the new Chief Constable of Norfolk Constabulary, originally from Lancashire, his previous position was Deputy Chief Constable of North Yorkshire Police. In 2008 the force changed uniforms to black combat style trousers with a shirt but reverted to the more traditional white shirt. It has since reverted back to the polo shirt, wisekids, Norfolk Constabularys youth website for children aged between 7-12. Norfolk Constabulary Official Twitter page Norfolk Constabulary Official Facebook page Norfolk Constabulary Official YouTube page
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Fire services in the United Kingdom
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The fire services in the United Kingdom operate under separate legislative and administrative arrangements in England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland. Emergency cover is provided by over fifty fire and rescue services, many FRS were previously known as brigades or county fire services, but almost all now use the standard terminology. They are distinct from and governed by an authority, which is the legislative, public and administrative body. Fire authorities in England and Wales, and therefore fire and rescue services, Scotland and Northern Ireland have centralised fire and rescue services, and so their authorities are effectively committees of the devolved parliaments. The total budget for services in 2014-15 was £2.9 billion. The devolved government in Scotland has an agency, HMFSI Scotland. This Act provided for centralised co-ordination of fire brigades in Great Britain,1947, Fire Services Act 1947 This Act transferred the functions of the National Fire Service to local authorities. Now repealed entirely in England and Wales by Schedule 2 of the Fire,1959, Fire Services Act 1959 This Act amended the 1947 Act, it dealt with pensions, staffing arrangements and provision of services by other authorities. It was repealed in England and Wales along with the 1947 Act,1999, Greater London Authority Act 1999 This act was necessary to allow for the formation of the Greater London Authority and in turn the London Fire and Emergency Planning Authority. In 2002, there was a series of fire strikes. In December 2002, the Independent Review of the Fire Service was published with the action still ongoing. Bains report ultimately led to a change in the relating to firefighting. 2002, Independent Review of the Fire Service published 2004, Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004, generally only applying to England and it came into force on 1 October 2006. The DfCLG has published a set of guides for non-domestic premises,2006, The Government of Wales Act 2006 gave the National Assembly for Wales powers to pass laws on Fire, promotion of fire safety otherwise than by prohibition or regulation. But does not prevent future legislation being passed by the UK government which applies to two or more constituent countries, There are further plans to modernise the fire service according to the Local Government Association. The fire service in England and Wales is scrutinised by a House of Commons select committee, in June 2006, the fire and rescue service select committee, under the auspices of the Communities and Local Government Committee, published its latest report. For example, where FRSs were historically inspected by HMFSI, much of this work is now carried out by the National Audit Office, Fire Control On 8 February 2010 the House of Commons Communities and Local Government Select Committee heard evidence on the Fire Control project. Called to give evidence were Cllr Brian Coleman and Cllr James Pearson from the Local Government Association, also giving evidence Matt Wrack from the Fire Brigades Union and John Bonney Chief Fire Officers Association
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Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service
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Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service is the statutory fire and rescue service for the county of Norfolk in the east of England. The county consists of around 870,100 people and 2,074 square miles, the Headquarters of Norfolk Fire and Rescue Service is in the village of Hethersett which is 6 miles south-west of Norwich. The full address is Whitegates, Hethersett, NR9 3DN, Whitegates was commandeered for use by the National Fire Service during the Second World War and was eventually purchased by Norfolk County Council in 1950. The building was built as a home in the late eighteenth century and has had various owners over the years. New building at the rear of the house in recent times has replaced the coach house. In 2014-15 the NFRS attended 7,285 incidents where 749 people were rescued and 63 fatalities, mainly consisting of 2143 fires,2809 special services and 2333 false alarms which required no further action. The service have noticed a reduction in the number of fires they attend,35 Rescue Pumps, the standard firefighting vehicle mobilised to all emergency calls. 4 Heavy Rescue Pumps, very similar to the pump, however more emphasis on rescue operations. 29 Water Tenders, similar to the pump, however less emphasis on on rescue equipment. The Norfolk team comprises 15 wholetime USAR technicians and 16 retained technicians along with a search dog, the team is based in Dereham in central Norfolk alongside the towns retained crew. 1991 Thetford - Plastic recycling centre, a large fire which burned for four days 1994 Norwich - Norwich library destroyed by fire. The signal box was not alerted to the accident for 24 minutes 2013 Swaffham - Fish,2016 Great Yarmouth -20 plus appliances and 88 firecrew attend large fire on Regent road inside Regent Arcade and Super Bowl UK Regent
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Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom
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Emergency care including ambulance and emergency department treatment is free to everyone, regardless of immigration or visitor status. The NHS commissions most emergency services through the 14 NHS organisations with ambulance responsibility across the UK. As with other services, the public normally access emergency medical services through one of the valid emergency telephone numbers. This led to the formation of predominantly county based ambulance services, which gradually merged up and changed responsibilities until 2006, when there were 31 NHS ambulance trusts in England. Following further changes as part of the NHS foundation trust pathway, the commissioners in each region are responsible for contracting with a suitable organisation to provide ambulance services within their geographical territory. The primary contract for each area is held by a public NHS body, of which there are 11 in England. The service was operated before reorganisation in 1974 by the St Andrews’ Ambulance Association under contract to the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Northern Ireland Ambulance Service was established in 1995 by parliamentary order, and serves the whole of Northern Ireland. The Welsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust was established on 1 April 1998, there is a large market for private and voluntary ambulance services, with the sector being worth £800m to the UK economy in 2012. This places the voluntary providers in direct competition with private services, expenditure on private ambulances in England increased from £37m in 2011−12 to £67. 5m in 2013/4, rising in London from £796,000 to more than £8. 8m. In 2014−15, these 10 ambulance services spent £57.6 million on 333,329 callouts of private or voluntary services - an increase of 156% since 2010−11, in 2013, the CQC found 97% of private ambulance services to be providing good care. These private, registered services are represented by the Independent Ambulance Association, there are also a number of unregistered services operating, who do not provide ambulance transport, but only provide response on an event site. These firms are not regulated, and are not subject to the checks as the registered providers, although they may operate similar vehicles. There are a number of ambulance providers, sometimes known as Voluntary Aid Services or Voluntary Aid Societies, with the main ones being the British Red Cross. The history of the ambulance services pre-dates any government organised service. As they are in competition for work with the private ambulance providers. Voluntary organisations have also provided cover for the public when unionised NHS ambulance trust staff have taken industrial action, there are a number of smaller voluntary ambulance organisations, fulfilling specific purposes, such as Hatzola who provide emergency medical services to the orthodox Jewish community in some cities. These have however run into difficulties due to use of vehicles not legally recognised as ambulances, all emergency medical services in the UK are subject to a range of legal and regulatory requirements, and in many cases are also monitored for performance. This framework is largely statutory in nature, being mandated by government through a range of primary and secondary legislation and this requires all providers to register, to meet certain standards of quality, and to submit to inspection of those standards
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East of England Ambulance Service
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These consist of 5.8 million people and 7,500 square miles. It is one of 10 Ambulance Trusts providing England with emergency medical services, there is no charge to patients for use of the service, and under the Patients Charter every person in the United Kingdom has the right to the attendance of an ambulance in an emergency. The Trust controls the mobilisation of Immediate Care charities throughout its area and these include Magpas, SARS, NARS and East Anglian Air Ambulance. The result was a service covering an area of over 7,500 square miles with a population of 5.8 million people, the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust had been formed in 1994 from the three-way merger of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk Ambulance Services. In 2015/16, the trust received 1,037,119 emergency calls, the trust arrived at 66. 9% of emergency Red 1 calls within eight minutes, and 59. 9% of emergency Red 2 calls within eight minutes. Overall, the trust arrived to 90% of Red 1/2 calls within 19 minutes, EEAST employs more than 4,000 staff and has around 1,500 volunteers. The EEAST uses Mercedes Sprinters as their front-line emergency ambulances, and use Ford Mondeos, renault Masters are used as Patient Transport Service vehicles. Iveco Dailys and Land Rover Discoverys are used as Hazardous Area Response Team vehicles, in 2013-14 the Trust missed all of its targets in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough. 73. 6% of red 1 calls for immediately life-threatening situations were met within eight minutes against a target of 75%,69. 4% of red 2 calls, which may be life-threatening but less time critical were responded to within eight minutes against a 75% target. In north Norfolk, rapid responses during one month were as low as 25%, according to the Clinical Commissioning Group performance had deteriorated overall in comparison to prior year at both regional and local level. In August 2014, the Trust was fined £1. 2m over these failures and it was also fined £300,000 over turnaround times at hospitals. The fines were accrued between April and July 2014, EEAST, which handles more than 900,000 emergency 999 calls a year, said it was recruiting hundreds of new staff and investing in new ambulances. In a statement in November 2014, Chief executive Anthony Marsh blamed EEASTS’ continued failure to meet its emergency response time targets on a lack of staff. In October 2014, EEAST apologised after claims were published in a newspaper that a body had been left lying next to dustbins at its station in Ely. Chief executive Anthony Marsh said the Trust was very sorry for what happened and had started a thorough investigation, an EEAST spokesman confirmed the investigation involved the transportation of a deceased patient, but said he could not comment further as inquiries were ongoing. The newspaper which published the claims said it had done so after being approached by a whistleblower
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East of England (European Parliament constituency)
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East of England is a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects 7 MEPs using the method of party-list proportional representation. The constituency corresponds to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire. It was formed as a result of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, elected candidates are shown in bold. Brackets indicate the number of votes per seat won
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North Norfolk (UK Parliament constituency)
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North Norfolk is a parliamentary constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament by the first past the post system of election, formerly a safe seat for the Conservatives, it has been represented by the Liberal Democrat Norman Lamb since 2001. This marked the first time that a Liberal aligned candidate had won a seat in Norfolk since 1929 and this was to be followed by the election of Simon Wright in Norwich South in 2010. While Wrights success was short-lived, Lamb has retained his seat, although the seat had been Labour for 25 years since World War II, Labour have slumped to a distant third in recent years, and came fourth in 2015. North Norfolk was described by the Earl of Leicester as the one constituency in England where, in 1964, 1885-1918, The Sessional Divisions of Eynsford, Holt, North Erpingham, and North Greenhoe, and part of the Sessional Division of South Erpingham. 1918-1950, The Urban Districts of Cromer, Sheringham, and Wells-next-the-Sea, and the Rural Districts of Aylsham, Erpingham, 1950-1974, The Urban Districts of Cromer, North Walsham, Sheringham, and Wells-next-the-Sea, and the Rural Districts of Erpingham, Smallburgh, and Walsingham. 1974-1983, The Urban Districts of Cromer, North Walsham, and Sheringham, and the Rural Districts of Erpingham, St Faiths and Aylsham, 1983-2010, The District of North Norfolk. Endorsed by Coalition Government General Election 1914/15, Another General Election was required to place before the end of 1915. The Times House of Commons 1929,1931,1935, the Times House of Commons 1945. The Times House of Commons 1950, the Times House of Commons 1955
24.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Cromer
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Cromer is a coastal town and civil parish on the north coast of the English county of Norfolk. It is 23 miles north of the county town of Norwich and 4 miles east of Sheringham on the North Sea coastline, the local government authority is North Norfolk District Council, whose headquarters is in Holt Road in the town. The civil parish has an area of 4.66 km2, the town is notable as a traditional tourist resort and for the Cromer crab, which forms the major source of income for local fishermen. The motto Gem of the Norfolk Coast is highlighted on the road signs. Cromer is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, the place-name Cromer is first found in a will of 1262 and could mean Crows mere or lake. There are other contenders for the derivation, a north country word cromer meaning a gap in the cliffs or less likely a direct transfer from a Danish placename. A reference to a place called Crowemere Shipden can be seen in a record, dated 1422. The other Shipden is now about a quarter of a mile to the north east of the end of Cromer Pier, under the sea and its site is marked by Church Rock, now no longer visible, even at a low spring tide. In 1888 a vessel struck the rock, and the rock was blown up for safety. Cromer became a resort in the early 19th century, with some of the rich Norwich banking families making it their summer home, visitors included the future King Edward VII, who played golf here. The resorts facilities included the late-Victorian Cromer Pier, which is home to the Pavilion Theatre, in 1883 the London journalist Clement Scott went to Cromer and began to write about the area. He named the stretch of coastline, particularly the Overstrand and Sidestrand area, Poppyland, the name Poppyland referred to the numerous poppies which grew at the roadside and in meadows. Cromer suffered several bombing raids during the Second World War, the radio play first aired in the USA on 1 December 1942 on the CBS/Columbia Workshop programme starring Joe Julian. The account mentions some of the effects of the war on people and businesses and the fact that the town adopted a minesweeper, HMS Cromer. On 5 December 2013 the town was affected by a surge which caused significant damage to the towns pier. In 2016, the Cromer shoal chalk beds, thought to be Europes largest chalk reef, were designated as a Marine Conservation Zone. Traditionally Cromer was a fishing town, the town is famous for the Cromer crab, which forms the major source of income for the local fishermen. The pattern of fishing has changed over the last thirty years, at the end of the 19th century, the beaches to the east and west of the pier were crowded with fishing boats
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English Gothic architecture
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English Gothic is an architectural style that flourished in England from about 1180 until about 1520. As with the Gothic architecture of other parts of Europe, English Gothic is defined by its arches, vaulted roofs, buttresses, large windows. The earliest large-scale applications of Gothic architecture in England are at Canterbury Cathedral, many features of Gothic architecture had evolved naturally from Romanesque architecture. This evolution can be seen most particularly at the Norman Durham Cathedral, English Gothic was to develop along lines that sometimes paralleled and sometimes diverged from those of continental Europe. Historians traditionally divide English Gothic into a number of different periods, Gothic architecture continued to flourish in England for a hundred years after the precepts of Renaissance architecture were formalised in Florence in the early 15th century. Many of the largest and finest works of English architecture, notably the medieval cathedrals of England are largely built in the Gothic style, so also are castles, palaces, great houses, universities, and many smaller unpretentious secular buildings, including almshouses and trade halls. Another important group of Gothic buildings in England are the parish churches, historians sometimes refer to the styles as periods, e. g. Perpendicular period in much the same way as an historical era may be referred to as the Tudor period. The various styles are seen at their most fully developed in the cathedrals, abbey churches, according to the originator of the term in 1817, Thomas Rickman, the period ran from 1189 to 1307, Rickman based his defining dates on the reigns of certain English monarchs. In the late 12th century, the Early English Gothic style superseded the Romanesque or Norman style, during the late 13th century, it developed into the Decorated Gothic style, which lasted until the mid-14th century. With all of early architectural styles, there is a gradual overlap between the periods. As fashions changed, new elements were used alongside older ones, especially in large buildings such as churches and cathedrals. It is customary, therefore, to recognise a transitional phase between the Romanesque and Early English periods from the middle of the 12th century, although usually known as Early English, this new Gothic style had originated in the area around Paris before spreading to England. There it was first known as the French style and it was first used in the choir or quire of the abbey church of St Denis, dedicated in June 1144. Even before that, some features had been included in Durham Cathedral, showing a combination of Romanesque, by 1175, with the completion of the Choir at Canterbury Cathedral by William of Sens, the style was firmly established in England. The most significant and characteristic development of the Early English period was the pointed arch known as the lancet, pointed arches were used almost universally, not only in arches of wide span such as those of the nave arcade, but also for doorways and lancet windows. It also allows for greater variation in proportions, whereas the strength of round arches depends on semicircular form. The barrel vaults and groin vaults characteristic of Romanesque building were replaced by rib vaults, the arched windows are usually narrow by comparison to their height and are without tracery. For this reason Early English Gothic is sometimes known as the Lancet style, although arches of equilateral proportion are most often employed, lancet arches of very acute proportions are frequently found and are highly characteristic of the style
27.
Felbrigg Hall
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Felbrigg Hall is a 17th-century country house located in Felbrigg, Norfolk, England. Part of a National Trust property, the unaltered 17th-century house is noted for its Jacobean architecture, outside the house are a walled garden, an orangery and orchards. The hall is listed Grade I on the National Heritage List for England, Felbrigg estate, originally home to the Felbrigg family, was long the home of members of the Wyndham family, since the first John Wyndham, acquired the estate from the Felbrigg family. Thomas Wyndham was a councilor to King Henry VIII, later residents included John Wyndham, probably the builder of Felbrigg Hall. The last Wyndham of Felbrigg was William Wyndham, the last owner of the house before it passed into National Trust ownership was Robert Wyndham Ketton-Cremer. The original heir, Roberts brother Richard, was killed in action in the Second World War, a memorial to Richard Ketton-Cremer was constructed in the woods behind the house by Robert. Robert Wyndham Ketton-Cremer wrote a number of books, particularly about Norfolk, including Felbrigg, the Story of a House, in the latter, he indicates his health is failing. Robert Ketton-Cremer never married, and with no heirs, left the estate to the National Trust on his death in 1969, part of the estate was acquired by the Beeston Hall school. Christopher Mackie, husband of author Mary Mackie, was administrator, or houseman, Mary Mackie wrote a number of books on their experiences, the most successful of which have been Cobwebs and Cream Teas and Dry Rot and Daffodils. At one time Felbrigg Hall stood at the centre of one of the largest estates in Norfolk, today 2011, the Felbrigg estate covers some 1,760 acres of parkland including the 520-acre Great Wood, which shelters the house. There are a number of waymarked walks through the estate, including the Weavers Way long distance footpath, National Cycle Network regional routes 33 and 30 pass through the estate. Felbrigg garden is laid out in two different styles, the west garden is laid out in the style of a typical Victorian pleasure ground, arranged around an 18th-century orangery. Accentuating the play between light and shade, its formal lawns are interspersed with areas of dark shrubbery and this garden features a number of specimens from North America including red oaks, western red cedars, and a meadow with a walled garden. There are double borders of mixed shrubs, a herbaceous border, the orchard has been planted with varieties of fruit known to have grown in the garden during the 19th century. The gardens are home to the National Collection of colchicums, the gardens are Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. Ketton-Cremer, Robert Wyndham, Felbrigg, the Story of a House, the author donated Felbrigg Hall to the National Trust in 1969. AAs Illustrated Guide to Britain, London, 5th edition,1983, Cobwebs and Cream Teas, Year in the Life of a National Trust House, ISBN 0-7528-3410-X Mackie, Mary. Dry Rot and Daffodils, Life in a National Trust House, ISBN 0-7528-3409-6 Mackie, frogspawn and Floor Polish, Upstairs and Downstairs in a National Trust House, ISBN 1-84024-333-3
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Lord of the manor
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In Anglo-Irish history, the lordship of a manor is a lordship emanating from the feudal system of manorialism. The origins of the lordship of manors arose in the Anglo-Saxon system of manorialism, following the Norman conquest, land at the manorial level was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. The title cannot nowadays be subdivided, Lord Denning, in Corpus Christi College Oxford v Gloucestershire County Council QB360, described the manor thus, In medieval times the manor was the nucleus of English rural life. It was a unit of an extensive area of land. The whole of it was owned originally by the lord of the manor and he lived in the big house called the manor house. Attached to it were many acres of grassland and woodlands called the park and these were the “demesne lands” which were for the personal use of the lord of the manor. Dotted all round were the homes and land occupied by the “tenants of the manor”. The owner of a lordship of the manor can be described as, Lord/Lady of the Manor of, in modern times any person may choose to use a name that is not the property of another. Under English common law a person may choose to be known by any name he sees fit as long as it is not done to commit fraud or evade an obligation, a manorial lordship is not a noble title, but a semi-extinct form of landed property. Lordship in this sense is a synonym for ownership, although this ownership involved a legal jurisdiction in the form of the court baron. Technically, lords of manors are barons, or freemen, however, the style Lord of the Manor of X or Lord of X is, in this sense, more of a description than a title, somewhat similar to the term Laird in Scotland. Fellows of Kings College, Cambridge have given the view that the term indicated wealth and privilege, since 1965 Lords of the Manor have been entitled to compensation in the event of compulsory purchase. Before the Land Registration Act 2002 it was possible for manors to be registered with HM Land Registry. Manorial incidents, which are the rights that a lord of the manor may exercise over other peoples land and this is a separate issue to the registration of lordships of manors, since both registered and unregistered lordships will continue to exist after that date. This issue does not affect the existence of the title of lord of the manor, there have been cases where manors have been sold and the seller has unknowingly parted with rights to unregistered land in England and Wales. In England in the Middle Ages, land was held of the English monarch or ruler by a local supporter. The people who had sworn homage to the lord were known as vassals, vassals were nobles who served loyalty for the king, in return for being given the use of land. The person who held feudal land directly from the king was known as a tenant-in-chief, military service was based upon units of ten knights
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International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
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Alby with Thwaite
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Alby with Thwaite is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The parish straddles the A140 some 10 km south of Cromer and 30 km north of Norwich, including the settlements of Alby and Thwaite. Alby with Thwaite has an area of 5.81 km2 and in the 2001 census had a population of 223 in 86 households, for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. The church of Thwaite, All Saints, is one of 124 existing round-tower churches in Norfolk, other features of interest are the 1624 pulpit and the 1824 Sunday school room situated north of the chancel. Media related to Alby with Thwaite at Wikimedia Commons A vision of Alby with Thwaite Website with photos of Thwaite All Saints Alby in the Domesday Book Thwaite in the Domesday Book
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Antingham
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Antingham is a village and civil parish in the north of the English county of Norfolk. The village is located about 6 miles south of Cromer and 3 miles north of North Walsham. The nearest railway station is at Gunton for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich. The nearest Airport is at Norwich which is 17.5 miles south of the village. The civil parish has an area of 6.12 square kilometres and in the 2001 census had a population of 287 in 120 households, for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. The parish of Antingham has boundaries with seven neighbouring parishes. To the north are the parishes of Thorpe Market and Southrepps, the eastern boundary, which follows the River Ant, is with Swafield, and south are the parishes of North Walsham and Felmingham. To west lies the parishes of Hanworth and Suffield with most of this following the edge of Gunton Park. The parish is dissected north to south by the A149 road from King’s Lynn to Great Yarmouth, the parish also straddles the railway line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich. In the south east corner of the parish are Antingham Ponds which are the source of the River Ant, the village of Antingham sits astride the Southrepps road which is on the eastern side of the A149 and runs north to south from that road to the village of Southrepps. The centre of the village is at the crossroads of Elderton Lane, Sandy Lane, there is a level crossing on Southrepps Road 200 meters south of this crossroads. The parish church can be found in the south of the close to the A149 in Church Lane. The name of Antingham originates from an Old English word meaning homestead of the family or followers of a man called Anta. Antingham has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1085 where the village, its population, records of land ownership, in the survey Antingham is variously recorded by the names Antigeham, Antingham, and Attinga. According to the Domesday Book the main tenants at the time were Roger Bigot, the survey notes the presence of four villagers and four smallholders on the land. A meadow, acreage, and ploughs of various values are among the recorded in Antinghams entry in the Domesday Book. ^ Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council, Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes. Information from Genuki Norfolk on Antingham, Antingham Bone Mills Antingham in the Domesday Book
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Ashmanhaugh
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Ashmanhaugh is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk, situated some 20 km north east of Norwich. See Inside the churches of St Swithins here & Beeston St Lawrence here, apart from Ashmanhaugh village itself, the parish also includes Beeston St Lawrence, which was a separate parish until 1935. The civil parish has an area of 4.82 square kilometres and in the 2001 census had a population of 197 in 74 households, for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. The churches of Ashmanhaugh St Swithin and Beeston St Lawrence are two of 124 existing round-tower churches in Norfolk, ^ Office for National Statistics & Norfolk County Council,2001. Census population and household counts for unparished urban areas and all parishes, information from Genuki Norfolk on Ashmanhaugh. Website with photos of Ashmanhaugh St Swithin
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Aylmerton
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Aylmerton is a village in the county of Norfolk, England. It is in the area of North Norfolk and lies 2.2 miles south of the North Sea,3.2 miles south-west of Cromer and 7.5 miles west of Holt. The parish is bordered by the parishes of Beeston Regis and Runton to the north, West Beckham to the west, Felbrigg to the east and Gresham, the village is ¾ miles south of the A148 King’s Lynn to Cromer road. The nearest railway stations are Cromer at 2.9 miles, the civil parish has an area of 6.86 square kilometres and in the 2001 census the population was 435 in 178 households, increasing to 458 at the 2011 Census. For the purposes of government, the parish is in North Norfolk. Aylmerton has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1085, in the great book Aylmerton is recorded by the names Almartune, and Almertune, the main land holder being William de Warren and the main tenant Roger Bigot. The survey also states there is ½ a church. In the Domesday survey fractions were used to indicate that the entry, the Felbrigg estate, owned by the National Trust, is close to the village lying to the east. The estate covers some 1,760 acres of parkland and mixed woodland, the dominant feature is the 520-acre Great Wood which shelters the house. The estate has particular significance through the connections with Nathaniel Kent and Humphry Repton, a lake, which is invisible from the Hall, was created in the mid-18th century by damming the Scarrow Beck. A pleasant and attractive feature, the lake encourages a wide range of bio-diversity, to the west and north, pasture woodland merges into the Great Wood. Local residents continue to access to the network of footpaths, many being old rights of way. Especially popular is the well-known “Lions Mouth”, a beauty spot which can be reached from the main road and is particularly popular with walkers and ramblers. The parish church is called St John the Baptist and is a 15th-century building and it has a round flint tower, thought to be over 700 years old. The church stands above the village on the side of a small hillside, the priest’s room, which is over the porch, can be entered via the original ironbound door in the nave. There are the remains of a transept on the side of the church. One mile south of the village on Church Road, at a junction of the Lower Gresham to Metton lane, is an ancient cross which has been restored. Aylmerton wayside cross is on the boundary with Gresham, and was said to be a guide to Walsingham
34.
Baconsthorpe
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Baconsthorpe is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It is 4 miles south-east of Holt,5 miles south of Sheringham and 20 miles north of Norwich. The civil parish has an area of 5.53 km² and in the 2001 census had a population of 232 in 105 households, for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. The ruins of the 15th-century Baconsthorpe Castle lie about one mile to the north of the village, the medieval Anglican church of St Mary was restored in 1868 and 1958. It contains interesting monuments from the 15th–18th centuries and some 16th-century glass saved from the castle, in order of birth, John Baconthorpe or Bacon, Carmelite monk and scholastic philosopher, born at Baconsthorpe John Heydon or Baxter rose from the yeomanry to become prominent as a lawyer. Sir Henry Heydon, lawyer, courtier and landowner, died at Baconsthorpe, sir Christopher Heydon, soldier, member of Parliament and astrologer, ran his Norfolk estates from Baconsthorpe Castle. Robert Brightiffe, barrister, member of Parliament and recorder of Norwich, was born at his fathers house in Baconsthorpe, media related to Baconsthorpe at Wikimedia Commons Information from Genuki Norfolk on Baconsthorpe Baconsthorpe in the Domesday Book
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Bacton, Norfolk
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Bacton is a village and civil parish in Norfolk, England. It is on the Norfolk coast, some 20 km south-east of Cromer,40 km north-west of Great Yarmouth and 30 km north of Norwich, besides the village of Bacton, the parish includes the nearby settlements of Bacton Green, Broomholm, Keswick and Pollard Street. It also includes Edingthorpe, which was added to Bacton civil parish under the County of Norfolk Review Order,1935, the seaside village is located on the North Norfolk coast between Mundesley a blue flag beach and Walcott, Norfolk. Bacton is known for its very quiet sandy beaches offering miles of walking along the beach, the England Coast Path passes through the village and also the Paston Way long distance footpath linking Cromer and North Walsham. In the east of the parish can be found the ruined Cluniac Bromholm Priory. The civil parish has an area of 9.45 km², for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. Amenities in the include a public house, n hotel. In addition there are several parks and estates consisting of privately owned holiday chalets. During the First World War there was also an airfield located nearby, the village and adjoining coastline has extensive sea defences, erected to prevent coastal erosion. Part of this sea wall in nearby Walcott, Norfolk was damaged in the surge in December 2013. North of Bacton lies the village of Paston where the Bacton Gas Terminal is located
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Barton Turf
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Barton Turf is a village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The civil parish, which includes the whole of Barton Broad, in the 2001 census it had a population of 480 in 181 households, the population decreasing to 467 at the 2011 Census. Barton Turfs St Michael and All Angels Church, Barton Turf, high resolution images of the Barton Turf Rood Screen Information from Genuki Norfolk on Barton Turf Barton in the Domesday Book
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Beeston Regis
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Beeston Regis is a village and civil parish in the North Norfolk district of Norfolk, England. It is about a mile east of Sheringham, Norfolk and near the coast, the village is 2 miles west of Cromer and 16 miles north of the city of Norwich. According to the 2011 census it had a population of 1,062, the nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The North Sea is the boundary of the parish. There are few traces of antiquity in Beeston Regis. However, evidence of Roman habitation was found on Beeston Regis Heath in 1859 when a set of quern-stones were found dating from Roman times. Quern-stones were used to grind materials, the most important of which was grain to make flour for bread. On Beeston Regis Heath there are circular pits called Hills and Holes and they are thought to date from prehistoric times. During the Saxon-Norman to Medieval periods these pits were dug to obtain iron ore, Beeston Regis is mentioned in Domesday Book of 1086, where it is called Besetune and Besetuna/tune. The main landholders of the parish were William dEcouis and Hugh de Montfort, the main tenant was Ingulf, The survey also lists ½ a mill. In the Domesday survey fractions were used to indicate that the entry, Beeston Regis was once known as Beeston-next-the-Sea, but from 1399 when Henry Bolingbroke, Earl of Lancaster, became King Henry IV, the name became Beeston Regis. Regis means of the king, and the living and manor of Beeston became part of the Crown, for Main Article Please See, Priory of St Mary in the Meadow, Beeston Regis Beeston Regis has the remains of an Augustinian priory known as Beeston Regis Priory. Founded in 1216, in 1535 it had only a prior and four canons, the boys were in effect the boarders at the canons school, and their number was increased by day boys. The priory had 40 acres of land rights to wrecks. The priory lasted until 1538 when King Henry VIII banned the Catholic religion, the ruins indicate that the church nave was about 75 feet long, having a chancel later added. Beeston Priory was independent, unlike many small houses of the Augustinian Order, a tunnel is said to run to the Dunstable Arms Inn from the ruins of the priory, but if it ever existed its whereabouts is a long-forgotten secret. The suppression of the Priory and its school left no provision for education. This is believed to have led Sir John Gresham to found Greshams School at nearby Holt in 1555, the cloister, to the south of the nave of the priory church, is now part of the Priory Farm garden
38.
Binham
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Binham is a coastal village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 29.3 miles north west of Norwich,16.9 miles west of Cromer and 124 miles north north east of London. The village lies 4.9 miles east south east of the town of Wells-next-the-Sea. The nearest railway station is at Sheringham for the Bittern Line which runs between Cromer and Norwich, the nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The civil parish has an area of 11.52 km2 and in the 2001 census had a population of 273 in 124 households, including Cockthorpe, for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. Binham has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1085, in the great book Binham is recorded by the names Benincham, and Bineham. The main landholder was Peter de Valognes, the survey mentions that there were two mills in the parish. Close to the village are the remains of the Benedictine St Marys Priory, today the nave of the much larger priory church has become the Church of Saint Mary and the Holy Cross and is still used as a place of worship. The remains of the priory are in the care of English Heritage, both are Grade I listed buildings. Organised by members of the cast of the Thursford Show, Binham has been the home of a Pride event since 2014, Binham Pride started as a joke between members of the cast that were staying in Binham during their employment at the Thursford Christmas Spectacular in 2014. In two weeks decided to throw the event for real and Binham Pride was officially born. The first Binham Pride was on Monday December 1st - world AIDs day, the evening raised £2000 for The Terrence Higgins Trust. In 2015 Binham Pride grew larger, around 100 people attended - a handful of whom were from local communities who had heard about the event through the Chequers Inn and social media posts. Binham Pride 2015 raised £4000 for the Terrence Higgins Trust, Binham Pride 2016 will fall on Monday 28th of November and around 150 people are expected to attend - around 40 of whom are locals. Map sources for Binham Information from Genuki Norfolk on Binham
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Blakeney, Norfolk
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Blakeney is a coastal village and civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. Blakeney lies within the Norfolk Coast AONB and the North Norfolk Heritage Coast, the North Norfolk Coastal Path travels along its quayside. The village is 21.1 miles north west of Norwich,4.6 miles NNW of the settlement of Holt,11.5 miles west of Cromer and 112 miles NNE of London. The civil parish has an area of 9.9 km², for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. Blakeney was a commercial seaport until the early 20th century, now the harbour is silted up, and only small boats can make their way out past Blakeney Point to the sea. The harbour and surrounding marshes are owned by the National Trust and is a reserve where seals can be seen basking on the sand. Just inland from the harbour is Mariners Hill and this vantage point is believed to be man-made, probably as a lookout point for the harbour. Adjacent to the hill, at the foot of the villages High Street, is the old Guildhall with a 14th-century undercroft, in the Domesday Book of 1085, Blakeney is recorded under the name Esnuterle, the main landholders are noted as Walter Gifford and William de Noyers. The settlement first appears under the name Blakeney in a document which dates from 1340, around the same period Edward III’s wife, Queen Philippa is said to have dined on fish caught by Blakeney’s fishermen. Blakeney Haven was an inlet on the north coast of Norfolk into which the River Glaven flowed. Sheltered behind Blakeney Point, it was a shipping area in the Middle Ages, with relatively important North Norfolk ports at Wiveton, Cley next the Sea. Cley and Wiveton silted up in the 17th century, but Blakeney prospered, packet ships ran from that port to Hull and London from 1840. Many a foreign merchant ship which sought shelter in the haven found its cargo stolen, such was the lawlessness of the residents that the village refused to supply a ship for the battle against the Spanish Armada. This building now in adjoining Cley next the Sea appears never to have been a chapel, indeed, the calendar of Englands Patent Rolls dated 20 April 1343, confirms a grant of alms-seeking across the realms to a local hermit. The northern part of Friary Park by the seashore is a modest caravan park for visitors, Friary Farmhouse incorporates remains of the Carmelite Friary founded in 1296 with its church consecrated in 1302. In 1321 their son, William completed the foundation, the house has a date-stone,1667 T. R. I and is made of flint and brick with some stone quoins. Blakeney Mill in Friary Park is a Grade II listed building and is chiefly of flint with brick dressings across its three storeys and it appears on a map of 1769 in this exact location, following earlier mention from the Domesday Book of mills in the village. In the 19th century a branch line from Holt to a new station at Blakeney was planned
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Bodham
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Bodham is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 27.2 miles north north west of Norwich,6.4 miles west of Cromer and 131 miles north north east of London. The village lies 3.1 miles south west of the nearest town of Sheringham. The nearest railway station is at Sheringham for the Bittern Line which runs between Cromer and Norwich, the nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The village is situated on the A148 coast road links the town of King’s Lynn to Cromer. The civil parish had in 2001 census, a population of 435, for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. Bodham has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1085, in the great book Bodham is recorded by the names Bodham, and Botham. The main landholders Hugh de Montfort and Walter Giffard, the main tenant was said to be Ralph. The village sign shows a representation of a tax collector going about his employment. The tax collectors name was Boda and is mentioned in the Domesday Book, which confirms his existence, Bodham and Beckham Village Hall is a modern hall less than twenty years old. It is regularly used by Bodham Bingo Club, yoga classes, regular quiz night fundraisers are held four times a year, in February, May, September and December. The hall is heated by electric heaters, grants from Norfolk Community Foundation have been obtained to put in equipment for film showing and regular monthly shows are held on Friday during the winter. A loop system has also installed to help the hearing impaired. Bodham Playing Field which is situated on Cromer Road has a football pitch. The Playing Field Committee has had the pavilion refurbished with the help of grants from Bodham Bingo Club, Awards for All Lottery Fund, there are two changing rooms, showers, toilets and a fully fitted kitchen, all inside the pavilion. An additional facility is a disabled toilet accessible with the use of a RADAR Key, the Playing Field Committee have now taken over responsibility for the floodlights. The Bodham Football Club is made up of players from outside the village, many fund raising events are held throughout the year to support the playing Field. Grants have been obtained to purchase exercise equipment and this was made possible by grants from Norfolk Community Foundation, Awards for All, Bodham Bingo Club, Sports Relief, Active Norfolk, Bodham Big Weekend and Bodham Horticultural Show. Media related to Bodham at Wikimedia Commons
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Briningham
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Briningham is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 9.9 miles east north east of the town of Fakenham,13.3 miles west south west of Cromer,22.3 miles north north west of the city of Norwich, and 124 miles north north east of London. The nearest railway station is at Sheringham for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich, there is an abandoned railway line which is considered as a footpath, it runs parallel with an old track the lane that leads up to belle vue tower. The nearest airport is Norwich International Airport, the civil parish had in 2001 census a population of 122, increasing to 130 at the 2011 census. For the purposes of government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. Briningham has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1085, in the great book Briningham is recorded by the names Bruningaham, and Biringaham. The main landholders were Count Alan and Bishop William, the main tenant is said to be Roger Longwood. The survey also mentions that there are five beehives, a church, the parish church of Saint Maurice is unusual in that the church tower is on the south side. On the east wall of the interior there are two statues of Saint Maurice and the Blessed Virgin which are set into niches. In the south there is a 14th-century window. Within the graveyard stands a pyramidal memorial to members of the Brereton family. It is an English Heritage Grade I listed building, notable residents include the late Peter Whitbread. Media related to Briningham at Wikimedia Commons
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Brinton, Norfolk
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Brinton is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 10.8 miles east north east of the town of Fakenham,13.1 miles west south west of Cromer and 125 miles north north east of London. The nearest railway station is at Sheringham for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich, the nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. Brinton has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1086 under the name ‘’Bruntuna’’, the village is situated in a shallow valley and the dwellings site either side of quiet narrow lanes. In the village is Brinton Hall which was constructed in the Georgian era to replace an earlier 16th-century house, the house seen today was rebuilt 1822 by Brereton family. The interior has a fine staircase, installed in 1911. Award-winning work at Brinton Hall includes remodelling of west front and renovation of all interior rooms, in the Grounds there are formal gardens, the hall also has a walled kitchen garden with a hot greenhouse. The property is surrounded by parkland with ha-ha wall, lake, woods, the village and some of its houses were once used as a backdrop for the BBC television series Dangerfield. The parish church is dedicated to St Andrew and parts date back to the 14th century, the church register dates from 1547. The church tower dates from c.1400 and has one bell, there is a statue of Saint Andrew in a niche above the Transept which dates from the Medieval period. The statue only survives because it had been screened with plasterwork to hide it
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Briston
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Briston is a village, civil parish and electoral ward in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 11 miles east north east of the town of Fakenham,13.3 miles west south west of Cromer,20.3 miles north north west of the city of Norwich, and 125 miles north north east of London. The nearest railway station is at Sheringham for the Bittern Line which runs between Sheringham, Cromer and Norwich, the nearest airport is Norwich International Airport. The civil parish had in 2001 census, a population of 2,021, for the purposes of local government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. The village is situated on the route of the B1354 that runs between the A148 at Thursford and the B1149 at Saxthorpe, the name Briston derives from Brurstuna, the settlement on the River Bure. Briston has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1085, in the great book Briston is recorded by the name Brurstuna. This land was farmed by three Free Men or Socman and a further 280 acres was farmed by fourteen bordars, there was a pannage or woodland for 20 pigs which was valued at 16 shillings. Within the village there is a bakery, butchers shop, fishmonger, there are two garages, one in the village itself, and one on the outskirts of neighbouring Melton Constable, that also supplies petrol. The Astley Primary school caters for children, older children go to High Schools at Reepham or Fakenham. There is a community centre hosts a Youth Club and monthly film shows. For sport the village has a field with tennis courts, football pitches and a skate park, a bowling green. There are two houses in the village. On the outskirts of the village is the Three Horseshoes, a 16th-century inn with open log fire, in the centre of the village is the recently closed Green Man pub, which has now re-opened as the Explorers Bar and Coffee House. Nearby is the Copeman Centre, the primary school. The local playschool meets here, as does the local dramatic group, also in the village is a lively Day Care Centre for local senior residents which meets two days a week, and provides good company, lunches, entertainment, and trips out in their minibus. The parish church of All Saints is unusual in that there is no church tower and it originally had a round tower but this collapsed in 1785 and was never re-built. In the towers place was built a bell-cote consisting of two brick pillars. The churches east window is decorated in a 14th-century style and the screen was erected in memory of a former rector of the church the Reverend Charles Norris
44.
Brumstead
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Brumstead is a village and a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. The village is 15.3 miles north-east of Norwich,17.6 miles south-south-east of Cromer and 134 miles north-east of London, the village lies 1.2 miles north of the town of Stalham. The nearest railway station is at North Walsham for the Bittern Line which runs between Cromer and Norwich, the parish had in 2001 census, a population of 84. At the 2011 census the population remained less than 100 and was included in the parish of East Ruston. For the purposes of government, the parish falls within the district of North Norfolk. The village is situated on the route of the B1159 that runs between the town of Cromer and the town of Stalham, the parish of Brumstead covers an area of approximately 790 acres. The land is flat and at its highest is only 33 feet above sea level, the land is arable and very open with very few hedges. The parish is bound to the east by the Parish of Ingham, the northern boundary is with Happisburgh Common and Witton. In the middle of the parish on the higher ground stand the surviving manorial hall, Brumstead has an entry in the Domesday Book of 1085. In the great book Brumstead is recorded by the names Brumestade, the main landholder was Roger Bigot. The main tenant is said to be Robert from Roger Bigot, the survey also mentions that there were 30 goats, a church and a mill. There was a pannage or woodland for 16 pigs, in the survey the size of the local woodland was given as to the number of swine the woodland could support. The name Brumstead is believed to derive from the place of broom, the village has also been known for hundreds of years as Brunstead, as old maps demonstrate. Brunstead is also the name by which the village is locally
45.
Burgh and Tuttington
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Burgh and Tuttington is a civil parish in the English county of Norfolk. It covers an area of 6.70 km2 and had a population of 255 in 115 households at the 2001 census, for the purposes of local government, it falls within the district of Broadland. The parish includes Burgh next Aylsham and Tuttington, Burgh next Aylsham has a grade I listed church dedicated to Mary, which features a notable fifteenth-century baptismal font. The church was restored in the nineteenth century by Richard Phipson. Tuttington church of SS Peter and Paul is a grade II* listed building, Burgh Mill is a large Grade II* listed water mill dating from the early 18th century but greatly enlarged in the late 18th century and early 19th century. The basic machinery is probably early 19th century and it is built in 3 storeys with an attic from a clapboarded timber frame with some colour-washed brick to lower storey and internally. The roofs are pantile and some corrugated iron, media related to Burgh and Tuttington at Wikimedia Commons
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Media related to Felbrigg at Wikimedia Commons