1.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
2.
Harry Ferguson
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Today his name lives on in the name of the Massey Ferguson company. Ferguson was born at Growell, near Dromore, in County Down, Ireland, United Kingdom, in 1902, Ferguson went to work with his brother, Joe, in his bicycle and car repair business. While working there as a mechanic, he developed an interest in aviation, in 1904, he began to race motorcycles. The first person to accomplish powered flight in the UK was Alliot Verdon Roe in June 1908, who flew an aeroplane of his own design. Harry convinced his brother that they should attempt to build an aircraft at their Belfast workshop and working from Harrys notes, they worked on the design of a plane, the Ferguson monoplane. After making many changes and improvements, they transported their new aircraft by towing it behind a car through the streets of Belfast up to Hillsborough Park to make their first attempt at flight. They were at first thwarted by propeller trouble but continued to make alterations to the plane. After a delay of nearly a week caused by bad weather, Harry Ferguson became the first Irishman to fly and the first Irishman to build and fly his own aeroplane. After falling out with his brother over the safety and future of aviation Ferguson decided to go it alone, in 1917 Ferguson met Charles E. Sorensen while Sorensen was in England scouting production sites for the Fordson tractor. They discussed methods of hitching the implement to the tractor to make them a unit, in 1920 and 1921 Ferguson demonstrated early versions of his three-point linkage on Fordsons at Cork and at Dearborn. Ferguson and Henry Ford discussed putting the Ferguson system of hitch and implements onto Fordson tractors at the factory, the hitch was mechanical at the time. Ferguson and his team of colleagues, including Willie Sands and Archie Greer, soon developed a hydraulic version. After one or two false starts, Ferguson eventually founded the Ferguson-Sherman Inc. with Eber and George Sherman, the new enterprise manufactured the Ferguson plough incorporating the patented Duplex hitch system mainly intended for the Fordson F tractor. Following several more years of development, Fergusons new hydraulic version of the three-point linkage was first seen on his prototype Ferguson Black, now in the Science Museum, Kensington, London. A production version of the Black was introduced in May 1936, made at one of the David Brown factories in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, in 1938, Fergusons interests were merged with those of David Brown junior to create the Ferguson-Brown Company. In October 1938, Ferguson demonstrated his latest tractor to Henry Ford at Dearborn, Ferguson took with him his latest patents covering future improvements to the Ferguson tractor and it is these that led to the Ford-Ferguson 9N introduced to the world on 29 June 1939. Fergusons reaction was a lawsuit demanding compensation for damage to his business, the case was settled out of court in April 1952 for just over $9 million. The court case cost him half of that and a great deal of stress
3.
Four-wheel drive
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Four-wheel drive, 4×4, and 4WD, is a form of drivetrain capable of providing power to all wheel ends of a two-axled vehicle simultaneously. It may be full-time, or on-demand, and is linked via a transfer case which provides an additional output drive-shaft. When a four-wheeled vehicle has power supplied to axles, this is described as all-wheel drive. However, four-wheel drive typically refers to a set of components and functions, and/or intended offroad application. 4×4/4WD/AWD systems were developed in different markets and used in many different vehicle platforms. There is no universally accepted set of terminology to describe the various architectures, the terms used by various manufactures often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems. Four-by-four refers to the class of vehicles. The first figure represents the total wheels, and the second, syntactically, 4×2 means a four-wheel vehicle that transmits engine power to only two axle-ends, the front two in front-wheel drive or the rear two in rear-wheel drive. Alternatively, a 6×4 vehicle has three axles, two of which power to two wheel ends each. Four wheel drive refers to vehicles with two axles providing power to four wheel ends, in the North American market the term generally refers to a system that is optimized for off-road driving conditions. The term 4WD is typically designated for vehicles equipped with a transfercase which switches between 2WD and 4WD operating modes, either manually or automatically. All wheel drive historically was synonymous with four-wheel drive on four-wheeled vehicles, and six-wheel drive on 6×6s, today in North America the term is applied to both heavy vehicles as well as light passenger vehicles. Typical AWD systems work well on all surfaces, but are not intended for more extreme off-road use, some all wheel drive electric vehicles solve this challenge using one motor for each axle, thereby eliminating a mechanical differential between the front and rear axles. An example of this is the dual motor variant of the Tesla Model S, individual-wheel drive was coined to identify those electric vehicles whereby each wheel is driven by its own individual electric motor. This system essentially has inherent characteristics that would be attributed to four-wheel drive systems like the distribution of the available power to the wheels. However, because of the inherent characteristics of electric motors, torque can be negative, as seen in the Rimac Concept One and this can have drastic effects, as in better handling in tight corners. The term IWD can refer to a vehicle with any number of wheels, for example, the Mars rovers are 6-wheel IWD. Two wheels fixed to the same turn at the same speed as a vehicle goes around curves
4.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition
5.
Coventry
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Coventry is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England. Historically part of Warwickshire, Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and it is the second largest city in the West Midlands region, after Birmingham, with a population of 345,385 in 2015. Coventry is 95 miles northwest of central London,19 miles east-south-east of Birmingham,24 miles southwest of Leicester and 11 miles north of Warwick. Coventry Cathedral was built after the destruction of the 14th century cathedral church of Saint Michael by the German Luftwaffe in the Coventry Blitz of 14 November 1940, Coventry motor companies have contributed significantly to the British motor industry. The city has two universities, Coventry University in the city centre and the University of Warwick on the southern outskirts. The Romans founded a settlement in Baginton, next to the River Sowe, and another formed around a Saxon nunnery, founded c. AD700 by St Osburga, that was later left in ruins by King Canutes invading Danish army in 1016. Earl Leofric of Mercia and his wife Lady Godiva built on the remains of the nunnery, in time, a market was established at the abbey gates and the settlement expanded. By the 14th century, Coventry was an important centre of the cloth trade, the bishops of Lichfield were often referred to as bishops of Coventry and Lichfield, or Lichfield and Coventry. Coventry claimed the status of a city by ancient prescriptive usage, was granted a charter of incorporation in 1345, the plays that William Shakespeare witnessed in Coventry during his boyhood or teens may have influenced how his plays, such as Hamlet, came about. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Coventry became one of the three main British centres of watch and clock manufacture and ranked alongside Prescot, in Lancashire, in the late 19th century, Coventry became a major centre of bicycle manufacture. The industry energised by the invention by James Starley and his nephew John Kemp Starley of the Rover safety bicycle, by the early 20th century, bicycle manufacture had evolved into motor manufacture, and Coventry became a major centre of the British motor industry. Jaguar is owned by the Indian company, Tata Motors, with many of the citys older properties becoming increasingly unfit for habitation, the first council houses were let to their tenants in 1917. With Coventrys industrial base continuing to soar after the end of the Great War a year later, numerous private and council housing developments took place across the city in the 1920s and 1930s. The development of a southern by-pass around the city, starting in the 1930s and being completed in 1940, Coventry suffered severe bomb damage during the Second World War. There was a massive Luftwaffe air raid, part of the Coventry Blitz, firebombing on this date led to severe damage to large areas of the city centre and to Coventrys historic cathedral, leaving only a shell and the spire. More than 4,000 houses were damaged or destroyed, along with three quarters of the citys industrial plants. More than 800 people were killed, with injured and homeless. Aside from London, Hull and Plymouth, Coventry suffered more damage than any other British city during the Luftwaffe attacks, following the raids, the majority of Coventrys historic buildings could not be saved as they were in ruinous states or were deemed unsafe for any future use
6.
Massey Ferguson
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Massey Ferguson Limited is an American-owned major manufacturer of agricultural equipment until recently based in Brantford, Ontario, Canada. Massey transferred its headquarters to Buffalo, New York in 1997 before it was acquired by AGCO new owner of former competitor Allis-Chalmers. The current business was formed by the 1953 merger of farm machinery manufacturers Massey Harris of Canada, in 1958, the name was shortened to Massey Ferguson. Today Massey Ferguson is only a name used by AGCO. Massey Ferguson was founded in 1847 in Newcastle, Ontario by Daniel Massey as the Newcastle Foundry, to begin with it made some of the worlds first mechanical threshers at first by assembling parts from the United States but eventually designing and building their own equipment. Daniels eldest son Hart Massey renamed the enterprise the Massey Manufacturing Co. the massive collection of factories, consisting of a 4.4 hectares site with plant and head office at 915 King Street West, became one of the best known features of the city. Massey expanded further and began to sell its products internationally, through extensive advertising campaigns he made it one of the most well known brands in Canada. A labour shortage throughout the country helped to make the firms mechanized equipment very attractive. In 1891, Massey Manufacturing merged with A. Harris, Son & Co, Ltd to become Massey-Harris Limited and became the largest agricultural equipment maker in the British Empire. Massey-Harris made threshing machines and reapers as well as safety bicycles, in 1910 it acquired the Johnston Harvester Company located in Batavia, New York, making it one of Canadas first multinational firms. Grain harvesting was revolutionized by Massey engineer Tom Carroll in 1938 with the worlds first self-propelled combine – the No.20, —but it was too heavy and expensive for extensive mass production. However, it served as a guide for the building of the lighter,21, which was tested in 1940 and put on sale in 1941. The Massey-Harris No.21 Combine was commemorated with a Canada Post stamp on June 8,1996, howes dollar-a-year men, joined the board of directors in 1942, and Eric Phillips joined management in 1946. In 1952 the M-H22 was replaced by the M-H23 Mustang, in 1955 the 30 horsepower Massey-Harris 50 was introduced after the merger that created Massey-Harris-Ferguson. It was based on the Ferguson TO-35 and was produced as the F-40 for Ferguson dealers. The MH-50 was available in configurations, utility, high-crop utility, or row-crop with a choice of single, tricycle. In 1956 the M-H33 was replaced by the MH333, the M-H44 was replaced by the M-H444 and they were also available with power steering, live PTO and hydraulics. The Massey Harris triple series tractors remained in production until 1958, in a complex turn of events, the Massey family turned to steam engine builder L. D. Sawyer & Company of Hamilton, Ontario, and started a line of steam tractors
7.
Tractor
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A tractor is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially tillage, but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, the word tractor was taken from Latin, being the agent noun of trahere to pull. The first recorded use of the meaning an engine or vehicle for pulling wagons or ploughs occurred in 1901. In Canada and the USA, the word may refer to the road tractor portion of a tractor trailer truck. The first powered farm implements in the early 19th century were portable engines – steam engines on wheels that could be used to drive farm machinery by way of a flexible belt. Richard Trevithick designed the first semi-portable stationary steam engine for use, known as a barn engine in 1812. The truly portable engine was invented in 1839 by William Tuxford of Boston, a large flywheel was mounted on the crankshaft, and a stout leather belt was used to transfer the drive to the equipment being driven. In the 1850s, John Fowler used a Clayton & Shuttleworth portable engine to drive apparatus in the first public demonstrations of the application of cable haulage to cultivation. In parallel with the portable engine development, many engineers attempted to make them self-propelled – the fore-runners of the traction engine. In most cases this was achieved by fitting a sprocket on the end of the crankshaft and these experiments met with mixed success. The alteration was made by fitting a long driving chain between the crankshaft and the rear axle. The first half of the 1860s was a period of great experimentation but by the end of the decade the standard form of the engine had evolved. It was widely adopted for agricultural use, the first tractors were steam-powered plowing engines. They were used in pairs, placed on side of a field to haul a plow back. In Britain Manns and Garrett developed steam tractors for direct ploughing, in the United States, where soil conditions permitted, steam tractors were used to direct-haul plows. Steam-powered agricultural engines remained in use well into the 20th century until reliable internal combustion engines had been developed, in 1892, John Froelich invented and built the first gasoline/petrol-powered tractor in Clayton County, Iowa, USA. A Van Duzen single-cylinder gasoline engine was mounted on a Robinson engine chassis, after receiving a patent, Froelich started up the Waterloo Gasoline Engine Company and invested all of his assets
8.
Tony Rolt
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Major Anthony Peter Roylance Tony Rolt, MC & Bar, was a British racing driver, soldier and engineer. A war hero, Major Rolt MC maintained a connection with the sport. The Ferguson 4WD project he was involved in paid off with spectacular results, at his death, he was the longest surviving participant of the first ever World Championship Grand Prix at Silverstone in 1950. He won the 195324 Hours of Le Mans and participated in three Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, Rolt was born in Bordon, Hampshire, and brought up at St Asaph in Denbighshire, Wales. He was the child of Brigadier-General Stuart Rolt, and educated at Eton. He drove there because he had just lost his British driving licence for speeding along Denbigh High Street. In a minor race at Brooklands, a bolt dropped from the ERA’s exhaust and flames began swirling around Rolt’s lap, he removed his gloves, stuffed one across the hole and won the race. For 1939, he acquired another ERA, immediately winning the 200-mile British Empire Trophy race at Donington Park and he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and in 1939 received a commission in the Rifle Brigade. During the Second World War, Rolt was a lieutenant in the Rifle Brigade and he was captured and taken prisoner of war at the end of the battle for Calais in May 1940, just before the Dunkirk evacuation of the British Expeditionary Forces, during the fall of France. He was awarded the Military Cross for gallantry, his exploits included helping a wounded comrade while firing his Bren gun at the advance German troops. In one attempt to escape, he got within yards of the Swiss border before being recaptured – which accounted for his transfer to the East German fortress, for his determined escape attempts, Rolt was awarded a Bar to his Military Cross. In early 1944, he was one of the masterminds behind the audacious glider escape plan, but in spring 1945, after the war Rolt resigned his commission with the rank of Major to develop advanced automotive technologies. After the war Rolt resumed racing with an Alfa Romeo Bimotore, between 1949 and 1952, he begun a close association with Freddie Dixon and Rob Walker, setting an engineering partnership with the former and racing Walker’s 1926 Delage and Delahaye. In 1950 and 1951, he shared a Nash-Healey, with Duncan Hamilton, from 1952 to 1955, Rolt raced Walker’s dark-blue Connaughts on which he was tremendously successful in English national events, winning numerous Formula Two, Formula Libre and handicap races. Unfortunately, his business obliged him to restrict his racing, then they asked me who I’d like as my co-driver and I said Duncan. They said “Duncan, you must be mad. ”But he joined me in the team for 1952 and their first Le Mans together for Jaguar was a disaster, which resulted in a head gasket failure and an early retirement. Rolt competed in three Formula One World Championship races, the British Grands Prix of 1950,1953, &1955, in the 1953 race, once again he started from 10th, but a half shaft on his Connaught failed after 70 laps. In his final Grand Prix, he shared a drive with Walker in 1955
9.
Freddie Dixon
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Frederick William Dixon was an English motorcycle racer and racing car driver. The designer of the motorcycle and banking system, he was also one of the few motorsport competitors to have been successful on two, three and four wheels. He was twice awarded the BRDC Gold Star for car racing, Dixon, who had the nickname Flying Freddie, was born at Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham, England, one of eight children of John and Martha Dixon. After leaving school at the age of thirteen he was employed in a cycle shop and he acquired his first motorcycle in 1909 and within a year was competing in speed and hill climb events. His first Isle of Man TT race was in 1912 on a Cleveland Precision motorcycle, during World War I Dixon spent four years in the Army Service Corps and finished with the rank of staff sergeant. After war service he went into business for himself at Park Garage, Linthorpe Road, during this time he gained many placings in the Isle of Man TT races in various categories throughout 1921,1923,1924,1926 and 1927. His victory in 1927 was on an HRD Machine as a factory rider and he retired from motorcycle racing in 1928. In 1932 he appeared on the car racing scene and quickly became renowned for his independently prepared Riley cars and his achievements in racing cars is as impressive as that on motorcycles. First place in the 1934 BRDC 500-mile handicap race at Brooklands, in 1935 he won the BRDC Empire Trophy at Brooklands and also the RAC Tourist Trophy race at Ards circuit Belfast. In 1936 he won the Brooklands 500 mile race and with Charles Dodson the RAC Tourist Trophy at Ards and his record as the only man to lap Brooklands at 130 mph in a car of less than 2 litres was never broken. British Racing Drivers Club gold star winner twice, in 1934 and 1935, in January 1926 he married Margaret Thew at St. Barnabas Church, Middlesbrough. He died at Reigate, Surrey age 64, Freddie Dixon, The Man with the Heart of a Lion. Douglas road racing history Photographs of Freddie Dixon
10.
Coventry-Climax
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Coventry Climax was a British forklift truck, fire pump, racing, and other speciality engine manufacturer. An early user was GWK, who produced over 1,000 light cars with Coventry-Simplex two-cylinder engines between 1911 and 1915, just before World War I a Coventry-Simplex engine was used by Lionel Martin to power the first Aston Martin car. Ernest Shackleton selected Coventry-Simplex to power the tractors that were to be used in his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914, hundreds of Coventry-Simplex engines were manufactured during World War I to be used in generating sets for searchlights. In 1917 the company was renamed Coventry Climax and moved to East Street, in the 1920s the company moved to Friars Road, Coventry and in the late 1930s they also acquired the former Riley premises on Widdrington Road, Coventry. In the early 1930s the company supplied engines for buses. With the closure of Swift in 1931, the company was left with a stock of engines that were converted to electric generators. Going into the war, Coventry Climax used their marine diesel experience to further develop and this has been fitted as an auxiliary engine in the British Chieftain and Challenger battle tanks and Rapier anti-aircraft missile systems. In the late 1940s, the company shifted away from engines and into other markets, including marine diesels, fire pumps. In 1946, the ET199 was announced, which the company claimed was the first British-produced forklift truck, the ET199 was designed to carry a 4,000 lb load with a 24-inch load centre, and with a 9 ft lift height. This was designated the FW, for Feather Weight, the engine was displayed at the Motor Show in London and attracted attention from the motor racing fraternity for its very high horsepower per pound of weight. The FWA became popular in racing and was followed by the Mark II. The new Formula Two regulations suited the 1. 5-litre engine, the following year, the first Climax engines began to appear in Formula One in the back of Cooper chassis. Initially, these were FWBs but the FPF engine followed, Stirling Moss scored the companys first Formula One victory, in Argentina in 1958, using a 2-litre version of the engine. At the same time, the company produced the FWE engine for Lotus Elite, there were a total of 22 Grand Prix victories before 1966 with crossplane, flatplane, two- and four-valve versions of the FWMV. This combination was considered radical at the time, especially the syncromesh on all forward gears. The adoption to mass-production was successful, and the project out to the market as the 875cc Hillman Imp totaling over 400,000 units made by 1976 including the later 998cc version. Nonetheless, Coventry Climax remained in Formula One until they were unable to come up with a new engine for the three-litre formula, the company was purchased by Jaguar Cars in 1963, which itself merged with the British Motor Corporation in 1966 to form British Motor Holdings. The citation reads, Awarded to Coventry Climax Engines Ltd. for the design, development, the history of this trophy dates back to 1906
11.
Ferguson P99
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The Ferguson P99 was a four-wheel drive Formula One car built by Ferguson Research Ltd. for the Rob Walker Racing Team. It was the first 4WD F1 car and used a 1. 5-litre Climax engine. It remains the most famous example of its type as a result of its claims to fame – not only the first 4WD car. Nevertheless, the team persevered and fitted a standard 1. 5-litre Climax 4-cylinder engine, in addition the driving position was moved slightly off-centre to accommodate the gearbox and rear driveshaft to the drivers left hand side. The car was first raced in the 1961 British Empire Trophy, where Rob Walker put Jack Fairman in the car, in the British Grand Prix at Aintree, Fairman drove the car again, but surrendered it to Stirling Moss after his Walker-entered Lotus 18 failed. The car was disqualified for outside assistance on lap 56, the cars last major F1 race was its moment of motor racing immortality, as Moss drove the P99 to victory in a damp International Gold Cup at Oulton Park. The P99s final racing action came in the British Hillclimb championship in 1964,1965 and 1966, the P99 was later used as the basis for the 4WD Ferguson P104 Novi indycar, which Bobby Unser drove in the Indy 500 in 1964 and 1965, retiring on both occasions. In a 1997 interview for Motor Sport magazine, Sir Stirling Moss nominated the P99 as his favourite of all the F1 cars he drove and this was considered high praise from a man who drove the Mercedes W196, Maserati 250F, Vanwall and Cooper T51
12.
Rob Walker Racing Team
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Rob Walker Racing Team was a privateer team in Formula One during the 1950s and 1960s. Born in 1918, the 35-year-old Rob Walker founded his team in 1953, debuting in the Lavant Cup Formula 2 race, entering a Connaught for driver Tony Rolt, the next race, at Snetterton, Eric Thompson was the first winner with a Rob Walker car. Between Rolt and Thompson, the Rob Walker Racing Team had a debut season. Their international debut was at the Rouen Grand Prix, a mixed F1/F2 race, with Stirling Mosss Cooper-Alta, the 1953 British Grand Prix was Walkers first World Championship outing, but Rolts Connaught did not last the full distance. Walker, who entered his cars in Scottish national colours, continued to race in British club events in the following years, from 1954 to 1956, Walker made a few scattered appearances, only winning a Formula 2 race at Brands Hatch in 1956 with Tony Brooks. Walker returned full-time in 1957 with an F2 Cooper-Climax, Tony Brooks, who shared driving duties during the season with Jack Brabham and Noel Cunningham-Reid, won the Lavant Cup, but the team failed to finish most of its races. In 1958, Rob Walker abandoned club racing and concentrated only on the international events. Pre-WWII veteran Maurice Trintignant was signed full-time, with Moss and Brooks racing when they were free from their Vanwall commitments, the season started well enough for the team, with Moss and Trintignant winning at Argentina and Monaco, the first wins for a Cooper chassis. Those would be the only World Championship victories, but Trintignant also triumphed at Pau and Auvergne, while Moss took the victory at the BARC200, Caen Grand Prix and Kentish 100. Moss returned in the German Grand Prix, where he retired, trintignants best score was second place at the US Grand Prix. Walker decided to concentrate solely on Moss and switched to a Lotus in 1960, starting from Monaco, which Moss won, after the end of the season, in December, Walker took Moss to two South African races, which he won. In 1961, F1 adopted the new 1.5 L engine regulations, and Walker flirted with the idea of building his own chassis, but retained the Lotus 18 for the season. Moss won the races at Goodwood in the 2.5 L Intercontinental Formula and Vienna, as well as the Monaco. Moss later won that seasons Oulton Park International Gold Cup race in the car, to date. The years misfortunes continued in Mexico and South Africa, where Walker saw drivers Ricardo Rodriguez, Rob Walker changed strategy for 1963, employing Jo Bonnier and returning to the Cooper chassis, but once more results were sparse and mechanical failures frequent. Still, the team beefed up its operations for 1964, first with a new Cooper and then with a Brabham-BRM, from the Italian GP, Walker had decided to run two cars, a BT11 chassis with BRM power, and a BT7 chassis with Climax power. In 1965, Jo Siffert partnered Bonnier, and although the more experienced Swede was fastest, with constant mechanical failure plaguing him, Bonniers best result was a third place at the non-championship Race of Champions. With the new 3.0 L regulations starting in 1966, Bonnier left Walker to restart Ecurie Bonnier, the car was uncompetitive in 1967, and in 1968 Walker, now partnered with entrepreneur Jack Durlacher, purchased a Cosworth-powered Lotus 49
13.
British Grand Prix
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The British Grand Prix is a race in the calendar of the FIA Formula One World Championship. It is currently held at the Silverstone Circuit near the village of Silverstone in Northamptonshire in England, the British and Italian Grands Prix are the oldest continuously staged Formula One World Championship Grands Prix. It was designated the European Grand Prix five times between 1950 and 1977, when title was an honorary designation given each year to one Grand Prix race in Europe. All British Grands Prix dating back to 1926 have been held in England, the concrete Brooklands oval was built in 1907 near Weybridge in Surrey, located just outside the British capital of London. It was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, as well as one of the first airfields in the United Kingdom, the first ever British Grand Prix was won by the French team of Louis Wagner and Robert Sénéchal driving a Delage 155B. The second British Grand Prix was held at Brooklands in 1927, several non-championship races known as the Donington Grand Prix were held at Donington Park in the 1930s, where the German Mercedes and Auto Unions dominated the precedings. Drivers such as German Bernd Rosemeyer and Italian Tazio Nuvolari won this race, Brooklands had been severely damaged by the onset of World War II and the circuit was abandoned. Most new British circuits were being built on disused Royal Air Force airfields and it staged its first race, the Royal Automobile Club International Grand Prix on 2 October 1948, which was won by Italian Luigi Villoresi in a Maserati. In 1949, the circuit was modified and made very fast. In 1950, the Formula One Championship was introduced, and the 1950 British Grand Prix was the first Formula One race ever held and this race was won by Alfa Romeo driver Giuseppe Nino Farina. King George VI was among the attendees of the race, for the 1952 event, the original pits between Abbey and Woodcote was abandoned and demolished. A new pit complex was constructed between Woodcote and Copse corners, Alberto Ascari dominated this and the years race, González won again in 1954 in a Ferrari. In 1955, the Formula One circus began to alternate between Silverstone and the Aintree circuit, located on the Grand National horse racing course near Liverpool, Mercedes drivers Juan Manuel Fangio and home favourite Stirling Moss arrived at Aintree expecting to win. But he didnt, and Moss won his first Formula One race on home soil, Moss later asked Fangio did you let me through. You were better than me that day, Mercedes romped to the finish 1-2-3-4, with German Karl Kling and Italian Piero Taruffi finishing 3rd and 4th. The even-numbered years were at Silverstone and the odd numbered and 1962 were at Aintree. 1956 saw Fangio win in a Ferrari, and 1957 returned to see Moss win again in a Vanwall, he took over his ill teammate Tony Brookss car and stormed through the field to take victory. This was the first Grand Prix victory for a British-built car- Formula One would soon be made up of British teams
14.
Oulton Park
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Oulton Park Circuit is a motor racing track in the small village of Little Budworth, Cheshire, England. It is about 5 miles from Winsford,13 miles from Chester city centre,8 miles from Northwich and 17 miles from Warrington with a rail connection along the Mid-Cheshire Line. It occupies much of the area which was known as the Oulton Estate. The track is set in the grounds of Oulton Hall, which were used as a staging camp by General Patton prior to the Normandy landings. At this time the famous boxer Joe Louis gave exhibition bouts at Oulton Park in the vicinity of the Deer Leap section of the circuit, the track is characterised by rapidly changing gradients, blind crests and several tight corners. The full circuit is 2.8 mi, the highest part of the course is Hill Top. Paddock facilities are reasonable in size with large areas of hard-standing, the race track can be adapted for shorter courses. The British Touring Car Championships uses all of the Cascades Corner and Lakeside and this hairpin cuts out all of the Island section of the circuit and takes the cars straight back over Hill Top. Beginning in 2007, all the circuits marshalling stations were redesigned with protective cages and this was to prevent incidents similar to those seen in the 2006 season when cars had collided with marshalling posts. A cage-protected marshals station was built at the bottom of the back straight near the chicane preceding Knickerbrook. In the early 18th Century the Oulton Estate comprised a manor house, by the end of the century this farmland was converted into a park, which now is the site of Oulton Park. Some buildings that were part of the estate still exist to this day, by the early 1950s England had a goodly number of motor racing tracks but the northwest was not well served. The members of the Mid-Cheshire Car Club took it on themselves to rectify the situation, the circuit they developed was on the estate of the Grey-Egerton family. With Sir Philip Gray-Egertons permission, a circuit was mapped out starting early in 1953 and by August the new track was in existence, measuring a sinuous 1.504 miles, almost rectangle in shape. The main event of the day as the 33-lap 49. 6-mile Formula Two race which was won by Tony Rolt driving Rob Walker’s Connaught A Type, the supporting Formula III event was divided into three 10-lap heats and a 17-lap final which went to Les Leston. It was a joint motorcycle and car event, the Wirral 100 Motor Club joining the Mid-Cheshire Car Club in organising it, the car side of the day was confined to three Formula III races and a final which was won by Glaswegian Ninian Sanderson from Ken Tyrrell. By April 1954, the track had grown to 2.23 miles in length, at Easter 1975, another circuit layout measuring 1.654 miles came into use. Oulton Park is unique amongst the new post-World War II circuits in that it is true road circuit whilst its contemporaries were, with one exception, converted airfields
15.
Stirling Moss
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Sir Stirling Moss, OBE is a British former Formula One racing driver. In a seven-year span between 1955 and 1961 Moss finished as championship runner-up four times and third the other three, Moss was born in London, son of Alfred Moss, a dentist of Bray, Berkshire, and Aileen. He was brought up at Long White Cloud house on the bank of the River Thames. His father was a racing driver who had placed 16th at the 1924 Indianapolis 500. Stirling was a horse rider as was his younger sister, Pat Moss. Moss raced from 1948 to 1962, winning 212 of the 529 races he entered, like many drivers of the era, he competed in several formulae, often on the same day. He preferred to race British cars, stating, Better to lose honourably in a British car than win in a foreign one, at Vanwall, he was instrumental in breaking the German/Italian stranglehold on F1 racing. He remained the English driver with the most Formula One victories until 1991 when Nigel Mansell overtook him after competing in more races. Moss was one of the Cooper Car Companys first customers, using winnings from competing in horse-riding events to pay the deposit on a Cooper 500 racing car in 1948. He then persuaded his father, who opposed his racing and wanted him to be a dentist, to let him buy it. His first major race victory came on the eve of his 21st birthday at the wheel of a borrowed Jaguar XK120 in the 1950 RAC Tourist Trophy on the Dundrod circuit in Northern Ireland. He went on to win the six more times, in 1951,1955,1958 and 1959. Also a competent rally driver, he is one of three people to have won a Coupe dOr for three consecutive penalty-free runs on the Alpine Rally. He finished second in the 1952 Monte Carlo Rally driving a Sunbeam-Talbot 90 with Desmond Scannell, in 1954, he became the first non-American to win the 12 Hours of Sebring, sharing the Cunningham teams 1. 5-liter O. S. C. A. In 1953 Mercedes-Benz racing boss Alfred Neubauer had spoken to Mosss manager, Ken Gregory, having seen him do well in a relatively uncompetitive car, and wanting to see how he would perform in a better one, Neubauer suggested Moss buy a Maserati for the 1954 season. In the Italian Grand Prix at Monza he passed both drivers who were regarded as the best in Formula One at the time—Juan Manuel Fangio in a Mercedes, Ascari retired with engine problems, and Moss led until lap 68 when his engine also failed. Fangio took the victory, and Moss pushed his Maserati to the finish line, Neubauer, already impressed when Moss had tested a Mercedes-Benz W196 at Hockenheim, promptly signed him for 1955. Mosss first Formula One victory was in the 1955 British Grand Prix at Aintree, leading a 1–2–3–4 finish for Mercedes, it was the first time he beat Fangio, his teammate and arch rival, who was also his friend and mentor
16.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa
17.
Novi engine
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The Novi engine is an American dual overhead cam supercharged V8 engine used in the Indianapolis 500. It was designed by Bud Winfield and Leo Goossen and built by Fred Offenhauser, the Novi was first used in 1941 under the Winfield name and produced over 450 hp, an amazing output for the time. It was fitted to a 1935 frame built for a Miller engine, after World War II, the Novi returned in 1946 with 510 horsepower and performed well, setting the track record and leading 44 laps in a car driven by Ralph Hepburn. Drivers such as Paul Russo and Duke Nalon later drove cars powered by the engine at notable speeds, but were unable to win. In 1949, Nalons Novi was involved in a spectacular crash, the engines crowd-pleasing shriek was caused by its gear-driven centrifugal supercharger which turned at over five times the crankshaft speed, thus giving it a scream at full power. The engines four-camshaft and oversized valve design also gave it an exhaust noise much louder than other engines of its period, some claimed that the noise actually rattled their teeth. Featuring a prominent tail-fin, Kurtis designed the new Novi that has described as the most beautiful roadster ever seen at Indianapolis. In 1956, Russo qualified in eighth position, the second car driven by Jimmy Davies failed to qualify due to technical complications on the last day. During the race itself, Russo leapt out to a lead in the new finned Novi. Russo led the Indianapolis 500 for the first 21 laps, at that point, a tire blew in the south-west corner throwing Russo and the Novi into the wall and out of the race. In 1957, a new sponsor financed the Novis, now re-branded as the Automobile Air Conditioner specials, driven by Russo and Tony Bettenhausen, both cars qualified. Russo finished fourth, and Bettenhausen finished fifteenth, the cars returned in 1958 driven by Russo teamed with Bill Cheesbourg. During practice, Grand Prix world champion driver Juan Manuel Fangio drove the Novi while he was classified as a rookie at the Brickyard, speculation coursed through the pits that the worlds most famous driver would pilot the legendary Novi in the race, but it was not to be. I did several laps at 135mph as an average, and I enjoyed them a lot, especially when I noticed Paul Russo was also in the track at the same time, with a similar car. Eyewitnesses to Fangios Novi test noted that Fangio gained perceptibly on Russo who could not pull away from the driver on his first outing in a car that was deemed difficult to drive. Fangio described his shakedown cruise in the Novi, I went out to the only once with the Novi. I did about 10 laps and I was glad to find that the driver of the team could not pass me. The Novi was the only V8 engine in Indianapolis by then and it had a mechanical turbine and the power came suddenly at high revs, so being a difficult car to stop, like all the ones that used compressors
18.
Peter Westbury
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Peter Westbury was a British racing driver from England. He participated in two World Championship Formula One Grands Prix, scoring no championship points, in 1969 he raced a Formula 2 Brabham-Cosworth, driving in his first Grand Prix in the 1969 German Grand Prix. He finished ninth on the road, fifth in the F2 class, the following year he failed to qualify for the 1970 United States Grand Prix driving a works BRM, after an engine failure. Early in his career he campaigned a homebuilt special called the M. G. W. Graduating to a Cooper-Climax in 1960 which was fitted with a Daimler V8 engine. Westbury won the British Hill Climb Championship twice, in 1963 and 1964, in 1963 he drove the self-built Felday, with supercharged Daimler V82. 6-litre motor. The following year he won in the 2. 5-litre Climax-engined Ferguson P99 with four-wheel-drive and he also drove a Lotus 23-BRM sports car at the Drag Festival. During 1965 Westbury developed the Felday-BRM4 sports car with four-wheel-drive, the car won on its debut at Brands Hatch on Boxing Day,26 December 1965, driven by Mac Daghorn. At Mallory Park on 13 March 1966, Peter Westbury and Mac Daghorn shared the car, jim Clark raced the Felday 4 in the Guards Trophy at Brands Hatch on 29 August 1966. The Felday 5 sports car was fitted with a 7-litre Ford Galaxie engine and four wheel drive, the Felday 6 was a 4. 7-litre Ford-powered hillclimb single-seater, with rear wheel drive, built for Tony Griffiths. In 1967 Westbury raced a Brabham-Ford Formula Three car in England, the same year he resuscitated the old BRM P67 four-wheel-drive F1 car, designed by Mike Pilbeam in 1964, for David Good to campaign in the British Hill Climb Championship. The car led the series at the mark, but then passed into the hands of Peter Lawson. The car was a dominant winner of the series in 1968
19.
BRM
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British Racing Motors was a British Formula One motor racing team. Founded in 1945 and based in the town of Bourne in Lincolnshire, it participated from 1950 to 1977, competing in 197 grands prix. BRM won the title in 1962 when its driver Graham Hill became world champion. In 1963,1964,1965 and 1971, BRM came second in the constructors competition. BRM was founded just after the Second World War by Raymond Mays, who had built several hillclimb and road racing cars under the ERA brand before the war, and Peter Berthon, Owen, whose group primarily manufactured car parts, took over the team in its entirety. Between 1954 and 1970 the team entered its works F1 cars under the name of the Owen Racing Organisation. Berthon and Mays continued to run the team on Rubery Owens behalf into the 1960s, before it was handed over to Louis Stanley, the husband of Sir Alfreds sister Jean Owen. A factory was set up in Spalding Road, Bourne, Lincolnshire, behind Eastgate House, Mays family home, several people involved with ERA returned to the firm to work for BRM, including Harry Mundy and Eric Richter. The team also had access to a test facility at Folkingham aerodrome, the first post-war rules for the top level of motor racing allowed 1. 5-litre supercharged or 4. 5-litre normally aspirated engines. BRMs first engine design was an extremely ambitious 1. 5-litre supercharged V16, Rolls-Royce was contracted to produce centrifugal superchargers, rather than the more commonly used Roots type. The design concept of the V16 had not been used extensively on automobiles before so that problems were many. This made the car very touchy to drive, engineer Tony Rudd was seconded to BRM from Rolls-Royce to develop the supercharging system and remained involved with BRM for nearly twenty years. The Type 15, which was the designation for the V16 car, won the first two races it actually started, the Formula Libre and Formula One events at Goodwood in September 1950, however, it was never to be so successful again. The engine proved unreliable and difficult to develop, and the team were not up to the task of improving the situation, the Type 25 was BRMs next car. The P25 was initially unsuccessful, not winning a race until a victory at the Dutch Grand Prix in 1959, colin Chapman helped to improve the car in 1956. However, the change was the promotion of an exceptional engineer who had been with the team since 1950. Rudd was the first professional engineer to exercise full control over the team. Raymond Mays and Peter Berthon were sidelined, the team had designed their first mid-engined car for 1960, matching the other teams, and won the World Drivers Championship with Graham Hill as driver, in 1962 with the P57
20.
Jensen Motors
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Jensen Motors Ltd was a British manufacturer of sports cars and commercial vehicles in West Bromwich, England. Brothers Alan and Richard Jensen gave the new name, Jensen Motors Limited, to the commercial body, Jensen Motors built specialist car bodies for major manufacturers alongside cars of their own design using engines and mechanicals of major manufacturers Ford, Austin and Chrysler. The rights to Jensens trademarks were bought with the company and it operated in Speke, Liverpool. Under subsequent owners, a new version of the Jensen Interceptor was announced in 2011 and it was planned to bring manufacture of that new model back to the former Jaguar motor plant in Browns Lane, Coventry. In 1926 young Alan Jensen and his brother Richard Jensen built a new boat-tailed sporting body on one of the first Chummy baby Austins and it was seen by Alfred Herbert Wilde, chief engineer of Standard Motor Company. He persuaded Alan Jensen to join New Avon Body Co, a Standard Motor associate, Edgbaston Garage, a car servicing business, had been bought for his son in 1929 by J A M Patricks father. Young Joe Patrick, involved in all fields of sport, was setting up a coachbuilding operation. For his Edgbaston Garage the Jensen brothers made handsome bodies for the new Wolseley Hornet and Hornet Special chassis, to the concern of the brothers their cars were widely advertised as The Patrick Special and so in 1931 the brothers moved again. Edgbaston Garage became Patrick Motors Limited, the Jensen brothers had gone to work for lorry body maker W J Smith & Sons in Carters Green in West Bromwich again to build bodies for small sports cars including more Wolseley Hornet Specials. This was a separate development which Smith named on their account Jensen Motors. Their own name was on the product, in 1934 Smith died and the brothers managed to buy a controlling shareholding in Smith & Sons. They later changed the name of W J Smith & Sons to Jensen Motors Limited, smiths announced an open 4-seater and a lowered 2-seater in May 1931 both to be known as Jensen Wolseley Hornets. They later expanded to build exclusive customised bodies for cars produced by several manufacturers of the day including Morris, Singer, Standard. In 1934 they were commissioned by American film actor Clark Gable to design, the resultant car won them much acclaim and stimulated huge interest in their work, including a deal with Ford to produce a run of Jensen-Fords with Jensen bodywork with a Ford chassis and engine. In 1934 they also started to design their first true production car under the name White Lady and this evolved into the Jensen S-type which went into production in 1935. In the 1950s Jensen were chosen by the British Motor Corporation to build the bodies for the four-wheel-drive Austin Gipsy, in 1958 they built a small number of Tempo minibuses, a German original design, under licence. Production of cars ceased during the war years, but by 1946 a new vehicle was offered, few were produced since raw materials were carefully limited by the new governments central planning. Also in 1946 body designer Eric Neale joined Jensen Motors from Wolseley and his first project was the more modern coupe which followed in 1950, named the Interceptor, which was built until 1957
21.
Jensen Interceptor
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The Jensen Interceptor is a Grand touring car which was hand-built at the Kelvin Way Factory, West Bromwich near Birmingham in England by Jensen Motors between 1966 and 1976. The Interceptor name had been used previously by Jensen for the Jensen Interceptor made between 1950 and 1957 at the Carters Green factory. Jensen had extensively used glass-reinforced plastic for the fabrication of body panels in the two decades, but the new Interceptor saw a return to a steel body-shell. The body was designed by a firm, Carrozzeria Touring of Italy. The early bodies were built in Italy by Vignale, before Jensen took production in house, in 1970 the 383 c. i. produced 335 hp SAE gross, or 270 hp SAE net. Since this engine was detuned by Chrysler for use with gasoline and only produced 250 hp SAE net in 1971. For 1971, two 440 c. i. engines were offered, one had a 4-barrel carburetor and produced 305 hp SAE net. The other, which had three 2-barrel carburetors and produced 330 hp SAE net, was available in 1971. Only 232 cars were built with the 440 Six Pack, and had the distinction of being the most powerful car ever to have made by Jensen. For 1972, the 440 c. i. engine with three 2-barrel carburetors were no longer produced by Chrysler Corp, the 440 c. i. engine that remained was detuned to 280 hp SAE net. Chrysler continued to offer a high performance 440 c. i. engine through to 1976 when it only produced 255 hp SAE net. The Interceptor may have taken styling cues from the Brasinca Uirapuru, with a distinctive large. The original specification included electric windows, reclining front seats, a wood rimmed steering wheel, radio with twin speakers, reversing lights, power steering was included as standard from September 1968. The Mark II was announced in October 1969, with revised styling around the headlamps, front grille and bumper. The interior was revised in order to meet US regulations. The Mark III, introduced in 1971, revised the front grille, headlamp finishers and it had GKN alloy wheels and air conditioning as standard, and revised seats. It was divided into G-, H-, and J-series depending on the production year, the 6.3 litre 383ci engine was superseded by the 7.2 litre 440ci in 1971. By 1975 the company had fallen on hard times due to the then world-wide recession and it was placed into receivership and the receivers allowed production to be wrapped up using the available cache of parts
22.
Jensen FF
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The Jensen FF is a four-wheel drive grand tourer produced by British car manufacturer Jensen Motors between 1966 and 1971. It was the first non all-terrain production car equipped with four-wheel drive, the use of four-wheel drive in a passenger car preceded the successful Audi Quattro by fourteen years, and the Subaru Leone by five years. The Dunlop Maxaret mechanical anti-lock braking system had previously used only on aircraft, lorries. An experimental version was first fitted to the earlier Jensen C-V8, the letters FF stand for Ferguson Formula, after Ferguson Research Ltd. who invented the cars four-wheel drive system. The FF is related to the similar-looking, rear-wheel drive Jensen Interceptor, but is 127 mm longer, standard FF features included front seat belts, a tachometer, and map pockets. Although it was an innovative vehicle in a technical sense. Its price was high — about 30% higher than the Jensen Interceptor, and more than that of luxury GTs from much more prestigious makers. The FF also suffered from a problem, and not one easily cured, the system was set up for a driver in the right hand seat. In particular, the transfer case and both propeller shafts protruded into the left-hand seat space. The steering gear and brake servo were fitted on the right-hand side, by the early 1970s, Jensens primary markets were in overseas markets where cars were driven on the right hand side of the road, and the FF could not be sold there. The FF may be distinguished from the Interceptor by a few styling cues, the frontal appearance was revised in September 1968. Only coupés were made, there were no convertibles, one experimental Ferguson FF was built in 1968 with a 7-litre Hemi engine imported from Chrysler in the U. S. Further Hemi engine equipped models were not built, due to the limits of the suspension at extremely high speeds, and the cost of importing the Hemi engine into Britain, an SP FF version is rumoured to have been made at some point in the production run. This version was equipped with a 7. 2-litre engine with a Six Pack induction system as well as four-wheel drive, less than ten are thought to have been built. Dinky Toys produced a die-cast model of the FF, available in both ready-constructed and kit form, Playart also produced a 1,64 scale FF, possibly scaled down from the Dinky model. The Dinky car had opening doors and both the Playart and Dinky models featured an opening bonnet, history and photographs / Enthusiasts website pre-2005 Dedicated website
23.
Chrysler
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FCA US is one of the Big Three American automobile manufacturers. FCA US has its headquarters in Auburn Hills, Michigan and sells vehicles worldwide under its flagship Chrysler brand, as well as the Dodge, Jeep, other major divisions include Mopar, its automotive parts and accessories division, and SRT, its performance automobile division. The Chrysler Corporation was founded by Walter Chrysler in 1925, out of what remained of the Maxwell Motor Company, Chrysler greatly expanded in 1928, when Mr. The brand diversification efforts were inspired by Mr. Chryslers time working for General Motors, in the 1960s the company expanded into Europe, by taking control of French, British and Spanish auto companies, Chrysler Europe was sold in 1978 to PSA Peugeot Citroën for $1. Chrysler struggled through the 1970s to adapt to changing markets, increased US import competition, the company began an engineering partnership with Mitsubishi Motors, and began selling Mitsubishi vehicles branded as Dodge and Plymouth in North America. By the late 1970s, Chrysler was on the verge of bankruptcy, New CEO Lee Iacocca was credited with returning the company to profitability in the 1980s. In 1985, Diamond-Star Motors was created, further expanding the Chrysler-Mitsubishi relationship, in 1987, Chrysler acquired American Motors Corporation, which brought the profitable Jeep brand under the Chrysler umbrella. Like the other Big Three automobile manufacturers, Chrysler was hit hard by the industry crisis of 2008–2010. On June 10,2009, Chrysler emerged from the proceedings with the United Auto Workers pension fund, Fiat S. p. A. The bankruptcy resulted in Chrysler defaulting on over $4 billion in debts, by May 24,2011, Chrysler finished repaying its obligations to the U. S. government five years early, although the cost to the American taxpayer was $1.3 billion. Over the next few years Fiat gradually acquired the other parties shares while removing much of the weight of the loans in a short period. On January 1,2014, Fiat S. p. A announced a deal to purchase the rest of Chrysler from the United Auto Workers retiree health trust. The deal was completed on January 21,2014, making Chrysler Group a subsidiary of Fiat S. p. A, in May 2014, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV was established by merging Fiat S. p. A. into the company. This was completed in August 2014, Chrysler Group LLC remained a subsidiary until December 15,2014, when it was renamed FCA US LLC, to reflect the Fiat-Chrysler merger. The Chrysler company was founded by Walter Chrysler on June 6,1925, Walter Chrysler arrived at the ailing Maxwell-Chalmers company in the early 1920s. He was hired to overhaul the companys troubled operations, in late 1923 production of the Chalmers automobile was ended. In January 1924, Walter Chrysler launched the well-received Chrysler automobile, the Chrysler was a 6-cylinder automobile, designed to provide customers with an advanced, well-engineered car, but at a more affordable price than they might expect. The original 1924 Chrysler included an air filter, high compression engine, full pressure lubrication
24.
Ford Zephyr
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The Ford Zephyr is a car that was manufactured by Ford of Britain from 1952 to 1972. The Mark I Ford Consul and Zephyr models were first displayed at the Earls Court Motor Show in 1950 and they were the first British cars to use in mass production the MacPherson Strut independent front suspension which is widely used today. Production began with the Consul on 1 January 1951, the Mark I model ran until 1956. From April 1956 the Mark II Consul, Zephyr and Zodiac went on sale and were known as the Three Graces. The Mark II range was popular and finished its run in 1962, the Consul name was dropped, the cars place in the Ford UK line-up being filled by the first four-cylinder Ford Zephyr. While the Mark II Zephyr and Zodiacs had shared the same body, with the Mark III, Ford finally sorted out problems that had beset previous models and the Mark III proved to be popular and the most durable of the range. The model sold at an equal to or better than the Mark II both in the UK and overseas, but was in production for a shorter time. During the last months of production, an up-market Executive version was added to the Mark III range, the Mk III range was discontinued in January 1966 and the completely new Zephyr / Zodiac Mark IV range was released in April 1966. This cars design anticipated the later Consul/Granada range with V-engines and independent rear suspension, but the development of the model was rushed and this was reflected in its durability. Although the Ford Zephyr never saw American production, a limited number were imported into the U. S. The Lincoln Zephyr name was resurrected for a new model in 2006 but was changed to Lincoln MKZ the following year. Model number EOTTA The first of the Zephyr range was a version of the four-cylinder 1,508 cc Consul. Like the Consul, the Zephyr came with a gear box. The car could reach just over 80 mph and 23 mpg, the Ford Zephyr Six was available with 4-door saloon, estate and two-door convertible bodies. The convertible version was made by Carbodies and had a power-operated hood, in addition to the main British Ford factory in Dagenham, the Consul and Zephyr were assembled at Ford New Zealands Seaview factory in Lower Hutt from CKD kits. The large Fords competed with the locally built Vauxhall Wyvern and Velox and. When the newly crowned Queen Elizabeth II visited New Zealand as part of a Commonwealth tour in the early 1950s, in 1953, a Ford Zephyr Six driven by Maurice Gatsonides won the Monte Carlo rally, pushing a Jaguar Mark VII into second place in the process. Two years later a Ford Zephyr Six driven by Vic Preston, a saloon tested by The Motor magazine in 1951 had a top speed of 79.8 mph and could accelerate from 0–60 mph in 20.2 seconds
25.
Equipe Matra Sports
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In 1979 the sports division was taken over by Peugeot and renamed as Automobiles Talbot. In the mid-1960s, Matra enjoyed considerable success in Formula 3 and F2 racing, particularly with the MS5 monocoque-based car, winning the French, in the race, he failed to finish due to a broken suspension. Matra entered Formula One in 1968 when Jackie Stewart was a serious contender, the F1 team was established at Vélizy-Villacoublay in the southwestern suburbs of Paris, France. The cars most innovative feature was the use of aviation-inspired structural fuel tanks and these allowed the chassis to be around 15 kg lighter, while still being stronger than its competitors. The FIA considered the technology to be unsafe and decided to ban it for 1970, Matra CEO Jean-Luc Lagardère made a strategic decision for the 1969 championship, the Matra works team would not compete in Formula One. Matra would instead focus its efforts on Ken Tyrrells team and build a new DFV powered car with fuel tanks. The decision was more radical given that Matra was seeking a partnership with Simca. Stewart won the 1969 title easily with the new Cosworth-powered Matra MS80, which was designed by Gérard Ducarouge and Bernard Boyer and it was a spectacular achievement from a constructor that had only entered Formula One the previous year. France became only the country to have produced a winning constructor. Like Cosworth, Lotus and McLaren, Matra experimented with four wheel drive during the 1969 season, johnny Servoz-Gavin became the one and only driver to score a point with a 4WD car, finishing sixth with the Matra MS84 at the Canadian Grand Prix. The MS84, along with Brabhams BT26A, was one of the last spaceframe cars to compete in Formula One, for 1970 following the agreement with Simca, Matra asked Tyrrell to use their V12 engine rather than the Cosworth. Matra V12 engines powered the Shadow DN7 car in two races of 1975 and then the Ligier Formula 1 team from 1976–1978, and again from 1981-1982, the firm was also successful in endurance racing with cars powered by the V12 engine. The sportscar team was based at first at Vélizy-Villacoublay and then moved to Le Castellet, near Marseille, the Matra MS670 won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1972,1973, and 1974. It also delivered the World Championship for Makes to Matra in both 1973 and 1974. matrasport. dk/ http, //www. epaf. fr Restoration & rebuild of Matra competition cars
26.
Team Lotus
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Team Lotus was the motorsport sister company of English sports car manufacturer Lotus Cars. The team ran cars in motorsport series, including Formula One, Formula Two, Formula Ford, Formula Junior, IndyCar. The Lotus name returned to Formula One in 2010, as the name of Tony Fernandess Lotus Racing team. In 2011, Team Lotuss iconic black-and-gold livery returned to F1 as the livery of the Lotus Renault GP team, sponsored by Lotus Cars, colin Chapman established Lotus Engineering Ltd in 1952 at Hornsey, UK. Lotus achieved rapid success with the 1953 Mk 6 and the 1954 Mk 8 sports cars, Team Lotus was split off from Lotus Engineering in 1954. A new Formula Two regulation was announced for 1957, and in Britain, the following year, the Lotus 12 appeared. Driving one in 1958, Allison won the F2 class in the International Trophy at Silverstone, beating Stuart Lewis-Evanss Cooper. As the Coventry Climax engines were enlarged in 1952 to 2. 2-litres, Chapman decided to enter Grand Prix racing, running a pair of Lotus 12s at Monaco in 1958 for Graham Hill and these were replaced later that year by Lotus 16s. By then, the success had caused it to expand to such an extent that it had to move to new premises at Cheshunt. The first Formula One victory for Team Lotus came when Innes Ireland won the 1961 United States Grand Prix, a year earlier, Stirling Moss had recorded the first victory for a Lotus car at Monaco in his Lotus 18 entered by the independent Rob Walker Racing Team. There were successes in Formula Two and Formula Junior, the road car business was doing well with the Lotus Seven and the Lotus Elite and this was followed by the Lotus Elan in 1962. In 1963 Clark drove the Lotus 25 to a remarkable seven wins in a season and won the World Championship. The 1964 title was still for the taking by the time of the last race in Mexico but problems with Clarks Lotus, however, in 1965, Clark dominated again, six wins in his Lotus 33 gave him the championship. While very innovative, Chapman also came under criticism for the fragility of his designs. In Dave Friedmans book Indianapolis Memories 1961–1969, Dan Gurney is quoted as saying and we had several structural failures in those cars. But at the time, I felt it was the price you paid for getting something significantly better, a switch to the new Ford Cosworth DFV, designed by former Lotus employee Keith Duckworth, in 1967 returned the team to winning form. Although they failed to win the title in 1967, by the end of the season, the Lotus 49, however, for 1968 Lotus had lost its exclusive right to use the DFV. The season-opening 1968 South African Grand Prix confirmed Lotuss superiority, with Jim Clark and it would be Clarks last win
27.
McLaren
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McLaren Racing Limited, competing as McLaren Honda, is a British Formula One team based at the McLaren Technology Centre, Woking, Surrey, England. McLaren is best known as a Formula One constructor but has competed in and won the Indianapolis 500. The team is the second oldest active team after Ferrari and they are one of the most successful teams in Formula One history, having won 182 races,12 drivers championships and eight constructors championships. The team is an owned subsidiary of McLaren Technology Group. Further American triumph followed, with Indianapolis 500 wins in McLaren cars for Mark Donohue in 1972, the combination of Prost and Senna was particularly dominant—together they won all but one race in 1988—but later their rivalry soured and Prost left for Ferrari. Fellow English team Williams offered the most consistent challenge during this period, however, by the mid-1990s, Honda had withdrawn from Formula One, Senna had moved to Williams, and the team went three seasons without a win. Ron Dennis retired as McLaren team principal in 2009, handing the role to longtime McLaren employee Martin Whitmarsh. At the end of 2013, after the teams worst season since 2004, McLaren announced in 2013 that they would be using Honda engines from 2015 onwards, replacing Mercedes-Benz. The team raced as McLaren-Honda for the first time since 1992 at the 2015 Australian Grand Prix, Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1963 by New Zealander Bruce McLaren. Bruce was a driver for the British Formula One team Cooper with whom he had won three Grands Prix and come second in the 1960 world championship. In 1964 and 1965, McLaren were based in New Malden, then Feltham, during this period, Bruce drove for his team in sports car races in the United Kingdom and North America and also entered the 1965 Tasman Series with Phil Hill, but did not win it. He continued to drive in Grands Prix for Cooper, but judging that teams form to be waning, Bruce made the teams Grand Prix debut at the 1966 Monaco race. His race ended after nine laps due to an oil leak. Neither car brought great success, the best result being a fourth at Monaco, for 1968, after driving McLarens sole entry for the previous two years, Bruce was joined by 1967 champion and fellow New Zealander Denny Hulme, who was already racing for McLaren in Can-Am. That years new M7A car, Herds final design for the team, was powered by Cosworths new and soon to be ubiquitous DFV engine, Hulme also won the Italian and Canadian Grands Prix later in the year, helping the team to second in the constructors championship. The year 1970 started with a place each for Hulme. After his death, Teddy Mayer took over control of the team, Hulme continued with Dan Gurney. Gurney won the first two Can-Am events at Mosport and St. Jovite and placed ninth in the third, but left the team mid-season, and Gethin took over from there
28.
Cosworth
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Cosworth is a high-performance engineering company founded in London in 1958, specialising in engines and electronics for automobile racing and mainstream automotive industries. Cosworth is based in Northampton, England, with North American facilities in Indianapolis and Mooresville, Cosworth has collected 176 wins in Formula One as engine supplier, ranking second with most wins behind Ferrari. The company was founded as a British racing internal combustion engine maker in 1958 by Mike Costin, both of the co-founders being former employees of Lotus Engineering Ltd. Cosworth initially maintained a relationship with Colin Chapman and the initial revenues of the company came almost exclusively from Lotus. When the company was founded in 1958, Duckworth left Lotus, the first Cosworth-designed cylinder head was for SCA series with a SOHC reverse-flow configuration similar to the Coventry Climax FWE engine. This resulted in the DFV, which dominated Formula One for many years, from this time on, Cosworth was supported by Ford for many years, and many of the Cosworth designs were owned by Ford and named as Ford engines under similar contracts. Another success by the BD series in the 1970s put Cosworth on a growing track, the company went through a number of ownership changes. In 1998, Vickers sold Cosworth and Pi Research to Ford, in September,2004 Ford announced that it was selling Cosworth and Pi Research, along with Cosworth Racing Ltd and its Jaguar Formula One team. On 15 November 2004, the sale of Cosworth was completed, to Champ Car World Series owners Gerald Forsythe and Kevin Kalkhoven, Cosworth Technology was then renamed as MAHLE Powertrain on 1 July 2005. Since 2006, Cosworth has diversified to provide engineering consultancy, high performance electronics, Cosworth supplied engines to one F1 team in 2013, the Marussia F1 Team. The following is the list of products with cylinder heads modified. In addition to the above, Cosworth designed and provided the work for Lotus Elan Special Equipment optional road engines with special camshafts. The final model of the initial series was the MAE in 1965. MAE used one barrel of a two barrel Weber IDA downdraft carburetor with the other barrel blanked off, the domination of this engine was absolute as long as these regulations lasted until 1968. As Cosworth had a serious difficulty meeting the demand, the MAE was mainly sold as a kit and this experience led to the later FVA/DFV contract to be drawn where the responsibility of development rested with Cosworth, and the manufacturing right and responsibility rested with Ford. There also were some specially cast iron heads with similar dimensions to these brazed heads with Titanium alloy valve spring retainers called the Screamer Head for MAE in later years, a year before the introduction of the MAE, the single overhead cam two valve SCA was introduced. Cylinder head to block sealing was by a head gasket incorporating Cooper Rings, the SCA initially had two 40DCM2 Weber twin-choke downdraft sand-cast carburetors mounted on top to produce 115 hp, which was replaced by Lucas fuel injection in 1966, eventually reaching 140 hp. Longer stroke SCB was built to compare against 1498 cc Mk and it was the results of this four valve development work that formed the basis for many of the Cosworth engines that followed
29.
1969 British Grand Prix
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The 1969 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at the Silverstone Circuit on 19 July 1969. It was the round of the 1969 Formula One season. Jackie Stewart was victorious, as he lapped the entire field, the race developed as a contest between Stewart and Rindt who constantly overtook each other by slipstreaming. Rindt was able to confirm this in his mirror and was forced to pit, however, his team failed to put enough fuel into the car to enable him to finish the race and consequently he was obliged to make a further stop. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 5 results from the first 6 rounds and the best 4 results from the last 5 rounds counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
30.
John Miles (racing driver)
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The Hon. John Miles is a British former racing driver from England. He participated in 15 Formula One World Championship Grands Prix, making his debut on 6 July 1969 and he scored a total of 2 championship points with a fifth place in the 1970 South African Grand Prix. In 1963/64, John Jeremy Miles began his serious racing career, a second season in the Diva this time supported by John Willment was also successful. He then went to win the 1966 Autosport Championship in the Willment sponsored Lotus Elan 26R with 15 outright wins from 17 races and this particular Elan 26R car was never beaten until the advent of the mid engined competitors such as the Chevron. In 1969, Miles had to develop the Lotus 63 4WD car while World Champion Graham Hill and Jochen Rindt refused to drive this design, in five GPs, Miles finished only once, in 10th place. In between, the car was given twice to Mario Andretti, but he did not finish either. John Miles did qualify mid-grid for the Canadian GP at Mosport, where the combination of fast sweeping bends suited the 4 wheel drive Lotus 63. After Graham Hill had broken his legs in late 1969, he did not return to Team Lotus, Miles was promoted to number two Lotus F1 driver behind Jochen Rindt for the 1970 Formula One season. In the 1970 South African Grand Prix, where a total of five Lotus cars were entered, Miles had driven most of the race with petrol leaking over him, but Colin Chapman expressed dissatisfaction he had not taken Beltoise for fourth. For the Spanish GP, the new Lotus 72 was entered, due to the problems with the 72, the updated Lotus 49C was used in Monaco, with Miles driving a few practice laps in the 72, and failing to qualify in the 49C. Graham Hill was slower in practice, but had a grid place as a past World Champion, and was allocated Miles 49C for the race. In Belgium, Miles raced the 72, while Rindt relied on the old 49C, regazzoni and Piers Courage passed Miles in the opening laps, although Courage, notorious for overdriving, was killed a few laps later. In France, Rindt won again in the 72 despite an injury, while Miles finished outside the points once again, by now, it was evident that Miles was thoroughly overshadowed by his team leader who won five races to earn the F1 World Championship that year. For the British GP, Lotus cars founder and Team Lotus principal Colin Chapman started to enter a car with Emerson Fittipaldi. With the reliable 49C, the young Brazilian finished his first three GPs while Miles had to retire from each race, Miles qualified seventh at Brands Hatch,1.2 seconds slower than Rindt on pole, who beat Brabham on the finishing line to win the British GP. Rindt scored a victory at Hockenheim where Miles qualified tenth and diced with Denny Hulme. During the Hockenheim practice sessions, Miles spent many laps providing a slipsteam tow to enable Fittipaldi to qualify and this may have been true in a Lotus 72 as Miles qualified on the fifth row again at the next race in Austria, a new, high speed lethal circuit. Miles reluctantly complied but was concerned by the wingless 72s handling on the straights, Rindt, who had only recently acquiesced to wearing a simple lap belt, slid underneath and had his throat cut by the belt buckle
31.
Lotus 63
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The Lotus 63 was an experimental Formula One car, designed by Colin Chapman and Maurice Philippe for the 1969 season. Like the Lotus 56 for the Indy 500, the 63 chassis was designed around a four wheel drive system. This was not totally revolutionary at the time, as four wheel drive had been used on the Ferguson P99 F1 car that won at Oulton Park as early as 1961, however, it was not a successful design. In fact, the Matra MS84 was the only 4WD F1 which scored points something neither Lotus nor McLaren managed, the 63 was an evolution of the 49, but featured wedge shaped rear bodywork and integrated wings, which would be used to great effect in the Lotus 72. John Miles, Lotus third driver was entrusted with the task of developing the car, while Graham Hill, the car proved difficult to drive and set up, and the four wheel drive system was especially problematic. This infuriated Chapman as he saw the 63 as another quantum leap ahead of its rivals, the car was entered at the 1969 British Grand Prix as a test run. Whilst Rindt finished fourth in the older 49 behind Jackie Stewart, Miles could only bring the 63 home in 10th place, after several other fruitless outings, the 63 was abandoned, but parts of the chassis design were worked into the Lotus 72, which debuted in 1970. The four wheel drive technology returned into F1 with the Lotus 56B in 1971, like the Lotus 88, the 4WD cars proved to be huge white elephants for Lotus, but it paved the way for better models to follow. ^1 All Points Scored by the Lotus 49
32.
Lotus 56
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The Lotus 56 was a racing car, designed by Maurice Philippe as Team Lotus 1968 entry in the Indianapolis 500, replacing the successful Lotus 38. The Lotus 56B was a version of the car, designed by Maurice Philippe. The Lotus 56 used a version of the ST6 gas turbine used on the STP-Paxton Turbocar that almost won in 1967. The ST6 was based on an aircraft engine that would become one of the most popular turboprop aircraft engines in history. USAC, the body of the Indy 500, had implemented new rules aimed at handicapping turbine powered racing cars by drastically reducing the air intake size. The Lotus 56 made up for reduced power with a suspension design, retaining the 4 wheel drive concept of the Silent Sam, but with lighter weight. Lotus had suffered the death of driver Jim Clark in a Formula 2 race in Germany, mike Spence was killed at Indianapolis while testing one of four 56s built. The remaining three cars with Graham Hill, Joe Leonard, and Art Pollard were entered for the race, hills car crashed, Pollards car broke down, while Leonard was leading with just a handful of laps to go when the a fuel pump shaft failed. Shortly thereafter, the USAC imposed additional restrictions on cars that essentially removed them from competition. For the second year in a row STP turbine cars had brought innovation to the Indy 500 and had failed to win while leading within a few laps of the end of the race. In 1971 the Lotus 56 was raced in Formula 1 on occasion by Team Lotus but the fuel tanks required to allow it to run an entire race without refuelling left it overweight. Chapmans Lotus 72 employed the same wedge nose shape and went on to win three championships in Formula 1. Colin Chapman developed the 56 as a potential F1 contender, part of his plan to have a design to compete at both the Indy 500 and in Formula 1, but it was too heavy and never competitive. The car was designated as the 56B and Emerson Fittipaldi tried it in the 1971 Race of Champions and International Trophy non-Championship meetings. At Brands Hatch, during wet practice, the 56 was far and away the fastest car on the track, but the race was held in dry weather and the car was lost in midfield. At the Silverstone-based International Trophy, the car only lasted three laps of the first heat before suspension failure forced Fittipaldis retirement. Dave Walker ran the car in the Dutch Grand Prix, and had progressed from 22nd to 10th in five laps of the wet track, before sliding off the road. Fittipaldi used the car again in that years 1971 Italian Grand Prix and managed to bring the fragile design home 8th
33.
1961 Formula One season
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The 1961 Formula One season was the 15th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1961 World Championship of Drivers and the 1961 International Cup for F1 Manufacturers, the season also included numerous non-championship races for Formula One cars. Phil Hill of Ferrari won his only Drivers Championship after his teammate and rival Wolfgang von Trips was killed at the Italian Grand Prix, Ferrari won its first F1 manufacturers title. The first year of the 1. 5-litre formula was dominated by a well-prepared Ferrari team, only Stirling Moss, in an outdated Lotus, was able to beat the Ferraris on two tracks where his skills offset the Ferrari power advantage. Baghetti had also won his two previous Formula One races, the non-championship events at Syracuse and Naples, but the French race was his only win in the World Championship. Hill went on to win the championship, the first American to do so, with the change of formula and the introduction of the United States Grand Prix, the Indianapolis 500 was dropped from the championship. The number of points awarded to a winner was increased to nine for the World Championship of Drivers. The following eight races counted towards the World Championship of Drivers, the Moroccan Grand Prix, originally supposed to be run on 29 October as the last race of the year, was cancelled for the third year in a row for monetary reasons. The following teams and drivers competed in the 1961 FIA World Championship, Points were awarded on a 9–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers at each race. However, only the best five results from the eight races were retained, * Hills 3rd-place finish at Nürburgring was excluded from the final standings because only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship this year. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points actually scored, italics indicate fastest lap Bold indicates pole position Points were awarded on an 8–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the first six finishers at each race. However, a manufacturer only received points for its highest placed car, only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored, Bold results counted to Championship totals. Other Formula One races also held in 1961, which did not count towards the World Championship,1961 images at the Cahier Archive
34.
Coventry Climax
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Coventry Climax was a British forklift truck, fire pump, racing, and other speciality engine manufacturer. An early user was GWK, who produced over 1,000 light cars with Coventry-Simplex two-cylinder engines between 1911 and 1915, just before World War I a Coventry-Simplex engine was used by Lionel Martin to power the first Aston Martin car. Ernest Shackleton selected Coventry-Simplex to power the tractors that were to be used in his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914, hundreds of Coventry-Simplex engines were manufactured during World War I to be used in generating sets for searchlights. In 1917 the company was renamed Coventry Climax and moved to East Street, in the 1920s the company moved to Friars Road, Coventry and in the late 1930s they also acquired the former Riley premises on Widdrington Road, Coventry. In the early 1930s the company supplied engines for buses. With the closure of Swift in 1931, the company was left with a stock of engines that were converted to electric generators. Going into the war, Coventry Climax used their marine diesel experience to further develop and this has been fitted as an auxiliary engine in the British Chieftain and Challenger battle tanks and Rapier anti-aircraft missile systems. In the late 1940s, the company shifted away from engines and into other markets, including marine diesels, fire pumps. In 1946, the ET199 was announced, which the company claimed was the first British-produced forklift truck, the ET199 was designed to carry a 4,000 lb load with a 24-inch load centre, and with a 9 ft lift height. This was designated the FW, for Feather Weight, the engine was displayed at the Motor Show in London and attracted attention from the motor racing fraternity for its very high horsepower per pound of weight. The FWA became popular in racing and was followed by the Mark II. The new Formula Two regulations suited the 1. 5-litre engine, the following year, the first Climax engines began to appear in Formula One in the back of Cooper chassis. Initially, these were FWBs but the FPF engine followed, Stirling Moss scored the companys first Formula One victory, in Argentina in 1958, using a 2-litre version of the engine. At the same time, the company produced the FWE engine for Lotus Elite, there were a total of 22 Grand Prix victories before 1966 with crossplane, flatplane, two- and four-valve versions of the FWMV. This combination was considered radical at the time, especially the syncromesh on all forward gears. The adoption to mass-production was successful, and the project out to the market as the 875cc Hillman Imp totaling over 400,000 units made by 1976 including the later 998cc version. Nonetheless, Coventry Climax remained in Formula One until they were unable to come up with a new engine for the three-litre formula, the company was purchased by Jaguar Cars in 1963, which itself merged with the British Motor Corporation in 1966 to form British Motor Holdings. The citation reads, Awarded to Coventry Climax Engines Ltd. for the design, development, the history of this trophy dates back to 1906
35.
Inline-four engine
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The inline-four engine or straight-four engine is a type of inline internal combustion four-cylinder engine with all four cylinders mounted in a straight line, or plane along the crankcase. The single bank of cylinders may be oriented in either a vertical or a plane with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft. Where it is inclined, it is called a slant-four. In a specification chart or when an abbreviation is used, an engine is listed either as I4 or L4. The inline-four layout is in primary balance and confers a degree of mechanical simplicity which makes it popular for economy cars. However, despite its simplicity, it suffers from an imbalance which causes minor vibrations in smaller engines. These vibrations become more powerful as engine size and power increase, the inline-four is the most common engine configuration in modern cars, while the V6 engine is the second most popular. This inline engine configuration is the most common in cars with a displacement up to 3.0 L, in practice, the displacement of inline-four petrol engines in cars rarely exceeds this figure. For example, the largest engine of this form on the U. S. market in model year 2015 is the Toyota 2TR-FE, however, there are some notable exceptions. Early vehicles also tended to have engines with larger displacements to develop horsepower, the Model A Ford was built with a 3.3 L inline-four engine. Inline-four diesel engines, which are lower revving than gasoline engines, Mitsubishi still employs a 3.0 L inline-four diesel. Generally, European and Asian manufacturers of trucks with a vehicle weight rating between 7.5 and 18 tonnes use inline four-cylinder diesel engines with displacements around 5 L. The MAN D0834 engine is a 4.6 L inline-4 with 220 hp and 627 lb·ft, the Isuzu Forward is a medium-duty truck which is available with a 5.2 L inline-four engine that delivers 210 hp and 470 lb·ft. The Hino Ranger is a medium-duty truck which is available with a 5.1 L inline-four engine that delivers 175 hp and 465 lb·ft, the earlier Hino Ranger even had a 5.3 L inline-four engine. The Kubota M135X is a tractor with a 6.1 L inline-four and this turbo-diesel engine has a bore of 118 mm and a relatively long stroke of 140 mm. One of the strongest Powerboat-4-cylinders is the Volvo Penta D4-300 turbodiesel and this is a 3.7 L-inline-4 with 300 hp and 516 lb·ft. Brunswick Marine built a 127 kW3.7 L 4-cylinder gasoline engine for their Mercruiser Inboard/outboard line, the block was formed from one half of a Ford 460 cubic inch V8 engine. This engine was produced in the 1970s and 1980s, One of the largest inline-four engines is the MAN B&W 4K90 marine engine
36.
1961 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1961 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 14 May 1961 on the Circuit de Monaco in Monte Carlo, Monaco. It was the first round of the 1961 World Championship of Drivers, the erratic yearly variations in Monacos qualifying regulations saw grid places guaranteed for works teams and past winners in 1961. Therefore, the five teams were awarded two places each on the grid, while Stirling Moss and Maurice Trintignant earned spots. This left nine drivers to fight over four remaining slots, a fifth opened up when Innes Ireland crashed during the final practice session, breaking his leg. Moss took pole position from Richie Ginther and Jim Clark, with Graham Hill, Ginther led Clark and Moss into the first corner but Clark quickly ran into trouble with a faulty fuel pump. Ginther dropped to third on lap 14, when Moss and Bonnier passed him in quick succession, at quarter distance, Moss had an impressive 10 second lead but the Ferraris of Hill and then Ginther found their way around Bonnier and began to close the gap. At half distance, Moss lead was 8 seconds, and down to 3 seconds on lap 60, Ginther moved into second on lap 75 and tried to close the gap, but Moss proved able to match his lap times, despite the 156s horsepower advantage. Lap Leaders, Richie Ginther 13 laps, Stirling Moss 87 laps, Stirling Moss had removed the side panels of his near obsolete Lotus 18 to keep him cool Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
37.
1961 Dutch Grand Prix
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The 1961 Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 22 May 1961 at Zandvoort. Taking place one week after the Monaco GP, there was not time for Innes Ireland to heal from his injury in the previous race, the front row was taken up by three Ferraris. Von Trips took the lead from the start and led every lap, phil Hill was a solid second but was soon pressured by Jim Clark, who made a great start from the fourth row. The two would trade second place often with the Ferrari quicker on the straight and the Lotus faster in the corners and this continued until about 20 laps from the end when Clarks handling allowed the Ferrari to pull away. Fourth place was also a hard fought battle, Moss and Ginther, who made a terrible start, battled nose-to-tail until the very end with Moss passing Ginther on the final lap. The race was historic as the first of seven races in which every car was classified as a finisher. In fact, in this race no driver even made a pit stop, lap Leaders, Wolfgang von Trips 75 laps. First win for a German driver For decades, this was the only F1 Grand Prix to finish without any retirements, a unique race, no pit stops and no retirements. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
38.
1961 Belgian Grand Prix
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The 1961 Belgian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 18 June 1961 at Spa-Francorchamps. The organizers of the race invited 25 entries, but were going to pay starting money to 19. Three of the cars without starting money decided not to race after practicing, a fourth entry was a single car for Cliff Allison and Henry Taylor. The team decided to let the fastest driver in practice compete, the Emeryson cars of Bianchi and Mairesse were also damaged beyond repair in practice, but they competed by using the older Lotus 18s of Marsh and Seidel, who had decided not to race. The race was dominated by the Ferrari team, with the four works drivers finishing 1-2-3-4. While Graham Hill made a start to the lead from the third row, he could not hold off the Italian cars. There was some excitement for fifth place, with Graham Hill, lap Leaders, Phil Hill 20 laps, Olivier Gendebien 3 laps, Wolfgang von Trips 7 laps. Final race entry by Cliff Allison after crash during practice in which he broke both knees and fractured his pelvis, of the 4 works Ferraris,3 were painted red and one was painted yellow Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
39.
1961 French Grand Prix
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The 1961 French Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 2 July 1961 at Reims. This was Baghettis only World Championship race win and he would never finish in the top 3 again. Lap Leaders, Phil Hill 32 laps, Wolfgang von Trips 5 laps, Richie Ginther 3 laps, Giancarlo Baghetti 7 laps, Jo Bonnier 1 lap and this was a very hot race, with air temperatures at 102 °F and track temperatures at 120 °F. First F1 Grand Prix start for Bernard Collomb, notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
40.
1961 British Grand Prix
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The 1961 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race, held on 15 July 1961 at the Aintree Circuit, near Liverpool. It was the race of eight in the 1961 World Championship season. The race was won by German Wolfgang von Trips, who had led for much of the race starting from fourth place on the grid. This was von Tripss second but also his final Grand Prix victory as two later he was killed in an accident during the 1961 Italian Grand Prix. The 1961 British Grand Prix is also notable as being the first occasion on which a four-wheel drive car, and these two accomplishments were achieved by the same vehicle, the experimental Ferguson P99-Climax run by the Rob Walker Racing Team. Lap Leaders, Phil Hill 6 laps, Wolfgang von Trips 69 laps, ferrari won the Constructors Championship with 3 races left. World Championship Formula One debut for Gerry Ashmore The #26 car, the circuit diagram names Sefton Straight wrongly. It is actually located between points 2 &3, not 6 &7 as shown Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings
41.
1961 German Grand Prix
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The 1961 German Grand Prix was the 23rd time the German Grand Prix motor race was held. The race also held the designation of the 21st European Grand Prix. It was run to Formula One regulations as the round of the 1961 World Drivers Championship on 6 August 1961. It was held over 15 laps of the giant 14.2 mile Nürburgring Nordschleife circuit for a distance of almost 213 miles. The race also celebrated the 100th race since the establishment of the World Championship in 1950, the race was won by British driver Stirling Moss, driving a Lotus 18/21 for privateer outfit the Rob Walker Racing Team. Moss started from the row of the grid and lead every lap of the race. It was the first German Grand Prix victory for a car since Bernd Rosemeyers Auto Union Type C took victory in 1936. Moss finished just over 20 seconds ahead of Ferrari 156 drivers Wolfgang von Trips and Phil Hill, jack Brabhams Cooper took full advantage of the new Coventry-Climax V-8 in qualifying. Brabham qualified second, and shot to the lead by the first corner, however, Brabham crashed before the end of the first lap due to a sticking throttle. It was the last home country appearance for points leader von Trips before his death at the Italian Grand Prix five weeks later and his second-place finish saw Ferrari secure the constructors championship. The remaining championship points scorers were all from British racing teams, of the races 26 starters,17 finished the race with 16 of them classified finishers. Bernard Collomb did not complete the 75% race distance in order to be classified as a finisher, lap Leaders, Stirling Moss 15 laps. Last win, podium, points & race finish, Stirling Moss Notes, Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
42.
1961 Italian Grand Prix
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The 1961 Italian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 10 September 1961 at Monza. The race was not stopped, allegedly to assist the work for the injured. This was also the last Formula One race ever to be held on the full 10 km Monza circuit, with the 2 bankings and the straight between the bankings included. The race was won by von Trips American team mate Phil Hill, Phil Hill 36 laps, Richie Ginther 7 laps. Notes, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings, Only the best 5 results counted towards the Championship. Numbers without parentheses are Championship points, numbers in parentheses are total points scored
43.
1961 United States Grand Prix
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The 1961 United States Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on October 8,1961, at the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Race Course in Watkins Glen, New York. In its third year of searching the United States Grand Prix finally found a home, thanks to Cameron Argetsinger, Ireland started eighth, took the lead when the engine in Stirling Moss Lotus failed, and finished 4.3 seconds ahead of American Dan Gurney. By the time of the Watkins Glen event, the 1961 season had already marked an important US milestone in Formula One with Californian Phil Hill being crowned the first American World Champion. The US race should have been his triumphant homecoming, and Hill did circle the track at The Glen. Unfortunately for the fans, it was not in the cockpit of his shark-nosed Ferrari 156, as at the 1960 United States Grand Prix at Riverside, the Ferrari team had remained home. This time, however, the title was theirs, and they had nothing left to prove after dominating the first season of the 1. 5-liter formula. The team had indeed been dealt the cruelest imaginable mixture of triumph and tragedy in the previous race, Ferrari driver and team leader Wolfgang von Trips was killed during the race while leading the Drivers Championship, handing victory and the Championship to teammate Hill. Since Ferrari had clinched the Constructors Championship as well as the Drivers, there had been considerable doubt about whether the US race would even take place, since the FIA did not grant the Watkins Glen Grand Prix Corporation final approval for the event until August 28. Come October, however, the field was missing only the Ferrari team, with the Championships already decided, the entrants seemed ready for a weekend of good-natured competition and, for some, a share of the considerable prize money. Regarding the Italian teams absence, one British participant even said, howard Hughes visited the pits to meet with John Cooper about expanding his car manufacturing business. A photograph taken of Hughes in the pits and published in the May 10,1976, Moss set the pace on Saturday with a lap time of 1,18.2 in his 4-cylinder car, then posted a 1,17.2 with the V8. Brabham, the just-deposed two-time World Champion, responded by taking the pole with a 1,17.0. When Moss decided to use the older 4-cylinder in the race, saying that the car handled better with it, he dropped back to the row of the grid, next to Brabhams teammate. Graham Hills BRM, a quicker than the other 4-cylinder cars, was alongside Brabham on the front row. Jim Clark, in one works Lotus, took fifth spot, while Ireland, his teammate, on Friday, Ireland spun to the edge of the woods in the 180-degree South Loop when his steering failed. The following day, before he could put in a serious time, the crew dutifully replaced it, though by now they never thought the car would last until the end of the race on Sunday. The back of the grid, to the delight of the fans, was filled largely with independent North American drivers in uncompetitive cars who were out only to have some fun. Canadian Peter Ryan, in his grand prix, led a group containing Walt Hansgen, Roger Penske, Hap Sharp, Jim Hall
44.
Ferguson Company
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The Ferguson-Brown Company was a British agricultural machinery company formed by Harry Ferguson in partnership with David Brown. Ferguson-Brown produced the Model A Ferguson-Brown tractor incorporating a Ferguson-designed hydraulic three-point linkage hitch, of the 1,356 produced 400 of the tractors were sold in Scandinavia. Who made a number of such as a deeper sump. It has been narrowed down by surviving examples that the change from the Coventry Climax to the David Brown took place around tractors serial numbers 525 to 528. Harry Ferguson surmised that the tractor hitch was the key to having a better plough and this tractor is recognizable by the blue Ford emblem on the front of the hood and the Ferguson System emblem on the grill. The three-point hitch soon became the favourite hitch attachment system among farmers in North America and this tractor model also included a rear Power Take Off shaft that could be used to power three-point hitch mounted implements such as sickle-bar mowers. This PTO location set the standard for future tractor developments, in December 1945 Standard Motor Company Limited announced that an arrangement had been made to manufacture Fergusons tractors. Standards newly acquired factory at Banner Lane Coventry would be used for the project and these tractors would be for the Eastern hemisphere, with Ferguson tractors built by Ford in America for the Western hemisphere. Production was expected to start in 1946, following conversion of the former WW2 aircraft factory. Implements would be sourced and sold separately by Ferguson, in 1946 the Ford Motor Company parted from Ferguson, following several disagreements and a protracted lawsuit followed, involving Fords continued use of Fergusons patents. Ford altered the design of its postwar tractors to avoid Fergusons hydraulic system patent. The postwar Ford 8N, equipped with Fergusons three-point hitch, became the top-selling tractor of all time in North America, after the split with Ford, Ferguson took the opportunity to have the Standard Motor Company of the UK produce a new design, the Model TE20. The model name came from Tractor, England 20 horsepower but is known as the Little Grey Fergie. There were several variants of the TE20, the first tractors were designated TE20 Using an imported Continental Z120 engine, in 1948 the TEA20 was introduced with a Standard brand petrol engine, following the introduction of the TED20 which ran on TVO. Later a diesel model was introduced, the TEF20, there were other variants with narrow wheelbases for working in vineyards and orchards, such as the TEB20 and TEC20. Over 500,000 Little Grey Fergies were built between 1946 and 1956, and many survive today, so successful was the TE20 that Ford nicknamed it the Grey Menace as sales of the tractor spread across the world. Some were used on an expedition to the South Pole in 1958 by Sir Edmund Hillary, Ford ultimately settled the legal proceedings with a multi-million dollar sum that allowed Ferguson to further expand his own manufacturing interests. Ferguson built a plant in Detroit where the TO20, TO30 and he named it Ferguson Park, perhaps because the 8Ns were then being assembled at Highland Park
