1.
Fereydunkenar County
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Fereydunkenar County is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Fereydunkenar and it was separated from Babolsar County in 2008. At the 2006 census, the population was 56,055. The county has two districts, the Central District and Dehferi District, the county has one city, Fereydunkenar
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Iran
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Iran, also known as Persia, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, is a sovereign state in Western Asia. Comprising a land area of 1,648,195 km2, it is the second-largest country in the Middle East, with 82.8 million inhabitants, Iran is the worlds 17th-most-populous country. It is the country with both a Caspian Sea and an Indian Ocean coastline. The countrys central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, Tehran is the countrys capital and largest city, as well as its leading economic and cultural center. Iran is the site of to one of the worlds oldest civilizations, the area was first unified by the Iranian Medes in 625 BC, who became the dominant cultural and political power in the region. The empire collapsed in 330 BC following the conquests of Alexander the Great, under the Sassanid Dynasty, Iran again became one of the leading powers in the world for the next four centuries. Beginning in 633 AD, Arabs conquered Iran and largely displaced the indigenous faiths of Manichaeism and Zoroastrianism by Islam, Iran became a major contributor to the Islamic Golden Age that followed, producing many influential scientists, scholars, artists, and thinkers. During the 18th century, Iran reached its greatest territorial extent since the Sassanid Empire, through the late 18th and 19th centuries, a series of conflicts with Russia led to significant territorial losses and the erosion of sovereignty. Popular unrest culminated in the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906, which established a monarchy and the countrys first legislative body. Following a coup instigated by the U. K. Growing dissent against foreign influence and political repression led to the 1979 Revolution, Irans rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 21 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the third-largest number in Asia and 11th-largest in the world. Iran is a member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC. Its political system is based on the 1979 Constitution which combines elements of a democracy with a theocracy governed by Islamic jurists under the concept of a Supreme Leadership. A multicultural country comprising numerous ethnic and linguistic groups, most inhabitants are Shia Muslims, the largest ethnic groups in Iran are the Persians, Azeris, Kurds and Lurs. Historically, Iran has been referred to as Persia by the West, due mainly to the writings of Greek historians who called Iran Persis, meaning land of the Persians. As the most extensive interactions the Ancient Greeks had with any outsider was with the Persians, however, Persis was originally referred to a region settled by Persians in the west shore of Lake Urmia, in the 9th century BC. The settlement was then shifted to the end of the Zagros Mountains. In 1935, Reza Shah requested the international community to refer to the country by its native name, opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, propagated a move to use Persia and Iran interchangeably
4.
Provinces of Iran
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Iran is subdivided into thirty one provinces, each governed from a local center, usually the largest local city, which is called the capital of that province. The provincial authority is headed by a Governor-General, who is appointed by the Minister of the Interior subject to approval of the cabinet, from 1960 to 1981 the governorates were raised to provincial status one by one
5.
Mazandaran Province
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Mazandaran Province pronunciation, is an Iranian province located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range, in central-northern Iran. Mazandaran Province is one of the most densely populated provinces in Iran and has natural resources, notably large reservoirs of oil. The provinces four largest counties are Sari, Amol, Nur, Mazandaran is a major producer of farmed fish, and aquaculture provides an important economic addition to traditional dominance of agriculture. Another important contributor to the economy is the industry, as people from all of Iran enjoy visiting the area. Mazandaran is also a centre for biotechnology. The province covers an area of 23,842 km², Sari is the capital city of the province. Mazandaran is divided into 15 counties, all the shahrestans are named after their administrative center, except Savadkooh. Human habitation in the dates back at least 75,000 years. Recent excavations in Gohar Tape in Behshahr provide proof that the area has been urbanized for more than 5,000 years, and it has played an important role in cultural and urban development of the region. Mazandaran is one of the oldest areas Sedentism, Mazandaran is a Caspian province in the north of Iran. Located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, it is bordered clockwise by Russia, Golestan, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, Sari is the largest city and the capital of Mazandaran province. Mazandaran Province was made part of the First Region upon the division of the provinces into five regions solely for coordination, before the arrival of the Iranian-speakers to Iran, native people of this area were subsistence hunters and cattle herders. Archaeological studies in caves belt and Hutu man in Behshahr in the Mazandaran date to approximately 9500 BC, the Amard were a tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea, including current day Amol. The territory known as Mazandaran has changed hands among various dynasties from early in its history, there are several fortresses remaining from Parthia and Sassanid times, and many older cemeteries scattered throughout the province. During this era, Mazandaran was part of Hyrcania Province which was one of the important provinces, in 662 CE, ten years after the death of Yazdegerd III the last Sassanian Emperor, a large Muslim army under the command of Hassan ibn Ali invaded Tabarestan. With the advent of the Sassanid dynasty, the King of Mazandaran was Gushnasp, in 529–536, Mazandaran was ruled by the Sassanid prince Kawus, son of Kawadh. Anushirawan, the Sassanid king, defeated Zarmihr, who claimed his ancestry from the legendary blacksmith Kaveh and this dynasty ruled the area till 645 AD, when Gil Gilanshah joined Mazandaran to Gilan. There are several fortresses remaining from Parthian and Sassanid times, during this era, Mazandaran was part of Hyrcania Province which was one of the important provinces
6.
Counties of Iran
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The counties of Iran, also called shahrestan, are administrative divisions of larger provinces. The word shahrestan comes from the Persian words shahr and stān, county, therefore, is a near equivalent of shahrestan. Iranian counties are divided into one or more bakhsh, or districts, a typical county includes both cities and rural agglomerations, which are groupings of adjacent villages. One city within the county serves as the capital of that county, in 2005, Iran had 324 shahrestans. To better understand these subdivisions, the table is useful. Assume that province P is divided into two counties, A and B, county A has 3 districts, Central, X, and Y. The Central district is the district that contains City M, the capital of the county, each district contains one or more cities and/or one or more RAs. The minimal county consists of one city as the only district, named Central. The county B in the table is of such type
7.
Iran Standard Time
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Iran Standard Time or Iran Time is the time zone used in Iran. Iran uses a UTC offset UTC+03,30, IRST is defined by the 52.5 degrees east meridian, the same meridian which defines the Iranian calendar and is the official meridian of Iran. Between 2005 and 2008, by decree of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and it was reintroduced from 21 March 2008. Iran is unusual in that the dates of DST transitions arent based on a such as the third Monday in September. So in most countries, DST transitions occur on the same every year
8.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
9.
Iran Daylight Time
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Iran Standard Time or Iran Time is the time zone used in Iran. Iran uses a UTC offset UTC+03,30, IRST is defined by the 52.5 degrees east meridian, the same meridian which defines the Iranian calendar and is the official meridian of Iran. Between 2005 and 2008, by decree of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and it was reintroduced from 21 March 2008. Iran is unusual in that the dates of DST transitions arent based on a such as the third Monday in September. So in most countries, DST transitions occur on the same every year
10.
Persian language
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Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi, is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It is primarily spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan and it is mostly written in the Persian alphabet, a modified variant of the Arabic script. Its grammar is similar to that of many contemporary European languages, Persian gets its name from its origin at the capital of the Achaemenid Empire, Persis, hence the name Persian. A Persian-speaking person may be referred to as Persophone, there are approximately 110 million Persian speakers worldwide, with the language holding official status in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. For centuries, Persian has also been a cultural language in other regions of Western Asia, Central Asia. It also exerted influence on Arabic, particularly Bahrani Arabic. Persian is one of the Western Iranian languages within the Indo-European family, other Western Iranian languages are the Kurdish languages, Gilaki, Mazanderani, Talysh, and Balochi. Persian is classified as a member of the Southwestern subgroup within Western Iranian along with Lari, Kumzari, in Persian, the language is known by several names, Western Persian, Parsi or Farsi has been the name used by all native speakers until the 20th century. Since the latter decades of the 20th century, for reasons, in English. Tajiki is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by the Tajiks, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term Persian as a language name is first attested in English in the mid-16th century. Native Iranian Persian speakers call it Fārsi, Farsi is the Arabicized form of Pārsi, subsequent to Muslim conquest of Persia, due to a lack of the phoneme /p/ in Standard Arabic. The origin of the name Farsi and the place of origin of the language which is Fars Province is the Arabicized form of Pārs, in English, this language has historically been known as Persian, though Farsi has also gained some currency. Farsi is encountered in some literature as a name for the language. In modern English the word Farsi refers to the language while Parsi describes Zoroastrians, some Persian language scholars such as Ehsan Yarshater, editor of Encyclopædia Iranica, and University of Arizona professor Kamran Talattof, have also rejected the usage of Farsi in their articles. The international language-encoding standard ISO 639-1 uses the code fa, as its system is mostly based on the local names. The more detailed standard ISO 639-3 uses the name Persian for the dialect continuum spoken across Iran and Afghanistan and this consists of the individual languages Dari and Iranian Persian. Currently, Voice of America, BBC World Service, Deutsche Welle, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty also includes a Tajik service and an Afghan service. This is also the case for the American Association of Teachers of Persian, The Centre for Promotion of Persian Language and Literature, Persian is an Iranian language belonging to the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European family of languages
11.
Romanization
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Romanization, in linguistics, is the conversion of writing from a different writing system to the Roman script, or a system for doing so. Methods of romanization include transliteration, for representing written text, and transcription, for representing the spoken word, There are many consistent or standardized romanization systems. They can be classified by their characteristics, source, or donor language – A system may be tailored to romanize text from a particular language, or a series of languages, or for any language in a particular writing system. A language-specific system typically preserves language features like pronunciation, while the one may be better for cataloguing international texts. Target, or receiver language – Most systems are intended for an audience that speaks or reads a particular language and this affects the ease of creation, digital storage and transmission, reproduction, and reading of the romanized text. Reversibility – Whether or not the original can be restored from the converted text, some reversible systems allow for an irreversible simplified version. Most romanizations are intended to enable the reader who is unfamiliar with the original script to pronounce the source language reasonably accurately. Such romanizations follow the principle of phonemic transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language, the popular Hepburn romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. The International Phonetic Alphabet is the most common system of phonetic transcription, for most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves tradeoffs between the two extremes. In modern times the chain of transcription is usually spoken foreign language, written language, written native language. Reducing the number of processes, i. e. removing one or both steps of writing, usually leads to more accurate oral articulations. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription, Romanization standards include the following, Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft, Adopted by the International Convention of Orientalist Scholars in Rome. It is the basis for the very influential Hans Wehr dictionary, qalam, A system that focuses upon preserving the spelling, rather than the pronunciation, and uses mixed case ISO 233-2, Simplified transliteration. Buckwalter transliteration, Developed at Xerox by Tim Buckwalter, doesnt require unusual diacritics ALA-LC Arabic chat alphabet There are romanization systems for both Modern and Ancient Greek. ALA-LC Beta Code Greeklish ISO843 The Hebrew alphabet is romanized using several standards, ANSI Z39.25 UNGEGN ISO259, ALA-LC The Brahmic family of abugidas is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a tradition in the west to study Sanskrit. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones, ISO15919, A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO15919 standard. It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic consonants, see also Transliteration of Indic scripts, how to use ISO15919
12.
Caspian Sea
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The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed inland body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the worlds largest lake or a full-fledged sea. It is in a basin located between Europe and Asia. It is bounded by Kazakhstan to the northeast, Russia to the northwest, Azerbaijan to the west, Iran to the south, the Caspian Sea lies to the east of the Caucasus Mountains and to the west of the vast steppe of Central Asia. In its northern part, the Caspian Depression lies 28 to 130 m below sea level, the sea bed in the southern part reaches as low as 1023 m below sea level, which is the second lowest natural depression on earth after Lake Baikal. The ancient inhabitants of its coast perceived the Caspian Sea as an ocean, probably because of its saltiness, the sea has a surface area of 371,000 km2 and a volume of 78,200 km3. It has a salinity of approximately 1. 2%, about a third of the salinity of most seawater, the word Caspian is derived from the name of the Caspi, an ancient people who lived to the southwest of the sea in Transcaucasia. Strabo wrote that to the country of the Albanians belongs also the territory called Caspiane, which was named after the Caspian tribe, as was also the sea, but the tribe has now disappeared. Moreover, the Caspian Gates, which is the name of a region in Irans Tehran province, the Iranian city of Qazvin shares the root of its name with that of the sea. In fact, the traditional Arabic name for the sea itself is Bahr al-Qazwin, in classical antiquity among Greeks and Persians it was called the Hyrcanian Ocean. In Persian antiquity, as well as in modern Iran, it is known as the دریای خزر, Daryā-e Khazar, ancient Arabic sources refer to it as Baḥr Gīlān meaning the Gilan Sea. Turkic languages refer to the lake as Khazar Sea, in Turkmen, the name is Hazar deňizi, in Azeri, it is Xəzər dənizi, and in modern Turkish, it is Hazar denizi. An exception is Kazakh, where it is called Каспий теңізі, old Russian sources call it the Khvalyn or Khvalis Sea after the name of Khwarezmia. In modern Russian, it is called Каспи́йское мо́ре, Kaspiyskoye more, the Caspian Sea, like the Black Sea, Namak Lake, and Lake Urmia, is a remnant of the ancient Paratethys Sea. It became landlocked about 5.5 million years ago due to tectonic uplift and a fall in sea level. Due to the current inflow of water, the Caspian Sea is a freshwater lake in its northern portions, and is most saline on the Iranian shore. Currently, the salinity of the Caspian is one third that of Earths oceans. The Caspian Sea is the largest inland body of water in the world, the coastlines of the Caspian are shared by Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. The Caspian is divided into three distinct regions, the Northern, Middle, and Southern Caspian
13.
Capital city
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A capital city is the municipality exercising primary status in a country, state, province, or other region, usually as its seat of government. A capital is typically a city that encompasses the offices and meeting places of its respective government. In some jurisdictions, including countries, the different branches of government are located in different settlements. In some cases, a distinction is made between the capital and the seat of government, which is in another place. The word capital derives from the Latin caput, meaning head, in several English-speaking states, the terms county town, county seat, and borough seat are also used in lower subdivisions. In unitary states, subnational capitals are known as administrative centres. The capital is often, but not necessarily, the largest city of its constituent, historically, the major economic centre of a state or region often becomes the focal point of political power, and becomes a capital through conquest or federation. Examples are Ancient Babylon, Abbasid Baghdad, Ancient Athens, Rome, Constantinople, Changan, Ancient Cusco, Madrid, Paris, London, Moscow, Beijing, Tokyo, Vienna, and Berlin. Some of these cities are or were also religious centres, e. g. Constantinople, Rome, Jerusalem, Ancient Babylon, Moscow, Belgrade, Paris, and Peking. A capital city that is also the economic, cultural. The convergence of political and economic or cultural power is by no means universal, traditional capitals may be economically eclipsed by provincial rivals, e. g. Nanking by Shanghai, Quebec City by Montreal, and numerous US state capitals. The decline of a dynasty or culture could also mean the extinction of its city, as occurred at Babylon. Although many capitals are defined by constitution or legislation, many long-time capitals have no legal designation as such, for example Bern, Edinburgh, Lisbon, London, Paris, are located in or near them. In Canada, there is a capital, while the ten provinces. The states of such countries as Mexico, Brazil, and Australia all have capital cities, for example, the six state capitals of Australia are Adelaide, Brisbane, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth, and Sydney. In Australia, the capital cities is regularly used, to refer to the aforementioned state capitals plus the federal capital Canberra and Darwin. Abu Dhabi is the city of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. In unitary states which consist of multiple constituent countries, such as the United Kingdom or the Kingdom of Denmark, the national capitals of Germany and Russia, the Stadtstaat of Berlin and the Federal City of Moscow, are also constituent states of both countries in their own right
14.
Sari, Iran
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Sari is the provincial capital of Mazandaran and former capital of Iran, located in the north of Iran, between the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains and southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Sari is the largest and most populous city of Mazandaran, the Mazandaran Sea provides a beautiful coastline to the north of Sari, north-east of the city lies Neka. Qaemshahr is to its south-west, Juybar is to its north-west, and Kiasar, Damghan, excavations in the Hutto cave present evidence for the existence of settlements around Sari as far back as the 70th millennium BCE. The Muslim historian Hamdollah Mostowfi attributes the foundation of Sari to king Tahmoures Divband of the Pishdadian Dynasty, after that success, Fereydun of Pishdadi feeling indebted to Kaveh, chose this city so as to live near him until his death. For this reason, when Touraj and Salam murdered Iraj, they buried him here, espahbod Tous-e Nouzar systematically founded it to remain as family monument. Han Way, who visited Saruye in 1734, makes mention of four ancient Magian temples as still standing then, built in the form of several rotundas, each thirty feet in diameter, and about 120 in height. However Sir William Ouseley, who had travelled to the site in 1811, has speculated that these to be masses of masonry of the Mohammedan age. Out of four, one of the rotunda is still standing since the rest were overturned by an earthquake, in the seventh century, Farrukhan the Great of the Dabuyid dynasty reconstructed the city, and because his sons name was Sarouyeh, he called it by this name. Sari once again became the capital of Tabaristan during that century, after invasions by the successors of Mongols, Timur the Lame of Uzbeks, Turcoman, and Tatars the city lost its high status and was periodically burnt to ashes. Because Shah Abbas Is mother was from Behshahr, he founded Farahabad as his capital of Persia in the north of the city. Still many towns, villages and neighbourhoods in Mazandaran bear the name Gorji in them, after the Safavid dynasty fell and until the rise of Agha Mohammad Khan to power there, is no evidence of any notable events in Sari. Major developments took place after the Qajar dynasty, during the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, the face of the town was changed drastically. Sari Rail Station and most of the streets and governmental buildings date from that era, during World War II the Soviet army occupied the city, but left it after the war. The Clock Tower, in the Clock Square located in downtown Sari, Sari also contains the tombs of the Muslim cleric leaders Yahya and Zayn Al-Abedin, Emamzade-ye Abbas, and Shazdeh Hussein the architecture of which are from the 15th century. The economy of Sari is based on food such as milled rice, dairy products, canned meat. Sari is a citrus fruits producer, especially oranges, tangerines. Oil seeds such as soybean and rape being cultivated in vast lands around villages for producing of vegetable ghee, during the 1950s to 1970s, a factory of MM company was the citys largest industrial complex and one of the countrys biggest vegetable oil producers. After the 1979 revolution, the company was nationalized but got bankrupt, other sources of the economy include, but are not limited to, paper, wood, fabrics and construction materials
15.
Abbasabad County
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Abbasabad County is a county on the Caspian Sea, in Mazandaran Province of northern Iran. The county was detached from Tonekabon County and established in 2009, the capital of the county is Abbasabad. At the 2006 census, the population was 45,589. The county is subdivided into two districts, Kelarabad District and Salman Shahr District, the county has three cities, Abbasabad, Kelarabad, and Salman Shahr
16.
Salman Shahr
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Salman Shahr is a city in and capital of Salman Shahr District, Abbasabad County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 9,592, Salman Shahr is located 30 kilometres east of Tonekabon en route to the city of Chaloos. Salman Shar is the new name for this city after the Islamic revolution, in the past, the city was called Saghi Kelaye and was also named after its famous hotel Motel Ghoo or Motel Qu. Salman Shar city is a new settlement that was established in 1961 which was incorporated as a municipality in 1962, in the late 2000s the major development and construction projects called Ghoo or Diamond of the Middle East were kicked off. The core of these project is built in the place as where motel Ghoo was located. Commercial high rise of Negin Poorya, Composed of three floors with its own separate independent and separate from that of the residential tower. 5 star deluxe hotel of Swan,35 floors containing 337 rooms and 14 ultra luxury accommodations with fully equipped
17.
Amol County
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Amol County is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Amol, at the 2006 census, the countys population was 343,747, in 93,194 families. The county is subdivided into three districts, the Central District, Larijan District, and Dabudasht District, the county has four cities, Amol, Rineh, Gazanak, and Dabudasht. Amols neighbour counties are Babol in the east, Mahmudabad in the north, Babolsar in the north-east, Noor in the west in Mazandaran province, the county elevated landscape and valleys have dense forests. Its hills overlook the plains and stretch out to the slopes of Damavand Mountains. The majestic valleys, rivers, springs, waterfalls, colorful vegetation, diversity of wildlife, thermal springs, summer quarters and rural settlements appeal to visitors. Mount Damavand,5610 m, the highest point in the Middle East These mountains form the two ranges of the central Alborz Mountains, and are the highest sections of this range. To the north, after the Kahu Pass, in the village of Garmabdar, in the south western sector are the peaks of Takht-e-khers and Se sang, extending towards the west, where the gigantic Damavand Peak is visible. In the south eastern direction it joins the Khansak and Shad Kooh Mountains, the Haraz Rivers source is in the skirts of the Alborz Mountains in the region of Larijan. After flowing along the Haraz Road and Valley for about 100 km. it meanders in the midst of the city of Amol, the fringes of this river are utilized as recreational areas as well as for fishing. The course that this river flows is beautiful and breath taking, Shahandasht, The Shahandasht Waterfall is the highest waterfall of Mazandaran Province. It is located in Shahandasht Village,65 kilometers away from Amol and it is 51 meters high flowing from the heart of Alborz Mountain. The waterfall is consisted of 3 waterfalls which make it 180 meters high, one can reach the waterfall by passing through the bridge of Vana Village and reaching the village of Shahandasht and walk towards the waterfall for 15 minutes on foot. Yakhi, Yakhi Waterfall with a height of 12 meters, is located in the vicinity of Doudkouh Mountain near the part of Damavand Peak in Mazandaran province. This waterfall is spectacular in that it is completely frozen throughout the year, the said waterfall is one of its own in the world. The other proposed Waterfall in county named, Ab Murad, Plas, Tara, Sang Darka, Qaleh Dokhtar, Peromed, Ab Garm-e Larijan Thermal Springs, This thermal spring is near the Rineh village. Its water is used in the treatment of joint disorders, skin diseases, Damavand has some thermal springs with therapeutic qualities. These mineral hot springs are located on the volcanos flanks and at the base
18.
Babol County
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Babol County is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Babol, at the 2012 census, the countys population was 495,472, in 149,363 families. The county has eleven cities, Babol, AmirShahr, Galugah, Gatab, Khush Rudpey, Marzikola, ZargarShahr, AhmadShahr, AhangarKola, ShahidAbad and GanjAfrooz. The most famous of Babols historical buildings are Imamzadeh Ghasem, Ganjineh-ye-Babol, Mohammad Hassan Khan bridge, tower of the Royal Palace and the Jameh Mosque
19.
Babol
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Babol is the capital of Babol County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. Babol is divided into two metropolitan area, at the 2012 census, its population was 219,467, in 66,944 families. Babol is located in the north of Iran, between the slopes of the Alborz Mountains and southern coast of the Caspian Sea. Babol is on the north-east of Tehran and is one of the most important cities in the north of Iran and it is the regions chief center. Babol is a new name for the site of the ancient city of Mamatir and it is famous for its orange farms, for which it is dubbed the city of orange blossoms. Founded in the 16th century, it was built on the site of the ancient city of Mamtir, Babol was formerly called Barforushdeh and Barforush afterwards. The city is located approximately 20 kilometers south of Caspian Sea on the west bank of BabolRud River and receives abundant annual rainfall. Babol borders Babolsar and Fereydunkenar to the north, Qaem Shahr and Savad Kooh Shomali to the east, Savad Kooh to the southeast, Firuzkuh to the South, Babol University is famous for its spectacular scenery. The Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as hot-summer Mediterranean, in 2012 population census calculation of the city, the population was 219,467 people and a population of 495,472 people in the located in the city. The ruins of Shah Abbas Is palace are located in the city, Mohammad Hassan Khans Bridge is also one of the most ancient buildings of Mazandaran. It was built by the king Mohammad Hassan Khan Qajar, the ancestor of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar as the road from Babol to Amol. Now it is known as the old road of Babol to Amol, another nice scenery is Babol Noshirvani Park, which is the biggest park including playground located in the north part of Iran, located almost in the vicinity of Caspian Sea. Babol is home to important and intact forests and jungles. for instance, Shiadeh, Shiadeh is the name of a rural area near the jungle. Here are some views of Noshirvani Park and Shiadeh Jungle, Babol produces food and textiles — as well as other processed goods. There are many rice farms around the city, and, until about 20 years ago, tea, tobacco, almost 100% of the city transportation is by car, buses and other road vehicles. Thus, Babol is highly dependent on the highway network which connects the city to Babolsar at 10 km north, Amol at 30 km west. These are all new wide highways, Babol has access to an airport 55 km away and to a train station 15 km away. The ports of Fereydunkenar and Babolsar are both located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea with connection to other Caspian ports, as the largest commercial center the city of Babol also hosts large number of universities province
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Babolsar
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Babolsar is a city in and the capital of Babolsar County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. It is located alongside the Caspian Sea, at the 2016 census, the city population was 75,761, in 24,666 families. Babolsar is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, since the Babol river passes through the city, both the bank of the river and the beach of the sea form tourist attractions in the city. The city is home to the faculties of the University of Mazandaran. Babolsar has an area of 446 square kilometers, the city acquired its current name in 1927. By the 18th century, Babolsar had become a commercial port. During the reign of Nadir Shah, it was the base for Irans Caspian fleet, by 1909, the port yielded 12 percent of the total customs revenue of Iran. However, by 1895, ports in Gilan were already competing with Babolsar, during Reza Shahs reign, Babolsar lost much of its remaining trade to the new port of Bandar-e Shah at the terminus of the trans-Iranian railroad. The cargo handled at Babolsar in the years of 1935 and 1936 was only 25,000 tons, a modern quarter and a hotel were built during this period. The end of World War II brought a new era of vitality to the city as a seaside resort for people from Tehran. Babolsars population increased from about 3,500 in 1945 to 11,781 in 1966 and 18,810 in 1976, Babolsar has a humid subtropical climate with warm summers and cool winters. Rainfall may occur at any time of the year but is heaviest in autumn, University of Mazandaran, currently the largest state higher education center in the province of Mazandaran, had formerly consisted of a number of tertiary education centers. In 1979 the centers were merged to form what is now known as University of Mazandaran. In recent years, UMZ has made significant progress, expanding itself with vision both qualitatively and quantitatively, until 2016, more than 15000 students got graduated from different faculties of our university. Bābolsar entry in the Encyclopædia Iranica
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Behshahr County
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Behshahr County is a county on the Caspian Sea, in Mazandaran Province of northern Iran. The capital of the county is Behshahr, the most important towns of the county are Behshahr and Rostamkola. At the 2006 census, the population was 154,957. The county is subdivided into two districts, the Central District and Yaneh Sar District, the county has three cities, Behshahr, Rostamkola, and Khalil Shahr
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Behshahr
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Behshahr is a city in Mazandaran, Iran. Located on the cost of the Caspian Sea, at the foot of the Alborz, at the 2006 census, its population was 83,537, in 22,034 families. In 1832 David Brewster wrote in The Edinburgh Encyclopædia that Ashraff is celebrated as the residence of Shah Abbas. Prior to the arrival of Shah Abbas I Ashraf was a village of no distinction, the location took the fancy of Abbis I who made it an imperial residence in 1613 and he commissioned the construction of a palace and gardens. The heyday of the town was from that time until the middle of the 18th century, at the time that Sir Thomas Herbert visited the palace in 1628 there were about 2,000 families living in the town that at that time contained at least 300 public bath houses. Jonas Hanway visited the town in 1744 when it was in a state of decay, by 1860 Ashraf was no more than a large village of 845 houses with between eight and ten thousand inhabitants. Kamarband cave is notable for three human skeletons discovered there, dating to approximately 9000 years B. C, other finds included flint blades, walrus and deer bones, giving valuable information about human development from the ice age in the Mazandaran area. The name Behshahr literally means great city, there is a road which leads up to a mountain through the jungle. In the touristic Abbas Abbad, the jungle surrounds a lake with a castle in the middle. The castle once belonged to the Shah Abbas, Behshahr is home to many famous Iranian figures ranging from actors to political figures. One of the famous political figures from Behshahr is Ahmad Tavakkoli who once was a presidential candidate. Every year, famous members of the Iranian entertainment industry gather in Behshahr in a ceremony rewarding entertainers, more recently, such members included Parviz Parastui. The city of Behshahr is a city which produces Tokhme, vegetable oil. Rika is the term for son. Behshahr is home to Behshahr Industrial Company which is the biggest producer of oil in Iran since 1951. Recently, after scavenging near the suburbs of Behshahr, an ancient town was discovered which included nearly a thousand corpses of children to middle-aged men, the corpses had heights above the modern typical heights. In the area, gold and jars were found, Abbas Abbad which is famous for its greenery and beauty and also its historic significance is a major tourism attraction. There is a road leads up to a mountain through the jungle
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Rostamkola
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Rostamkela is a city in the Central District of Behshahr County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11,306 and it is situated between Neka-Behshahr highway and distance of province center is 40 kilometres kilometer and 12 kilometres and 8 kilometres from Neka and Behshahr respectively. We dont know about the origin of the Rostamkela name but it had been told by persons that a man named Rostam helped the people of the area become united, the main economic activity is based on Agriculture. Other productions are Avi-culture, Brick manufacturing, Flour manufacturing, Metal Industries, the first school was built in 1925. In addition, Rostamkela has a school that was built by Allameh Ayazi. During the Second World War the Trans-Iranian railway was constructed and Rostamkela Depot was built at the same time, there is a special railway which conveys from Rostamkela to Amir Abad seaport and a special road will be opened between them soon. Qanat was used to provide reliable water for irrigation in Rostamkela. Rostamkela is located in ancient district which included Gorji Mahale, Asiabsar, gohar Tape is a city mounded near Rostamkela. The Imamzade building was built 800 years ago, there are many beautiful places in Rostamkela just like Mirevoun (mehravan, a famous place that is located in jungle. It is being used by people for picnic, the descendants of Rostamkelas original founders are still to be found here, and they can relate numerous stories concerning the founding of the city. In all these stories obtained from numerous descendents, it is believed and confirmed that their ancestors were of noble lineage, the origin of this noble lineage is unknown yet the suspicions are strengthened by numerous anecdotes. All are linked to a man with deep set blue eyes who settled the land, the descendants often have blue eyes, though also green and brown. The descendants believe steadfast that they are of noble lineage, though their ancestry is unknown. The land has filled with Persian and Parthian Nobles throughout the ages
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Chalus County
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Chalus County is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Chalus, at the 2006 census, the countys population was 119,559, in 33,193 families. The county is subdivided into two districts, the Central District and Kelardasht District, the county has three cities, Chalus, Kelardasht, and Marzanabad. اطلس گیتاشناسی استانهای ایران Media related to Chalus County at Wikimedia Commons
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Chalus, Iran
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Chalus is a city in Mazandaran Province of Iranand the capital of Chalus County. According to the 2006 census, it has a population of 44,618, the bordering counties are Noshahr to the east, Tonekabon to the west in Mazandaran province and Tehran province to the south. It sits on the Chalus River near the Caspian coastline
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Kelardasht
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Kelardasht is a city in and the capital of Kelardasht District, in Chalus County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 11,921, the city is composed of 5 districts. Hasankif has been the district for many years and is currently also the political center. Its attractions mainly consist of its beauty, including Alamkooh Mountain, Abbasabad Road, Valasht lake. But picnicking and mountain climbing in the area surrounding Rud-Barak are also popular, the majority of the inhabitants speak Gilaki, but a few migrants speak Kurdish. Kelar Mound, Neolithic dwelling site in Kelardasht Mejel, Mejel located North of Kelardasht Kelardasht Photo Album
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Marzanabad
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Marzanabad is a city in Kelardasht District, in Chalus County, Mazandaran Province, Iran. At the 2006 census, its population was 5,078, marzanabad is the closest green city of Mazandaran province to Tehran while passing through the beautiful road of Tehran-Chalus. Note that Tehran-Chalus road is one of three roads that connect Tehran to Mazandaran province and it is the shortest path towards Caspian Sea from Tehran. Marzanabad is located on a T-junction of the roads towards Tehran, Chalus and it is about 25 km away from both Chalous and Kelardasht while it is about 170 km away from Tehran via Tehran-Chalus road. It worths to mention that after completing Tehran-Chalous highway first phase, due to the strategic location of the city, it attracts thousands of tourists each year from almost all parts of Iran, but especially from Tehran
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Galugah County
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Galugah County is a county in Mazandaran Province in Iran. The capital of the county is Galugah and it was separated from Behshahr County in 2005. At the 2006 census, the population was 39,450. The county is subdivided into two districts, the Central District and Kolbad District, the county has one city, Galugah
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