1.
Comilla
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Comilla is a city in eastern Bangladesh, located along the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. It is the centre of the Comilla District, part of the Chittagong Division. Comilla is the second-largest city of eastern Bangladesh after Chittagong and is one of the three oldest cities in Bangladesh, the Comilla region was once under ancient Samatata and was joined with Tripura State. This district came under the reign of the kings of the Harikela in the ninth century AD, lalmai Mainamati was ruled by Deva dynasty, and. In 1732, it became the centre of the Bengal-backed domain of Jagat Manikya, the Peasants Movement against the king of Tripura in 1764, which originally formed under the leadership of Shamsher Gazi is a notable historical event in Comilla. It came under the rule of East India Company in 1765 and this district was established as Tripura district in 1790. It was renamed Comilla in 1960, Chandpur and Brahmanbaria subdivisions of this district were transformed into districts in 1984. Communal tension spread over Comilla when a Muslim was shot in the town during the partition of Bengal in 1905, on 21 November 1921, Kazi Nazrul Islam composed patriotic songs and tried to awaken the town people by protesting the Prince of Waless visit to India. During this time, Avay Ashram, as a revolutionary institution, poet Rabindranath Tagore and Mahatma Gandhi visited Comilla at that time. In 1931, approximately 4000 peasants in Mohini village in Chauddagram Upazila revolted against a land revenue tax, the British Gurkha soldiers fired indiscriminately on the crowd, killing four people. In a major peasant gathering, the police fired at Hasnabad of Laksam Upazila in 1932, two people were killed and many were wounded. Queen Victoria visited Comilla several times, Comilla Victoria Government College was named for her memories in the city. Comilla Cantonment is one of the most important military bases and is the oldest in East Bengal and it was widely used by the British Indian Army during World War II. It was the headquarters of the British 14th Army, there are a number of Japanese soldiers were buried there as well, from the second world war. People of Comilla served as fighter in 1952. Students of Comilla Victoria College protested against Pakistan Government, Shaheed Dhirendranath Datta was one of important leaders of the language movement who was from comilla. Shib Narayan Das was one of designer of the first flag of Bangladesh, Comilla was part of sector 2 during the Liberation war of Bangladesh. Jehangir Khan Tareen was a Pakistani politician of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf and he was also born in Comilla
2.
University of Dhaka
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The University of Dhaka, is the oldest university in modern Bangladesh. Established in 1921 during the British Raj, it has made significant contributions to the history of Bangladesh. After the Partition of India, it became the point of progressive. Its students and teachers played a role in the rise of Bengali nationalism. It also enjoyed associations with Satyendra Nath Bose, Vijayaraghavan, today, it is the largest public university in Bangladesh, with a student body of 33,000 and a faculty of 1,800. It was identified by AsiaWeek as one of the top 100 universities in Asia, however, since the 1990s, the university has suffered from intensely politicized, partisan, and violent campus politics promoted by Bangladeshs political parties. Before Dhaka University was established, near its grounds were the buildings of Dhaka College. In 1873 the college was relocated to Bahadur Shah Park, later it shifted to Curzon Hall, which would become the first institute of the university. The establishment of the university was a compensation of the annulment of the 1905 Partition of Bengal, the partition had established East Bengal and Assam as a separate province, with Dhaka as its capital. However, the partition was abolished in 1911 due to opposition from Indian National Congress. To appease the people of East Bengal, Lord Curzon declared that a university as a center of excellence would be established in Dacca, khwaja Salimullah, the Nawab of Dhaka, also played a pioneering role in establishing a university in Dhaka. In 1913, public opinion was invited before the university scheme was given its final shape, the secretary of state approved it in December 1913. The first vice-chancellor of the university, Dr. Philip Joseph Hartog, established in 1921 under the Dacca University Act 1920 of the Indian Legislative Council, it is modelled after British universities. Honorable Chancellor Lord Ronaldshay was the Governor of Bengal between 1917 and 1922 and he designated Nawaab Syed Shamsul Huda as a life member. On his recommendation, Lord Ronaldshay designated Sir Ahmad Fazlur Rahman as a provost, the university played a significant role in the Bengali Language Movement, when Bengalis joined together to fight against Urdu being the official language in East Pakistan. Dhaka University was the place where the movement started with the students joining together. Later countless students were massacred in where the Shaheed Minar stands today, after the incident, Bengali was restored as official language. Presidents Order No.11 of 1973 re-constitute and re-organize the University of Dhaka to improve the teaching and research provided thereby, throughout this order the word Dhaka was substituted for the word Dacca by section 2 of the University Laws Act,1987
3.
Cinema of Bangladesh
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The cinema of Bangladesh is the Bengali language film industry based in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The industry often has been a significant film industry since the early 1970s and it is often referred to as Dhallywood, which is a portmanteau of the words Dhaka and Hollywood. The dominant style of Bangladeshi cinema is cinema, which developed from 1947 to 1990. Cinema was introduced in Bangladesh in 1898 by Bradford Bioscope Company, between 1913 and 1914, the first production company named Picture House was opened. A short silent film titled Sukumari was the first produced film in the region during 1928, the first full-length film The Last Kiss, was released in 1931. From the separation of Bangladesh from Pakistan, Dhaka is the center of Bangladeshi film industry, the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and the first half of the 1990s were the golden years for Bangladeshi films as the industry produced many successful films. The Face and the Mask, the first Bengali language Bangladeshi full-length feature film was produced in 1956, on 28 December 1895, the Lumière brothers began commercial bioscope shows in Paris. After six months, they showcased the first bioscope of the subcontinent took place on 7 July 1896, in this year, bioscope was also shown in the capital of United Bangla Calcutta. One of the arrangers to show the bioscope was the English Stephenson and we found that Stephenson came to Dhaka with a drama team and showed bioscope in around 1896 to 1897. But there is no prove about that, the weekly “Dhaka Prokash” proved the bioscope show of Dhaka. According to “Dhaka Prokash”17 April 1898 first bioscope was shown in Dhaka at the Crown Theatre in Patuatuli, Bradford Bioscope Company of Calcutta arranged the show. The films that was there were very little of two, three, four or five minutes. The show included news items and other short features, the price rate of ticket was eight anas to three taka. At that time the price of 40-kilogram rice was two taka four anas, after that bioscope was shown in SDOs Bungalow of Bhola, Bogjuri village of Manikganj, Joydebpur of Gazipur, Rajbari, and Palong village of Faridpur. This became the first film ever to be released in Bangladesh, thus Hiralal Sen developed film-making in the then famous town Calcutta in 1901. Hiralal Sen also made shooting in his country land Bogjuri and that was the first shooting of present Bangladesh. Sequential bio-scope show was started at Dhaka in 1913-14 in a store of argoni tola. It was named Picture House, becoming the first theater to be built in present-day Bangladesh, the first Bengali organisation for producing and exhibiting films was the Royal Bioscope Company, established in the 1890s in Calcutta by Hiralal Sen
4.
Cinema of West Bengal
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The cinema of West Bengal refers to the Indian Bengali language film industry based in the Tollygunge region of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The origins of the nickname Tollywood, a portmanteau of the words Tollygunge and Hollywood, modern Bengali cinema is known for re-inventing the cinematic norms from the poetically theoretical to the in-your-face physical and romantic fantasies, that which is evident in the western world. This allowed Bengali filmmakers to reach a global audience, the most influential among them was Satyajit Ray, whose films became successful among European, American and Asian audiences. The youthful coming-of-age dramas that have flooded art houses since the mid-fifties owe a debt to the Apu trilogy. Kanchenjungha introduced a structure that resembles later hyperlink cinema. Rays 1967 script for a film to be called The Alien, ira Sachs Forty Shades of Blue was a loose remake of Charulata, and in Gregory Navas My Family, the final scene is duplicated from the final scene of The World of Apu. Similar references to Ray films are found in recent works such as Sacred Evil, the Elements trilogy of Deepa Mehta, another prominent Bengali filmmaker is Mrinal Sen, whose films have been well known for their Marxist views. During his career, Mrinal Sens films have received awards from film festivals, including Cannes, Berlin, Venice, Moscow, Karlovy Vary, Montreal, Chicago. Retrospectives of his films have shown in major cities of the world. Some of his films have strong similarities to later famous international films, such as Ajantrik resembling the Herbie films, the cinematographer Subrata Mitra, who made his debut with Rays The Apu Trilogy, also had an importance influence on cinematography across the world. One of his most important techniques was bounce lighting, to recreate the effect of daylight on sets and he pioneered the technique while filming Aparajito, the second part of The Apu Trilogy. Some of the techniques which Satyajit Ray pioneered include photo-negative flashbacks. It was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the name Tollywood being coined, Tollywood later went on to inspire the name Bollywood, which in turn inspired many other similar names. The history of cinema in Bengal dates to the 1920s, when the first bioscopes were shown in theaters in Calcutta, following a long gap after Sens works, Dhirendra Nath Ganguly established the Indo British Film Co, the first Bengali-owned production company, in 1918. However, the first Bengali feature film, Billwamangal, was produced in 1919, bilat Ferat was the IBFCs first production in 1921. The Madan Theatre production of Jamai Shashthi was the first Bengali talkie, a long history has been traversed since then, with stalwarts such as Satyajit Ray, Mrinal Sen and Ritwik Ghatak and others earning international acclaim and securing their place in the movie history. Hiralal Sen India is credited as one of Bengals, and Indias first directors, hiralal Sen is also credited as one of the pioneers of advertisement films in India. The early beginnings of the film industry go back to the early 1930s, when it came to British India
5.
Journalism
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the news of the day and that informs society to at least some degree. The word applies to the occupation, the methods of gathering information, journalistic media include, print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels. Concepts of the role for journalism varies between countries. In some nations, the media is controlled by a government intervention. In others, the media is independent from the government. In the United States, journalism is protected by the freedom of the clause in the First Amendment. The role and status of journalism, along with that of the media, has undergone changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, for instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, in the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often, but not always, journalists, the Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who receive free promotional gifts, then write about products, must disclose that they received the products for free. This is to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers, fake news is news that is not truthful or is produced by unreliable media organizations. Fake news is spread on social media. Readers can determine fake news by evaluating whether the news has been published by a news organization. In the US, a news organization is an incorporated entity, has an editorial board. All of these organizations have codes of ethics that members abide by, many news organizations have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists professional publications. The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous, when they write stories, journalists are concerned with issues of objectivity and bias. Some types of stories are intended to represent the authors own opinion, in a physical newspaper, information is organized into sections and it is easy to see which stories are supposed to be opinion and which are supposed to be neutral. Online, many of these distinctions break down, readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalists intent
6.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety
7.
Humayun Ahmed
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Humayun Ahmed was a Bangladeshi writer, dramatist, screenwriter, and filmmaker. His breakthrough was his debut novel Nondito Noroke published in 1972 and he wrote over 200 fiction and non-fiction books, all of which were bestsellers in Bangladesh. Ahmeds writing style is characterized as magical realism and his books were the top sellers at the Ekushey Book Fair during the 1990s and 2000s. He won the Bangla Academy Award and the Ekushey Padak award for his contribution to Bengali literature, in the early 1990s, Ahmed emerged as a filmmaker. He went on to make a total of eight films - each based on his own novels and he received six Bangladesh National Film Awards in different categories for the films Daruchini Dwip, Aguner Poroshmoni and Ghetuputra Komola. Ahmed was born in Kutubpur, Mymensingh to Foyzur Rahman Ahmed, Foyzur served as a sub-divisional police officer in Pirojpur District and was killed in 1971 during the Bangladesh Liberation War. In 2011, politician Delwar Hossain Sayeedi was put on trial for the killing but was acquitted of the charge in 2013 due to a lack of evidence, humayuns brother, Muhammad Zafar Iqbal, is a writer and academician. Another brother, Ahsan Habib, became a cartoonist and he had three sisters – Sufia Haider, Momtaz Shahid and Rukhsana Ahmed. During his childhood, Ahmed lived in Sylhet, Comilla, Chittagong, Bogra, Dinajpur, Ahmed studied in Chittagong Collegiate School. He eventually passed his Secondary School Certificate examination from Bogra Zilla School in 1967 and was listed as second in merit by the Rajshahi Education Board and he passed his Higher Secondary School Certificate examination from Dhaka College in 1969. Ahmed then attended the University of Dhaka and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and he then worked as a lecturer at the Bangladesh Agricultural University for six months following which he joined Dhaka University to teach Chemistry. Soon after, he went to the United States to earn his Ph. D. in Polymer Chemistry from North Dakota State University, ahmed’s debut novel Nondito Noroke was published in 1972 while he was still a university student. From his very first novel, his themes included the aspirations of average middle-class urban families and his second novel was Shonkhonil Karagar. Ahmed wrote fictional series featuring recurring characters such as Himu, Misir Ali and less frequently and he wrote several novels based on the Bangladesh Liberation War – Aguner Poroshmoni, Srabon Megher Din, and Jyotsna O Jononir Golpo. His romantic novels included, Badol Diner Prothom Kodom Phool, Noboni, Aj Dupure Tomar Nimontran, Ahmed wrote four autobiographies - Hotel Graver Inn, Amar Chelebela, Rong Pencil and Fountain Pen. Ahmeds first television drama was Prothom Prohor, directed by Nawazesh Ali Khan and his first drama serial was Ei Shob Din Ratri. This was followed by the comedy series Bohubrihi, the drama series Ayomoy, the urban drama series Kothao Keu Nei, Nokkhotrer Raat. In addition, he made single episode dramas, most notably Nimful, Ahmed directed films based on his own stories
8.
Bollywood
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Bollywood is the sobriquet for Indias Hindi language film industry, based in the city of Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is more formally referred to as Hindi cinema, Bollywood is also one of the largest centers of film production in the world. Furthermore, Bollywood is one of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed, according to Matusitz, J. & Payano, P. In 2011, over 3.5 billion tickets were sold across the globe which in comparison is 900,000 tickets more than Hollywood, Bollywood produced 252 films in 2014 out of a total of 1969 films produced in Indian cinema. The name Bollywood is a derived from Bombay, India, and Hollywood, California. Bollywood does not exist as a physical place, some deplore the name, arguing that it makes the industry look like a poor cousin to Hollywood. The naming scheme for Bollywood was inspired by Tollywood, the name that was used to refer to the cinema of West Bengal and it was this chance juxtaposition of two pairs of rhyming syllables, Holly and Tolly, that led to the portmanteau name Tollywood being coined. However, Tollywood is now used popularly to refer to the Telugu Film Industry in Telangana & Andhra Pradesh, the term Bollywood itself has origins in the 1970s, when India overtook America as the worlds largest film producer. Credit for the term has been claimed by different people, including the lyricist, filmmaker and scholar Amit Khanna. Raja Harishchandra, by Dadasaheb Phalke, is known as the first silent feature film made in India, by the 1930s, the industry was producing over 200 films per annum. The first Indian sound film, Ardeshir Iranis Alam Ara, was a commercial success. There was clearly a huge market for talkies and musicals, Bollywood, the 1930s and 1940s were tumultuous times, India was buffeted by the Great Depression, World War II, the Indian independence movement, and the violence of the Partition. Most Bollywood films were unabashedly escapist, but there were also a number of filmmakers who tackled tough social issues, in 1937, Ardeshir Irani, of Alam Ara fame, made the first colour film in Hindi, Kisan Kanya. The next year, he made another film, a version of Mother India. However, colour did not become a feature until the late 1950s. At this time, lavish romantic musicals and melodramas were the fare at the cinema. Following Indias independence, the period from the late 1940s to the 1960s is regarded by historians as the Golden Age of Hindi cinema. Some of the most critically acclaimed Hindi films of all time were produced during this period, examples include the Guru Dutt films Pyaasa and Kaagaz Ke Phool and the Raj Kapoor films Awaara, Shree 420 and Dilip Kumars Aan
9.
Indian Police Service
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The Indian Police Service or IPS, is one of the three All India Services of the Government of India. It has replaced the Indian Imperial Police in 1948, a year after India gained independence from Britain, the service is not a force itself but provides leaders and commanders to staff the state police and all-India Central Armed Police Forces. Its members are the officers of the police. The Bureau of Police Research and Development is responsible for research, in 1861, the British Government introduced the Indian Councils Act of 1861. The act created the foundation of a modern and professionalised police bureaucracy in India and it introduced, a new cadre of police, called Superior Police Services, later known as the Indian Imperial Police. The highest rank in the service was the Inspector General, in 1902-03, a Police Commission was established for the Police reforms under Sir Andrew Frazer and Lord Curzon. It recommended the appointment of Indians at officer level in the police, Indians could rise only to the ranks of Inspector of Police, the senior N. C. O. However they were not part of Indian Imperial Police, from 1920, Indian Imperial Police was open to Indians and the entrance examination for the service was conducted both in India and England. Prior to Independence, senior police officers belonging to the Imperial Police were appointed by the Secretary of State on the basis of a competitive examination. The first open civil service examination for admission to the service was held in England in June 1893 and it is not possible to pinpoint an exact date on which the Indian Police came formally into being. In this sense,1907 could be regarded as the starting point, in 1948, a year after India gained independence, the Imperial Police was replaced by IPS. In 1972, Kiran Bedi joined the IPS, becoming the first woman police officer, as per media reports in 2016, there is massive shortfall of IPS officers in India, which is nearly 19% to 22% of total strength. Historically, few officers have been awarded United Nations Medal and have participated in Indian Army United Nations peacekeeping missions, the Indian Police Service is not a force itself but a service providing leaders and commanders to staff the state police and all-India Central Armed Police Forces. Its members are the officers of the police. Leading and commanding the Indian Intelligence Agencies like Research and Analysis Wing, Intelligence Bureau, Central Bureau of Investigation, Indian Federal Law Enforcement Agencies, Civil and Armed Police Forces in all the states and union territories. To interact and coordinate closely with the members of other All India Services and with the Indian Revenue Service, to lead and command the force with courage, uprightness, dedication and a strong sense of service to the people. Endeavor to inculcate in the forces under their command such values. IPS officers are recruited from Civil Services Examination and they are also promoted from State Police Services and DANIPS
10.
Kusum Kusum Prem
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Kusum Kusum Prem is a Bangladeshi Bengali language film. The film directed by Mushfiqur Rahman Gulzar who also wrote the story, the film produced by Impress Telefilm Limited. Film stars Moushumi, Ferdous and Riaz in lead roles along with ATM Shamsuzzaman, Prabir Mitra, Khaleda Akter Kalpana, Amol Bose, Nahima Khan, Kusum Kusum Prem, portraying life of a destitute woman namely Kusum. The playback singers of the movie are Kanak Chapa, Andrew Kishore, Monir Khan, Polash, national Film Awards Ferdous Ahmed and Emon Saha has been judged as best actor for his outstanding performance in the film Kusum Kusum Prem. Best composer, Emon Saha Kusum Kusum Prem at the Internet Movie Database
