1.
Natural history
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Natural history is the research and study of organisms including animals, fungi and plants in their environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study. It encompasses scientific research but is not limited to it, with articles nowadays more often published in magazines than in academic journals. Grouped among the sciences, natural history is the systematic study of any category of natural objects or organisms. That is a broad designation in a world filled with many narrowly focused disciplines. For example, geobiology has a strong multi-disciplinary nature combining scientists, a person who studies natural history is known as a naturalist or natural historian. The English term natural history is a translation of the Latin historia naturalis and its meaning has narrowed progressively with time, while the meaning of the related term nature has widened. In antiquity, it covered essentially anything connected with nature or which used materials drawn from nature. For example, Pliny the Elders encyclopedia of this title, published circa 77 to 79 AD, covers astronomy, geography, man and his technology, medicine and superstition as well as animals and plants. Medieval European academics considered knowledge to have two divisions, the humanities and divinity, with science studied largely through texts rather than observation or experiment. In modern terms, natural philosophy roughly corresponded to modern physics and chemistry, natural history had been encouraged by practical motives, such as Linnaeus aspiration to improve the economic condition of Sweden. Similarly, the Industrial Revolution prompted the development of geology to help find useful mineral deposits, the astronomer, William Herschel was also a natural historian. Instead of working with plants or minerals he worked with the stars and he spent his time building telescopes to see the stars and the rest of the time watching the stars. In the beginning, he believed there to be a known as a nebulae. Herschel can be considered a natural historian because he observed the natural world, in the process he made charts of all the stars and kept records of all that he saw. S. Wilcove and T. Eisner, The close observation of organisms—their origins, their evolution, their behavior and it encompasses changes in internal states insofar as they pertain to what organisms do. Some definitions go further, focusing on observation of organisms in their environment. Bartholomew, A student of history, or a naturalist, studies the world by observing plants. A common thread in many definitions of natural history is the inclusion of a component, as seen in a recent definition by H. W. Greene
2.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
3.
Graham Gund
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Graham de Conde Gund is an American architect and the president of the Gund Partnership, an American architecture firm based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and founded by Gund in 1971. An heir to George Gund II, he is also a collector of contemporary art, a native of Cleveland, Ohio, Gund was educated at Westminster School, Kenyon College and the Rhode Island School of Design. Gund graduated from the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, with a Master of Architecture degree in 1968, after graduation, Gund worked at The Architects Collaborative in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Gund himself undertook property development for a number of his firms projects and he is also a noted collector of art. Gund funded the Gund Gallery at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Gund was also the driving force behind the founding of the Gund Gallery at Kenyon College. After working with modern architect Walter Gropius at the Architects Collaborative, for Bostons Institute for Contemporary Art, Gund created an unexpected, open, angular interior that played against the rigid geometry of a historic Richardsonian Romanesque building. Additional museums and education buildings represented the continued expansion of Gunds practice in these years, among the adaptive uses was the Norwalk Maritime Center in Connecticut, a museum and aquarium project housed in a salvaged iron works complex, with a new IMAX theater. New institutional buildings included major structures for Plimoth Plantation in Plymouth, MA, at this time, Gund played a role as both architect and developer to reclaim threatened or damaged historic buildings, as in the Church Court Condominiums in Boston and Bulfinch Square in Cambridge. Such activity even led to his being described by Vincent Scully as a convinced preservationist, among Gunds early work was the Rockefeller residence in Cambridge, the Hyatt Regency Cambridge and the former Institute for Contemporary Art, now the Boston Architectural College. Much of Gunds work in this period involved renovations or residential adaptive reuse projects in the Boston area, in the 1990s Gunds work expanded to include considerable work with Disney Company in Florida and Paris. Gund was featured on This Old House in 1992 as the architect for the television shows Igoe Residence project, by the 2000s Gunds work was primarily focused on school and university projects. Recent notable buildings designed by the firm include the headquarters for the National Association of Realtors in Washington, Gund also designed the Boston Ballet Headquarters on Clarendon Street in Boston, Massachusetts. Gund has designed a number of projects in the Disney Companys planned community of Celebration, Florida, the firm is also known for historic redevelopment projects including Bulfinch Square in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Major museum projects include the Plimoth Plantation Visitor Center in Plymouth, Massachusetts, Gunds work has been widely published throughout his career, with articles by major critics in national publications. He is married to Ann Gund née Landreth, with whom he has one son, Graydon and he is a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects. ISBN 978-1-86470-273-6, introduction by Paul Goldberger Rapaport, Richard, graham Gund Architects, American Institute of Architects Press,1993. ISBN 978-1-55835-093-9, introduction by Vincent Scully Gund Partnership
4.
Mesozoic
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The Mesozoic Era is an interval of geological time from about 252 to 66 million years ago. This Era is also called from a paleobotanist view the Age of Conifers, Mesozoic means middle life, deriving from the Greek prefix meso-/μεσο- for between and zōon/ζῷον meaning animal or living being. It is one of three eras of the Phanerozoic Eon, preceded by the Paleozoic and succeeded by the Cenozoic. The era is subdivided into three periods, the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous, which are further subdivided into a number of epochs. The Mesozoic was a time of significant tectonic, climate and evolutionary activity, the era witnessed the gradual rifting of the supercontinent Pangaea into separate landmasses that would eventually move into their current positions. The climate of the Mesozoic was varied, alternating between warming and cooling periods, overall, however, the Earth was hotter than it is today. Birds first appeared in the Jurassic, having evolved from a branch of theropod dinosaurs, the first mammals also appeared during the Mesozoic, but would remain small—less than 15 kg —until the Cenozoic. Following the Paleozoic, the Mesozoic extended roughly 186 million years and this time frame is separated into three geologic periods. It is also known as the Great Dying because it is considered the largest mass extinction in the Earths history, the upper boundary of the Mesozoic is set at the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, which may have been caused by the impactor that created Chicxulub Crater on the Yucatán Peninsula. Towards the Late Cretaceous large volcanic eruptions are believed to have contributed to the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event. Approximately 50% of all genera became extinct, including all of the non-avian dinosaurs, the Triassic ranges roughly from 252 million to 201 million years ago. The Triassic is a time in Earths history bracketed between the Permian Extinction and the Triassic–Jurassic extinction event, two of the big five, and precedes the Jurassic Period and it has three major epochs, the Early Triassic, the Middle Triassic and the Late Triassic. The Early Triassic was between about 252 million to 247 million years ago and was dominated by deserts as Pangaea had not yet broken up, thus the interior was nothing, the Earth had just witnessed a massive die-off in which 95% of all life became extinct. The most common life on earth were Lystrosaurus, labyrinthodonts. Temnospondyls evolved during this time and would be the dominant predator for much of the Triassic, the Middle Triassic spans roughly from 247 million to 237 million years ago. The Middle Triassic featured the beginnings of the breakup of Pangaea, the ecosystem had recovered from the devastation that was the Great Dying. Algae, sponge, corals, and crustaceans all had recovered, new aquatic reptiles evolved, such as ichthyosaurs and nothosaurs. Meanwhile, on land, pine forests flourished, as did groups of insects like mosquitoes, the first ancient crocodilians evolved, which sparked competition with the large amphibians that had since ruled the freshwater world
5.
Atrium (architecture)
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In architecture, an atrium is a large open air or skylight covered space surrounded by a building. Atria were a feature in Ancient Roman dwellings, providing light. Modern atria, as developed in the late 19th and 20th centuries, are several stories high and having a glazed roof or large windows. Atria are a design feature because they give their buildings a feeling of space. The atrium has become a key feature of buildings in recent years. Atria are popular with building users, building designers and building developers, users like atria because they create a dynamic and stimulating interior that provides shelter from the external environment while maintaining a visual link with that environment. Designers enjoy the opportunity to new types of spaces in buildings. Fire control is an important aspect of contemporary atrium design due to criticism that poorly designed atria could allow fire to spread to a buildings upper stories more quickly. The Latin word atrium referred to the central court from which enclosed rooms led off. The impluvium was a shallow pool sunken into the floor to catch rainwater from the roof, some surviving examples are beautifully decorated. The opening in the ceiling above the pool called for some means of support for the roof, as the centrepiece of the house, the atrium was the most lavishly-furnished room. Also, it contained the chapel to the ancestral spirits. The term was used for a variety of spaces in public and religious buildings, mostly forms of arcaded courtyards. Byzantine churches were often entered through such a space, the 19th century brought the industrial revolution with great advances in iron and glass manufacturing techniques. Courtyards could then have horizontal glazing overhead, eliminating some of the elements from the space. One of the public spaces at Federation Square, in Melbourne, Australia, is called The Atrium and is a street-like space, five storeys high with glazed walls. The structure and glazing pattern follow the system of fractals used to arrange the panels on the rest of the facades at Federation Square, as of 2016, the Burj Al Arab hotel in Dubai, has the worlds tallest atrium at 590 feet. The Luxor Hotel, in Las Vegas, Nevada, has the largest atrium in the world at 29 million cubic feet, cavaedium Courtyard Quadrangle Roth, Leland M. Understanding Architecture, Its Elements History and Meaning
6.
Argentinosaurus
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Argentinosaurus is a genus of titanosaur sauropod dinosaur first discovered by Guillermo Heredia in Argentina. The generic name refers to the country in which it was discovered, the dinosaur lived on the then-island continent of South America somewhere between 94 and 97 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period. It is among the largest known dinosaurs, the first fossils identified as Argentinosaurus were found in 1987 by a rancher in Argentina, who mistook the leg for a giant piece of petrified wood. A gigantic vertebra, approximately the size of a man, was also found, the type species of Argentinosaurus, A. huinculensis, was described and published in 1993 by the Argentine palaeontologists José F. Bonaparte and Rodolfo Coria. Its more specific time-frame within the Cretaceous is the late Cenomanian faunal stage, the fossil discovery site is in the Huincul Formation of the Río Limay Subgroup in Neuquén Province, Argentina. Not much of Argentinosaurus has been recovered, the holotype included only a series of vertebrae, ribs of the right side of the hip region, a part of a rib from the flank, and the right fibula. One of these vertebrae was 1.59 meters tall, in addition to these bones, an incomplete femur is assigned to Argentinosaurus, this incomplete femur shaft has a minimum circumference of about 1.18 meters. The proportions of bones and comparisons with other sauropod relatives allow paleontologists to estimate the size of the animal. An early reconstruction by Gregory S. Paul estimated Argentinosaurus at between 30–35 metres in length and with a weight of up to 80–100 tonnes, the length of the skeletal restoration mounted in Museo Carmen Funes is 39.7 metres long and 7.3 metres high. This is the longest reconstruction in a museum and contains the original material, other estimates have compared the fragmentary material to relatively complete titanosaurs to help estimate the size of Argentinosaurus. In 2006 Carpenter used the more complete Saltasaurus as a guide, an unpublished estimate used published reconstructions of Saltasaurus, Opisthocoelicaudia, and Rapetosaurus as guides and gave shorter length estimates of between 22–26 metres. Weight estimates are less common, but Mazzetta et al. provide a range of 60–88 tonnes, more recently, it was estimated at 83.2 tonnes by calculating the volume of a reconstruction. In 2013, in a study published in Plos One on October 30,2013 by Dr. Bill Sellers, Dr. Rodolfo Coria, Argentinosaurus was digitally reconstructed to test its locomotion for the first time. Before this study, the most common way of estimating speed was through studying bone histology and ichnology and those features are useful when attempting to explain trackway patterns of graviportal animals. To estimate the gait and speed of Argentinosaurus, the study performed a musculoskeletal analysis, the only previous musculoskeletal analyses were conducted on hominids, terror birds, and other dinosaurs. The results further revealed that much larger terrestrial vertebrates might be possible, Argentinosaurus was, like all sauropods, a herbivore. It probably used its neck to reach into conifers, or sweep the ground in search of ferns. Once swallowed, the food would have needed to all the way down the neck before entering the stomach
7.
Giganotosaurus
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Giganotosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Argentina, during the early Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 99.6 to 97 million years ago. The holotype specimen was discovered in the Candeleros Formation of Patagonia in 1993, the animal was named G. carolinii in 1995, the genus name translates as giant southern lizard and the specific name honours the discoverer, Rubén D. Carolini. A dentary bone, a tooth and some tracks, discovered before the holotype, were assigned to this animal. The genus attracted much interest and became part of a debate about the maximum sizes of theropod dinosaurs. Giganotosaurus was one of the largest known terrestrial carnivores, but the size has been hard to determine due to the incompleteness of the remains found so far. Estimates for the most complete range from a length of 12 to 13 m, a skull 1.53 to 1.80 m in length. The dentary bone that belonged to a larger individual has been used to extrapolate a length of 13.2 m. The skull was low, with rugose nasal bones and a ridge-like crest on the bone in front of the eye. The front of the jaw was flattened, and had a downwards projecting process at the tip. The teeth were compressed sideways and had serrations, the neck was strong and the pectoral girdle proportionally small. Giganotosaurus is thought to have been homeothermic, with a metabolism between that of a mammal and a reptile, which would have enabled fast growth and it may have been relatively slow-moving, with a suggested running speed of 14 metres per second. It would have been capable of closing its jaws quickly, capturing and bringing down prey by delivering powerful bites, the chin may have helped in resisting stress when a bite was delivered against prey. Giganotosaurus is thought to have been the apex predator of its ecosystem, Giganotosaurus is thought to have been one of the largest theropod dinosaurs, but the incompleteness of its remains have made it difficult to estimate its size reliably. It is therefore impossible to determine with certainty whether it was larger than Tyrannosaurus, for example, different size estimates have been reached by several researchers, based on various methods, and depending on how the missing parts of the skeleton have been reconstructed. Length estimates for the specimen have varied between 12 and 13 m, with a skull between 1.53 and 1.80 m long, a femur between 1.365 and 1.43 m long, and a weight between 4.2 and 13.8 t. Fusion of sutures in the braincase indicates the specimen was a mature individual. A second specimen, consisting of a bone from a supposedly larger individual, has been used to extrapolate a length of 13.2 m, a skull 1.95 m long. Some writers have considered the largest size estimates for both specimens exaggerated, Giganotosaurus has been compared to an oversized version of the well-known genus Allosaurus
8.
Fernbank Science Center
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The Fernbank Science Center is a museum, classroom, and woodland complex located in Atlanta. The nearby Fernbank Museum of Natural History is a private organization that is separate from the Science Center. The Fernbank Science Center opened in December 1967, and is an educational facility and it provides programs for the science education of local students, pre-K-12. Both its planetarium and observatory are open for public shows on specific occasions, the mission of the Science Center is to provide and promote an understanding of science and technology and to communicate to its visitors the harmony and order of the natural world. Fernbank contains many materials for instruction, including dinosaur skeletons, rocks and minerals, a collection of tektites, an Aeronautics Education Laboratory and an electron microscope lab. The center also has an authentic Apollo spacecraft from the unmanned Apollo 6 Saturn V test flight, the Jim Cherry Memorial Planetarium is a 500-seat celestial theater in the round, equipped with a 70-foot, a Mark V Zeiss star projector, and over 100 special effects projectors. The planetarium, which was built in the 1967s is the largest planetarium within the state of Georgia and it was also the first planetarium to be owned and operated by a public school system in the United States of America. A major component of technological upgrade is the projection system. The fulldome system is intended to complement the planetariums iconic Zeiss star projector not replace it, prior to the 2012 upgrade, Fernbank staff had been using standard projectors for the video portions of the shows, which put an image on only a small segment of the dome. With the digital projection system which throws extraordinarily bright light onto a spherical mirror tuned to the exact shape of our dome. Now the video and other images cover the entire dome, before the upgrade science center staff had the capability to project images, which was rather like a slide show. With the new system, animated images move across the entire surface, Fernbank LINKS was established in 2002. Since then, the team has participated in two robotics competitions, while winning many awards. All of their members graduate high school and pursue a college degree, in the fall, Fernbank LINKS competes in and hosts the free Georgia BEST Robotics Competition. During their original tenure from 2004-2014, LINKS had been one of the more successful BEST Teams in Georgia, however, in 2015, they forfeited their chance to compete in order to host the Georgia BEST hub. Under their leadership,12 BEST teams competed, with 2 qualifying for the Souths BEST Regional Championship, in 2016, LINKS plans to expand the Georgia BEST hub to 24 teams, thus allowing more teams to experience the fun of STEM. In the spring, Fernbank LINKS competes in the FIRST Robotics Competition, like the BEST Robotics Competition, teams are challenged to build a robot in 6 weeks. Following the main season, teams prepare for and compete in competitions to advance to the FIRST Championship
9.
DeKalb County, Georgia
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DeKalb County is a county in the U. S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 691,893, DeKalb County is included in the Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Roswell, GA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It contains roughly 10% of the city of Atlanta and it is Georgias most diverse county. In recent years, some communities in North DeKalb have incorporated, dunwoody and Brookhaven are now the largest cities entirely within the county. The oldest existing house in the county is the 1831 Goodwin House along Peachtree Road in Brookhaven, in 1853, Fulton County formed from the western half of DeKalb, divided along a perfectly straight and due north/south line down the middle. Until this time, the city of Atlanta had been inside DeKalb. North and southwest Fulton came from two counties, Milton and southeast Campbell, respectively. DeKalb once extended further north to the Chattahoochee River, but this strip was later given to Milton. During the Civil War, much of the Battle of Atlanta took place in DeKalb, until the 1960s, DeKalb was a mainly agricultural county, but as the sprawl of the metropolitan Atlanta region expanded, DeKalb became increasingly urbanized. Only Interstate 20 and Interstate 85 were successfully built through the county, DeKalb also became one of only two counties to approve MARTA rapid transit in the 1970s, the county now contains the east and northeast heavy rail lines. The current Chief Executive Officer of DeKalb County is Michael Thurmond and he took office on January 1,2017. Fire services are provided throughout the county by DeKalb County Fire, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is based in the Druid Hills CDP in an unincorporated area in the county. The Federal Bureau of Investigation Atlanta Field Office is located in Chamblee, the Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice has its headquarters in Avondale Estates, near Decatur. The Georgia Bureau of Investigation has its headquarters near Decatur, in an unincorporated area, the Metro State Prison of the Georgia Department of Corrections was formerly located in an unincorporated area in DeKalb County. Female death row inmates resided in the Metro State Prison, the prison was closed in 2011. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 271 square miles. The county is crossed by the South River and numerous creeks, including Nancy Creek, Snapfinger Creek, Peachtree Creek and Nancy Creek drain into the Chattahoochee River and eventually to the Gulf of Mexico. South River drains into the Ocmulgee River and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean, Stone Mountain lies near the eastern border of the county
10.
DeKalb County School District
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The DeKalb County School District is a school district headquartered at 1701 Mountain Industrial Boulevard in unincorporated DeKalb County, Georgia, United States. DCSD operates public schools in areas of DeKalb County that are not within the city limits of Atlanta, as of July 1,2015, the District Superintendent was Dr. R. Stephen Green. The system educates more than 101,000 students at 137 schools with more than 14,000 full-time employees and 6,000 teachers, in 2005 the school system graduated over 5,000 students from high school. Of those students,7. 8% received a diploma,79. 4% received a college prep diploma and 12. 8% received a vocational diploma. After graduation, 62% were eligible for Hope Scholarships, in 2011, the school system graduated 6,130 students. Current School Board members, District 1 - Stan Jester District 2 - Marshall Orson District 3 - Michael A, erwin District 4 - James L. McMahan District 5 - Vickie Turner District 6 - Dr. Melvin Johnson District 7 - Dr. Joyce A. The DeKalb County School District is now fully accredited, the indictment listed four counts of racketeering, as well as theft by taking and bribery. On August 20,2013, a shooting and hostage situation occurred at Ronald E. McNair Discovery Learning Academy, a man with an AK-47 entered the schools front office and barricaded himself. He fired six shots at approaching police officers outside, who returned fire, after this closed, DeKalb County School District bought the property. The district renovated the building, converting commercial spaces into educational. The building served for a time as the districts alternative high school before becoming the Administrative. The East DeKalb Campus The Sam Moss Service Center Warehouse, supply. Building, grounds, the William Bradley Bryant Center The district offers 17 athletic programs and earned 253 state championships dating back to 1938, the majority of the titles came from track and field and wrestling. The county provides five athletic stadiums that include, Fernbank Science Center DeKalb County School System website
11.
Piedmont (United States)
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The Piedmont is a plateau region located in the eastern United States. It sits between the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the main Appalachian Mountains, stretching from New Jersey in the north to central Alabama in the south, the Piedmont Province is a physiographic province of the larger Appalachian division which consists of the Piedmont Upland and the Piedmont Lowlands sections. The Atlantic Seaboard fall line marks the Piedmonts eastern boundary with the Coastal Plain, to the west, it is mostly bounded by the Blue Ridge Mountains, the easternmost range of the main Appalachians. The width of the Piedmont varies, being quite narrow above the Delaware River, the Piedmonts area is approximately 80,000 square miles. The name Piedmont comes from the French term for the physical region, literally meaning foothill, ultimately from Latin pedemontium. The region is named after the Italian region of Piedmont, the lowlands which abut the Alps, the surface relief of the Piedmont is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills with heights above sea level between 200 feet and 800 feet to 1,000 feet. Its geology is complex, with rock formations of different materials. Essentially, the Piedmont is the remnant of ancient mountain chains that have since been eroded away. Geologists have identified at least five events which have led to sediment deposition, including the Grenville orogeny. The last major event in the history of the Piedmont was the break-up of Pangaea, large basins formed from the rifting and were subsequently filled by the sediments shed from the surrounding higher ground. The series of Mesozoic basins is almost entirely located inside the Piedmont region, Piedmont soils are generally clay-like and moderately fertile. In some areas they have suffered from erosion and over-cropping, particularly in the South where cotton was historically the chief crop. In the central Piedmont region of North Carolina and Virginia, corn is the crop, while in the north region there is more diversity, including orchards, dairying. The Piedmont region is associated with the Piedmont blues, a style of blues music that originated there in the late 19th century. According to the Piedmont Blues Preservation Society, most Piedmont blues musicians came from Virginia, the Carolinas, during the Great Migration, Black Americans migrated to the Piedmont. Thus, Piedmont blues was influenced by many types of such as ragtime, country. Many major cities are located on the line, the eastern boundary of the Piedmont. The fall line, where the land rises abruptly from the plain, marks the limit of navigability on many major rivers
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Fernbank Forest
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Fernbank Forest is a 65-acre mature mixed forest that is part of Fernbank Museum of Natural History in Atlanta, Georgia. It has one of the few remnants of original forest vegetation in the Georgia Piedmont, as such, large specimens of white oak and tulip poplar, which grow up to 156 feet tall, dominate the tree canopy. There also are a few equally tall loblolly pine, other canopy species include American beech, black oak, northern red oak, southern red oak, pignut hickory, bitternut hickory, mockernut hickory, winged elm and red maple. Eastern flowering dogwood, sourwood, umbrella magnolia and eastern redbud are prominent among the smaller trees, the forest floor is covered by many shrub, wildflower, and fern species. Common animals include raccoon, opossum, gray squirrel, chipmunk, American crow, pileated woodpecker, box turtle and several snake species, the soils are mostly well-drained, with medium brown or dark reddish brown sandy loam topsoils. The subsoils are clay loam or clay, they are red or dark red. The darker soils, which support higher plant diversity, have developed on mafic rock, Fernbank is the 4th oldest environmental conservation not-for-profit in the United States. The lease was renewable in eight-year intervals for a maximum of 48 years, the transfer of the lease from Dekalb County School System in 2012 led the closing of the forest and subsequent controversy. Self-guided tours are not allowed and only members are not charged entrance fees to the forest. Forest walks for both members and non-members occur infrequently, a Move-On petition has garnered over 500 signatures to allow public access to the Forest. Concerned community members claim the forest is not being maintained and has led to the reduction of opportunities in the forest for local school children. Community members are concerned on the lack of transparency since none of the plans have made public. In September 2016, after a 4-year restoration period, the forest reopened as part of the Fernbank Museum of Natural History, visitors to the museum can join guided tours or go on self-guided tours along the paths of the forest. Fernbank Museum of Natural History Fernbank Science Center The Natural History of Atlanta New Georgia Encyclopedia, Piedmont Web Soil Survey David O. Funderburk, spring Phenology in a Mature Piedmont Forest. Castanea, Vol.41, pp. 20–30,1976
13.
IMAX
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IMAX is a motion picture film format and a set of cinema projection standards developed in Canada by Graeme Ferguson, Roman Kroitor, Robert Kerr, and William C. IMAX has the capacity to record and display images of far greater size, since 2002, some feature films have been converted into IMAX format for displaying in IMAX theatres and some have also been partially shot in IMAX. IMAX is the most widely used system for special-venue film presentations, as of June 2016, there were 1,102 IMAX theatres in 69 countries. The desire to increase the impact of film has a long history. In 1929, Fox introduced Fox Grandeur, the first 70 mm film format, in the 1950s, the potential of 35 mm film to provide wider projected images was explored in the processes of CinemaScope and VistaVision, following multi-projector systems such as Cinerama. While impressive, Cinerama was difficult to install, during Expo 67 in Montreal, the National Film Board of Canadas In the Labyrinth and Fergusons Man and the Polar Regions both used multi-projector, multi-screen systems. Each encountered technical difficulties led them to found a company called Multiscreen. As it became clear that a single, large-screen image had more impact than multiple smaller ones and was a viable product direction. An IMAX 3D theatre also is in operation near the former Expo 67 site at the Montreal Science Centre in the Port of Old Montreal, tiger Child, the first IMAX film, was demonstrated at Expo 70 in Osaka, Japan. The first permanent IMAX installation was built at the Cinesphere theatre at Ontario Place in Toronto and it debuted in May 1971, showing the film North of Superior. The installation is still in place, however, Ontario Place is on hiatus for redevelopment, during Expo 74 in Spokane, Washington, an IMAX screen that measured 27 m ×20 m was featured in the US Pavilion. It became the first IMAX Theatre to not be partnered with any brand of movie theaters. About five million visitors viewed the screen, which covered the total visual field when looking directly forward. This created a sensation of motion in most viewers, and motion sickness in some, much to the dismay of the majority of Spokane and the disapproval of the IMAX Corporation itself, it will be demolished to make way for a parking lot. Another IMAX 3D theater was built in Spokane, not too far from where the original was. However, its screen-size is less than half that of the original, due to protests, the IMAX Corporation has been able to remodel the area with the city, and turn the U. S. Pavilion itself into the first permanent outdoor IMAX screen, the first permanent IMAX Dome installation, the Eugene Heikoff and Marilyn Jacobs Heikoff Dome Theatre at the Reuben H. Fleet Science Center, opened in San Diegos Balboa Park in 1973, the first permanent IMAX 3D theatre was built in Vancouver, British Columbia for Transitions at Expo 86, and was in use until September 30,2009
14.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Atlantic Station
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This article describes the neighborhood in Atlanta, Georgia. For the Atlantic Avenue subway stations in New York City, see the list of New York City Subway stations, for the light-rail station in Newark, New Jersey, see Atlantic Street. Atlantic Station is a neighborhood on the edge of Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States comprising a retail district, office space, condominiums, townhomes. First planned in the mid-1990s and officially opened in 2005, the neighborhoods 138 acres are located on the brownfield site of the Atlantic Steel mill. Atlantic Station is located on the site of the Atlantic Steel mill, developer Jim Jacoby, who also redeveloped Floridas Marineland, began putting the project together in 1997 when his company became the property contractor of the land. The development was planned to include 15,000,000 square feet of retail, office. Its size encouraged the Postal Service to award the neighborhood its own ZIP code,30363, Atlantic Station was designed with energy efficiency in mind and many of the buildings are LEED certified. The proposed BeltLine transit/greenway project is expected to pass within a few miles of the development, in October 2003, the very first residents moved into the development. The 17th Street bridge was completed in January 2004 and the first round of retail establishments opened in October 2005, Atlantic Station received the EPAs 2004 Phoenix Award as the Best National Brownfield Redevelopment, as well as the Sierra Clubs 2005 Americas Best New Development Projects listing. In July 2005, a fire completely destroyed a large wood-frame residential building under construction. Two days later, it was ruled arson after a major investigation, at least five million dollars of damage was done to the buildings,18 cars parked on the street were destroyed and another 7 were seriously damaged from the intense heat. In a joint venture, North American Properties Atlanta, founded by Mark Toro, Toro and the NAP management launched a social media blitz, attended community meetings and real estate symposiums to openly discuss challenges, such as crime, and invite feedback. Toros vision to transform Atlantic Station included new retail, new restaurants, better parking, on October 1,2015, Atlantic Stations retail core was officially sold to Hines Interest Limited Partnership with an unnamed joint financial partner. Atlantic Station comprises three areas that are lined along 17th Street between the Downtown Connector and Northside Drive, the District, the Commons, and the Village. The District is where most of Atlantic Stations retail and office space is located, opened on October 21,2005, it was constructed in the style of an outdoor mall, with choices of shopping, dining, and a 16-screen Regal movie theater. Above the retail levels is a two to three stories of condominiums. With the 7, 200-space parking garage underneath, the area is pedestrian-friendly. The southwest corner of The District is home to the 26-story, 336-foot TWELVE Hotel and Residences Atlantic Station, in addition, townhomes constructed in 2004 line 16th Street one block south of The District
16.
AmericasMart
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AmericasMart Atlanta is a wholesale trade center located in Downtown Atlanta, Georgia. The exhibition center is one of the largest permanent wholesale trade centers in the world, AmericasMart Atlanta consists of four buildings totaling seven million square feet. Trade show exhibitors rent permanent showrooms as well as temporary booths during trade shows, some permanent showrooms are open daily, though many are open only part of the time or during trade shows. AmericasMart Atlanta is not open to the public and only employees, america’s Mart Atlanta consists of four buildings, Building One, Building Two, Building Two WestWing, and Building Three. The Mart’s main address is 240 Peachtree Street NW, Suite 2200, buildings Two and Three are located on Spring Street and Building Two WestWing is located on Williams Street. 24 pedestrian bridges connect the different buildings of the Mart for indoor access between buildings, a local architect of Atlanta, John C. The Mart opened in 1957, and Portman has held positions of leadership since the founding. These include chairman of the board, chief officer. John Portman’s son, Jeffery Portman serves as the President of AMC, AMC is the trading organization which is the parent company of AmericasMart Atlanta. In 1996 Jeffery Portman renamed the trading center AmericasMart, as before it was known as the Atlanta Market Center and he has worked to expand the Mart since his presidency, and is responsible for the Building Two WestWing, which opened in 2009 and is the newest addition. The mart is a place to buy products and it is expected that the products the buyers purchase at the mart are then resold in their businesses. Therefore the mart is closed to the public, buyers must register their businesses with the Mart and are required to check in upon arrival. A business must visit the Mart with a regularity or forfeit its membership. A company may bring employees and guests to assist with purchasing decisions, AmericasMart sponsors several trade shows each year. Atlanta Apparel The Atlanta Apparel show is focused on selling clothing, shoes, major Shows occur in January and July, Smaller Shows occur in March and September. Atlanta International Area Rug Market The Atlanta International Area Rug Market offers area rugs at wholesale cost, Atlanta Immediate Delivery Show The Atlanta Immediate Delivery Show of is a cash and carry event at which exhibitors offer merchandise for sale and immediate delivery at the event
17.
Clermont Lounge
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The Clermont Lounge is Atlantas first and longest continually operating strip club, opened in 1965. Visitors to the Clermont usually alternate between a few handfuls of regulars and large numbers of students, newcomers to town. The Clermont does not serve food or draft beer, the single strippers stage is located in the middle of a circular bar, and the dancers choose their own songs on the in-house jukebox, as the club normally does not have an actual DJ. The Clermont Motor Hotel was built in 1924 and was originally an apartment building after its construction, an early advertisement for a nightclub in the basement space is dated 1947 and the club was the Anchorage Club. A lawsuit closed the Atlanta Playboy Club, by 1965, the Jungle Club opened its doors within the Clermont Hotel. In 1968, the Clermont Lounge opened for business and has remained in ever since. The entire building was sold to new owners in 2003, fairway Capital put the property on the market for sale in 2010. Clermont Hotel Partners LLC eventually bought it in January 2013 with the intent to redevelop the property as a boutique hotel, official site. com 33. 77348°N84. 361302°W /33.77348, -84.361302
18.
Olympia Building
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The Olympia Building is a landmark at the absolute center of Atlanta, Five Points in Downtown Atlanta. It was built between 1935 and 1936, architects Ivey and Crook, since 2003 a flashing Coca-Cola sign has stood on top of the building, the space for which Coke pays $8,641 a month in rent. As of September 2012 the building was owned by the State of Georgia and was for sale, a complex rehabilitation of the building, beginning in 2015, includes the removal of all non-historic elements, of which there were many. This left only the buildings terra cotta and marble facade and portions of its foundation, the iconic metal canopy will be reconstructed from historic images. The building currently houses a two-story Walgreens
19.
Lenox Square
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Lenox Square is an upscale enclosed super regional shopping mall located in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, Georgia. Lenox Square comprises more than 1,545,000 square feet of space, with 250 stores on four levels. The mall is home to three stores, Macys, Bloomingdales, and Neiman Marcus. The mall is owned by Simon Property Group and has been owned by the Indianapolis-based developer since 1998, Lenox Square opened to the public on August 3,1959. Originally, it operated as a shopping center, much like a typical lifestyle center. The malls original anchors were Richs and Davisons, two of the most famous and acclaimed department stores in the area, as well as grocery chain Colonial Stores, the mall originally opened with 60 stores. Over the next few decades, the mall underwent four expansions, the most recent renovation included the expansion of the Neiman Marcus store by 52,000 square feet and the addition of 36,000 square feet of new retail space. Lenox Square houses several upscale stores that do not have other locations within several hundred miles of Atlanta, Lenox Square also has the largest Pottery Barn in their chain as well as one of the largest Forever 21 stores in the Southeastern United States. Lenox Square was developed by Ed Noble, a developer from Kansas City, Missouri, whose company, Noble Properties. Groundbreaking for the center occurred in July 1957, and it was completed on June 29,1958. The public opening ceremony for Lenox Square was held on August 3,1959, initially containing 800,000 square feet of retail, the shopping mall was situated on three levels, Mall. It was anchored by Richs, Davisons, and a Colonial Stores supermarket, there were 52 original tenants, including a bowling alley, indoor golf driving range, and a Kresge five and dime store. The Mall Level concourse featured several statues depicting Uncle Remus characters, such as Brer Fox, Brer Frog, a movie theater opened on the Market Level in June 1963. Within its first few years of its existence, Lenox Square would be a part of major events in the city. It is the point in the annual Peachtree Road Race. Davisons, owned by Macys since 1924, was rebranded as Macys in 1986, in 2000, the celebration of the Richs Great Tree moved to the flagship store from Underground Atlanta, after having been held downtown for decades. In 1991, Richs relocated their store to Lenox Square from downtown Atlanta. In 2003, Federated Department Stores began integrating the Macys name with their other regional department store brands, following the news, the Lenox Macys location closed and the building was renovated extensively to house the first Bloomingdales in the South, which opened in October 2003
20.
Mary Mac's Tea Room
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Mary Macs Tea Room is a historic restaurant in Atlanta, Georgia, serving Southern cuisine. Every morning the workers shuck bushels of corn, hand wash selected greens, breads and desserts are baked on the premises. The restaurant is located in the Midtown district at 224 Ponce de Leon Avenue NE, the current owner is John Ferrell. Mary MacKenzie opened the restaurant in 1945, just after World War II, enterprising women in search of a living, many of them widowed by the war, were establishing restaurants throughout Atlanta. Calling their establishments tea rooms was a way of elevating their endeavor. The restaurant is known for continuing the traditions of MacKenzie and her successor, Margaret Lupo. Mary Macs serves classic Southern cuisine, famous entrees at Mary Macs include, fried chicken dredged in buttermilk and flour, country-fried steak, and chicken pan pie topped with thick giblet gravy. Also popular is the fresh vegetables, and corn bread with pot likker. Sides dishes offered include, black-eyed peas, fried tomatoes, whipped potatoes, fried okra, macaroni and cheese. Corn and yeast rolls are served with lunch, desserts include peach cobbler and banana pudding. Culture of Atlanta Tourism in Atlanta Mary Macs Tea Room Website
21.
Phipps Plaza
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Phipps Plaza is a shopping mall located in the affluent Buckhead district of Atlanta. Anchored by Saks Fifth Avenue, Nordstrom, and Belk, the mall boasts a variety of luxury retailers within its tenant roster, which include Gucci, Tiffany & Co. Bally, Hugo Boss, Giorgio Armani, Omega, Rebecca Taylor, Giuseppe Zanotti, Herve Leger, Trina Turk, Ghurka, Versace, Valentino, Elie Tahari, Nicole Miller, bennett, Vince, Agent Provocateur, Hublot, Tory Burch, and Bottega Veneta. It is adjacent to the Phipps Tower office building, in 1969, Phipps Plaza opened as the first multi-level mall in Atlanta, aiming to become the Souths leading luxury shopping destination. The mall originally opened with two levels, purchased by financier Ogden Phipps in 1966 for less than $600,000, the development was sold in 1992 to Simon Properties for $488 million. The expansion would add a 14 screen AMC theatre, a new food court, new elevators. Phipps Plaza remains Atlantas only Saks Fifth Avenue venue, lord & Taylor would close their Phipps Plaza location in 2004 citing a weak and competitive regional marketplace. The store served as one of the anchors for 35 years. The space was completely renovated to make way for Atlantas third Nordstrom. On August 2,2006, it was announced that Belk was acquiring the Parisian chain of department stores, the Belk store at Phipps Plaza has now been designated by Belk as one of four of their flagship stores and sells the companys signature couture. In February 2011, Merlin Entertainments announced that it would construct a Legoland Discovery Center at the mall, the $12 million facility, based on the Lego building toys, began construction in July 2011 and opened in March 2012
22.
Ponce City Market
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Ponce City Market is a mixed-use development located in a historic building in Atlanta, with national and local retail anchors, restaurants, a food hall, boutiques and offices, and residential units. It is located where the BeltLine crosses Ponce de Leon Avenue in the Old Fourth Ward where that neighborhood touches the Virginia Highland, Poncey-Highland and Midtown neighborhoods. The 2,100, 000-square-foot building, one of the largest by volume in the Southeast United States, was used by Sears, Roebuck and Co. from 1926–1987, the buildings lot covers 16 acres. It officially opened on August 25,2014 and it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. The complex contains offices, apartments, a food hall, retail stores, educational facilities. Larger retail stores include Anthropologie, Citizen Supply, J. Crew, Williams-Sonoma, Ponce City Market states that its food hall is similar to the famous Chelsea Market, New York City, also owned by Jamestown. James Beard-awarded chefs with presence in the hall include Anne Quatrano of Star Provisions, Linton Hopkins of Restaurant Eugene. The building was built on the site of Ponce de Leon Springs, from 1926 to 1979, it was a Sears, Roebuck and Co. retail store, warehouse and regional office. F. D. ”. Stood for the club Radio Farmers Democracy, in May 1990, the city of Atlanta bought the building for $12 million, with plans to place 2,000 police and fire employees there, and later rent space out to county, state, and federal agencies. The city subsequently moved the offices of its police department. A city-funded art gallery was established on the first floor. From 1995 to 1999, the Southeastern Flower Show was held here, the building was closed to the public on March 29,2010. The City sold the property for $27 million to Jamestown, a private-equity group, alongside Pike Place in Seattle, the Ferry Building in San Francisco, and Jamestowns own Chelsea Market in New York City. Jamestown also plans rooftop gardens where local restaurants can grow food, Jamestown planned to complete renovations by early 2015 and then have the building added to the National Register of Historic Places. Official website Official virtual tour website Old pictures of the Sears building Largest Building in the South Opens on Ponce de Leon Avenue This Day in History series, PBA Online, orig. Broadcast August 2,2011 Jerry R. Hancock, Jr. Dixie Progress, Sears, Roebuck & Co
23.
Underground Atlanta
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Underground Atlanta is a shopping and entertainment district in the Five Points neighborhood of downtown Atlanta, Georgia, United States, near the Five Points MARTA station. First opened in 1969, it takes advantage of the viaducts built over the many railroad tracks to accommodate later automobile traffic. Each level has two halls, still called Upper and Lower Alabama and Pryor Streets. In 1869, the Georgia Railroad freight depot was constructed to replace the one destroyed by Shermans troops in 1864, the depot, which stands at the entrance of Underground Atlanta, remains the oldest building in downtown Atlanta. However, the depot was originally three stories tall but the second and third story were destroyed by fire, besides the train station, the bustling district included hotels, banks, law offices, and saloons. By 1910, several iron bridges had been built to cross the tracks at Union Street. At the suggestion of Atlanta architect Haralson Bleckley, the bridges were rebuilt in concrete, eventually, Bleckley envisioned public plazas between the bridges, but only one, Plaza Park, was ever built. One of the first mentions of the area is in the lines of Bessie Smiths 1927 Preachin The Blues which documents its importance as an entertainment district. For the next forty years, as Atlanta continued to grow at street level, Underground Atlanta, Inc. was incorporated May 2,1967 and began acquiring options to lease buildings under Central Ave, Pryor, Whitehall, Hunter, Alabama, and Wall Street viaducts. Fuller and Paterson purchased all the stock in October 1967. A constitutional amendment was passed in Georgia naming the area a historic site, on April 8,1969, Underground Atlanta officially opened with new restaurants, bars, nightclubs, and music venues installed in the old individual storefronts. At the time, Fulton County was the county in the state of Georgia that permitted mixed alcoholic beverages to be served, provided that men wore coats. As a result, Underground Atlanta quickly became the center of downtown Atlanta nightlife, feelgood and the Interns, played from 1969 to 1979. Other attractions included a shop owned by governor Lester Maddox. With the old-style architecture lending considerable charm to the district, Underground Atlanta was compared to Bourbon Street in New Orleans, by 1972, its most profitable year, Underground had 3.5 million visitors and $17 million in sales. The heyday of Underground Atlanta lasted for half a decade. When neighboring DeKalb County relaxed their restrictions on alcohol consumption in the early 1970s, new bars sprouted up in parts of the city. The dress code restrictions were dropped and fights began to break out, the construction of the MARTA East Line beginning in 1975 tore out several blocks of clubs and eliminated parking
24.
The Varsity
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The Varsity is a restaurant chain, iconic in the modern culture of Atlanta, Georgia. The main branch of the chain is the largest drive-in fast food restaurant in the world, there are now six other branches across metropolitan Atlanta, and another near the University of Georgia in Athens. Originally named “The Yellow Jacket”, The Varsity was established in 1928 at the corner of Luckie Street and its founder, Frank Gordy of Thomaston, Georgia, a Reinhardt University graduate, briefly attended The Georgia Institute of Technology but dropped out in 1925. Then, as now, the restaurant catered heavily to Georgia Tech students, as the business grew, Gordy was forced to move the restaurant to 61 North Avenue. To accommodate the crowds, the present structure now covers two city blocks and it was here that the name was changed to The Varsity, reflecting his desire to expand to other college campuses. During the drive-in era, The Varsity began its curbside service, the current location in Atlanta is now adjacent to the Downtown Connectors interchange with North Avenue. When that freeway was built by GDOT, it out several blocks of Williams Street and much of The Varsitys western parking lot. The restaurant and the Georgia Tech campus sit on opposite sides of the Connector, the first Athens location opened in 1932. The enterprise has since expanded to Athens, Kennesaw, Gwinnett County, Alpharetta, the Varsity, Jr. located in northeast Atlanta, was the only other location of the chain to offer curbside service. The Varsity, Jr. closed in August 2010 after more than 40 years at that location, the plans for the new Varsity, Jr. were instead used for the new location in Dawsonville. In addition, the location is responsible for more retail sales of Coca-Cola, on an annual basis than any other single location in the world. The restaurant also offers catering services to the metro Atlanta region for both corporate and non-corporate functions, going as far east as Conyers and Stone Mountain, Georgia, there is also a mini-Varsity on the campus of Reinhardt University in Waleska, Georgia. Frank Gordy met his wife, Evelyn, at Reinhardt in 1924 and their custom-designed home was later moved from Atlanta to the Reinhardt University campus. Gordy Parkway, a named for Frank Gordy, serves all of these. One of the employees at the Varsity was Erby Walker. He started at the Varsity at the age of fifteen sweeping floors, and was fired on the first day. Mr. Walker was noted for his ability to move the line quickly, especially during the rush period right before a Georgia Tech football game. His signature catchphrase was, Have your money out and your food on your mind and he retired in 2003, but came back three weeks later
25.
Atlanta City Hall
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The Atlanta City Hall building is the headquarters of the City of Atlanta government. It was constructed in 1930, and is located in Downtown Atlanta and it is a high-rise office tower very similar to dozens of other city halls built in the United States during the same time period. Located in South Downtown, it is near other governmental structures, such as the Georgia State Capitol, the Neo-Gothic structure features many architectural details that have helped to make the building a historical landmark. It is Atlantas fourth city hall, after half a decade of makeshift meeting places for city business, in 1853 mayor of Atlanta John Mims purchased the four-acre Peterss Reserve from Richard Peters for $5,000. On this land was built a brick structure for the city hall as well as some court functions. Each floor was 70 by 100-foot providing nearly 15, 000-square-foot of space, in 1882, Atlanta City Hall was relocated to the old chamber of commerce building, which was four stories tall and located on the northeast corner of Pryor and Hunter. It was the city hall from 1882 to 1911, in 1911, the city hall moved to what once the U. S. Post Office and Customs House, located on the side of Marietta Street between Forsyth and Fairlie. Purchased from the U. S. federal government by Atlanta mayor Robert Maddox for $70,000 and it was so solidly built that the first company hired to raze it actually went out of business before completing the job. The current city hall, designed by G. Lloyd Preacher, was completed in February 1930, the house was one of the few buildings in Atlanta that Sherman did not destroy. At the time, it belonged to Richard F. Lyon and this building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. An annex was completed in 1989, and the building was designated a landmark building exterior on October 23 of that year. Between 1990–2010 some city hall services had been available at City Hall East, located on Ponce de Leon Avenue in the Old Fourth Ward neighborhood, the building formerly belonged to Sears. The city of Atlanta sold the building in June 2011 to Jamestown, a developer and it was renamed Ponce City Market. NYT1991 article Atlanta, Georgia, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
26.
United States Penitentiary, Atlanta
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The United States Penitentiary, Atlanta is a medium-security United States federal prison for male inmates in Atlanta, Georgia. It is operated by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, a division of the United States Department of Justice, the facility also has a detention center for pretrial and holdover inmates, and a satellite prison camp for minimum-security male inmates. In 1899, President William McKinley authorized the construction of a new prison in Atlanta. Georgia Congressman Leonidas F. Livingston advocated placing the prison in Atlanta. William S. Eanes, an architect from St. Louis, Missouri, construction was completed in January 1902 and the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary opened with the transfer of six convicts from the Sing Sing Correctional Facility in upstate New York. They were the beneficiaries of the Three Prisons Act of 1891, which established penitentiaries in Leavenworth, Kansas, Atlanta, Georgia, the first two remain open today, the third closed in 1976. The Atlanta site was the largest Federal prison, with a capacity of 3,000 inmates, inmate case files presented mini-biographies of men confined in the penitentiary. It encompassed 300 acres and had a capacity of 1200 inmates, the facility was subsequently renamed the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta when US government created the Federal Bureau of Prisons in 1930. In the 1980s, USP Atlanta was used as a center for Cuban refugees from the Mariel Boatlift who were ineligible for release into American society. USP Atlanta is currently one of several facilities, including the Federal Transfer Center, Oklahoma City, as of 2006, the prison was housing three to five in-transit prisoners in each approximately 56-square-foot isolation cell for up to eight weeks at a time. At least one prisoner was killed, local hospitals reported admitting a total of eight Cubans suffering gunshot wounds, along with two prison guards who were slightly injured. *Inmates released from custody prior to 1982 are not listed on the Bureau of Prisons website
27.
Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta
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The Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta, is one of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the United States. The Sixth District operates branches in Atlanta, Birmingham, Jacksonville, Miami, Nashville and these branches provide cash to banks, savings and loans, and other depository institutions, transfer money electronically, and clear millions of checks. The bank is located at 1000 Peachtree Street NE in Midtown Atlanta. Prior to 2001, the bank was located in downtown Atlanta at 104 Marietta Street NW, the Atlanta Fed has three main functions, monetary policy, operation of nationwide payment system, and bank supervision and regulation. Its job is to decide the interest rates, and the president meets with other bank presidents, the Bank’s board of directors makes recommendations on the levels of discount rates. The following people are on the board of directors as of September,2016, clarence Otis, Jr. Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Darden Restaurants, Inc. The current president, Dennis P. Lockhart, took office March 1,2007, as the 14th president and chief officer of the Sixth District Federal Reserve Bank. Facing his mandatory retirement, FRBA announced Lockhart would be stepping down in February,2017, the firm Spencer Stuart had been named to help with the search for a replacement in September,2016. First Vice President Marie Gooding would hold the job on a basis if a permanent successor was not found before Lockharts February 28 departure date
28.
Georgia Governor's Mansion
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The Governors Mansion is the official home of the governor of the U. S. State of Georgia. The mansion is located at 391 West Paces Ferry Road NW, the current Governors Mansion is on property that belonged to former Atlanta mayor Robert Maddox, who owned a large English Tudor-style home on the site. A fire destroyed a part of the house and Mr. Maddox sold the property to the state. The remainder of the home was demolished to construct the current mansion, the Governors Mansion is a three-level, 30-room, Greek Revival style home built in 1967. It stands on approximately 18 acres on historic West Paces Ferry Road in north-northwest Atlanta and it was designed by Georgia architect Thomas Bradbury and officially opened on January 1,1968. It also led to the tornado being called the governors tornado, later in 2008, the front door was damaged by fire during another renovation on the afternoon of September 11. The Atlanta Fire Department quickly extinguished the fire, and determined through thermal imaging that the fire had not spread inside the wall, few people were present and nobody was injured, as it was after work hours, and the governor and his wife were away. The house covers 24,000 square feet and has a total of 30 Doric columns around the porches and these columns are made from California redwoods and are each 24 feet high. They are hollowed out and specially treated on the inside to handle water drainage from the roof, the setting is park-like with numerous trees. On the grounds is the pool, tennis courts, childrens play area. The centerpiece of the entrance is a Georgia marble fountain with three large flagpoles, the mansion has three levels, a lower level, the main level, and the upper level. The lower level has various rooms supporting the mansion, the ballroom is located on this level. The ballroom has a capacity of 175 for formal dinner and has uses for smaller functions as well, the pool and outside patio are also off this level. The main floor can be considered the State Floor, the majority of the rooms on this floor are used for official entertaining. The rooms also can be used for day-to-day activities, the Entrance Hall is the first thing you see as you enter. Flanking the right side is the Georgia Library containing books written by Georgia authors, flanking the left of the entrance is the guest bedroom, which is the only bedroom on the main floor. Walking your way toward the back of the mansion you find the Circular Hall with its grand staircase, located on the right the State Dining Room and the State sitting room on the Left. They are both used for state functions
29.
Georgia Railroad Freight Depot
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The Georgia Railroad Freight Depot is the oldest building in downtown Atlanta. It is located on the east side of Central Avenue, bordered by the MARTA, the depot was completed in 1869. The architects were Corput and Bass and it was the main freight depot for the Georgia Railroad and Banking Company. A fire in 1935 destroyed the floors and the cupola. In 1981 the building was renovated to accommodate events and it has become a popular wedding, festival and concert venue and can accommodate 800 seated guests or 1300 standing. Built in 1869 the historic Georgia Freight Depot is a rustic, with over 12,000 square feet of open space, the event site can accommodate up to 1,300 guests, or be tailored for smaller, more intimate gatherings. Detailed tour of the Georgia Railroad Freight Depot Georgia Railroad historical marker Distinctive Catering and Events Venue Management
30.
Georgia State Capitol
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The Georgia State Capitol is an architecturally and historically significant building in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It has been named a National Historic Landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and it is the main office building of Georgias government. The offices of the governor, lieutenant governor, and secretary of state are on the second floor, the fourth floor houses visitors galleries overlooking the legislative chambers and a museum. The capitol site was occupied previously by the first Atlanta City Hall, to encourage the state government to relocate the capital city to rapidly growing and industrialized Atlanta from rural Milledgeville, the city donated the site. The first capitol in Louisville no longer stands, while in Augusta and Savannah the legislature met in makeshift facilities, the legislature also met at other places, including Macon, especially during and just after the Atlanta Campaign of the American Civil War. Like many U. S. state capitols, the Georgia State Capitol is designed to resemble the Classical architectural style of the United States Capitol, in Washington, D. C. Completed in 1889, the building was designed by architects Willoughby J. Edbrooke and Franklin Pierce Burnham, of Chicago, the building was constructed by Miles and Horne, of Toledo, Ohio. Sculptor George Crouch executed all the work on the building. The commission that oversaw the planning and construction of the building included former Confederate general Philip Cook, the Capitol faces west on Washington Street. The façade features a portico, with stone pediment, supported by six Corinthian columns set on large stone piers. Georgias coat of arms, with two figures on each side, is engraved on the pediment, the Capitols interior represents the 19th-century style of its time. It was among the earliest buildings to have elevators, centralized steam heat, Classical pilasters and oak paneling are used throughout the building. The floors of the interior are made of marble from Pickens County, the open central rotunda is flanked by two wings, each with a grand staircase and three-story atrium crowned by clerestory windows. The Capitol building has undergone frequent renovations to adapt to the growth, for this reason, legislative business is often referred to as what is happening under the gold dome by media across the state. The statue Miss Freedom has adorned the dome since the buildings opening, in 1997, the House and Senate chambers were restored to their 1889 appearance with replicated decoration and color schemes. This included the demolition of damaged plaster, the reinstallation of flat plaster at the dome, columns, and walls, the museum within the Capitol, in existence since 1889, houses extensive collections representing the natural and cultural history of Georgia. Native American artifacts, animals, rocks and minerals, and fossils illustrate the diversity of the collections, during restoration or renovation, most of the collection remains in storage. The portraits of governors, statues of famous Georgians, and historic flags from many wars are displayed throughout the Capitol, the Georgia Capitol Museum is a public education institution in the Office of the Secretary of State
31.
Miss Freedom
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Miss Freedom, originally christened as Goddess of Liberty, is the name of the statue adorning the dome of the Georgia State Capitol since 1889. Commissioned in 1884, the copper statue is painted white. She was sculpted with a torch in her hand and a sword in her left. The torch is a functioning Mercury vapor lamp, casting a light at night. There were two different capitol locations before the final and current location, the current capitol building resides in the city of Atlanta. Construction of the Atlanta capitol started on November 13,1884, the building took four and a half years and 250 men to complete. The statue of Miss Freedom was installed in 1888, completion, and opening of the building, took place on March 20,1889. There are no records of where the statue came from. The original name of the statue is also unknown, the current name, Miss Freedom, came from recent decades. Previous names found were Liberty and Goddess of Liberty
32.
Atlanta from the Ashes (The Phoenix)
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Shermans Union Army during the Civil War. The female figure has long hair and is seen nude above the waist, in her raised arms she holds the legs of a gilded phoenix. The sculpture is mounted on a rectangular base, the monument is located in Woodruff Park, located in Downtown Atlanta. The monument was a gift of the Rich Foundation in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Richs Department store. The sculpture was designed by James Siegler, of Houston, Texas, the monument was originally located on a viaduct adjacent to the first Richs Department store on Martin Luther King Jr. Drive at Spring Street from 1969 to 1995, in 1995, the sculpture was restored and moved to its current location in Woodruff Park. Since its creation, the sculpture has become a symbol of Atlantas rise from out of the ashes. The Atlanta Public Arts Legacy Fund
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Carnegie Education Pavilion
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The Carnegie Education Pavilion, more often known as the Carnegie Monument, is a marble Beaux-Arts monument located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The pavilion was constructed in 1996 from the facade of the Carnegie Library. The monument was commissioned in 1996 by the Corporation for Olympic Development in Atlanta, the pavilion is located in Downtowns Hardy Ivy Park, at the curve in Peachtree Street where it intersects with Baker Street. The monuments inscription reads, The Advancement of Learning and it also features the inscriptions of the names of three famous Western poets Dante, Milton, and Asop, in addition to the librarys namesake, Carnegie. From 1899 to 1901, Andrew Carnegie, the magnate and philanthropist from Pittsburgh, donated $145,000 to construct, furnish. A site was chosen at 126 Carnegie Way in downtown Atlanta, the library, built by New York architects Ackerman and Ross, opened in 1902. It was renovated in 1950 and 1966, and remained the central library of the system until it was demolished in 1977 in order to make way for the controversial Marcel Breuer-designed Central Library. The architectural bays of the structure were preserved and used to create the pavilion twenty years after the buildings demolition. The Atlanta Public Arts Legacy Fund
34.
Millennium Gate Museum
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The Millennium Gate Museum is a triumphal arch and Georgia history museum located in Atlanta, on 17th Street in the Atlantic Station district of Midtown. Based on the Arch of Titus, the monument celebrates peaceful accomplishment, with attention paid to Georgias history. As of 2011, it is the largest classical monument to have been dedicated since completion of the Jefferson Memorial in Washington, D. C. The arch inscription reads, in Latin, “This American monument was built to commemorate all peaceful accomplishment since the birth of Jesus Christ in the year of our Lord, an international competition was sponsored by Richard Driehaus of Chicago, founder of Driehaus Capital Management. 10 winners were selected and a charette was held at the National Cathedral in Washington, the winners were Lisa Bergman, Marianne Cusato, Anton Glikin, Shelly Hoenle, Abdul Muzikir, Silvia Neri, Daniel Parolek, Milan Petkovic, Joseph Smith, and Luis Pedro Vasquez-Lobos. The judges were Michael Dennis, Léon Krier, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Robert A. M. Stern, collinsCooperCarusi, Atlanta were the architects of record. Lady Henrietta Spencer-Churchill was the curator of the period rooms, Tunnell and Tunnell were the landscape architects. The design is embellished with sculptural allegory by British sculptor Alexander Stoddart and his Peace and Justice Gates flanking the arch were given the 2006 Palladio Prize for best American design of a public space. The Millennium Gate Museum opened July 4,2008, and cost approximately $20 million, the Museum houses 12,000 sq ft of gallery space, featuring traditional and prototype interactive high-tech exhibits. The bronze is by George Kelly, sculptor for the United States Supreme Court, attention is also given to the notable pre-Columbian history of the native population and their large mound building throughout the state. Glenn, the 20th century Philip Shutze designed Pink House living room built by Joseph Rhodes whose daughter married First National Bank president James D. Robinson, Jr. All of these rooms contain their original furniture and objects. The Bodmer-Hanna Gallery, opened in 2012, houses the Bodmer Papyri XIV & XV, known as P75 and these are among the greatest archaeological finds of the Twentieth Century. Moreover, they have demonstrated a remarkable clarity and consistency within the Christian gospel over the last 2,000 years, the Bodmer Papyrus at the time of the Hanna gift was acclaimed by the Vatican Library to be the most important artifact in their collection. The fact that these papyri were threatened with destruction makes their safe transfer from Geneva to Rome one of the most important philanthropic gestures in history and they are displayed in a gallery whose dimensions are the same as the tomb they were buried in for over 1,300 years. The Bodmer-Hanna Gallery compliments the 21st Century Gallery telling one of the most important stories ever to come out of our State, the rooftop Conservatory, 18th, 19th 20th and 21st century galleries and Oval Lawn are available for weddings, conferences, and other events. The Millennium Gate Museum is not only a work of art, the museum tells Georgia’s story through interactive technology, film, and exhibitions. Using Nintendo Wii technology in a theater setting, visitors have the opportunity to explore Atlanta’s history
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Oakland Cemetery (Atlanta)
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Oakland Cemetery is one of the largest cemeteries green spaces, in Atlanta, Georgia, U. S. Founded as Atlanta Cemetery in 1850 on six acres of land southeast of the city, it was renamed in 1872 to reflect the number of oak. By that time, the city had grown and the cemetery had enlarged correspondingly to the current 48 acres, since then, Atlanta has continued to expand, so that the cemetery is now located in the center of the city. Oakland is an excellent example of a Victorian-style cemetery, and reflects the garden cemetery movement started and exemplified by Mount Auburn Cemetery in Massachusetts. The original 6 acres of Oakland remains one of the oldest historical plots of land in Atlanta, because of its age and location, the cemetery directly reflects the history and changing culture of the City of Atlanta and the significant events it has seen. Names of Atlanta streets, buildings, parks, subdivisions, an estimated 70,000 people are interred at Oakland, and while the last plots were sold in 1884, there are still regular burials today. These are largely conducted on family-owned plots or areas owned by Atlanta, immediately upon entering the gates of Oakland is found the original 6 acres purchased for use as the Atlanta Cemetery in 1850. The gates and perimeter walls were not erected until 1896, the engraved on the keystone of the gates highest arch. After a short distance along a walkway, Oaklands first resident since its establishment can be found. Dr. James Nissen was a medical doctor visiting Atlanta who fell ill, legend has it that Dr. Nissen shared a common fear of the day, being buried alive. Therefore, before his death he asked that his jugular vein be cut prior to his burial to ensure he did not wake up later under the ground. Being the oldest grave in Oakland since its designation as a city cemetery, Nissens headstone is nearly worn away by the passage of time. The inscription is known due to an extensive survey of Atlanta cemeteries performed in the 1930s by Franklin Garrett. Back towards the gates of Oakland on a plot donated by the City of Atlanta lies Martha Lumpkin Compton. The daughter of Governor Wilson Lumpkin, from 1843 until 1845 Atlanta was known as Marthasville in her honor, the first thing many people notice when entering the gates of Oakland is the mausoleum of Jasper Newton Smith, on which sits a striking life-size statue of Smith himself. Jasper Smith was a real estate investor who financed two buildings downtown, one, known as The House that Jack Built, was constructed with the stipulation that its cornerstone be left even after the building was torn down. That cornerstone still stands at the entrance of the Peachtree Center MARTA station on Carnegie Way, Smith was well known for refusing to wear a necktie due to a bad experience as a child. Therefore, one describing the creation of his statue notes that when the artist sculpted him wearing a cravat
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Stone Mountain
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Stone Mountain is a quartz monzonite dome monadnock and the site of Stone Mountain Park in Stone Mountain, Georgia. At its summit, the elevation is 1,686 feet MSL and 825 feet above the surrounding area, Stone Mountain is well-known not only for its geology, but also for the enormous rock relief on its north face, the largest bas-relief in the world. The carving depicts three Confederate figures during the Civil War, Stonewall Jackson, Robert E. Lee, Stone Mountain was once owned by the Venable Brothers and was the site of the founding of the second Ku Klux Klan in 1915. It was purchased by the State of Georgia in 1958, Stone Mountain is more than 5 miles in circumference at its base. The summit of the mountain can be reached by a trail on the west side of the mountain or by the Skyride aerial tram. Stone Mountain is a pluton, a type of igneous intrusion, primarily composed of quartz monzonite, the dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300-350 million years ago, part of the Appalachian Mountains. It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earths crust and this magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface. Stone Mountain pluton continues underground 9 miles at its longest point into Gwinnett County, numerous reference books and Georgia literature have dubbed Stone Mountain as “the largest exposed piece of granite in the world. This misconception is most likely a result of misrepresentation by granite companies, Stone Mountain, though often called a pink granite dome, actually ranges in composition from quartz monzonite to granite and granodiorite. The minerals within the rock include quartz, plagioclase feldspar, microcline and muscovite, with amounts of biotite. Embedded in the granite are xenoliths or pieces of foreign rocks entrained in the magma, the granite intruded into the metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont region during the last stages of the Alleghenian Orogeny, which was the time when North America and North Africa collided. Over time, erosion exposed the present mountain of more resistant igneous rock. This intrusion of granite also gave rise to Panola Mountain and Arabia Mountain, on some days, the top of the mountain is shrouded in a heavy fog, and visibility may be limited to only a few feet. The clear freshwater pools of the form by rainwater gathering in eroded depressions. The tiny shrimp appear only during the rainy season, through the process of cryptobiosis, the tiny shrimp eggs can remain dormant for years in the dried out depressions, awaiting favorable conditions. The mountains lower slopes are wooded, the rare Georgia oak was first discovered at the summit, and several specimens can easily be found along the walk-up trail and in the woods around the base of the mountain. In the fall, the extremely rare Confederate yellow daisy flowers appear on the mountain, growing in rock crevices, the entire carved surface measures 1.57 acres. The carving of the three men towers 400 feet above the ground, measures 76 by 158 feet, and is recessed 42 feet into the mountain, the deepest point of the carving is at Lees right elbow, which is 12 feet to the mountains surface
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World Athletes Monument
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The World Athletes Monument, more commonly known as the Prince Charles Monument or Prince of Wales Monument, is a monument located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States. The monument, dedicated to the 1996 Summer Olympics, is a gift from HRH the Prince of Wales in honor of the 1996 Centennial Olympic Games, the monument is located on Peachtree Street, at Pershing Point, in Midtown Atlanta. The monument has had an impact on the surrounding underutilized land. The statue is carved in Indiana limestone topped by bronze statues and it has a conical base circled by five stone bands which have two aedicules on the Peachtree Street axis, within which are plaques honoring the patrons who built the building. Above the base is a tholos circled by five Doric columns, representing the five continents, a cauldron is within the tholos and emits a fire evoking the Olympic torch. The Prince of Waless Institute of Architecture, with the help of its first American trustee Rodney Mims Cook, the competition was won by Anton Glikin, a St. Petersburg, Russia architect and Institute student. Martin Dawe of Atlanta, Georgia and Dick Reid of York, Cook supervised and shepherded the project to completion with the assistance of Architect of Record Peter Polites. The stone was carved by Jonathan Krieg http, //www. stonecraftcr. com, HRH requested that one third of the funds for the project be raised in the United States. Prince Charles wanted a location that needed the 55-foot monument, so the intersection of Atlantas main street, Peachtree Street. The intersection, known as Pershing Point, had been the location of iconic Beaux-Arts office buildings that had been razed in the late 1980s to facilitate traffic flow, the land was donated by the Georgia Department of Transportation by Wayne Shackelford through the efforts of Mayor Sam Massell. With the lead donation from the Randall family of Atlanta, construction began, the monument was dedicated during the Centennial Olympic Games by Lord Morris of Castle Morris representing Queen Elizabeth II. On August 31,1997 Diana, Princess of Wales, was killed in an accident in Paris. All around the people gathered to mourn her death. During this time, CNN estimated over 20,000 people were drawn to the World Athletes Monument to grieve, traffic was rerouted away from the streets around the monument because of the thousands of people sleeping in the street and around the plaza. Mementos and flowers were placed around the memorial, and much like what was happening at British Royal palaces, a monumental television screen broadcast the funeral live from England. Since Princess Diana’s death the monument has also come to be known as both the Prince’s Olympics Monument and the Princess Diana Monument, the Atlanta City Council dedicated the space as the Prince of Wales’s Monument at Princess Diana Square. On June 5,2004, President Ronald Reagan died and once again thousands of people congregated around the World Athletes Monument to grieve, the monument was enshrouded with flags, candles, flowers and other mementos. It has also become a place for sports victories and other civic uses the citizens of Atlanta choose to celebrate
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Atlanta Contemporary Art Center
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Atlanta Contemporary is a nonprofit, non-collecting institution located in the West Midtown district of Atlanta. It is dedicated to the creation, presentation, and advancement of art by emerging. It creates a cultural landscape for artists, arts professionals, and the art-interested public through its exhibitions, educational programs. It organizes approximately 50 diverse educational programs a year, as well as provides on-site, Atlanta Contemporary offers free admission every day. Founded in 1973 by a group of Atlanta photographers, Atlanta Contemporary was originally called Nexus and began as a storefront cooperative gallery supported by member dues and staffed by volunteers. In 1976, the organization leased an old school and began to expand its programs, formalize its infrastructure. In 1984, the name was changed to Nexus Contemporary Art Center to reflect the organization’s mission, Nexus Press, dedicated to creating unique publications by invited artists, was begun, and studio spaces for working artists became a core part of the organization. In 1987, seeking a permanent home, the board completed a $1.95 million capital campaign to renovate a 35,000 square-foot warehouse complex on Means Street near the Georgia Tech campus, in 1989, the organization began a phased renovation program. Completed in1994, Nexus became a catalyst for renewal in the historic industrial district of the Westside. In 2000, Nexus was renamed Atlanta Contemporary Art Center, asserting its pride of place in the Southeast and acknowledging a peer relationship to arts venues in other cities. In 2003, Nexus Press closed, leaving a legacy of more than 150 titles. A rebranding effort shortened the name in 2015. Known today as Atlanta Contemporary, it continues to play a role in the redevelopment of the Westside through community-based initiatives, in 2009, it helped found the Westside Arts District, featuring monthly Saturday art walks with educational programming coordinated among the district’s numerous art spaces. Atlanta Contemporary exhibits art by emerging and established artists from the local to the international, working in all media. Information about current, upcoming, and past exhibitions can be found on the website, Atlanta Contemporarys Studio Artist Program supports local working artists by providing subsidized studio space and fostering a collaborative environment that encourages the creative process. This unique program fills a critical need in the Atlanta arts community, affordable studio space, the program seeks to provide local artists the opportunity to create in a setting that supports their artistic development and provides them with the resources necessary to advance their careers. Selection criteria include consistency with the focus on contemporary art, level of activity as a working artist. High Museum of Art Museum of Contemporary Art of Georgia List of contemporary art museums Atlanta Contemporary Arts Center Official Website
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Atlanta Cyclorama & Civil War Museum
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Modern media, such as IMAX, rendered this sort of portrayal obsolete. It is currently closed to the public, the Atlanta History Center is in the process of restoring The Battle of Atlanta painting and relocating it to its Buckhead property. The restoration process began in 2015, the plan is to open the building in 2017 to allow the public to view the ongoing restoration of The Battle of Atlanta painting, with a full opening and dedication following in 2018. Paying visitors viewed the painting from the inside, entering through an entrance in the floor. After being seated, the cylinder rotates slowly, affording a view of the entire painting. The painting at one time was the largest oil painting in the world and it held this record until 1894, when it was surpassed in size by The Racławice Panorama a cycloramic painting depicting the Battle of Racławice. The Cyclorama was narrated at one time by volunteers, some of whom were veterans or widows of veterans of the Civil War, research was done by Lurline Richardson Park, the writers wife. The narration was musically scored by Atlanta musician Sam T. Wilhoit, and the narration was read by Hollywood actor Victor Jory, all parties donated their time and labor. In later years, a revised narration was produced and narrated by actor Shepperd Strudwick, the museum displayed pictures and artifacts from the Civil War, including the Texas, a steam locomotive that pursued the captured train the General in the Great Locomotive Chase during the war. This raid was depicted in the 1927 Buster Keaton film The General, a movie theater inside the museum showed a short film about the Atlanta Campaign, narrated by James Earl Jones, to visitors before they view the painting. The cyclorama painting itself is augmented by a three-dimensional diorama in front of the painting and a narration of the events of the battle, a popular story concerning the diorama involves actor Clark Gable. During the celebrations surrounding the opening of the film Gone with the Wind, in July 2014, Atlanta city officials announced plans to relocate the Cyclorama to the Atlanta History Center in Buckhead. The possibility of a move started soon after the 2008 restoration of the only other panoramic painting in the United States, the Gettysburg Cyclorama. In 2011, a panel of city leaders and historians was appointed to investigate options for restoring and possibly relocating the painting, the Cycloramas final day open to the public was June 30,2015, after which it closed in preparation for the move. The History Center began construction in fall 2015 on a new 23, 000-square-foot building to house the painting, the diorama and the Texas locomotive. During the construction, restoration work will begin on the painting, including the addition of areas of the painting that were removed prior to its installation in the current Grant Park facility. After the History Center building is completed, the painting and diorama will be moved to the new facility where restoration will continue, at times in view of History Center visitors
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Atlanta History Center
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The Atlanta History Center is a history museum and research center located in the Buckhead district of Atlanta, Georgia. The Museum was founded in 1926, and currently consists of 6 permanent, the AHC campus is 33-acres and features historic gardens and houses located on the grounds, including Swan House, Tullie Smith Farm, and Wood Family Cabin. The AHCs research arm, the Kenan Research Center, includes 3.5 million resources, the AHC holds one of the largest collections of Civil War artifacts in the United States. The Atlanta History Center operates three types of exhibitions - permanent, temporary, and traveling, the six permanent exhibitions include, Centennial Olympic Games Museum is made up of two sections. One is the upper Sports Lab, accessible by elevator, in one is able to test himself against the Olympic records. There is also the area, in which there are artifacts from the Olympics, interactives, information. One of the attractions is the 12-part test, which allows one to test himself on his Olympic knowledge. Turning Point, The American Civil War exhibition contains 1,400 of the Atlanta History Centers enormous collection of Civil War artifacts, Metropolitan Frontiers exhibit chronicles Atlantas expansion from farm to city in 4 stages- Rural Region, Transportation Center, Commercial City, and Suburban Metropolis. Currently being updated under the title, Atlanta Stories - set to open in April 2016. Shaping Traditions, Folk Arts in a Changing South exhibit shows the development and it includes forms ranging from clothing and food to singing and storytelling and presents both the traditional and the modern. Down the Fairway with Bobby Jones exhibit is based on the life of Georgias most famous golfer, Bobby Jones, a Phillip Trammell Shutze designed house, the Swan House, is also on the grounds of the Atlanta History Center. The Kenan Research Center includes 3.5 million resources and a reproduction of historian Franklin Garretts office, the Tullie Smith House is an antebellum farmhouse built by the Robert Smith family and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was originally a farm in Dekalb County with 11 slaves. The barn contains several animals including goats and sheep The Victorian. The Lee playhouse is located between the McElreath Hall and the Tullie Smith Farm and it was donated to the Atlanta History Center in 1998. The Victorian playhouse is located beside the Boxwood Garden and it was donated to the Atlanta History Center in 1980, and has gone through 6 owners. The Swan House, designed by Philip Trammell Shutze in the 1920s, is named for its many swan designs and it is surrounded by the Boxwood Garden, based upon Italian gardens as created in 18th century England by Lord Burlington and William Kent. The front landscape, two fountains and a terraced lawn, is one of the most photographed places in America
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Callanwolde Fine Arts Center
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Callanwolde Fine Arts Center is a 501 non-profit community arts center that offers classes and workshops for all ages in visual, literary and performing arts. Special performances, gallery exhibits, outreach programs and fundraising galas are presented throughout the year, Callanwolde is also involved in community outreach, specializing in senior wellness, special needs, veterans, and low income families. Callanwolde is a Gothic-Tudor style mansion situated on a landscaped 12. 5-acre estate and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, Callanwolde is available for weddings, corporate meetings or special occasion rentals. Georgia Council for the Arts is a Partner Agency of the National Endowment for the Arts, Callanwolde was the home of the family of Charles Howard Candler, known as Howard, from 1920 until 1959. Pemberton, in 1886 as a tonic for most common ailments, Howard Candler attended public elementary schools in Atlanta and received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Emory College. While in Oxford in 1895, Howard Candler received a keg of Coca-Cola syrup from his father that he shared with his classmates — the first Coca-Cola ever seen there. After graduating from Emory in 1898, Howard Candler attended Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons for two years and the University of Bellvue Hospital Medical College for one year. Much later in life, in 1942, he received the Doctor of Laws degree from Emory University, in 1903, Howard Candler married Flora Harper Glenn. The couple had three children, Charles Howard, Jr. Catherine Harper, and Mary Louisa, in 1914, the decision was made to move Emory College from Oxford, Georgia. Howard’s uncle, Bishop Warren Akin Candler, was President of Emory College, atlanta’s Chamber of Commerce pledged $500,000 if the new Emory University would locate in the city, and in 1915 Asa Griggs Candler donated a $1,000,000 endowment to the institution. In 1915, Henry Hornbostel was engaged to design the new Emory campus in the Druid Hills neighborhood of Atlanta. The following year, Howard Candler, who had been a president of Coca-Cola since 1906, became the company’s president. His new position as head of the company meant that Howard Candler would now be the benefactor of Emory University. Work on his new home, Callanwolde, was begun the year near the Emory campus. In 1929, Howard Candler became chairman of the board of trustees of Emory University and he continued the family’s history of generous financial support of the institution as well. In 1947, for example, he gave the University assets valued in excess of $15,000,000, and, two years following Howard Candler’s death, his widow donated the Callanwolde estate, along with many of the original furnishings, to Emory University. Emory subsequently sold the property to the First Christian Church, which retained ownership until the citizens of DeKalb County rallied to acquire Callanwolde in 1971. Candler family lore holds that William Candler of Newcastle upon Tyne served as an officer in Cromwell’s Army during the Irish Rebellion of the mid-17th century and he brought his wife, Anne Villiers, widow of Capt
42.
Children's Museum of Atlanta
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The Childrens Museum of Atlanta is a childrens museum located in Atlanta, Georgia, founded in 1988 as a Museum Without Walls and opened to the public in 2003. The Museum is located Downtown, adjacent to Centennial Olympic Park, the Imaginators connect play and learning in a fun way. For its first fifteen years, the Childrens Museum of Atlanta was a Museum Without Walls, in 1999, then-executive director Pat Turner wrote, There is no edifice for the childrens museum. While planning for a facility, the staff developed programs to young people think about their community. The facility, located in the floor of Museum Tower. It celebrated its tenth birthday over the weekend of March 2–3,2013, with special events, the Museum temporarily closed on August 1,2015 to undergo an $8.2 million renovation. The Museum added a 3,000 sq. ft. second story mezzanine, the Museum re-opened on December 12,2015. The Museum typically hosts three traveling exhibits per year in a 2500 square foot section called The Morph Gallery. April 22,2006 – June 18,2006 Night Journeys, July 1,2006 – October 26,2006 Little Hands, Big Difference, November 18,2006 – February 25, 2007Can You Tell Me How to Get to Sesame Street. May 17,2008 – September 14,2008 The Amazing Castle, January 24,2009 – May 26,2009 Exploring Trees, Inside & Out, June 13,2009 – September 13, 2009Curious George, Let’s Get Curious. October 10,2009 – January 24, 2010Cyberchase, the Chase is on, bridges to Understanding Childrens Museums, Mandel Center for Nonprofit Organizations,1999 The Childrens Museum of Atlanta official website
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College Football Hall of Fame
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The College Football Hall of Fame is a hall of fame and museum devoted to college football. The National Football Foundation launched the Hall in 1951 to immortalize the players, from 1995 to 2012, the Hall was located in South Bend, Indiana. It was connected to a center and situated in the citys renovated downtown district,2 miles south of the University of Notre Dame campus. In August 2014, the College Football Hall of Fame and Chick-fil-A Fan Experience opened in downtown Atlanta, rutgers donated land near its football stadium, office space, and administrative support. In response, the Foundation moved its operations to New York City, when the New York Attorney Generals office began its own investigation, the foundation moved to Kings Mills, Ohio, where a building finally was constructed adjacent to Kings Island in 1978. The Hall opened with good attendance figures early on, but visitation dwindled dramatically as time went on, nearby Galbreath Field remained open as the home of Moeller High School football until 2003. A new building was opened in South Bend, Indiana on August 25,1995. Despite estimates that the South Bend location would more than 150,000 visitors a year, the Hall of Fame drew about 115,000 people the first year. In 2009, the National Football Foundation decided to move the College Football Hall of Fame to Atlanta, the possibility of moving the museum has been brought up in other cities, including Dallas, which had the financial backing of billionaire T. Boone Pickens. However, the National Football Foundation ultimately decided on Atlanta for the next site, the new $68.5 million museum opened on August 23,2014. It is located next to Centennial Olympic Park, which is near other attractions such as the Georgia Aquarium, the World of Coca-Cola, CNN Center, and the National Center for Civil and Human Rights. The Hall of Fame is located near the Georgia Institute of Technology of the ACC, the new building broke ground on January 28,2013. Sections of the architecture are reminiscent of a football in shape, the facility is 94,256 square feet and contains approximately 50,000 square feet of exhibit and event space, interactive displays and a 45-yard indoor football field. Atlanta Hall Management operates the College Football Hall of Fame, as of 2017, there are 987 players and 214 coaches enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame, representing 306 schools. The National Football Foundation outlines specific criteria that may be used for evaluating a candidate for induction into the Hall of Fame. A player must have received major first team All-America recognition, a player becomes eligible for consideration 10 years after his last year of intercollegiate football played. Football achievements are considered first, but the record as a citizen is also weighed. Players must have played their last year of football within the last 50 years
44.
Delta Flight Museum
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The Delta Flight Museum is an aviation and corporate museum located in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, near the airlines main hub at the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. The museum is housed in two 1940s-era Delta Air Lines maintenance hangars, which were used until the 1960s when the Delta Technical Operations Center, the museum is a nonprofit organization and relies on volunteers, donations, special event rentals and Museum Store sales. The Delta Museum is considered a project and it collects various items year round. The museum opened to the public in June 2014. Prior to that, Delta employee ID or prior arrangement was required to access the campus in which the museum is located. The idea for a museum about Delta Air Lines originated when a group of retirees started a campaign in 1990 to find one of the original five Douglas DC-3s that Delta purchased new in the early 1940s. After some searching, the employees struck gold when they found Delta Ship 41, Deltas first DC-3 to carry passengers, the group bought the plane from the cargo airline and the Delta Air Transport Heritage Museum was started. Delta Air Lines is the major air carrier known still possess its first new revenue carrying DC-3. In Hangar One is the Monroe Cafe, a replica of Deltas former Monroe. It served as Deltas headquarters from 1934 to 1941, when headquarters were moved to Atlanta, the hub of Hangar One is the Delta Archives. It houses more than 200,000 images,1,000 films, one of the worlds largest airline uniform collections, Hangar 1 also houses several of the museums restored aircraft, which include, Delta Ship 41, Deltas first passenger-carrying DC-3 and the museums most prized piece. A1931 Travel Air 6000, symbolizing the airlines first passenger aircraft, a Huff-Daland Duster biplane replica, representing the first aircraft operated by Deltas predecessor. Nicknamed the “Gull Wing, ” this unique aircraft served as an instrument trainer for Northeast Airlines pilots in 1941-1942, Hangar 2 houses Delta Ship 102, The Spirit of Delta. Acquired in 1982, it was the companys first Boeing 767-200 and it was paid for by voluntary contributions from employees, retirees and Deltas community partners. The aircraft was repainted in a paint scheme and toured the country to celebrate the airlines 75th anniversary in 2004. The airplane remained the flagship of the Delta fleet until March 2006, the aircraft arrived at the museum on March 3,2006 after a farewell tour around the United States. Most significant of the three is Delta Ship 6301, the first production Boeing 747-400, n661US was delivered to Northwest Airlines on January 26,1989. On Northwest Flight 85 in 2002, a malfunction caused it to make an emergency landing in Anchorage
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High Museum of Art
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The High Museum of Art, located in Atlanta, is the leading art museum in the Southeastern United States. Located on Peachtree Street in Midtown, the arts district. In 2010 it had 509,000 visitors, 95th among world art museums, the Museum was founded in 1905 as the Atlanta Art Association. Many pieces from the Haverty collection are now on permanent display in the High, a separate building for the Museum was built adjacent to the family home in 1955. On June 3,1962,106 Atlanta arts patrons died in an crash at Orly Airport in Paris, France. Including crew and other passengers,130 people were killed in what was, at the time, members of Atlantas prominent families were lost including members of the Berry family who founded Berry College. During their visit to Paris, the Atlanta arts patrons had seen Whistlers Mother at the Louvre. In the fall of 1962, the Louvre, as a gesture of good will to the people of Atlanta, to honor those killed in the 1962 crash, the Atlanta Memorial Arts Center was built for the High. The French government donated a Rodin sculpture The Shade to the High in memory of the victims of the crash, in 1983, a 135, 000-square-foot building designed by Richard Meier opened to house the High Museum of Art. Meier won the 1984 Pritzker Prize after completing the building, the Meier building was funded by a $7.9 million challenge grant from former Coca-Cola president Robert W. Woodruff matched by $20 million raised by the Museum. Meiers highly sculptural building has been criticized as having more beauty than brains, at 135,000 square feet, the Meier building has room to display only about 3 percent of the museums permanent collection. 135,000 square feet is the building size. The Meier building, now the Stent Family Wing, was termed Director Gudmund Vigtels “crowning achievement” by his successor Michael Shapiro. In 2005, three new buildings designed by Renzo Piano more than doubled the Museums size to 312,000 square feet, the Piano buildings were designed as part of an overall upgrade of the entire Woodruff Arts Center complex. All three new buildings erected as part of the expansion of the High are clad in panels of aluminum to align with Meier’s original choice of a white enamel façade. Piano’s design of the new Wieland Pavilion and Anne Cox Chambers Wing features a roof system of 1,000 light scoops that capture northern light. More than one-third of the Highs collection was acquired after the announced its plans for expansion in 1999. Highlights of the collection works by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Claude Monet, Martin Johnson Heade, Dorothea Lange, Clarence John Laughlin
